The relationship of architecture with the world of ideas that dominate society in a particular era is in many ways closer than that of other art forms. Unlike a painter or sculptor, an architect cannot create his work alone. Construction takes time, money and the participation of a large number of people.

An architect must necessarily get the approval of his idea from society, otherwise it will not be able to be implemented. Many projects, not without genius, remained on paper only because they seemed too bold or unusual to their contemporaries.

A work of architecture expresses the views and tastes not so much of one particular person - the author of the project - as of the entire historical era. Thus, the desire for harmony of body and spirit, characteristic of the culture of Ancient Greece, was reflected in the appearance of temples.

The solemnity and assertion of the power of power can be traced in the Roman triumphal arches. The mystical impulse of the soul, aspiring to God, - in the Gothic cathedrals. The creators of the temples of the Renaissance tried - in accordance with the ideas of their time - to convey the structure of the Universe in the language of architecture.

Artistic language of architecture

Each type of art has its own unique means and techniques for creating an artistic image, its own unique artistic language. The basis of the artistic language in graphics is line, in painting - line and color, in sculpture - three-dimensional form.

The architect transforms natural material, introduces a certain organization into it, i.e. creates an architectural design. At the same time, he necessarily takes into account the physical properties of materials: resistance, strength, and most importantly, weight. So, the heavy parts of the building are located below, the light ones are at the top. The foundation must be stronger than the roof, the supports must be more massive than the floors.

The design is based on the principle of tectonics - a harmonious combination of various parts of the structure, which creates the impression of stability, completeness, naturalness of the building. Violation of the principle of tectonics gives the so-called atectonic effect. It can be used in architecture as an artistic technique.

For example, in Gothic cathedrals, the walls of the building are replaced by stained-glass windows - picturesque images made of colored glass, which are inserted into the window openings. The buildings seem weightless, having no other support than the light pouring through the glass.

The huge space of the cathedral, its vaults directed to the sky, the play of light in the stained-glass windows have a strong emotional impact. It was this image of the temple, as if not subject to earthly laws, that most accurately corresponded to the exalted state of the spirit of believers.

Sometimes architects resort to decor to create a special artistic effect. Usually this word is understood as "decoration". But “decorum” in Latin means “befitting”. It is precisely to correspond to the design, to emphasize its device, that decorative details should.

Scale - the impression of the size of the building - is another expressive means of architecture. But don't confuse it with size. Roman triumphal arches, for example, are not very large, but they make a grand impression. And the rather large mansion of Arseny Morozov on Vozdvizhenka Street in Moscow seems insignificant because of the confused plan and many small decorations.

The form - the outer outline of the building - can be simple, tending to a regular geometric figure, as in the Egyptian pyramid, or complex, divided into many details. It can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The simple, symmetrical form of the building is harmonious and easy to perceive, while the complex, asymmetric, carrying an element of disharmony, awakens the imagination.

However, the beauty of the building, its completeness and harmony depend not only on the architectural form. For example, asymmetrical Indian temples with their complex shapes do not look ugly. The fact is that the correspondence of architectural forms to each other and to the building as a whole is no less important than the forms themselves. These correspondences - proportions - are the most important element of the artistic language of architecture.

The architectural form obeys a certain rhythm. For example, the gigantic facade of Versailles, whose length exceeds half a kilometer, has a predominantly horizontal direction of development.

The horizontal lines of the facade and the alternation of individual details (windows, columns, elements of sculptural decoration) create a special rhythm that evokes a feeling of calm, stability, and free natural movement. The vertical form of the building, on the contrary, looks more dynamic. Developing upwards, the architectural structure, as it were, overcomes the forces of gravity. The most striking example of this is the Gothic cathedral.

An architectural structure certainly evokes certain feelings in us, for example, feelings of rapid movement and height, spaciousness and peace, bright joy or gloomy isolation, depression. And building materials play an important role in this. They have always influenced the development of architectural and structural forms of buildings and structures, their dimensions in plan and their height, their aesthetic qualities. It is impossible to build from stone, as from wood, it is impossible to build from brick, as from reinforced concrete. In a word, each building material has its own capabilities, which must be taken into account by architects and builders. Since each era, each historical period is characterized by the formation and development of certain beliefs, aesthetic ideals, tastes and predilections, this will certainly be reflected in the architecture of buildings and structures erected at that time and, consequently, in the use of the most suitable building materials for this, which become beloved for a while.

Material and construction, scale and form, proportions and rhythm - all these expressive means are inherent not only in architecture, but also, for example, in sculpture.

However, the peculiarities of the artistic language distinguish architecture from other art forms. After all, the purpose of an architectural design is to create an internal space (a room, a park or a city). And the architect gives expressive properties to this space, making it an integral part of the artistic language.

The most important tool for organizing the internal space is light. Arranging its sources in a certain way, highlighting some parts of the space with light and darkening others, the architect achieves the desired effect. Since ancient times, architects have also used color to highlight and emphasize the most important details of the architectural form. In ancient Greece, for example, the color was chosen in accordance with the principle of tectonics: the supporting, bearing parts were covered with blue paint, and the supporting, carrying parts were covered with red,

Designs, form and space, proportions and rhythm, light and color form the unity of the characteristic features of the development of architecture - style. The style of architecture, like other types of art, is, on the one hand, an external form, and on the other, a reflection of the ideas of a certain era.

It is in architecture that the artistic ideals of a certain historical period are most fully and accurately expressed. The style of the era is primarily the style of architecture.

The architectural style reflects common features in the design of building facades, plans, forms, structures. Architectural styles were formed under certain conditions of the economic and social development of society under the influence of religion, state structure, ideology, traditions of architecture and national characteristics, climatic conditions, and landscape. The emergence of a new kind of architectural style has always been associated with technological progress, changes in ideology and geopolitical structures of society. Consider some types of architectural styles that served as the basis for various trends in architecture in different periods of time.

archaic architecture

Buildings erected before the 5th century BC are usually referred to as archaic architecture. Stylistically, the buildings of Mesopotamia and Assyria (the states of Western Asia) are related to the buildings of Ancient Egypt. They are related by simplicity, monumentality, geometric forms, the desire for large sizes. There were also differences: symmetry is characteristic of Egyptian buildings, asymmetry is present in the architecture of Mesopotamia. The Egyptian temple consisted of a suite of rooms and was stretched horizontally; in the Mesopotamian temple, the rooms seem to be attached to each other randomly. In addition, one of the parts of the temple had a vertical orientation (ziggurat (sigguratu - peak) - a temple tower, a characteristic feature of the temples of the Babylonian and Assyrian civilizations).

antique style

Antiquity, as a type of architectural style, refers to Ancient Greece. Greek buildings were built in the likeness of a residential building "megaron" of the Cretan-Mycenaean era. In the Greek temple, the walls were made thick, massive, without windows; a hole was made in the roof for light. The construction was based on a modular system, rhythm and symmetry.

Megaron - means in translation "great hall" - a house of a rectangular plan with a hearth in the middle (beginning 4 thousand BC)

The ancient architectural style became the basis for the development of the order system. There were directions in the order system: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian. The Doric order appeared in the 6th century BC, it was distinguished by its severity and massiveness. The Ionic order, lighter and more elegant, appeared later, and was popular in Asia Minor. The Corinthian order appeared in the 5th century. BC. Colonnades became a sign of this type of architectural style. The architectural style, the photo of which is located below, is defined as the antique, Doric order.

The Romans, who conquered Greece, adopted the architectural style, enriched it with decor and introduced the order system into the construction of not only temples, but also palaces.

Roman style

View of the architectural style of the 10th-12th centuries. - received its name "Romanesque" only in the 19th century. thanks to art critics. Structures were created as a construction of simple geometric shapes: cylinders, parallelepipeds, cubes. Castles, temples and monasteries were built in this style with powerful stone walls with battlements. In the 12th century towers with loopholes and galleries appeared near castle-fortresses.

The main buildings of that era are a temple - a fortress and a castle. The buildings of this era were simple geometric figures: cubes, prisms, cylinders, during their construction vaulted structures were created, the vaults themselves were made cylindrical, cross-rib, cross. In the early Romanesque architectural style, the walls were painted, and by the end of the 11th century. volumetric stone reliefs appeared on the facades.

Oksana LOKTEVA,
candidate of pedagogical sciences,
lecturer at the Moscow Institute
open education

The language of art:
how to reveal the secret of architecture to children

Continuation. See No. 12, 13, 15/06.

At the MHK lesson, the teacher repeatedly has to analyze and disassemble architectural structures. Not fully knowing the features of architecture, its differences from other forms of art, its linguistic means, we involuntarily try to replace art history analysis with other, more accessible material. But if we understand the language of architecture, it will help us as a universal tool on many topics.

Topics can be studied sequentially, or you can devote the entire 5th grade to a detailed passage of the languages ​​of the arts. And then the guys will receive a guiding thread from the very beginning, with the help of which they will easily comprehend the subsequent material. If it seems to you that it is not worth “spending” the entire 5th grade on this, spend two or three lessons in each art form, and give the rest of the knowledge at the beginning of each year. This will also greatly facilitate the study of the languages ​​of art.

Principles of studying arts:

Examination of the scheme - the classification of art forms, the definition of the studied art form, its linguistic means.

Comparison with other types of art, highlighting the features of the studied.

Orientation in the types, genres and forms of works of art of a given type.

Analysis of the artistic image created by the author, the initial definition of his attitude to a particular work of art.

Determining the purpose of creating a work of art, characterizing those artistic means that work for this purpose.

Composition.

Characteristic features of this type of art (for architecture - styles).

Expression of one's attitude to a work of art.

The first two principles are implemented in the lesson, the rest, as they are studied, are drawn up in a memo, which at the same time is suitable for the analysis of specific works.

memo

1. Determine the type and subtype of architecture to which the work in question belongs.
2. Explain what kind of artistic image the building gives rise to, characterize it, expressing your own attitude.
3. What is the purpose of the building and how is it reflected in architectural forms?
4. Describe the design of the structure, what are its features.
5. Describe the material used in the construction and the features of its decor.
6. Consider the composition of the building:

Shape and silhouette
- plan,
- symmetry - asymmetry,
- contrast in juxtaposition of parts,
- how the compositional center is revealed,
Is the structure architectural?
- whether the proportions are observed or violated,
- rhythm - how it manifests itself, what it is,
- whether the structure is large in relation to a person or its dimensions do not take into account a person,
- how the building is connected with the environment - natural, urban,

7. Describe the architectural style.
8. Once again return to your attitude, confirm or change it.

The material can be divided into classes as follows.

5th class:

The concept of architectural image,
- the shape and silhouette of the building,
- architectural forms,
- designs,
- material.

6TH GRADE:

Plan,
- symmetry-asymmetry,
- contrast of parts,
- selection of the compositional center,
- rhythm,
- connection of the building with the natural environment.

7TH GRADE:

Architectonics,
- proportions,
- scale.

8TH GRADE:

Stylistics.

We will acquaint readers with a detailed explanation of the material for each item of the memo in a number of following articles, and today we will talk about comparing architecture with other types of art, about the features of architecture, and also provide brief material on the types and subspecies of architecture.

The definition of an art form, familiarization with its language, repetition of the concept of "artistic image" and expression in words (second point of the reminder) will be presented in the form of an introductory lesson on the topic "Architecture as an art form".

general information

- comparison of architecture with other types art (the material can be used in a lesson in the 5th grade);

- highlighting architectural features(only for the teacher);

- types and subspecies of architecture(the material can be used in a lesson in grade 5).

Comparison of architecture with other arts

• Architecture is related to the arts and crafts by its utilitarian practical purpose. As in the decorative arts, ancient materials are valued in architecture, the methods of processing of which can traditionally be repeated or beaten anew. An example is wood, which did not disappear for architecture with the advent of metal, glass and reinforced concrete. As they put huts in ancient times, so they do it now. The same thing happens in ancient crafts, such as Dymkovo or Filimonov toys - traditions are preserved and enriched.

• Architecture is related to sculpture by volume, but at the same time, as we have already noticed, the volume of architecture is more complex, including external and internal space. The second difference is that the form for sculpture is in many cases the determining factor for understanding and revealing the artistic image. The form is contained in modeling - the interpretation of volume, in the poses and gestures of the characters, and in the location of the sculpture, it is closely related to dynamics or statics. In architecture, a more difficult art form to understand, the form is only the first step in the disclosure of the idea, the disclosure of the image will be influenced by many other factors that we have to understand.

• Architecture, like other types of art, is related to painting and graphics by the possibility of creating an artistic image (more on this later), although in painting and graphics the artistic image often bears the imprint of individuality, subjectivity, while architecture is more inherent in the objective features of social development at one stage or another. What distinguishes these types of art is that flatness is clearly expressed in painting and graphics, and complex three-dimensionality in architecture. Chromaticity acts in painting as a determining factor, and in architecture as a secondary, additional factor. Another difference lies in the unequivocal utility of works of architecture, because not a single building is built simply for beauty, to the detriment of its practical application; painting and graphics do not have such a pronounced practical significance. But why do we compare architecture with these particular art forms? Why not with music, literature, cinema, dance, theater? The fact is that architecture is part of the family of spatial arts. In contrast, there are temporary art forms that last in time and do not occupy a specific place.
  Being a spatial art form, architecture, oddly enough, turns out to be at the same time temporal. s m view. Why? But because, walking along the facade of the building, along the enfilades of rooms, we discover more and more new angles and views. Over time, we are imbued with the artistic image of architecture, we get to know it better. Therefore, a feature of architecture is its spatial and temporal existence as an art form. What are the other features of this art form?

Architectural Features

The Roman architect Vitruvius, in his work Ten Books on Architecture, put forward three requirements for buildings: usefulness, strength and beauty. It is clear that the benefit comes first, because we have already said that any architectural structure is built for something, for some purpose. It is this expediency that determines its appearance, material, size, decor, place in the building, etc. Thus:

1. The main requirement is "benefit", or the functional side of architecture, that is, what the building is being built for. The purpose of the building affects, firstly, the choice of materials, and secondly, the use of certain architectural forms - the components of any structure: from the foundation and supporting walls to the roof.

2. The second requirement of Vitruvius - "strength" includes understanding designs underlying the structure, or constructive side of architecture. We have to get acquainted with the post-beam, cross-dome and frame Gothic systems, the system of the arched vault. From the enumeration alone, it is clear that architecture as an art form has its own specifics, it is not so much a fine art as a constructive art, more related to technology. Any innovation in technology or materials immediately affects the development of architecture: new designs and architectural forms appear that use more advanced materials.

If the structure is strong and the building is stable, then people contemplating it have a sense of satisfaction. If we feel instability, then involuntarily there is a rejection of the structure, a desire to look away. This is how a person works, and this has always been taken into account and is now taken into account during construction.

3. The third requirement is "beauty", or aesthetic side of architecture. Both usefulness and strength must be expressed in a beautiful form, and this is the aesthetic side of any structure. It includes decorative elements, and the use of color. The aesthetic side is extremely important for a person, because we see works of architecture more often than works of painting, graphics, sculpture. Even the most indifferent to art person, who has never entered an art gallery or a museum, who has not opened an illustrated book or stopped in front of a sculpture, is forced to walk around the city, involuntarily absorbing the appearance of buildings, obeying their rhythm and beauty. And since buildings surround us from all sides, they bring up our aesthetic taste and must be beautiful.

Having understood the three features of architecture, let's define the topic of conversation about this art form. First you need to understand the functional side, then the constructive and aesthetic. Having understood the essence of these aspects of architecture, we can easily move on to the features of the composition. Having got acquainted with them, we will consider the features of styles. And then the language of architecture will reveal its secrets to us. Let's write down for ourselves the plan of our conversation in the form of a diagram.

SCHEME

But before talking with children about all these aspects of architecture, it is necessary to start with the most important thing - the artistic image that creates this or that architectural work. How to explain to the guys what an artistic image is? The concept of an artistic image, its objective and subjective nature were revealed in the introductory lesson. In the lesson on architecture, this material is only repeated.

Types and subspecies of architecture

The definition of types and subspecies of architecture is very well given by A.M. Vachyants in the manual “Variations of the beautiful. Introduction to the MHC. Let's use this material.

There are three types of architecture: architectural structures, landscape architecture and urban planning. Each species has its subspecies. So, buildings can be public (the guys themselves can give an example, be sure to look at several images), residential and industrial. Landscape architecture includes city squares, boulevards, parks (you can put several slides mixed up: Tverskoy Boulevard, a new residential building, a factory, Tsaritsyno Park, the Bolshoi Theater, the Kuskovo estate - the guys must determine what type of architecture the buildings belong to). Urban planning is engaged in the design of cities, towns (you can talk about how Moscow expanded and developed by itself, in contrast to St. Petersburg, which was originally created with the help of a ruler and a compass). A.M. Vachyants gives a schematic interpretation of the types and subtypes of architecture. Having slightly modified it, we bring to your attention.

SCHEME.

introductory lesson

topics "Architecture as an art form" in the 5th grade

1. The concept of "architecture", the language of architecture.

Teacher.Now you have to solve the riddle. You are ready? (Children answer.)

I won't say more, but I'll show you something. Whoever looks carefully will see what kind of art we will talk about today.

The teacher assembles a house from wooden blocks of the designer. He does this on a stool or on a chair that stands on the first desk. It is better to create a house from parts of two colors - so that the parts of the designer alternate with each other. The structure may resemble a Greek temple of columns, and on top is a sheet of paper in the form of a roof and a pediment, or it may be an ordinary house, but always with an entrance and an interior. Finally the building is ready.

Teacher. What have I created?

Students. Ordinary building.

Teacher. What kind of art is this building?

Students. To construction.

Teacher. You are almost right, because in Greek "architecton" means "builder". How can you call the art form associated with construction?

Students. Architecture.

Teacher. That's right, architecture, architecture is the art of constructing buildings.

(Writes the topic of the lesson on the board.)

And who will come up with a symbol for this type of art?

The guys find the symbol of this art form in the scheme - the classification of art forms. His symbol is once again sketched in a notebook (if the children are sufficiently prepared, architecture can be compared with other art forms).

Teacher.Think about what language architecture has - with what help does an architectural structure communicate with us?

Students.Architecture speaks to us in the language of wooden bars.

Teacher. Yes, our house was created from them. Architecture speaks to us in the language of a certain volumetric mass, how could it be otherwise, because we build from volumetric massive blocks! For a hut, these volumetric masses are wooden trunks, for a stone structure - stone, for a residential building - reinforced concrete. But in all structures there will be a mass, a mass of material.

What creates mass? So we saw that there was an empty chair, and then suddenly a house appeared. What was created with the help of the mass?

After much thought, amendments and disputes, the guys come to the conclusion that a space has been created, and two at once - internal and external (that's why we created a house with an entrance, with the ability to put a doll inside).

Teacher.Architecture creates internal and external space - we see the external from the outside, the internal opens to us when we enter the building itself.

And how did I stack the mass of material that creates space? I did not just put one wooden block on top of another. I observed something, some kind of order. Who can guess which one?

Students.You built a house by laying out blocks of different colors in succession, alternating them, that is, you kept the rhythm.

Teacher. Correctly! In architecture, rhythm, that is, alternation, always appears. Let's look at the buildings and try to see the rhythm.

The children are shown the Winter Palace. The teacher asks to find the same architectural forms, shows how they alternate. Being close to each other, they create a cheerful, joyful rhythm. The students notice that half-columns, windows, and cornice balusters, and a sculpture on the roof alternate. (Until the children are familiar with architectural forms, it is difficult for them to see what should be paid attention to, so the teacher can do it with them for the first time.)

Teacher.If the rhythm at the Winter Palace is peppy, frequent, and, passing by this building, we want to walk just as cheerfully and joyfully, then the rhythm at the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin is completely different.

The guys look at the picture.

What alternates in this structure? What creates rhythm?(Semi-columns, zakomara - arches, narrow windows.) How do we want to walk around this building? Just as cheerfully, quickly?

No, decorously, thoroughly, solemnly, because the semi-columns, and zakomaras, and windows are far from each other, they give rise to a feeling of peace and solemnity.

You see, each building, thanks to the rhythm, carries its own mood. And now the difficult task. Please listen to the children's song and say how it looks like an architectural structure.

The song "A grasshopper sat in the grass" sounds. During the performance, the teacher begins to clap to the beat, involuntarily encouraging the children to do so. Soon the whole class is clapping to the music.

Teacher.What did you hear the same?(Silence.) And what did we do while singing?

Students.They clapped.

Teacher.And how we clapped, just like that - who goes where?

Students.No, we clapped to the beat, rhythmically.

Teacher.What is the same in music and in architecture?

Students.Both in music and in architecture there is a rhythm, only in music we hear it, and in an architectural work we see and feel it.

Teacher.It is true that we have made one most important discovery, which not all people know about, but only the most attentive, sensitive ones. And perhaps now you will explain to me why architecture is called "frozen music"?

(Children express their opinions).

The architecture language is written as a schema. Students, taking part in the creation of the scheme, then transfer it to a notebook.

SCHEME.

2. Types and subspecies of architecture

Teacher.We talked about the language of architecture. What is this art form anyway? What works does he create?

The children express their opinions. After listening to the answers, the teacher asks to look at the “Types of Architecture” diagram and for three minutes, working in pairs, name what works architecture creates - what types they can be divided into. After checking the work, the teacher offers to talk about the subspecies of architecture, showing slides. The scheme is written in a notebook.

3. The concept of an artistic image, finding the right words to express it

Teacher.We talked about the means by which architecture speaks to us. But a person can also speak: in words, phrases, but it is very important what he will tell us about. It often happens that the meaning of speech depends on who is speaking. Let's imagine that boys and girls came to visit you, they began to talk about their favorite computer games. Do boys and girls talk about the same thing?

Students.Not .

Teacher.Why different games?

Students.Because they are different, they have different interests, each chooses his own.

Teacher.Exactly as you said - choose your own. The guys choose different games for themselves, and adults choose their lifestyle, their clothes, their home. And when we create, we create completely different works of art. And why?

Students.Because we are all different, we express ourselves in different ways.

Teacher.And what is the name of this complex concept - "to express oneself in one's own way"?

If the guys remember the introductory lesson or open the notes in the notebook, they will call: “artistic image”.

Teacher.Image - vision, representation; artistic - created according to the laws of an individual, "unique".

The work of architecture was also created by people. What do you think, and it was created according to the laws of the artistic image, in it people expressed themselves, their desires, their thoughts, feelings?

Let's look at different works of architecture and try to read the thoughts and feelings of the people who created them.

(A Russian northern hut and a skyscraper are on display. Children are asked to express their opinion: did people express themselves in the same way, did they have the same idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbeauty?)

What did the people who built the hut appreciate, what did they consider beautiful?

Students.Strong, large, well-protected, made from huge trunks - reliable .

Teacher.And our contemporaries, who erected a skyscraper, loved the same thing?

Students.They liked something completely different: tall, barely standing on the ground; lined into squares; like a leaf, lined; made of metal and glass; everything is artificial .

Teacher.You are right, if our ancestors, the Slavs, valued reliable protection, a fortress in their houses, then the people of the twentieth century also wanted to see large houses, but not at all like huts pressed to the ground. They boldly rushed the house into the sky, demonstrating their power. We only talked about the height of the building, but already realized that people saw beauty in completely different ways. Can I ask where is she, real beauty: in a hut or a skyscraper?

(Children express their opinions).

Both there and there there is beauty, only it is different and you need to be able to see it and convey it in words. So let's practice choosing these words.

The class is divided into teams. The task is to find an antonym for the word named by the teacher as quickly as possible. Words-definitions are written in a column under the heading: "What words can you express your opinion about the structure."

High Low
Powerful - fragile
majestic - humble
Spread - ascending
Dwarf - graceful
heavy - light
smooth - rugged
Calm - mobile
Smooth - stormy
Strict in appearance - playful, soft appearance
Straight lines - curved lines
Simple - complex
Lush - humble
Plain, natural - festive

Teacher.I invite the teams to prepare a story in three minutes about the artistic image that gives rise to the Parthenon - the pride of Ancient Greece. Choose words from the list to describe it and guess what the Greeks saw beauty in.

(When one group names the words, the second should only add what is missing. A separate point is for the word found on its own.)

Students . Parthenon: high; powerful; majestic; moderately elegant, but not weak, it is clear that the columns are hard, but they withstand the load, proudly carry it; the temple is calm; strict in appearance; it has many straight lines, and from this it seems even more majestic and motionless; he is simple, but not a simpleton - everything is in moderation; he is not lush and not modest - everything is as it should be.

The ancient Greeks saw beauty in simplicity, so that everything was balanced, calm. As you can see, children who know nothing about the history of art, only by analyzing the external form, were able to see the most important thing that was laid down by the architects of Ancient Greece.

It remains for the teacher to add that the columns personified free members of society who carried the burden of state power on their shoulders.

And of course, the teacher should praise the guys, because they made a huge step forward - they tried to understand the architecture, and they did it by expressing their own opinion, and not repeating the words said by the teacher.

Continued in No. 21

Architecture is related to painting and graphics, because it operates with lines like them. But while painting and graphics can only create the illusion of space on a plane, architecture has the full depth of space. Architecture is related to sculpture - these arts operate with masses and volumes. But at a time when sculpture shapes the mass only from the outside, architecture is able to give the mass a shape both from the outside and from the inside (interiors and exteriors). Further, it would seem that architecture in its content is the simplest of all arts. It is capable of embodying only very specific, unambiguous ideas and feelings: architecture, for example, is inaccessible to humor. It can be assumed that architecture should become the most honorable and most popular art. But in reality we see something else: this art turned out to be difficult and inaccessible, its language is understandable and attractive only to a very few. The fact is that architecture, on the one hand, is the most material, the most material, and, on the other hand, the most abstract art. Being a very concrete part of nature, serving the most real and utilitarian purposes, architecture is at the same time expressed by signs, numbers, abstract relations. In addition, there is no doubt that architecture differs from all other arts, first of all, by the longest process of creation. The job of an architect can sometimes require a lifetime. In addition, "the architect does not reveal himself to the viewer to the extent that it is possible for a poet or musician. In each, the most random, most arbitrary game of the architect's fantasy, the spirit of that society, the collective that the architect serves" is revealed.*
The history of art tells us
about many willful, recalcitrant artists whose activities were in constant conflict with the tastes of their time. They were either rejected by the era, or they themselves neglected it. An architect, on the other hand, cannot exist completely detached from his time, absolutely free from social functions. In no other art does the customer (in the narrowest and in the broadest sense, as an individual owner and as the voice of the era) play such an important role as in architecture.
If in relation to painting and sculpture the expression “style is a person” is sometimes quite acceptable, then in relation to architecture it would be much more correct to say that “style is an era”.
However, if this close fusion of architecture with society, culture, era testifies, on the one hand, to its extremely important cultural functions, then, on the other hand, it is also the cause of a very tragic property, namely, the fatal impracticability of many architectural ideas and plans. . This art far surpasses all others in the number of such works that have remained in the project stage, on paper, in the imagination of the artist. At the same time, however paradoxical it may seem, it is precisely with the development of civilization that the number of unbuilt architectural monuments is increasing.
Nevertheless, architecture reflects a social person and the reality in which he is included. And this means that it is architecture, as a documentary stone chronicle that captures the pages of history, that truly conveys to us the spirit of the era, tells about the life of society, its views and ideology.
We will comprehend the book of architecture, learn the language of architecture.

Architecture is the art of creating, according to the laws of beauty, buildings and structures, a system of buildings and structures that form a spatial environment for the life and activities of people.
There are three main types of architecture:
1 - architecture of volumetric structures (includes residential buildings; public buildings (schools, theaters, stadiums, shops); industrial buildings (plants, power plants, etc.);
2 - landscape architecture (mainly associated with the organization of landscape gardening space);
3 - urban planning (covers the creation of new cities and towns, the reconstruction of old urban areas). The town planner selects the territory, outlines the location of residential, public and industrial zones, connecting them with transport routes, provides for the possibility of further expansion of the city, the location of new urban ensembles.
Architecture as an art differs from simple construction in the ability to portray, evoke certain feelings and moods. If you think about the constructive methods of any architectural style, you can notice two structures: one real, laid out in stone, fixing the statics of the building; another imaginary, shown only by directions and a combination of lines.
Let us turn to antiquity, i.e. to the art of ancient Greece and ancient Rome.
Ancient masters developed a strictly thought-out and logically substantiated system of correlations between the bearing and carried parts of the building. This system is called the warrant. In the era of antiquity, order was the main means of expedient construction and artistic expression, that is, in architectural styles based on the use of an order, the imaginary construction is closer to the real one. Nevertheless, the variety of expressive means that reflected the triumph of slave-owning democracy based on the idea of ​​the widest participation of free citizens in government, the triumph of public principles over the personal, of duty over feeling, is striking.
Order acts as a system of elements on the basis of which you can create, using certain rules, an infinite number of combinations. Order elements are not impersonal units. They are not interchangeable even within a single structure - each fragment is individualized. This determines the uniqueness of each building.
Let's analyze the constructive techniques of Gothic. Here, the real structure stands out most clearly, fixing the statics of the building and the imaginary one, thanks to which the forms are given dynamics, lightness, and a continuous upward aspiration. In this irresistible rise of all lines to the sky, the idea of ​​a Gothic temple was embodied - the mystical fusion of man with God.
The same analysis can be applied to any style, any work of artistic architecture. There will always be a real structure that determines the stability of the building and visible, depicted, expressed in the direction of lines, in relation to planes and masses, in the struggle of light and shadow, which will give the building vital energy, embody its spiritual and emotional meaning.
Necessity, strength, convenience - on the one hand, and beauty, the ability to evoke certain feelings and moods in the audience - on the other - are an indispensable property of an artistic structure. Functional, constructive, aesthetic qualities: usefulness, strength, beauty - are interconnected in architecture. The creative search for the most interesting spatial composition, the artistic finishing of the surface of the building being created, constitute the essence of the work of an architect. When designing, the architect is looking for the most harmonious combination of the main parts of the future architectural work and its details.
However, the choice of composition is not arbitrary, since the architect must take into account the purpose of the structures, the climate of the area where the construction is being carried out, and the environment of the future building. For example: the function of the building, its purpose determine the size, dimensions of the internal space, and hence the external shape of the building.
One cannot but agree that it is more convenient to watch a movie in a spacious hall without windows and with a sloping floor (in the cinema there is a large, blind box of the hall). And in a residential building there are many rooms with windows and balconies. So the function gives the structure a characteristic appearance. Climate, landscape, soil relief, architectural environment can present their requirements to the architect.
The influence of climate affects primarily the orientation of buildings and the planning of cities. In the north, a southerly direction dominates and a tendency towards the widest possible streets. The huge width of the streets in St. Petersburg is caused by the desire to give the sun's rays a freer access and this determines the extremely large scale of its monuments. On the contrary, the inhabitants of the south tend to avoid the hot sun, so the streets of the southern city often impress the northerners with their narrow layout. The southern cities are characterized by an abundance of porticos, covered galleries, bordering the streets.
In different historical periods, various building materials and structures were used, corresponding to the technical development of their time. New designs influenced architectural forms. For example: in ancient Egypt, the main building material was stone and post-and-beam structures. To block a large space, it was necessary to put many supports at a distance of three to four meters from each other. The room turned out to be cramped, similar to a stone forest. The architects of ancient Rome, thanks to the invention of concrete and the use of arched vaulted and domed structures, significantly increased the distance between the supports.
The organizing value in the architectural composition belongs to the rhythm, i.e. a clear distribution of individual volumes and details of the building repeating at a certain interval (grouping of columns, windows, sculptures). The alternation of individual elements in the vertical direction is called vertical rhythm. It gives the building from the outside the impression of lightness, aspiration upwards. The alternation of details in the horizontal direction - horizontal rhythm (gives the building stability)
By gathering, thickening details in one place and discharging them in another, the architect can emphasize the center of the composition, give the building a dynamic or static character.
Another means of architectural composition is scale. It does not depend on the actual dimensions of the building, but on the general impression that the building makes on a person. For example: in modern microdistricts, public buildings (shopping center, cinema) are always smaller in volume than multi-storey residential buildings, but they give the impression of main, large-scale ones, due to the larger articulation of their forms. Such buildings are said to be of a large scale. Some buildings have a symmetrical composition (the same arrangement of individual elements relative to the axis of symmetry), others have an asymmetric composition, where the main part of the building is shifted away from the center, which leads to a dynamic architectural image.
The main artistic means of the architect are open and closed spaces, volumes of buildings and enclosing surfaces of structures. The architect can make these spaces communicating or isolated, illuminated or darkened, calm or dynamic; volumes heavy or light, simple or complex; elements of enclosing surfaces are flat or embossed, deaf or openwork, plain or colorful - while achieving consistency of artistic means, which leads to harmony. The language of architecture is rich and complex. And only with the coordinated use of all means and techniques, a bright artistic expressive architectural image arises. This is the creative search of the architect. The best architectural buildings and ensembles are remembered as a symbol of countries and cities. The whole world knows the ancient Acropolis in Athens, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Red Square in Moscow.

* - Vipper B.R. "Introduction to the Historical Study of Art". M. Visual arts. 1985

Continuation:
Classicism architecture in Odessa.

Architecturehowart many
centuries ago, so the history of its origin and development can be compared with
just the history of mankind itself. Word "architecture" in
translated from Latin means the art of creating the simplest and most
other buildings, and then build various structures on them. As a result
a person creates for himself a materially ordered area of ​​\u200b\u200bresidence, necessary
him both for a full life and for work.

Architecture is often compared
with frozen music: obeying its own laws, it reminds
musical writing, where the main components of any work are the idea and its material personification. To achieve harmonious fusion
these elements, whether it is the activity of an architect or a design, the result
their participation in the architectural business will be really elegant and delightful.

Every human
civilization developed with its characteristic architectural style, which
symbolized a certain historical period, its character, main features and
political ideology. Architectural monuments are able to convey the age-old
information about what people valued at the time of their construction, which at that time was
the standard of beauty in the art of architecture, as far as
enlightened in terms of cultural development was their way of life, etc. The largest ancient
civilizations are still very often associated with incomparable architectural
masterpieces that have survived after them to this day. This is fabulous Egypt with
with its marvelous pyramids, and the Great Wall in exotic China, and
majestic Colosseum as a historical architectural trace of the existence of the Roman
empires... Such examples are endless.

The history of architecture is
independent science of two profiles at the same time: theoretical and
historical. This feature is predetermined by the specifics of the subject itself, where
includes the history of the emergence and development of architecture in general, theoretical
knowledge about architecture, architectural composition, architectural language, and
observation of common features and features of the architecture of a certain time and
places, which makes it possible to recognize its various styles. More about
This can be seen from the following diagram:

History of architectural art:

The era of turbulent technical
development in the modern world gives architects an infinite number of
opportunities to translate into reality the most daring ideas and ideas, thanks to which
today there are such architectural styles as high tech and modern. They, in comparison,
for example, with a controversial baroque or ancient Romanesque trend,
courage and perseverance of decisions, brightness of ideas and variety of materials.
However, despite the rapid and assertive movement of new modern
currents, ancient mansions, palaces and cathedrals that play an important role
a kind of symbol of the city or state where they are located, never
will not lose their charm and attractiveness. These buildings seem to exist
beyond all time, causing awe and delight among true connoisseurs of the art of architecture.

Architecturelike the art of building,
which forms the conditions of a person's living space through a set of specific
buildings and structures, is divided into certain types:

1. Volumetric architecture
   facilities . This includes residential buildings, public buildings (shops, schools,
   stadiums, theaters, etc.), industrial facilities (power plants, factories and
   factories, etc.)
2. landscape architecture . This view is directly related to the organization of the landscape gardening zone: streets,
   boulevards, squares and parks with the presence of "small" architecture in the form of gazebos,
   bridges, fountains, stairs;
3. urban planning . It covers
   creation of new settlements and cities, as well as the reconstruction of old urban
   districts.

Each individual building or
their complexes and ensembles, parks, avenues, streets and squares, entire cities and even
small towns can evoke specific feelings and moods in us, make us worry
inexpressible emotions. It does this by influencing them.
a certain idea and semantic information that the authors have invested in their
architectural works. Any building is subject to a specific purpose,
what its appearance should correspond to, which sets people up for the established
fret. The basis of the work of an architect is to find the most successful
compositions that will most harmoniously combine various
parts and details of the future building, as well as the surface finish of the created "masterpiece"
architecture. The main artistic technique of emotional influence on the contemplator
is the shape of the building and its components, which may be light or heavy,
calm or dynamic, monophonic or color. However, a prerequisite
here is the coordination of all individual parts with each other and with the whole building
as a whole, creating an inseparable impression of harmony. Various artistic techniques help the creators of the art of architecture to achieve this:

• symmetrical and
  asymmetric composition;
• horizontal and vertical rhythm;
• lighting and color.

Great help for architects
is certainly provided by modern technology. These are the latest designs
and materials, powerful construction machines, thanks to which, day by day,
more and more advanced types of buildings, the scope and speed of construction is increasing,
thinking of new cities.

The modern art of architecture is based on complete freedom of opinion and ideas, priority areas and how
such a style is practically absent, and all the concepts that go
development, have freedom and equality. Creative fantasy of today
architects is not limited by anything, but the opportunities provided to the fullest
make our life more expressive and brighter are embodied in modern buildings with
elusive speed.