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Selfless reading. The problem of interested reading

Selfless reading. The problem of interested reading

22.09.2019

Letter Eleven

About careerism

"Letters about the good and the beautiful"

A person develops from the first day of his birth. He is looking to the future. He learns, learns to set new tasks for himself, without even realizing it. And how quickly he masters his position in life. He already knows how to hold a spoon and pronounce the first words.

Then he also studies as a boy and a young man.

And the time has come to apply your knowledge, to achieve what you aspired to. Maturity. We have to live in reality...

But the acceleration persists, and now, instead of teaching, the time comes for many to master the position in life. The movement goes by inertia. A person is constantly striving towards the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering the skill, but in arranging oneself in an advantageous position. The content, the original content, is lost. The present time does not come, there is still an empty aspiration to the future. This is careerism. Inner restlessness that makes a person unhappy personally and unbearable for others.

Letter 12

The person must be intelligent

A person must be intelligent! And if his profession does not require intelligence? And if he could not get an education: so there were circumstances? What if the environment doesn't allow it? And if intelligence makes him a "black sheep" among his colleagues, friends, relatives, will it simply interfere with his rapprochement with other people?

No, no and NO! Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. It is necessary both for others and for the person himself.

This is very, very important, and above all, in order to live happily and for a long time - yes, for a long time! For intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is necessary in order to live long - not only physically, but also mentally. In one old book it says: "Honor your father and your mother, and you will live long on earth." This applies both to the whole people and to the individual. This is wise.

But first of all, let's define what intelligence is, and then why it is connected with the commandment of longevity.

Many people think: an intelligent person is one who read a lot, received a good education (and even predominantly humanitarian), traveled a lot, knows several languages.

Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.

Education should not be confused with intelligence. Education lives on the old content, intelligence lives on the creation of the new and the awareness of the old as new.

More than that ... Deprive a truly intelligent person of all his knowledge, education, deprive him of his very memory. Let him forget everything in the world, he will not know the classics of literature, he will not remember the greatest works of art, he will forget the most important historical events, but if with all this he retains a susceptibility to intellectual values, a love of acquiring knowledge, an interest in history, an aesthetic sense, he will be able to to distinguish a real work of art from a rough "thing" made only to surprise if he can admire the beauty of nature, understand the character and personality of another person, enter into his position, and having understood another person, help him, will not show rudeness, indifference, gloating , envy, but will appreciate the other if he shows respect for the culture of the past, the skills of an educated person, responsibility in solving moral issues, the richness and accuracy of his language - spoken and written - this will be an intelligent person.

Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but in the ability to understand another. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to imperceptibly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this is also garbage, and what else!)

The Likhachev family, Dmitry - in the center, 1929. © D. Baltermants

I knew peasants in the Russian North who were truly intelligent. They observed amazing cleanliness in their homes, knew how to appreciate good songs, knew how to tell “by-life” (that is, what happened to them or others), lived an orderly life, were hospitable and friendly, treated with understanding both other people’s grief and someone else's joy.

Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.

Intelligence must be developed in oneself, trained - mental strength is trained, as physical ones are also trained. And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.

That the training of physical strength contributes to longevity - this is understandable. Much less people understand that for longevity, the training of spiritual and spiritual forces is also necessary.

The fact is that a vicious and evil reaction to the environment, rudeness and misunderstanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live ... Pushing in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, reacting incorrectly to everything. Quarrels with neighbors - also a person who does not know how to live, deaf mentally. Aesthetically unreceptive is also an unhappy person. He who does not know how to understand another person, attributing only evil intentions to him, always taking offense at others - this is also a person who impoverishes his life and interferes with the lives of others. Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. Years of experience convinced me of this.

Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. Yes, it's beautiful.

The face of a person, distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of an evil person are devoid of grace - not deliberate grace, but natural, which is much more expensive.

The social duty of a person is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself as well. This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and the "aura of goodwill" around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).

Everything I talk about with young readers in this book is a call to intelligence, to physical and moral health, to the beauty of health. Let us be long-lived, as people and as a people! And the veneration of the father and mother should be understood broadly - as the veneration of all our best in the past, in the past, which is the father and mother of our modernity, the great modernity, to belong to which is great happiness.

Dmitry Likhachev, 1989, © D. Baltermants

letter twenty two

Love to read!

Each person is obliged (I emphasize - is obliged) to take care of his intellectual development. This is his duty to the society in which he lives and to himself.

The main (but, of course, not the only) way of one's intellectual development is reading.

Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, not strictly following it, moving away from it where there are additional interests for the reader. However, with all the deviations from the original program, it is necessary to draw up a new one for yourself, taking into account the new interests that have appeared.

Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. Interest in reading in general or in certain branches of culture must be developed in oneself. Interest can be largely the result of self-education.
It is not so easy to compose reading programs for yourself, and this must be done with the advice of knowledgeable people, with the existing reference books of various types.

The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) in oneself of a tendency to "diagonal" viewing of texts or to various types of high-speed reading methods.

Speed reading creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create in oneself the habit of speed reading, it leads to a disease of attention.

Have you noticed what a great impression those works of literature that are read in a calm, unhurried and unhurried environment, for example, on vacation or in case of some not very complicated and not distracting illness, make?

“Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. It is necessary to choose forms of recreation and entertainment that are smart, able to teach something.

"Disinterested", but interesting reading - that's what makes you love literature and what broadens a person's horizons.

Why is TV now partially replacing the book? Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with a choice. Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. Read more and read with the greatest choice. Decide for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you?

A classic is one that has stood the test of time. You won't waste your time with it. But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. Don't just jump on every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity causes a person to recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.

letter twenty-six

Learn to learn!

We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional skills will play a decisive role in the fate of a person. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complicated, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful. For physical labor will be taken over by machines, robots. Even calculations will be done by computers, as well as drawings, calculations, reports, planning, etc. Man will bring in new ideas, think about things that a machine cannot think of. And for this, the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear in any way, will be needed more and more. Ethics, simple in previous ages, will become infinitely more complex in the age of science. It is clear. This means that a person will face the hardest and most difficult task of being not just a person, but a man of science, a person morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a person of the future, a creative person, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Teaching is what a young person needs now from a very young age. You must always learn. Until the end of his life, not only taught, but also studied all the major scientists. If you stop learning, you won't be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. At the same time, it must be remembered that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in youth, that the human mind is most receptive. Receptive to the study of languages (which is extremely important), to mathematics, to the assimilation of simple knowledge and aesthetic development, standing next to moral development and partly stimulating it.

Know how not to waste time on trifles, on "rest", which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless "information". Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that you will master easily and quickly only in your youth.

And here I hear the heavy sigh of a young man: what a boring life you offer our youth! Only study. And where is the rest, entertainment? What are we not to rejoice at?

No. The acquisition of skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach something, develop in us some abilities that will be needed in life.

What if you don't like studying? That cannot be. This means that you simply did not discover the joy that the acquisition of knowledge and skills brings to a child, a young man, a girl.

Look at a small child - with what pleasure he begins to learn to walk, talk, delve into various mechanisms (for boys), nurse dolls (for girls). Try to continue this joy of learning new things. This largely depends on you. Don't promise: I don't like to study! And you try to love all the subjects that you study at school. If other people liked them, then why might you not like them! Read real books, not just reading. Study history and literature. An intelligent person should know both well. They give a person a moral and aesthetic outlook, make the world around us big, interesting, radiating experience and joy. If you don’t like something in any subject, strain and try to find in it a source of joy - the joy of acquiring a new one.

Learn to love learning!

(D. Likhachev)

The writing

What is the place of literature in people's lives? What does reading give us? How to choose the right books? How important is it to read a book “disinterestedly”, with something interesting? Academician Dmitry Likhachev invites us to reflect on the problem of correct reading.

The text says that books and reading can become a way of life for every person, one has only to choose the right book, because, according to Likhachev, it serves as “a guide to other eras and to other peoples, opens the hearts of people before us.” Literature is of great importance in people's lives, it gives us "a colossal, vast and deepest experience of life", brings wisdom, enriches the inner world of a person, educating him.

D. S. Likhachev encourages us to read books meaningfully, thoughtfully, delving into every little thing, because it is in the little things that the most interesting and mysterious lies. You need to dive into reading not for someone else, but for yourself. The author believes that the most important is classical literature, which has stood the test of time, but he does not reject modern literature either, because only it can answer many questions of our time. And in order to truly understand and love a book, you need to re-read it repeatedly.

Tatiana Larina, the protagonist of A. S. Pushkin's novel in verse "Eugene Onegin", had the same strong love for books that I have. “Now with what attention she / Reads a sweet novel, / With what lively charm / Drinks seductive deceit!” Tatyana read books, imagining herself in the place of the main characters of the novels: immersed in reading with her head, she shared with them the feelings that own them.

I spent unforgettable moments with Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. Worried about Andrei Bolkonsky, worried about the fate of Marya Bolkonskaya, surprised at the actions of Pierre Bezukhov, I read page after page. Princess Mary immediately fell in love with me, and I could not leave the book closed: my worries about the princess forced me to rediscover the novel I loved again and again. And what joy I experienced when I found out that Marya finally found happiness with Nikolai Rostov cannot be expressed in words.

The more books I read, the more often I find "my" books, the more I understand Likhachev's words: "there are many books you cannot live without."

In contact with

Task 25.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustrative examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the original text, without any comments, then such work is estimated at 0 points.

Write your essay in a neat, legible handwriting.

Text 6

Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906-1999) - philologist, culturologist, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

STEP 1. Read the text carefully.

As you read, underline words and phrases that you don't understand and need clarification. If the meaning of a word or expression is not clear to you, do not use it when writing your own text. It is important that the text you read is absolutely clear.

Words and expressions requiring additional explanation:

Branch of culture - direction, type, type of culture.

Hidden - hidden, hidden.

Waste - use.

Conforming - leaning.

STEP 2. Formulate in two or three sentences one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

To do this, select, highlight in the text or formulate independent phrases that contribute to the understanding of the author's thought. The problem you are going to write about should be clear to you and set by the author of the text.

Examples of phrases from the text:

The main (but, of course, not the only) way of intellectual development is reading.

Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader.

Literature gives us a colossal, vast and profound experience. It makes a person intelligent, develops in him not only feelings, but also understanding - an understanding of life, all its complexities, serves as a guide to other eras and to other peoples, opens people's hearts to you.

Decide for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic.

Examples of own formulations:

The book not only gives a person a stock of knowledge, it teaches him an understanding of life. It is precisely this problem that D.S. Likhachev poses to readers.

- "Disinterested" reading... What is it? Is it possible today?

Can reading become a favorite pastime these days? How to approach the choice of books? What should be read and how to understand what is read? Academician D.S. Likhachev poses these problems for us.

The text proposed by D.S. Likhachev is interesting primarily because it explains the importance of reading in the formation and development of the human personality.

STEP 3. Comment on the formulated problem by including two illustrative examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid overquoting). Follow the actual accuracy in the comments, do not retell the text. When you provide an example illustration, it should not be formal. Here you need to demonstrate your understanding of the text.

Possible options for starting comments:

Speaking of reading, D. S. Likhachev ...

As proof of his thought, the author of the text relies ...

STEP 4. Formulate in one or two sentences the position of the author (narrator).

Be clear about your wording. The author's position formulated by you should be based on the read text.

Possible options for starting the formulation of the author's position:

Of course, one cannot but recognize the correctness of the author ...

D.S. Likhachev focuses on the following thought: ...

STEP 5. Express your agreement or disagreement with the point of view of the author of the read text.

Justify your position with 2 arguments. The first argument should be based on your reading experience. You, as well as the author, as an argument (example-illustration) can cite a book (books), the reading of which (which) influenced your intellectual, aesthetic, spiritual and moral development.

Examples of works, based on which you can reveal the problem of reading and its role in human life:

G. R. Derzhavin "Monument" (1795).

A. S. Pushkin "Sower of Freedom Desert..." (1823), "Prophet" (1826), "I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands..." (1836), "Do I wander along noisy streets..." ( 1829), "To the Poet" (1830), "Little Tragedies" (1830), "Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831).

M. Yu. Lermontov "Prophet" (1841), "Leaf" (1841), "Hero of Our Time" (1838-1839).

F. I. Tyutchev "We are not given to predict ..." (1869).

I. S. Turgenev "Singers" (1852), "Conversation" (1878), "Russian Language" (1882), "Fathers and Sons" (1862).

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" (1866).

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" (1863-1869).

M. I. Tsvetaeva From the cycle "Poems to Blok" ("Your name is a bird in your hand ...") (1916).

O. E. Mandelstam "The sound is cautious and deaf ..." (1908), "The Equinox" ("There are orioles in the forests, and vowels longitude ...") (1913), "Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails ... (1915).

W. Shakespeare "Romeo and Juliet" (1595), "Hamlet" (1601).

An argument based on your reading experience should consist of four to five sentences and justify the appropriateness of using a particular literary text.

Possible options for starting an argument based on reader experience:

- The problem ... rises in the work ...

- The question of ... is traditional for both Russian and European literature. For example, …

- Thinking about ..., you can refer to the work ...

- This year I read a work in which ....

- About the problem of reading ...

The book can...

In books...

The second argument must be based on knowledge and life observations. You can talk about whether there was a situation in your life when it was necessary to look at the surrounding nature with a fresh look.

An argument based on your knowledge and life observations should consist of three or four sentences and justify the reasons for your appeal to certain positions, to life circumstances.

Possible options for starting an argument based on knowledge and life observations:

- Once I read (read) ...

- I paid (paid) attention to ...

- I'm sure (I'm sure) that ...

- I want to tell about …

STEP 6. Writing the final sentence of an essay.

This part is necessary in order to give your own text logical completeness, compositional integrity, to sum up your essay.

Possible options for starting a conclusion:

- After reading this text...

- I understand …

- So, …

“So, in conclusion…

For me....

STEP 7. Read carefully the sample essay from the original text.

Pay attention to text composition, argumentation and comments.

An example of an essay on this text, taking into account the above recommendations:

Can reading become a favorite pastime these days? How to approach the choice of books? What should be read and how to understand what is read? D.S. Likhachev poses these problems for us. Speaking about reading, the author gives specific advice that you should listen to. The author's persuasive, passionate intonation is conveyed through a variety of expressive means, including tropes: metaphors ("serves as a guide to other eras and to other peoples, opens people's hearts before you"), epithets ("the greatest value", "colossal, vast and deepest an experience"). The author seeks to attract the attention of the reader, talking about his teacher of literature, who during the Great Patriotic War opened the world of books to his students, "knew how to read, ... knew how to explain what he read, laugh ..., admire something, be surprised at the art of the writer." The position of the author is fundamental: books are necessary for a person, as they affect his intellectual, spiritual, moral, artistic development.

A well-chosen book can change a person. As an example, I propose to turn to the unique, charming image of Tatyana Larina, created by A. S. Pushkin on the pages of the novel "Eugene Onegin". The heroine turned out to be unlike anyone else, since books had a huge influence on her: it was thanks to them that Tatyana became the poet's "sweet ideal".

I drew (paid) attention to the fact that those of my friends who read little have a poor vocabulary. The guys can hardly pick up synonyms, replace the said phrase. I feel sorry for them: they deprive themselves of that intellectual pleasure that only a book can give.

After reading the text written by D.S. Likhachev, I was once again convinced (convinced) of the correctness of my professional choice: to become a journalist.

STEP 8. Write your own version of the essay on this text, using the recommendations and the sample. Watch your wording. Avoid repetition of phrases and thoughts. Take your time. Watch for the correct spelling of words and the correct placement of punctuation marks. If in doubt about the spelling of a word, choose synonyms, change the wording. If in doubt about the punctuation mark, reformulate the phrase.

Russian language: 20 variants of essays based on the text read to prepare for the unified state exam / N.A. Mironov. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017

The famous Russian academician D.S. Likhachev, in one of his “Letters on the Good and the Beautiful,” discusses the importance of instilling a love of reading. The author convinces the younger generation of the benefits of literature, which makes people wise, "gives ... the most extensive and deepest experience of life."

The scientist believes that one should not look for selfish motives in reading. They should not be engaged for the sake of high grades or fashion trends.

How does an interest in reading arise, a love for a book is born? In Likhachev's letter, one can find answers to these questions. From personal experience, the author recalls that a true love for books was instilled in him by a literature teacher who knew how to “read, explain what he read”. He, along with schoolchildren, “laughed, admired, marveled at the art of the writer.”

Your position on the issue

There is no doubt that the teacher has an important role to play in fostering interest in literature.

I was also lucky to have a teacher who unobtrusively and fascinatingly introduces the class to the work of writers. You want to read works from the school curriculum not only for the sake of academic performance, because a talented teacher knows how to intrigue, not to finish a little, so that the wards have a desire to deeply familiarize themselves with the content, form their own opinion about the plot.

The academician notes the importance of favorite works for a person. That's right, because exciting reading begins with interesting books that you want to re-read, delving into every detail.

Arguments from literature

In the 6th grade, Ekaterina Ivanovna told us about N.V. Gogol's collection “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. At first, the plots of some stories seemed creepy, but still interested. Now the creator of “mystical” stories has become my favorite author. I often return to his "Inspector", "Petersburg Tales", "Taras Bulba", "Dead Souls". You can read them endlessly, enjoying the subtlety of humor and the sharpness of Gogol's language.

The scholar Likhachev also mentions the role of the family in developing the habit of reading. The respectful attitude of parents to books is passed on to children. The recommendations of the elders help to choose useful and worthy literature. The final choice, of course, will remain with the reader himself, but at first he should still be guided.

Classical literature has been tested by time, therefore "... there is something essential in it." Indeed, the works of the classics provide answers to any moral questions, enrich the spiritual and vocabulary. It seems to me that it is such books that make the reader wise.

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