A.Griboyedov. Key dates of life and creativity

Works on the site Lib.ru in Wikisource.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov(January 4, Moscow - January 30 [February 11], Tehran) - Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboedov is known as Homo unius libri- the writer of one book, a brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still one of the most frequently staged in Russian theaters, as well as a source of numerous catchphrases.

Biography

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-to-do, well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish. Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname of the author Griboyedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a discharge clerk and one of the five drafters of the Cathedral Code of 1649 was Fedor Akimovich Griboyedov.

The writer's father is a retired second major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboedova.

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed.

War

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of that year, he was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and until, presumably, until November 1, 1813, due to illness, he did not appear at the regiment's location. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path.

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of a cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secr" refers to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical "Letter ..." from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher of Vestnik Evropy was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles, 1st degree" reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboyedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and the famous playwright N. I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora” - a review of N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”. At the same time, Griboedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the Masonic lodge "Les Amis Reunis" ("United Friends").

In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge. In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer's life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbeker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" [(together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own Family, or Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomina to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboedov was 22 at the time). The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, Sheremeteva - the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment Yakubovich.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky's house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

in the east

In 1818, Griboedov, having refused the position of an official in the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the shah's court. On the way to Tehran through Tabriz (January-March) he continued to write travel notes, which he started last year. In August, he returned to Tabriz, where he began to work for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the very next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Tabriz, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. In Tiflis, he became close to Kuchelbeker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz "E-moll". It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The next year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. uncles”, an essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and a poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Arrest

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for Secretary Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Maltsov writes that 37 people were killed in the embassy (all but him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All those who fought died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once upon a time, this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

Griboedov's widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him on the grave with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.

Yury Tynyanov devoted the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).

Creation

According to the literary position, Griboyedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the “Arzamas”, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends there were such different people as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of Ozerov's work "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". Two of his correspondence are published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1815, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboyedov writes an article “On the analysis of the free translation of Lenora” ().

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a feature of Chatsky.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

“Never a single nation has been so scourged, never a single country has been dragged so in the mud, never so much rude abuse has been thrown into the face of the public, and, however, more complete success has never been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology of a madman” ).

• Griboyedov spoke 3 foreign languages ​​at the age of 6. He was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, and understood Latin and ancient Greek. Later, while in the Caucasus, he learned Arabic, Georgian, Persian and Turkish.

Memory

• In Moscow, there is an institute named after A.S. Griboyedov - IMPE them. Griboyedov
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A. S. Griboedov (author Hovhannes Bedjanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
• Memorial plaques (on the facade of the building of the former Athena tavern, where the playwright allegedly stayed in 1825) remind of the stay of A. S. Griboyedov in Simferopol.
• There is a theater named after A. S. Griboyedov in Tbilisi, a monument (author M. K. Merabishvili)
• There are Griboedov streets in Bryansk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Irkutsk and a number of other cities and settlements in Russia and Ukraine. And also in Yerevan (Google Maps), Sevan, Minsk, Vitebsk (), Simferopol, Tbilisi, Vinnitsa, Khmelnitsky, Irpen, Belaya Tserkov.
• Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 - Ekaterininsky Canal) - canal in St. Petersburg
• Bust of Griboyedov installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

In philately

In numismatics

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - profitable house of I. Valkh - Embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 08. - 11.1824 - the apartment of A. I. Odoevsky in the apartment building of Pogodin - Torgovaya Street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev's apartment in Usov's tenement house - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A. I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - A. A. Zhandr's apartment in Yegerman's house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
• 03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A. I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

Editions of essays

• Full composition of writings. T. 1-3. - P., 1911-1917.
• Works. - M., 1956.
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N.K. Piksanov. - M.: Nauka, 1969. (Literary monuments).
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N. K. Piksanov with the participation of A. L. Grishunin. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - 479 p. (Second edition, supplemented.) (Literary monuments).
• Compositions in verses. Comp., prepared. text and notes. D. M. Klimova. - L.: Owls. writer, 1987. - 512 p. (Library of the poet. Large series. Third edition).
• Complete Works: In 3 volumes / Ed. S. A. Fomicheva and others - St. Petersburg, 1995-2006.

Museums

• "Khmelita" - State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov

see also

• La biografía de Aleksandr Griboiédov y el texto completo de El mal de la razón en español en el siguiente enlace: http://olegshatrov.wordpress.com/letra/ . Traduccion, prologo y notas de Oleg Shatrov. Madrid, 2009.

Notes

1. Griboyedov's date of birth is a special issue. Options: , , , , 1795. The year 1795 is indicated in the first formulary list (autobiography upon admission to the position), this year is indicated by the widow of A. S. Griboyedov Nina Chavchavadze, some friends. In the second formulary list, Griboyedov already indicates the year 1794. Bulgarin and Senkovsky indicate the years 1792, respectively. The year 1790 is in official papers after 1818, in the papers of the investigation into the uprising of December 14, 1825. At the same time, it is known that in 1792 a sister was born, in 1795 - a brother. From this, the researchers conclude that the versions or 1794 are solid. It should be noted that Griboedov could deliberately hide the date of birth, if it refers to 1790 - in this case, he was born before the marriage of his parents. In 1818, he received a rank giving the right to hereditary nobility, and could already publish the year of birth, this did not deprive him of his privileges.
2. "The Personality of Griboyedov" S. A. Fomichev. (Retrieved July 4, 2009)
3. Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames. - M.: Progress, 1989. - S. 340
4. FEB: Nikolaev and others. From the history of the Griboyedov family. - 1989 (text).
5. See also Field Lokotsy, where in 1823 Griboyedov visited Begichev
6. http://bib.eduhmao.ru/http:/libres.bib.eduhmao.ru:81/http:/az.lib.ru/g/griboedow_a_s/text_0060.shtml S. N. Begichev “Note about A. S. Griboedov"
7. FEB: Sverdlina. During the war years. - 1989
8. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - S. 94-96.
9. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
10. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - S. 115-189.
11. Series: Outstanding personalities of Russia
12. Alexander Griboyedov and Nina Chavchavadze
13. Alexander Griboyedov. His Life and Literary Activities (Chapter 6)
14. Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary activity - A. M. Skabichevsky

Literature

• AS Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1929.
• AS Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1980.
• A. S. Griboyedov in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
• AS Griboedov as a phenomenon of history and culture. - M., 2009.
• A. S. Griboedov, 1795-1829. - M., 1946.
• AS Griboedov: His life and death in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - L., 1929.
• A. S. Griboyedov: Materials for a biography. - L., 1989.
• A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1946. - (Literary heritage; T. 47/48).
• A. S. Griboyedov. Life and creation. Album. - M., 1994.
• A. S. Griboyedov. Creation. Biography. Traditions. - L., 1977.
• Balayan B.P. Blood on the diamond "Shah": the tragedy of A.S. Griboyedov. - Yerevan, 1983.
• Veselovsky A. N. A. S. Griboyedov (biography). - M., 1918.
• Griboyedov: encyclopedia. - St. Petersburg, 2007.
• Griboedov's places. - M., 2007.
• Griboyedov readings. - Issue. 1. - Yerevan, 2009.
• Dubrovin A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and the artistic culture of his time. - M., 1993.
• Enikolopov I.K. Griboyedov in Georgia. - Tbilisi, 1954.
• Kireev D. I. A. S. Griboyedov. Life and literary activity. - M.-L., 1929.
• Kogan P. S. A. S. Griboyedov. - M.-L., 1929.
• Lebedev A. A. Griboyedov. Facts and hypotheses. - M., 1980.
• Chronicle of the life and work of A. S. Griboyedov, 1791-1829. - M., 2000.
• face and genius. Foreign Russia and Griboyedov. - M., 2001.
• Meshcheryakov V.P.A.S. Griboyedov: literary environment and perception (XIX - early XX century). - L., 1983.
• Meshcheryakov V.P. The life and deeds of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 1989.
• Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol, 2011.
• Myasoedova N. About Griboyedov and Pushkin: (Articles and notes). - St. Petersburg, 1997.
• "On a way…". Crimean notes and letters of A. S. Griboyedov. Year 1825. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
• Nechkina M. V. A. S. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. - 3rd ed. - M., 1977.
• Nechkina M. V. Investigation case of A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1982.
• Orlov V. N. Griboyedov. - L., 1967.
• Petrov S. M. A. S. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 1954.
• Piksanov N.K. Griboyedov. Research and characteristics. - L., 1934.
• Popova O. I. A. S. Griboyedov in Persia, 1818-1823 - M., .
• Popova O. I. Griboyedov - diplomat. - M., 1964.
• Problems of A. S. Griboedov's creativity. - Smolensk, 1994.
• Pypin A. N. A. S. Griboyedov. - Ptg., 1919.
• Skabichevsky A. M. A. S. Griboedov, his life and literary activity. - St. Petersburg, 1893.
• Stepanov L. A. Aesthetic and artistic thinking of A. S. Griboyedov. - Krasnodar, 2001.
• “Where Alazan winds…”. - Tbilisi, 1977.
• Tunyan V. G. A. S. Griboyedov and Armenia. - Yerevan, 1995.
• Tynyanov Yu. N. Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. - M., 2007.
• "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory." To the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov. - SPb., 1995.
• Filippova A. A. A. S. Griboyedov and the Russian estate. - Smolensk, 2011.
• Fomichev S. A. Alexander Griboyedov. Biography. - St. Petersburg, 2012.
• Fomichev S. A. Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. - L., 1982.
• Khechinov Yu. E. The life and death of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 2003.
• Khmelitsky collection. - A. S. Griboedov. - Smolensk, 1998.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 2. Griboyedov and Pushkin. - Smolensk, 2000.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 9. A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 2008.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 10. A. S. Griboedov. - Smolensk, 2010.
• Tsimbaeva E. N. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2011.
• Shostakovich S. V. Diplomatic activity of A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1960.
• Eristov D. G. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. (1795-1829). - Tiflis, 1879.
• Bonamour J. A. S. Griboedov et la vie littéraire de son temps. - Paris, 1965.
• Hobson M. Aleksandr Griboedov "s Woe from Wit: A Commentary and Translation. - London, 2005.
• Kelly L. Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia's Mission to the Shah of Persia. - London, 2002.
• Kosny W. A. ​​S. Griboedov - Poet und Minister: Die Zeitgenossische Rezeption seiner Komödie "Gore ot uma" (1824-1832). - Berlin, 1985.
• Lembcke H. A. S. Griboedov in Deutschland. Studie zur rezeption A. S. Griboedovs und der Ubersetzung seiner Komodie "Gore ot uma" in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. - Stockholm, 2003.

Links

	Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich at Wikiquote
	in Wikisource
	Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich at Wikimedia Commons

• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the video project "Club under 40".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov in the video project "Secrets of the Century".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "A. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov in the Moshkov Library project.
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "Vladimirskie Vedomosti".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "Fundamental Electronic Library".

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov is a famous Russian diplomat, but he is known to the reader, first of all, as the greatest writer and playwright, the author of the immortal comedy Woe from Wit.

Griboyedov was born on January 4, 1795 (according to other sources, 1794) in Moscow. His father was a guards officer who dreamed of getting his son a decent education and career. Sasha studied at first at home, then entered in 1802 (according to other sources 1803) at the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University.

Studying at the University

For higher education, young Alexander Griboyedov in 1806 entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, the best educational institution in Russia at that time. He graduates from the legal and verbal departments of the university, continues his education by attending lectures for students of the physics and mathematics department.

The young man stands out among his comrades with versatile talents and a desire to gain knowledge from certain branches of the humanities and exact sciences. He is fluent in foreign languages, not only required knowledge, French and German, but also Italian and English. In addition, he has extraordinary musical abilities.

Griboedov's first steps in literature

In 1812, a patriotic young man volunteered for the army, he served in the Moscow Hussars, in the reserve cavalry troops. In 1814, his first opuses appeared in the popular magazine Vestnik Evropy, small letters-notes reporting on the everyday life of cavalrymen who were in reserve.

As a playwright, he appears in 1815, presenting to the public the comedy The Young Spouses, a revised play by the French writer. Griboyedov's creation receives its stage embodiment and, at the same time, well-deserved criticism of the famous writer M.N. Zagoskin. But the young writer does not accept caustic remarks about the play, on the contrary, he answers criticism with a bright pamphlet called "Lubochny Theater".

Circle of friends

Alexander Griboedov is a member of the St. Petersburg literary society, gets acquainted with the writers Grech and Kuchelbeker. A little later, he will meet with the genius of Russian poetry, Alexander Pushkin.

The circle of acquaintances is expanding, close cooperation with A. Shakhovsky, N. Khmelnitsky, P. Katenin begins. In co-authorship with the latter, in 1817, the comedy "Student" was written, in which poets, followers of the enthusiastic N. Karamzin and the sentimental V. Zhukovsky, are ridiculed. In terms of literary views, Griboedov was closer to Krylov and Kuchelbecker, Derzhavin and Katenin, Shishkov and his company, the so-called "archaists".

Career and creativity

Griboyedov retired in 1816 and chose to live in St. Petersburg, known for its cultural traditions. A year later, he was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs, thus starting his career as a diplomat. Soon he was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Persia. However, this position is not a career take-off, but rather a punishment and exile, since the future diplomat allowed himself to participate in a duel, albeit as a second.

Tabriz meets a diplomat and writer in a dank February 1819, probably the first meeting with the place of future service contributed to the writing of the poem "The Traveler" (another name is "The Wanderer"), especially the part that tells about the sale of a captive Georgian boy in the Tabriz market.

Since 1822, Griboyedov has been in Tiflis in the diplomatic service at the headquarters of General Yermolov, who is the head of Georgia. In 1823 - 25 years. Alexander Sergeevich is on a long vacation, part of which he spends on the estate of his friend Begichev near Tula. It was here in the summer of 1823 that the third and fourth parts of the comedy "Woe from Wit" were born (the first two, according to the assumption of creativity researchers, were written back in Tiflis). And in the autumn of the same year, in collaboration with P. Vyazemsky, Griboyedov wrote "Vaudeville", A. Verstovsky composes music for it.
At the end of 1825, the vacation ends, and Griboyedov has to return to Tiflis. But literary activity comes to the fore, unfortunately, most of his works have not been identified to date or are known in fragments.

The great ideas of the writer are evidenced by the plan of the drama called “1812”, a preserved fragment of the tragedy “Georgian Night”, based on local ancient legends, another tragic work telling about historical events that took place in Armenia and Georgia.
In the first half of 1826, Griboyedov was under investigation related to the performance of the Decembrists on Senate Square. Compromising information about him has not been revealed, in September of this year he returns to the Caucasus.

The tragic finale of Griboedov's biography

A year later, an important diplomatic mission falls on Griboyedov - maintaining relations with Persia and Turkey. In August 1828, Griboedov in Tiflis married Nadya Chavchavadze, who is distinguished by her refinement of manners, human qualities, and, moreover, is unusually beautiful.
A young wife, expecting her first child, accompanies her husband to Tabriz, and then, a few months later, returns to Tiflis. In Tehran in those days it was restless, and Griboyedov feared for the life of his mother and unborn baby.

The diplomat takes an active part in the political, economic, public life of the Caucasus region, contributes to the opening of the "Tiflis Vedomosti", a "working house" for women serving sentences. With his participation, the Turkmanchy peace treaty with Persia was signed, and soon he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to this country.

But he considers this position as another exile, and not at all a royal favor. Together with the embassy, ​​he leaves for Tehran, where the tragic events took place. Embassy staff, including Alexander Griboedov, were brutally murdered by Persian fanatics, behind whom stood Shah Fet-Ali and his subordinates, who did not want to allow Russian influence to grow in the East.

On January 4, 1795, the life of Alexander Griboedov, the great diplomat, writer and playwright, ended tragically. But his works have retained their relevance, they are more modern than ever, and any reader today can be convinced of this.

From 1822 to 1826, Griboyedov served in the Caucasus at the headquarters of A.P. Yermolov, from January to June 1826 he was under arrest in the case of the Decembrists.

Since 1827, under the new governor of the Caucasus, I.F. Paskevich, he was in charge of diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828, after the conclusion of the Turkmenchay peace, in which Griboedov took an active part and brought the text to St. Petersburg, he was appointed "minister plenipotentiary" to Persia to ensure the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement.

In the same year, in August, Alexander Griboedov married the eldest daughter of his friend, the Georgian poet and public figure Alexander Chavchavadze, Nina, whom he had known since childhood, often studied music with her. Having matured, Nina evoked in the soul of Alexander Griboedov, a man already mature, a strong and deep feeling of love.

They say she was a beauty: a slender, graceful brunette, with pleasant and regular features, with dark brown eyes, charming everyone with her kindness and meekness. Griboedov called her Madonna Murillo. On August 22, 1828, they were married at the Zion Cathedral in Tiflis. An entry has been preserved in the church book: "Minister Plenipotentiary in Persia of His Imperial Majesty, State Councilor and Cavalier Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov entered into a legal marriage with the girl Nina, daughter of Major General Prince Alexander Chavchavadzev ...". Griboyedov was 33 years old, Nina Alexandrovna was not yet sixteen.

After the wedding and several days of celebrations, the young spouses left for the estate of A. Chavchavadze in Kakheti in Tsinandali. Then the young couple went to Persia. Not wanting to endanger Nina in Tehran, Griboedov left his wife for a while in Tabriz, his residence of the plenipotentiary representative of the Russian Empire in Persia, and went to the capital alone to present to the Shah. In Tehran, Griboyedov was very homesick for his young wife, worried about her (Nina was very difficult to endure pregnancy).

On January 30, 1829, a mob, instigated by Muslim fanatics, defeated the Russian mission in Tehran. During the defeat of the embassy, ​​the Russian envoy Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was killed. The rampaging crowd dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets for several days, and then threw it into a common pit, where the bodies of his comrades were already lying. Later, he was identified only by the little finger of his left hand mutilated in a duel.

Nina, who was waiting for her husband in Tabriz, did not know about his death; worried about her health, those around her hid the terrible news. On February 13, at the urgent request of her mother, she left Tabriz and went to Tiflis. Only here she was told that her husband was dead. The stress caused her to give birth prematurely.

On April 30, the ashes of Griboyedov were brought to Gergery, where the coffin was seen by A.S. Pushkin, who mentions this in his Journey to Arzrum. In June, Griboedov's body finally arrived in Tiflis, and on June 18, 1829, it was interred near the church of St. David, according to the desire of Griboedov, who once jokingly said to his wife: "Do not leave my bones in Persia; if I die there, bury me in Tiflis, in the monastery of St. David. Nina fulfilled the will of her husband. Buried him where he asked; Nina Alexandrovna erected a chapel on her husband's grave, and in it - a monument depicting a woman praying and crying before the crucifixion - the emblem of herself. On the monument is the following inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory; but why did my love survive you?"

Best of the day

Visited:212

Emperor of the Zarinsky House of Culture and Vogue

Griboedov became a unique figure not only in literature, but also in the diplomatic arena. The desire to become useful for Russia and the desire to "be Russian" are the main ideas of Griboyedov, who devoted his life to literature and Russian diplomacy.

Genus Griboedovs

The writer's father and mother belonged to the same old Polish family, who came to Russia in 1605 in the retinue of False Dmitry, who attracted him with promises, but did not even think of fulfilling them. According to biographers, the Griboyedovs did not have much hope and did not waste time waiting for royal favors. They liked life in Russia. When their Pretender was killed, they found themselves in the midst of terrible events, but did not lose their heads. They changed their clothes and faith, found Russian wives and managed to defend their home and property.

Parents

Griboyedov's mother comes from a noble branch. The ancestor Mikhail Efimovich in 1614 received land from the new king, one of the sons Fedor served at court, prepared the Cathedral Code and never missed a profit. Son Semyon chose a military career, survived the Streltsy rebellion, but was acquitted and settled in the village of Khmelity, where, according to Griboedov's biographers, Alexander Sergeevich spent his childhood in a luxurious and well-known manor estate.

The father of the writer Sergei Ivanovich from another branch, whose representatives also did not live in poverty, but lived by their own labor: they got up early and worked in the field. Grandmother Griboedova, having successfully placed all her daughters, was worried that Nastasya would remain unmarried. Therefore, she did not hesitate for a long time and betrothed her daughter to Sergei Griboyedov, a second major, who was completely insignificant in everything. Both before marriage, playing cards and losing his father's money, and after the wedding, obeying his wife in everything, without having his own voice in the family, the elder Griboyedov did not play a special role in the biography and fate of the famous son.

Griboedov's mother died in 1839, inconsolably mourning the untimely death of Alexander Sergeevich, while his father did not live to see his death.

Writer's childhood

Alexander Sergeevich was born in Moscow on January 15, 1794. Here they spent their childhood and youth. From childhood, he was distinguished by "an indefinite concentration of character" - rapid mental development, contemporaries write, recalling his biography. The Griboyedovs went to Khmelity for the summer, where the owner Alexei Fedorovich gave magnificent balls, hired the best teachers of music and drawing to raise his daughter. In Moscow, in the Griboedovs' house, Iogel's dance class gathered twice a week, his children took lessons. Their house is known for musical evenings, where Alexander Sergeevich captivated those present with his improvisations.

Nastasya Fedorovna considered her brother Alexei a model of high society and obeyed in everything. He prescribed with whom she would make acquaintances, how to raise children, whom to pay visits to, whom to invite to evenings. Under the supervision of these adamant guardians of traditions, the life of the future writer Griboyedov passed. Little is known about the biography and details of the writer's early years. But in the golden days of childhood, no one interfered with him "appearing and disappearing, playing and making noise."

Over the years, his every step was subject to strict control, his future career is foreseen and predetermined. It is not surprising that Nastasya Fedorovna met her son's literary experiments unfriendly. All this irritated the young man, hardened him against the narrow limits of decency and eventually resulted in the comedy Woe from Wit, where the author portrayed his uncle in the person of Famusov. In every letter to friends he rebelled against family despotism.

Years of study

He received his initial education at home under the guidance of tutors, teachers and in a noble boarding school at Moscow University. In 1806, twelve-year-old Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich, whose brief biography is given in the article, became a student of the verbal department. In 1808 he became a candidate and moved to the ethical-political faculty, graduating two years later as a candidate of law. He continued his education at the university, studying mathematics and natural subjects, and in 1812 became a doctor of laws.

In addition to lectures, he took private lessons from prominent scientists and was fluent in four languages ​​- French, German, Italian and English. Alexander Sergeevich was seriously engaged in music and devoted a lot of time to independent creativity. He owns many compositions and improvisations, but only two waltzes composed by him have come down to us. Then he turned to literary creativity - poetry, mostly satirical, and epigrams.

Friends of youth

Griboyedov's youth passed in the circle of advanced noble youth. He closely communicated with many participants in the future Decembrist movement - I. D. Yakushkin, S. P. Trubetskoy, Ya. N. Tolstoy, P. Ya. Chaadaev, I. D. Shcherbatov, P. A. Mukhanov. They talked a lot about the development of Russia, discussed political and social issues. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, whose shortest biography is not able to give a complete picture of the life of the great writer, with his inexhaustible sharpness and gaiety, was the soul of the company.

His acquaintances were not limited to the Decembrist circle. He interacted with writers, artists, musicians, travelers, officers and diplomats. Alexander Sergeevich was not a closed person, as they say about him, he was drawn to people; areas of communication have changed. A.S. Pushkin, who knew him personally, wrote that Griboyedov was “one of the smartest” people in Russia. Muravyov-Karsky reluctantly admitted after meeting him: "A smart and well-read man."

Even from a brief biography of Alexander Griboedov, it is clear that the future writer chose a scientific field and received an education that was rare for those times. But 1812 changed his plans dramatically. He became cornet of the hussars. After the war, to devote himself to his vocation - poetry, he retired. But only service could bring livelihood. After the end of the campaign, he dreamed of throwing off his military uniform and surrendering to his calling: "I was born for another field."

Hobbies of a young rake

Griboyedov was a musician and composer, historian and linguist, diplomat and economist. But he considered poetry to be the main business of life: "I love it without memory, passionately." At the age of 19, Griboyedov composed a comedy in verse called Young Spouses. She passed on the St. Petersburg stage and was well received by the public. Griboyedov loved the theater, often visited it, and the evenings ended at 2-3 o'clock in the morning at the director of the Shakhovsky theater, where writers, actresses, officers gathered, and sometimes one could also meet a learned academician.

At the request of Shakhovsky, he wrote for Khmelnitsky a scene in "His Family" and translated "A Little Infidelity" from French. Recalling the facts of Griboyedov's biography, S. N. Begichev, his close friend wrote: "Alexander Sergeevich knew Shakespeare, Schiller, Goethe by heart." Then he created the first scenes of the play "Woe from Wit". But at the end of 1818, the life of the future writer changed dramatically.

fatal duel

Once lieutenant Sheremetev complained to Griboedov that the dancer, with whom the lieutenant was in love, had cheated on him with Count Zavadovsky, and asked Alexander Sergeevich to become his second. Griboedov dissuaded his comrade from a duel in which Sheremetev was mortally wounded. Alexander Sergeevich wrote to Begichev that “a terrible longing had found it,” and before his eyes was the dying Sheremetev.

Staying in St. Petersburg became unbearable, and when Mazarovich offered to become the secretary of the embassy, ​​he immediately agreed. For three years in Persia, Griboyedov perfectly studied the Persian language, read all the poets and even wrote poetry in this language, created two acts of the play "Woe from Wit". Planned the prologue in verse "The Youth of the Prophetic" for the opening of a new theater in Moscow. But he didn't.

Plenipotentiary Ambassador

Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, the emperor received Griboyedov, noted his merits with a monetary reward, a new rank, and offered to go to Persia as an ambassador plenipotentiary. This appointment played a fatal role in Griboyedov's biography. Alexander Sergeevich told Begichev that Allayar Khan, the son-in-law of the Shah, would not just give “peace concluded with the Persians”, and wanted to avoid this, but after all the “royal favors” on his part, this would be “black ingratitude”. Soon he went to A. A. Gendre and said: “Farewell, friend Andrey! We won't see each other again."

Persia

Griboyedov went to Tehran to finish the work achieved by the peace treaty, which the Persians did not want to fulfill. He managed to take two Armenian women from Allayar Khan's harem to send them home. Offended Allayar Khan began to excite the people. The crowd shouted threats at the Russian envoy.

Alexander, a young servant of Griboedov, molested the former concubines of the Khan, who were in the embassy. The women, obviously dissatisfied with the prospect of falling from a rich house into the poverty that awaited them at home, ran out into the street and began to shout that they were being dishonored. The crowd seized Rustam, the courier of the Russian envoy, who was walking along the square at that time, and tore him to pieces. This was not enough for the enraged people, they killed the guards at the gate and broke into the courtyard of the embassy. The Cossacks guarding it all perished. The same fate awaited officials and their servants.

Griboedov's death

There are many white spots in the writer's biography, and his last days are one of them. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, when the distraught crowd broke into Griboyedov's room, he asked what they wanted. The fearlessness of the man who spoke to them in their native language laid siege to the people. They were peacefully explaining themselves when a large stone fell on Griboyedov's head (the Persians dismantled the floor above the chambers of Alexander Sergeevich and, during the conversation, lowered a stone on his head).

Following this, the people, who had just been talking peacefully, rushed at the envoy. The corpse of Griboedov was mutilated by saber blows, the embassy was plundered, the best things soon ended up in the palace. From all this it follows that the shah and his entourage knew about the intent of Allayar Khan and committed lawlessness. Griboyedov was advised to take refuge in an Armenian church, but he rejected this offer.

Of the entire embassy, ​​only Maltsov escaped, hiding behind 50 chervonets in a safe place. He managed to get to the Shah's palace, where he was hidden in a chest, the ruler himself was also afraid of the indignation of the people who rebelled against the Russians. After the unrest subsided, Maltsov was sent to Georgia. In Tehran, they tried to show great chagrin and even declared mourning for several days.

Writer's widow

A brief biography of Griboyedov will not fully reveal how seriously the writer approached his marriage. He played a wedding with Princess Nina Chavchavadze before leaving for Persia, in 1828. During the tragic events, Griboedov's wife was pregnant and was in Tevriz. When they received news from Tehran, she was transferred to the British and assured that her husband, who had remained for some time in Tehran, wanted to complete the business. In Tiflis, she was left in quarantine, where Nina was visited by relatives. In her conversations, she did not mention her husband, but, most likely, she guessed about his fate.

Nina was eight months pregnant when her relatives decided to tell her about her husband's death so that they would not find out about it from the outside. She wept quietly, and a few days later she gave birth to a child who died almost immediately. From a brief biography of N. A. Griboedova, it is known that she never married again, forever remaining in the memory of the inhabitants of the “black rose of Tiflis”, as she was nicknamed.

Diplomatic merit

Possessing a penetrating mind and great willpower, Griboedov became a unique figure in the diplomatic field as well. His activities were widely developed during the war between Russia and Iran. He did a great service to the army by studying the mood of the public in Persia and attracting the Iranian shahs to the Russian side. He made a huge contribution to the Turkmanchay Treaty, and it was he who was instructed to take him from Persia to Petersburg.

The government demanded that Griboedov's body be handed over; in the summer of 1829, it was brought to Tiflis. They buried with honors at the monastery of St. David. Griboyedov loved this place and said that he would like to be buried here.

The Persian court assured that the misfortune happened without their knowledge and the guilty would be punished. Russia demanded their extradition. This did not happen, but in the autumn of 1829 the son of Abbas-Mirza arrived in St. Petersburg and, on behalf of his parents, asked for forgiveness for the death of the murdered envoy.

Contribution to literature

The short life and biography of Griboedov also left a deep mark in literature. The writer's work, in particular his play "Woe from Wit", marked a new round in the development of drama. In this work, both the satirical denunciation of the then reality and the positive hero Chatsky organically merged. A harbinger of future progress, N. P. Ogarev called Griboyedov's comedy a "powerful work" of Russian drama in terms of historical scope, topicality and acuteness of social problems, realistic typical characters, and artistic skill.

The appearance of the play caused a furious debate about its ideological content. In a brief biography of Griboyedov, there are many memories and reviews of great and famous people. A.P. Belyaev wrote that Chatsky's monologues "infuriated" everyone who listened to Griboyedov's work. The Decembrists saw in the play an instrument of struggle against the autocracy. Contemporaries called the play "secular gospel".

In 1825, only excerpts from the work were printed, and the theatrical performance began in the same way. Only in 1862 the play was published in full and soon became the most repertoire in theaters. Later, M. Gorky assessed the mastery of Woe from Wit as "realism honed to the point of symbolism."

Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich is a talented Russian diplomat, a famous playwright, a brilliant poet, a gifted pianist and composer, a real nobleman and State Councilor.

Childhood

Griboyedov had a very wealthy, well-born noble family. Their ancestors moved to Russia from Poland in the 17th century. The surname Griboyedov is a phonetic transcription into Russian of the Polish surname Grzhibovsky.

Sergei Ivanovich, his father, was a retired second major, known in his time as a desperate spendthrift and gambler. Mother, Anastasia Fedorovna, came from the same Griboedov family, only on a different branch, and was distinguished by authority and strength of character.

Little Alexander spent his childhood with his sister Maria either in Moscow or in the family estate of his uncle on his mother's side - Khmelite in the Smolensk province.

Everyone was surprised at the extraordinary seriousness and concentration of little Sasha, who already in childhood shone with various talents: he sang, played music (played the piano and flute), wrote poetry and music.

Education

Initially, Alexander received a home education, responsible for which was the scientist-encyclopedist Ivan Danilovich Petrozilius.

In 1803, Alexander entered the Moscow University noble boarding school, in 1806 - at the university at the verbal department of Moscow University. Already in 1808 he became a candidate of verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies: he first entered the moral and political department, and then also graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.

Griboedov independently mastered as many foreign languages ​​as a rare modern polyglot owns: French, German, English, Italian, Latin, Greek, Arabic, Turkish and Persian.

While studying at Moscow University, Griboedov became close to many future Decembrists, among whom were the Muravyov brothers and Chaadaev.

War of 1812

In 1812, Alexander Griboyedov volunteered for the army. He was enlisted in the hussars and even received a junior officer rank of cavalry - cornet. However, he never had to participate in hostilities: his cavalry unit stood in reserve. At the end of hostilities, Griboyedov resigned.

Petersburg period

Having settled in the northern capital, Griboyedov actively begins to cooperate with the magazines Son of the Fatherland and Vestnik Evropy.

At the beginning of 1817, Alexander Sergeevich became one of the honorary founders of the Du Bien Masonic Lodge, which was popular at that time. At about the same time, he entered the diplomatic service at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, first receiving the post of provincial secretary, and then a translator. In St. Petersburg, he met A. S. Pushkin. His first literary creations are published.

The St. Petersburg period of Griboedov ended involuntarily: in 1817, he was present as a second at the duel between Zavadovsky and Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter.

Eastern period

In 1818, Griboyedov was offered a position as an official of the Russian mission in America, which he refused. After that, he received the post of secretary to the imperial attorney in Persia. On the way to Persia, he ended up passing through Tiflis, where he met the second second of the ill-fated St. Petersburg duel, Yakubovich, with whom Griboedov promised to fight. In a duel, Alexander Sergeevich was wounded in his left hand.

Staying in Persia was painful for Griboyedov, and in 1821, due to a broken arm, he was transferred to Georgia. Here Alexander Sergeevich began work on the first edition of Woe from Wit.

In 1822, Griboedov received a new appointment - now he becomes the secretary for diplomatic affairs under General A.P. Yermolov.

Return to Russia

In early 1823, Griboyedov returned to Russia. This period was the heyday of his literary talent, he continues to work on Woe from Wit. Griboyedov becomes a full member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Southern period

In 1825, the service again forced Griboedov to return to the Caucasus, but already in January 1826 he was arrested in the case of the Decembrists. Evidence was not found, and he again returned to the Caucasus. A year later, as a talented diplomat, he was entrusted with diplomatic relations with Turkey and Persia. In 1828, he managed to conclude the Turkmanchay peace treaty with Persia, which was decisive and so beneficial for Russia, which became the point in the Russian-Persian war. After that, Griboedov was appointed minister to Persia.

In August 1828, Griboedov marries Nina Chavchavadze in Tiflis.

Death

In January 1829, a mob of Muslims attacked the Russian embassy in Tehran. Everyone who was in the embassy at that time was killed, including Griboyedov. His body was buried on Mount Saint David in Tiflis.