Bashkir ornaments and patterns are an important component of material culture and at the same time one of the forms of spiritual creativity of the people of Bashkortostan. In this sense, folk art is the result of centuries of development: in ornamentation, in individual patterns, in colors, in their combination, craftsmen figuratively reflected the life of people and their understanding of the surrounding reality at different stages of history.
Ornament as the relationship of cultures
Major events in the history of the Bashkirs, certain turns in their fate have always or almost always found artistic reflection in art, including decorative art: in ornamentation, in technique, in the development of new or the extinction of existing types of creativity.
Bashkir ornamentation, techniques of ornamentation, colors, terminology of patterns are a concentrated reflection of the interweaving of the ethnic history of the Bashkir people. This concerns its origin, ethnic processes in the Middle Ages, ancient and modern cultural and historical interactions with neighboring peoples. Fine art, for a number of reasons, primarily due to the great stability of the ornament, is fuller and more embossed than many other types of material culture, bears traces of different eras and the interaction of different ethnic groups.
National ornaments and patterns can be found on almost all types of products made by the caring hands of folk craftsmen:
Carpet weaving
The ornament is especially clearly seen in carpet weaving. Patterned carpets were an obligatory part of a girl's dowry. Striped rugs were common throughout southern Bashkiria and among the Bashkir population of the Kurgan region. In the south-western, western and partly central Bashkiria, in the basins and Ik, as well as in the middle and lower reaches of the Belaya River, carpets with a geometric pattern were predominantly woven.
Since the middle of the 20th century in the south-west of the republic, plant motifs in the form of curls and branches with flowers, leaves, berries, apples, etc. have become widespread in the ornament of carpets. In fact, this is a new, modern stage in the evolution of ornament and patterns on the territory of Bashkiria .
Carpets with a striped pattern
Carpets with a striped pattern are woven in panels 20-22 cm wide. The pattern of the carpet is simple - these are longitudinal, jagged or smooth multi-color stripes. A very simple striped Bashkir ornament suggests that this is the most ancient type of carpet.
Carpets with geometric and floral patterns
They are sewn together from two, sometimes three woven panels 40-60 cm wide and enclosed in a narrow border. The border is usually woven with a separate cloth and with a pattern somewhat different from the pattern of the central field. Sometimes such a carpet does not have a border at all.
The Bashkir carpet ornament is predominantly rectilinear, with clear figures. Its main elements are ledge multicolored rhombuses, squares, eight-pointed stars and other figures that fill the ornamented field of the carpet in regular rows. They, in turn, are developed inside by the same, but smaller figures. Ornamental elements, if considered separately, are found in the ornamentation of many other peoples. However, in combination, in the overall composition, especially with well-chosen colors, they form that peculiar colorful pattern that gives the ornament a unique Bashkir national flavor.
In the case of a floral interpretation of a geometric pattern, the processes of a traditional rhombus take on the shape of twigs with leaves, and the eight-pointed star is interpreted as an eight-petal flower.
Color spectrum
The Bashkir national ornament in terms of colors is diverse. The colors of the stripes are red, yellow, green, blue, blue, violet and others in the deepest tones with the absolute predominance of the madder color. In an effort not to repeat each other, weavers achieve a significant variety in colors. With the simplest composition, by skillful selection and combination of colors, they achieve great brilliance of the ornament.
patterned fabrics
Bashkir ornaments and patterns are still found on ceremonial national clothes. Bashkirs' fabrics made from vegetable fibers are distinguished by rich and juicy ornamentation, a variety of decoration techniques. For tailoring everyday clothes, everyday items, the so-called motley was made - a colored canvas in a cage or in a strip. Festive and ceremonial clothes, objects decorating the dwelling, were ornamented with patterns of mortgage or broken weaving (woven fabric).
Women's shirts, aprons, women's and men's pants were sewn from multicolored fabric. Tablecloths, towels, napkins, curtains, various bags, etc. were made from it. The checkered pattern of motley is formed by the intersection of colored stripes. In the southern regions of Bashkiria and in the Trans-Urals, motley is woven in large cells. The colors are dominated by red, white and black. The national ornament of the multicolored fabric of the northern regions is distinguished by small pattern cells and more variegated colors. Often, checkered motley, intended for aprons, tablecloths and curtains, was decorated and decorated with martial patterns like medallion rosettes.
Types of ornament
Mortgage weaving patterns were used to decorate only decorative items for the home: curtains, towels and tablecloths. Mortgage technique was not used in the ornamentation of clothes. The simplest elements of the ornament made with bookmarks are massive ledge lines - this is a typical Bashkir ornament. The drawing of these lines becomes more complicated, they, connecting with each other, form X-shaped, 3-shaped, diamond-shaped, 8-shaped figures and other more complex patterns. The eight-pointed star, cross, swastika, rhombus with extended sides or with paired curls at the corners, horn-shaped figures are very characteristic.
Embroidery
Traditionally, in Bashkiria, embroidery was even more important than patterned fabrics. This is explained by a simpler technique of work, while you can make more creative efforts. Weaving required raw materials, and with the spread of ready-made fabrics, making your own became an anachronism. But embroidery is still in demand. Bashkir patterns and ornaments are distinguished by a great variety. Patterns depend on the embroidery technique and how the draft image is applied to the surface to be embroidered.
The main elements of the ornament are figures in the form of paired ram horns, S-shaped lines, which in various combinations give patterns in the form of the letter X, swastikas or form highly stylized plant motifs. The Bashkir ornament is embroidered on cloth, velvet, less often on cotton fabric with silk, woolen or cotton threads. Patterns on saddlecloths are usually embroidered on a red or green background, and on pouches and decorative ribbons there is also a black background, which gives the pattern a greater brightness and ensures that each color in the pattern is clearly pronounced. For the patterns themselves, colors of warm tones are usually chosen, but, as a rule, contrasting with the background. Red, yellow, green are most often used, and very rarely blue and blue. The favorite red color is often found on patterns with a red background.
wood carving
Carving, ornaments on dishes and painting on wood were not as widespread among the Bashkirs as, for example, embroidery or weaving. The exception is architectural carving, which appeared everywhere in Bashkiria from the second half of the 19th century. Artistic woodcarving was most widespread in the mountainous forest part of southeastern Bashkiria, where the vast taiga forests of the Southern Urals are concentrated, which provided a variety of raw materials for "wood production".
The needs of subsistence farming and the presence of forests have long made it necessary and possible to manufacture various utensils and household items from wood. At the same time, among the Bashkirs, practicality and expediency were connected and closely intertwined with aesthetic tastes. Making household items, the Bashkirs sought to make them not only durable, easy to use, but also beautiful. It is no coincidence that the most striking, interesting was the ornament on the dishes and objects that were daily, constantly used in everyday life. At the same time, in the manufacture of ladles for koumiss, in the ornamentation of utensils, in the painting of wooden coasters for the chest, along with the national color developed over the centuries, elements of patterns characteristic of the ancient tribes that once participated in the ethnic formation of the Bashkir people were preserved.
Conclusion
The ornament of the Bashkir people is the same folklore. It is a product of the collective creativity of successive generations. Each pattern is the result of collective creativity, at the same time it is a product of the artistic imagination of an individual. Many masters not only make changes to the patterns they know, but also create new ones. In turn, the newly created patterns do not remain unchanged. Other artists polish them or, relying on traditional patterns, create their own. Hence the variety and richness of forms that we observe in the folk ornamentation of Bashkiria.
Inna Nikitina
In our kindergarten, we pay great attention to patriotic education. Children are introduced to the work and life of people of different nationalities and nationalities. We teach children to understand that all people should live in peace and harmony. We cultivate love and respect for work, interest in folk art. We cultivate an aesthetic attitude and instill an interest in various types of folk crafts, in a variety of materials from which craftsmen made various products. Explained how it was born painting by Bashkir masters. Examined samples of products, elements murals. The children learned what colors Bashkir craftsmen use in murals.
Abstract
organized educational activities
educational area "Artistic and aesthetic development"
"Towel painting
Bashkir ornament»
preparatory group
Integration of educational regions: "Cognitive Development", "Music", "Artistic and aesthetic creativity", "Speech Development".
Integrated Tasks:
Educational: Continue to teach children to introduce Bashkir folk craft. Teaching children to recognize objects Bashkir painting.
Educational: To develop in children the ability to create compositions, harmoniously place a drawing on a sheet. Introduce children to the art of beauty. Improve drawing skills Bashkir painting using characteristic elements and colors.
Educational: Cultivate interest in Bashkir decorative and applied arts.
Material: Drawing sheets, gouache or paints, brushes, bashkir products(spoons, bowls, tray, etc.) Towel, embroidered Bashkir painting, sample elements Bashkir painting.
Organizing time:
Guys, what country do we live in?
(In the Republic Bashkortostan)
And what national instrument is made in Bashkortostan from reed?
(Kurai)
Listen bashkir melody, which is played on kurai, and I will read it to you poem:
Bashkiria is mine! Earth and sky!
My love, my nightingale land,
I feel sorry for the one who has never been here,
I pity the one to whom kurai did not sing!
Today we will go to the museum "Decorative art Bashkir people» , where we will see a lot of interesting things. Close your eyes, let's count 1,2,3 - open your eyes, here we are in the museum.
(In a separate place there is a table with products Bashkir masters is a museum, the teacher tells and shows, the children are considering)
See how many different products are here. Who do you think made them?
(Bashkir masters)
Look these things
Today they came to visit us,
To tell us the secrets of ancient beauty.
To bring us into the world Bashkiria,
To the world of legends and goodness,
To say what's in Bashkiria
Miracle people-masters!
-Bashkir people have long adorned with bright ornament their dwellings, wooden utensils, clothes, shoes. Decorating their products, the people told about themselves. And why did he do that?
(To be beautiful)
-Bashkir art varied: this is weaving, and embroidery, and woodworking, painting dishes. The main occupation in the old days was cattle breeding: women weaved and embroidered felt mats, carpets, rugs. Now in modern times, we have a lot of folk art crafts in Bashkiria where products are made. These are the Birsk factory of art products, souvenir shops of the Gafury and Burzyansky timber enterprises, stone-cutting shops in the cities of Sibay and Uchaly. The largest is Bashkir artistic association "Agidel" in Ufa. The main products of this association are painted wood products. Look at the beautiful spoons and cups. What do they resemble painting, guys?
(Russian Khokhloma painting)
Correctly. A few years ago, the masters of Khokhloma murals arrived in Bashkiria. A new association was opened here "Agidel", but only technology was taken, and the composition, color Bashkir the artists designed themselves. Russians and Bashkirs lived in friendship. As you already know, more of your products Bashkir masters decorate with ornaments. Bashkirs closely connected with nature, ornament meet natural forms this is: waves, mountains, sun, kurai flower. And the masters depict animals with the help of symbols: ram horns, crow's feet, eye, etc.
Did you enjoy the museum tour?
Do you want to become masters yourself for a while?
Let's close our eyes and be back in our group. Sit down at the tables.
Let's revisit the elements Bashkir ornament.
(The teacher shows samples ornaments, children call)
(Flocks of sheep, mountains, sun, ram's head, pasture, comb, ram's horns)
Now tell me where is it Bashkir pattern on the sheet?
(symmetrical)
Name the primary colors ornament.
(Red, yellow, green, rarely blue)
What background is the pattern on?
(On black, red, yellow, rarely white)
Let's remember that Bashkir masters associated each color of paint with nature.
(color of life)
(Color of the earth)
(grass color)
(color of the sun)
(Color of purity)
GOOD FELLOWS! Guys, look, I embroidered Bashkir pattern towel.
Will you draw me Bashkir pattern on paper towels. Consider again the elements of the patterns, think over the sketch and get to work.
(Children look at the samples and begin to draw)
(Kurai melody plays softly while painting.)
(In the process of drawing, the teacher monitors the drawing technique, reminds how to draw, gives advice)
We are finishing. We will now review all of our towels. How beautiful they turned out. Today we learned a lot about Bashkir crafts You have shown your knowledge, well done! Our Motherland is rich in talents. I want you to grow up to be good masters of your craft. The main thing is that you put your soul, all your efforts and skills into your work! Thank you.
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Synopsis of directly educational activities in the preparatory group "Listopad" Program content: 1. Clarify and consolidate children's knowledge about seasonal changes in nature - the change of seasons: 2. Form a generalized one.
Synopsis of directly educational activities in the preparatory group "We are astronauts" Purpose: To consolidate the knowledge gained about space, planets, the Sun. To acquaint children with the history of the development of astronautics. tasks directly.
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Ornament- one of the oldest forms of human visual activity, known since the Paleolithic. Translated from the Latin language ornament - "decoration", "pattern". The initial images were unsophisticated: a twig, a fragment of a shell, held on wet clay, or plant seeds pressed into it. Over time, real seeds were replaced with their images. Already in the Neolithic era, the ornament of ceramics was not a random set of strokes, stripes, dashes, but a thoughtful, compositionally verified drawing filled with symbolic content.
The very special place of the ornament in the culture of a traditional society can be judged by the activity of its use. They decorated clothes (everyday, festive, ritual), women's jewelry, various items (household utensils and religious objects), housing, its decoration, weapons and armor, horse harness.
The Bashkir ornament is characterized by both geometric and curvilinear floral patterns. The form depends on the technique of execution. Geometric motifs, made in the technique of counted embroidery and weaving. Curvilinear-vegetative - in the technique of appliqué, embossing, silver notch, in the technique of free embroidery (tambour, or "oblique mesh"). Usually patterns were applied to wood, leather, metal, canvas. Ornamentation techniques are diverse: carving and painting on wood, embossing and carving on leather, metal processing, appliqué, weaving and mortgage weaving, knitting, embroidery.
Literature:
Essays on the culture of the peoples of Bashkortostan. Comp. Benin V.L. Ufa, publishing house: Kitap, 1994
Art.
Topic: "Bashkir ornament in a circle."
Tasks: 1) to instill love for the history of the past people; 2) improve the skills of drawing the Bashkir ornament; 3) cultivate perseverance, accuracy.
Equipment: visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, the coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the concept: “ornament”, items for the silent game, illustration of different peoples, a product made of plant elements, visualization of a Bashkir girl and a young man, illustration of types of ornaments, visualization of the structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, visualization of the "Bashkir ornament in a circle", a scheme for the sequence of the image of the ornament, a template, visualization with the name of the topic.
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Slides captions:
"Bashkir ornament in a circle".
Purpose: to introduce the arts and crafts of the Bashkir people.
Tasks of the lesson: 1) to instill love for the history of the past people; 2) improve the skills of drawing the Bashkir ornament; 3) cultivate perseverance, accuracy.
Equipment: Visualization of Bashkir costumes, samples of plant, animal, geometric elements, the coat of arms of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the concept: “ornament”, objects for the “silent woman game”, illustration of different peoples, a product made of plant elements, visualization of a Bashkir girl and a young man, illustration of types of ornaments, visualization of the structure of the ornament, illustration of symbols, visualization of the “Bashkir ornament in a circle”, diagram of the sequence of the image of the ornament, template, visualization with the name of the topic.
Lesson type: decorative drawing.
Lesson structure: Organizational part Main part Practical part Final part
Organizational part Conducting a "silent game"
The main part The concept of "Ornament" is one of the elements of arts and crafts, which is the decoration of household items, clothing, jewelry, home decoration.
The folk arts and crafts of the Bashkirs absorbed the features of the culture of different eras and conveyed to us their best traditions, in which the people invested their understanding of beauty, the desire to create beauty.
Decorative and applied art of the Bashkir people is diverse. The Bashkirs decorated household items and household items, clothes, shoes with patterns. Decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, their kind, about the surrounding life, nature.
Types of Bashkir ornaments: 1) plant and animal ornament; 2) geometric shapes; 3) zaomorphic.
The structure of the ornament: 1) an ornament in a carpet; 2) an ornament in a circle; 3) an ornament in a rectangle and in a square.
The location of the ornament in the circle: 1) along the edge; 2) from the center with a gradual increase; 3) in the center along the edge.
Colors used for decoration: RED YELLOW BLACK GREEN
Symbols: KUSKAR SNAKE CLAW-SHAPED ELEMENT DROPLET X-SHAPED HEART ELEMENT
The sequence of the image of the ornament in a circle.
The practical part is aimed at improving the skill of drawing the Bashkir ornament, cultivating perseverance, accuracy.
Final part Exhibition of children's works with analysis of drawings. - What did you do today? - What have you learned? - What did you like about this work? Where can these drawings be used?
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Synopsis of an integrated lesson with children of the middle group. Theme "Introduction to the life of the Bashkir people." Application "Bashkir Palace".
Program content: - expand children's understanding of the life of the Bashkir people; - learn to decorate rugs with elements of the Bashkir ornament; - consolidate the skill of gluing, master working with scissors ...
Acquaintance with the Bashkir national ornament
To introduce children to the Bashkir national costume, ornamental elements, traditions of the Bashkir people, to give an idea to children that the Republic of Bashkortostan is located on ...
Beauty is inherent in human nature itself. With it, a person seeks to fill the world around him, to endow tools and objects that accompany him in everyday life. This area of material culture is called arts and crafts.
The visual art of the Bashkirs was very diverse both in terms of technique and motives. For him, one of the most characteristic was the application technique and the motifs associated with it.
The Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, shirts, blouses, napkins, wooden utensils.
The ornament embroidered with threads was of three types: tambour, smooth, with oblique oblique stitch, less often looped.
The origins of the Bashkir arts and crafts are lost in the mists of time. The needs of nomads for weapons and equipment, and the needs of farmers for tools contributed to the widespread development of various folk crafts. This opened a wide path to the emergence of arts and crafts, which was embodied in weaving, embroidery, artistic and decorative processing of wood and metal, in the design of national costumes and home decorations. Through all this, the Bashkirs expressed their attitude to nature and to the life of society.
In ancient times, all decorations of arts and crafts played the role of talismans and amulets, protected a person from the evil eye, from the effects of evil forces and spirits. Over time, a person's ideas about the world have changed, and the purpose of jewelry has changed. They gradually lost their original magical function and became mere objects of decoration.
The pre-revolutionary arts and crafts of the Bashkirs were most often limited to the needs of the family. Marriage was an important event in the life of the family. A large number of woven and embroidered items were prepared for the wedding:
- patterned sharshau (large curtains to divide the house into male and female halves);
- wedding suit for the girl and the groom, towels, napkins, tablecloths, scarves.
During the period of preparation for the wedding, the creative abilities of the girl and her skills as an embroiderer and weaver were most fully revealed.
One of the varieties of arts and crafts among the Bashkirs is the knitting of downy shawls. This fishery was very well developed in the Abzelilovsky, Baimaksky, Beloretsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Khaibullinsky districts, as well as in the Orenburg region. Due to the natural and climatic conditions in these areas, a special breed of goats was bred, giving down, thin, and at the same time strong, fibrous-elastic, with high spinning properties: it was used to make yarn for woven and knitting shawls. Bashkir woven shawls are a unique type of weaving. These shawls were not knitted, but woven on looms. They also made openwork patterned shawls, knitted by hand on two long knitting needles.
Craftswomen distinguish between a middle and a border in a scarf, the edges end with cloves. The pattern is geometric. The art of knitting downy shawls is preserved and continues to develop in the republic - it is mainly a family downy knitting business. (Product display.)
One of the most important conditions for the further and successful development of modern arts and crafts is a deep and comprehensive study of folk art. Therefore, applied art is studied so diligently today, its origins and history of development are revealed. They reveal, collect and publish in the form of albums the best works of folk masters. And modern artists and craftsmen rely on this experience in their work.
The Bashkir ornament is successfully mastered by local craftsmen for the production of carpets, scarves, elements of clothing decoration, wooden utensils, gift souvenirs and other products. (Product display.)
One of the most popular types of decorative and applied art of the Bashkirs is folk ornament.
Translated from Latin, "ornament" means "decoration, pattern." Bashkirs have long adorned horse harness, household utensils, clothes, shoes, and dwellings with diverse, bright and colorful ornaments. The bride's dowry included pillowcases, tablecloths and other items used in everyday life, embroidered with lush patterned ornaments. If there were elderly family members in the groom's family, a mat-namazlyk was embroidered by the daughter-in-law on a dark blue or dark green canvas for them. At the same time, ornamental drawings were created, stored and passed down from generation to generation in the family.
The Bashkir ornament is always symmetrical, the patterns are arranged either in borders, or in separate rosettes, or in a continuous grid, or all these examples are used simultaneously.
The ornament is the product of a long historical development. It preserves layers of various periods of cultural development, traces of complex interactions and mutual influences between tribes and peoples. The semantic ancient meaning of the ornament is mostly forgotten and the modern person perceives it as an ornament, a pattern.
In folk art, ornament is the main type of art, representing a unique and important layer of the artistic memory of the people.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is bright, multi-colored, based on contrasting, strong and pure colors prevails:
red
- the color of heat and fire
yellow
- the color of abundance and wealth
black
- the color of the earth and fertility
green
- the color of eternal green,
white
- purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue
- the color of freedom,
brown
- the color of old age withering.
The field is made up of elements arranged in two, three, and sometimes four rows, and the canvas is made up of a rhythmically repeating ribbon ornament. The canvas of the towel is decorated with three rows, the central field is brightly and colorfully ornamented with larger elements, and the upper and lower stripes are smaller and mirror each other.
In terms of color, the Bashkir ornament is polychrome, i.e. bright, multicolored. The coloristic image (i.e. color solution) is built on contrasts of strong and pure colors: red, yellow, black, green, less often blue, blue, orange, purple, scarlet predominate. The background of products is most often red, black is less often yellow and white. The Bashkirs identified these colors with the fertility of the earth, the luminary, the dawn and everything beautiful in nature.
Some symbols and ornamental elements have their own semantic meaning: kuskar is a symbol of curled ram's horns and a symbol of herbs.
The improvisation of this symbol with additional spiral curls led to the formation of various ornamental patterns and many other variants.
One of the elements of the Bashkir ornament is a solar sign - a circle, a simplified image of the sun in the form of a circle with rays or a vortex rosette.
The heart-shaped element represents hospitality.
The origin of the ornament and its ancient meaning are connected with the religious worldview of people who sought to decorate clothes and household items to propitiate evil spirits, protect themselves from them or give themselves strength. Many of these elements are found in other peoples.
Decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their kind, about the surrounding life, nature, so we can give one more definition to the ornament - this is the symbolic and graphic language of the people, expressing their feelings, concepts.
Bashkir folk arts and crafts are rich in a variety of types: weaving, embroidery, appliqué.
The ornament is characterized by geometric and floral elements, as well as curvilinear elements, patterns in the form of curls, spirals, heart-shaped figures.
See all crafts and ornaments here.
