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Biography and creative appearance of the sheet. Franz Liszt biography briefly

Biography and creative appearance of the sheet. Franz Liszt biography briefly

16.07.2019

Franz Liszt (1811-1886) - Hungarian musician, great virtuoso pianist of the 19th century, conductor and composer, teacher and publicist, is considered one of the most prominent representatives of romanticism in music. He founded the Weimar School of Music. He wrote 647 musical works, as well as works on literature - books about the musical heritage of the Hungarian gypsies and about the great composer Chopin.

Childhood

Ferenc was born on October 22, 1811 in the Hungarian city of Doboryan.
The mother of the future musician, Anna-Maria (maiden name Lugger), was born in Krems-on-the-Danube. Her father was engaged in baking production, he died very early, when his daughter was only 9 years old. The orphaned girl moved to Vienna, where she took a job as a maid. Closer to the age of 20, Anna-Maria went to her brother in the city of Mattersburg. In 1810, Adam List also ended up in this city, who came to hang the pope. The young people met, and already at the beginning of 1811 they became husband and wife.

The musician's father, Georg Adam List, was in the service of Prince Esterhazy as a sheep overseer. This work was considered responsible and honorable, because in the princely family, sheep herds were the main wealth. The Esterhazy family greatly revered art. In the princely orchestra, which was led by Joseph Haydn, Adam also studied until the age of 14, he was a cellist. His father lived a short life, only 50 years old, but he always retained a love for music, which was inherited by his only son, Ferenc. Wherever the fate of Adam Liszt throws (to Eisenstadt or Riding), in his free hours from work he always participated in local orchestras, thanks to which he met many visiting famous musicians, for example, Beethoven.

The formation of Franz Liszt in the musical direction belongs exclusively to his father. He himself from an early age began to teach his child music.

Ferenc studied singing in the church choir, and the local organist gave the boy lessons in playing a musical instrument.

When Franz Liszt was 8 years old, his first public performance took place. His father often organized concerts for him in noble noble houses, where the child played the piano, which caused positive emotions in the public.

Music training

Seeing that his son's performances were a success, the father realized that he needed to seriously study music and decided to take the child to Vienna.

They left for Austria in 1821. There, the Austrian composer of Czech origin Karl Czerny undertook to teach Ferenc free of charge to play the piano. Music theory was also taught to him free of charge by Antonio Salieri.

Among the Viennese listeners, the concert performances of the young talent made a sensation. Once, after such a phenomenal concert, the boy was kissed by Beethoven himself, which Franz Liszt remembered later until the end of his life.

In 1823, his father took Ferenc to Paris in order to send him to study at the conservatory. However, the boy was not accepted, because only the French were taken to study at this educational institution. Despite the fact that there was no money, the father decided to stay in Paris.

Paris

To earn money for living in France and food, Ferenc had to constantly perform concerts. So at such a young age, instead of studying, the boy had to engage in professional activities.

Liszt's first musical compositions belong to this period, to a greater extent these were etudes for his concert repertoire. Already at the age of 14, he wrote the first opera, Don Sancho, or the Castle of Love, which was even staged at the Grand Opera in 1825.

The composer's father died in 1827. Liszt experienced this loss extremely hard, for about three years he could not get out of his depressed state, the young man often began to manifest a mystical mood, which had previously been observed very rarely. In connection with these events, Ferenc disappeared from Parisian life, so much so that in one of the newspapers they even wrote an obituary for him.

He returned to life during the French uprising in 1830. Events around were seething, everyone called for justice, Liszt even had the idea to write a "Revolutionary Symphony". Ferenc began to actively give concerts, made friends with other musicians (Berlioz and Paganini) and writers (Hugo, George Sand, Dumas, Musset), and again set about honing his performing perfection.

In 1835, Ferenc took up teaching and literary activities. His publications about Schuman and the social status of French artists were published.

Euro-trip

In 1835, Liszt left for Switzerland, where he began teaching at the Geneva Conservatory. Rarely did he go to Paris with concerts, but other virtuoso geniuses had already appeared there, and Ferenc's performances were not as popular as they used to be.

In Geneva, the composer continued to write music (his plays appeared there, which were later included in the collection Years of Wanderings) and literary and journalistic articles.

In 1837, Ferenc went to travel to Italy, he traveled around the cities, wrote essays on local music, and then sent them for publication to the journals of Paris. Here his first solo performance took place, which took place without the participation of other musicians.

Within ten years, Franz Liszt toured almost all European countries with concerts, visited his homeland in Hungary, from 1842 to 1848 he performed in Austria, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Turkey. It was the pinnacle of his concert and educational activities.

Weimar

In 1848, the musician finally decided to settle in one place and settled in the German city of Weimar.

Here he devoted himself completely to composing, stopped performing, put in order numerous musical sketches. In Weimar, Ferenc completed many previously begun works - rhapsodies and piano concertos, etudes and romances, sonatas and symphonic poems.

He continued to write articles and essays, took up a book about Chopin. Here in Weimar, he received students from all over the world.

But in this German town, not everyone understood Liszt's musical activity, he was extremely disappointed by this. To this were added the failed wedding with his beloved woman Carolina and the death of his son from his first marriage. Again, Ferenc plunged into himself, mystical thoughts began to visit him more and more often.

last years of life

In the 60s of the 19th century, Liszt left for Rome, where he received minor tonsure as a clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church, he performed a number of liturgical services as an acolyte. From now on, he became interested only in sacred music, this was reflected in his work, during this period he wrote:

the oratorio "The Legend of Saint Elizabeth";
requiem;
oratorio "Christ";
four psalms;
Hungarian coronation mass.

In 1875, the Higher School of Music was established in Hungary, Liszt was elected its president, and he again began teaching.

By that time, his middle daughter Kazima was already the wife of the famous composer Wagner. When her husband died in 1883, Kazima began to organize Bayreuth festivals in memory of him, where operas written by her husband were staged in full accordance with the composer's intention. She always invited her father to these events. In 1886, during the next festival in Bayreuth, Ferenc caught a cold. Later, the cold progressed to pneumonia. Feeling worse every day, there were pains in the heart, swollen legs. The composer could no longer move without assistance.

On July 19, 1886, his last performance took place, less than two weeks later, on July 31, the musician died.

The Hungarian National Academy of Music in Budapest and the main international airport of Hungary bear his name.

His famous "Hungarian Rhapsodies" sounded in world cinema a hundred years later - in the Oscar-winning series of the famous cartoons "Tom and Jerry" and "Bugs Bani", as well as in the musical Soviet comedy "Jolly Fellows".

Personal life

In the early 1930s, George Sand introduced Ferenc to her friend Marie d'Agout.

The woman adored modern art, dabbled in literature, wrote novels and published them under the name Daniel Stern. She loved the work of George Sand and was constantly in a state of romantic love. A love relationship began between Ferenc and Marie, in 1835 she left her husband and left for Switzerland with Liszt.

There they lived in hotels in Geneva, sometimes rented a house in some picturesque place. Ferenc and Marie had three children:

in 1835 Blandine's daughter, she married the French politician Émile Olivier, died at the age of 27;
in 1837, the daughter of Kazin, she was married to the German pianist Hans Bülow, in her second marriage Richard Wagner became her husband, she lived for 93 years;
in 1839, the son Daniel, the young man showed very great promise in music, unfortunately, they were not destined to come true, he died at the age of 20 from tuberculosis.

Shortly after the birth of their son, Marie and Ferenc parted ways.

In 1847, during a concert at the Kiev University of St. Volodymyr, Ferenc met Princess Caroline Wittgenstein.

Her marriage to the prince was unsuccessful, the couple did not live together. Karolina invited Liszt to stay at the Podolsk estate of Voronintsy, from where a year later they left together for Europe. Carolina and Ferenc did not succeed in uniting into a legal family, because her legal husband did not give a divorce. The woman turned to the Pope and the Russian Emperor for help.

For 14 years they lived in a civil marriage in Weimar. The hassle of a divorce took so much time and effort that when it was finally formalized and it was possible to legitimize her relationship with Liszt, the princess flatly refused to do so. She considered her sinful relationship with Liszt unworthy of legal marriage, from that moment only platonic love remained between them, which was expressed in constant correspondence.

Ferenc Liszt (Franz Liszt, 1811-1886) - Hungarian composer, pianist, conductor, teacher, music writer, public figure. Studied with K. Czerny (piano), A. Salieri, F. Paer and A. Reicha (composition). In 1823–35 he lived in Paris, where his talent as a virtuoso pianist developed (he performed from the age of 9) and began teaching and composing. Communication with prominent figures in literature and art - G. Berlioz, N. Paganini, F. Chopin, V. Hugo, J. Sand, O. Balzac, G. Heine and others influenced the formation of his views. Having enthusiastically met the July Revolution of 1830, he wrote the "Revolutionary Symphony"; The uprising of the Lyon weavers of 1834 dedicated the piano piece Lyon. In 1835-39 ("years of wandering") List lived in Switzerland and Italy. During this period, Liszt reached the perfection of his performing arts, creating concert pianism in its modern form. The defining features of Liszt's style were the synthesis of the rational and the emotional, the brightness and contrast of the images combined with the dramatic expression, the colorful sound, the stunning virtuoso technique, the orchestral and symphonic interpretation of the piano. In his musical creativity, Liszt realized the idea of the relationship of various arts, especially the internal connections of music with poetry. Created for the piano "Album of the Traveler" (1836; partially served as material for the cycle "Years of Wanderings"), the fantasy sonata "After reading Dante", "Three Sonnets of Petrarch" (1st edition), etc. From the end of the 30s . until 1847, Liszt toured with great triumph throughout all European countries, including Hungary, where he was honored as a national hero (in 1838–40 he gave a number of charity concerts to help victims of the floods in Hungary), in 1842, 1843 and 1847 in Russia, where he met M.I. Glinka, Mikh. Yu. Vielgorsky, V. F. Odoevsky, V. V. Stasov, A. N. Serov and others. In 1848, leaving his career as a virtuoso pianist, Liszt settled in Weimar, with which the flourishing of his creative and musical and educational activities is associated. Liszt's most significant works were created in 1848-61, including 2 symphonies, 12 symphonic poems, 2 piano concertos, an h-moll sonata, Etudes of the highest performing skill, and Fantasy on Hungarian Folk Themes. As a conductor (court bandmaster), Liszt staged over 40 operas on the stage of the Weimar Theater (including operas by R. Wagner), 26 of them for the first time, performed in symphony concerts all the symphonies of Beethoven, symphonic works by G. Berlioz, R. Schumann, M. I. Glinka and others. In his journalistic writings, he advocated a progressive beginning in art, against the academicism and routine of the epigones of the Leipzig school, in contrast to which the musicians who united around Liszt formed the Weimar school. Liszt's activities were opposed by conservative court and bourgeois circles in Weimar, and in 1858 Liszt resigned from the post of court bandmaster. From 1861 he lived alternately in Rome, Budapest and Weimar. Deep disappointment in contemporary bourgeois reality, pessimistic moods led Liszt to religion, in 1865 he received the rank of abbot. At the same time, Liszt continued to participate in the musical and social life of Hungary: he was the initiator of the creation in 1875 of the Academy of Music (now named after him) and its first president and professor, promoted the work of Hungarian composers (F. Erkel, M. Mosonyi, E. Remenyi); contributed to the growth of young national music schools in other countries, supported B. Smetana, E. Grieg, I. Albeniz and other composers. He was especially interested in Russian musical culture: he studied and promoted the work of Russian composers, especially the Mighty Handful; highly appreciated the musical-critical activity of A. N. Serov and V. V. Stasov, the pianistic art of A. G. and N. G. Rubinsteinov, etc. Until the end of his life, Liszt continued free classes with students, educating over 300 pianists from different countries . Among the students: E. d'Albert, E. Sauer, A. Reisenauer, A. I. Siloti, V. V. Timanova; many composers used his advice. The multifaceted creative activity of Liszt, a prominent representative of romanticism, played a huge role in the formation of the Hungarian national music school (composing and performing) and in the development of world musical culture. In his works, an organic fusion of folk-Hungarian origins (verbunkos) and the achievements of European professional music arose (Hungarian Rhapsodies, Heroic March in the Hungarian Style, Funeral Procession for piano, symphonic poems, oratorios, masses and other compositions). The enduring significance of List's work is in democracy and effective humanism of ideological content, its main themes are the struggle of man for high ideals, the desire for light, freedom, and happiness. The defining principles of the composer's innovative work are programming and the monothematism associated with it. Programming led to the renewal of the genre of fantasy and transcription by the composer, the creation of a new musical genre - a one-movement symphonic poem, and was reflected in the search for new musical and expressive means, which was especially pronounced in the late period of creativity. The ideological and artistic principles of Liszt became widespread in the work of composers of various national schools, including the Russian one, who highly appreciated his creative genius, which was also reflected in the music-critical articles of V. V. Stasov, A. N. Serov and others.

Compositions: Opera Don Sancho, or Castle of Love (1825, Paris); oratorios - The legend about St. Elizabeth (1862), Christ (1866) and others; masses - Esztergomskaya (Granskaya, 1855), Hungarian coronation (1867); cantatas; Requiem (1868); for orchestra - Faust Symphony (after I. W. Goethe, 1857); symphony to Dante's Divine Comedy (1856); 13 symphonic poems (1849–82), including Mazeppa (after V. Hugo, 1851), Preludes (after J. Autrans and A. Lamartine), Orpheus, Tasso (all - 1854), Prometheus (after I. G. Herder, 1855); 2 episodes from Lenau's Faust (1860) and others; for piano With orchestra - 2 concerts (1856, 1861), Dance of Death (1859), Fantasy on Hungarian Folk Themes (1852) and others; for piano - sonata h-moll; cycles of plays: Poetic and religious harmonies (according to A. Lamartine), Years of wanderings (3 notebooks); 2 ballads; 2 legends; 19 Hungarian Rhapsodies; Hungarian historical portraits; Spanish Rhapsody; Studies of the highest performing skills, concert studies, variations, pieces in dance form, including 3 forgotten waltzes, marches, etc.; for vote With piano - songs and romances (about 90) to the words of G. Heine, J. V. Goethe, V. Hugo, M. Yu. Lermontov and others, instrumental pieces, chamber instrumental ensembles; transcriptions (mainly for piano) of his own works and compositions of other composers, including Etudes after Paganini's Caprices.

Active concert activity as a whole ended in 1848 (the last concert was given in Elisavetgrad), after which Liszt performed rarely.

Among literary works - a book about Chopin, a book about the music of Hungarian gypsies, as well as many articles on current and global issues.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ The Best of Franz Liszt

✪ F. List. Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2

✪ Franz Liszt - Dreams of love

✪ Ferents (Franz) Liszt in Russia - Franz Liszt - Absolute pitch

✪ Franz Liszt - Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, S. 244/2. (Franz Liszt)

Subtitles

Biography

Franz Liszt was born on October 22, 1811 in Hungary, in the town of Doboryan (Austrian name Riding), Sopron county (now the Austrian state of Burgenland) and was the only child in the family.

Parents

His father, Georg Adam List (1776-1826) served as an official in the administration of Prince Esterházy. The Esterhazy princes encouraged the arts. Until the age of 14, Adam played the cello in the prince's orchestra, led by Joseph Haydn. After graduating from a Catholic gymnasium in Pressburg (now Bratislava), Adam List entered the Franciscan order as a novice, but two years later he decided to leave it. According to some reports, he maintained a lifelong friendship with one of the Franciscans, which, as some researchers suggest, inspired him to name his son Franz, and Liszt himself, also maintaining ties with the Franciscans, joined the order in the later years of his life. Adam Liszt composed, dedicating his works to Esterhazy. In 1805, he achieved his appointment in Eisenstadt, where the residence of the princes was located. There, in the years 1805-1809, in his spare time from his main work, he continued to play in the orchestra, having the opportunity to work with many musicians who came there, including Cherubini and Beethoven. In 1809 Adam was sent to Riding. In his house hung a portrait of Beethoven, who was the idol of his father and later became the idol of his son.

Franz Liszt's mother, Anna-Maria, nee Lagger (1788-1866), daughter of a baker from Krems-on-the-Danube. Orphaned at the age of 9, she was forced to move to Vienna, where she was a maid, and at the age of 20 she moved to Mattersburg to her brother. In 1810, Adam List, having come to Mattersburg to visit his father, met her, and in January 1811 they were married.

In October 1811, a son was born, who became their only child. The name given at baptism was written in Latin as Franciscus, and in German it was pronounced Franz. In Russian-language sources, the Hungarian name Ferenc is more often used, although Liszt himself, having little command of Hungarian, never used it.

The participation of the father in the musical formation of his son was exceptional. Adam List early began to teach his son music, he gave him lessons. In the church, the boy was taught to sing, and the local organist taught to play the organ. After three years of studies, Ferenc performed in a public concert for the first time at the age of eight. His father took him to the houses of noble nobles, where the boy played the piano, and managed to arouse a benevolent attitude among them. Realizing that his son needs a serious school, his father takes him to Vienna.

From 1821, Liszt studied piano in Vienna with Karl Czerny, who agreed to teach the boy free of charge. At first, the great teacher did not like the boy, as he was physically weak. Czerny's school gave Liszt the versatility of his piano art. Liszt studied theory, also free of charge, with Antonio Salieri, who on August 25, 1822 wrote to Nikolai (Miklos) Esterhazy: “After I accidentally heard the boy Francesco Liszt, preluding and playing the piano from the sheet, I was It's like I'm seeing it all in a dream." Speaking at concerts, Liszt created a sensation among the Viennese public. During one of them, Beethoven, after Ferenc's brilliant improvisation in the cadence of one of his concertos, kissed him. Liszt remembered this all his life.

Paris

Liszt was interested in Russian music. He highly appreciated the music of Ruslan and Lyudmila, made a piano transcription of the Chernomor March, and corresponded with the composers of the Mighty Handful. In subsequent years, ties with Russia were not interrupted, in particular, Liszt published a collection of selected excerpts from Russian operas.

At the same time, List's educational activity reached its peak. In his concert programs, he included many piano works of the classics (Beethoven, Bach), his own transcriptions of Beethoven and Berlioz symphonies, Schubert's songs, Bach's organ works. On the initiative of Liszt, celebrations were organized in honor of Beethoven in Bonn in 1845, he also contributed the missing amount to install a monument to the brilliant composer there.

However, after some time, List became disillusioned with his educational activities. He realized that it did not reach the goal, and it was more pleasant for the layman to listen to a potpourri from a fashionable opera than a Beethoven sonata. Liszt's active concert activity ceased.

At this time, Liszt met Princess Caroline Wittgenstein, the wife of Nikolai Petrovich Wittgenstein (1812-1864). In 1847, they decided to unite, but Caroline was married, and, in addition, devoutly professed Catholicism. Therefore, they had to seek a divorce and a new wedding, which the Russian emperor and the pope had to allow.

Weimar

Young musicians from all over the world came to Liszt in Weimar to receive lessons from him. Together with Caroline List, he wrote articles and essays. Started a book about Chopin.

Liszt's rapprochement with Wagner on the basis of common ideas dates back to this time. In the early 50s, the Union of German Musicians was created, the so-called "Weimar", as opposed to the "Leipzig" (which included Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, who professed more academic views than Wagner and Liszt). Violent conflicts often arose between these groups in the press.

In the late 50s, the hope of marrying Caroline finally melted away, in addition, Liszt was disappointed by the lack of understanding of his musical activities in Weimar. At the same time, Liszt's son died. Again, as after the death of his father, mystical and religious feelings intensified in Liszt. Together with Carolina, they decided to go to Rome to atone for sins.

Later years

In the early 1960s, Liszt and Caroline moved to Rome, but lived in different houses. She insisted that Liszt become a clergyman, and in 1865 he received a small acolyte tonsure. Liszt's creative interests now lay mainly in the field of spiritual music: these are the oratorios "The Legend of Saint Elizabeth", "Christ", four psalms, a requiem and a Hungarian coronation mass (German Kronungsmesse). In addition, the third volume of "Years of Wanderings" appeared, full of philosophical motives. Liszt played in Rome, but extremely rarely.

In 1866 Liszt traveled to Weimar, the so-called second Weimar period began. He lived in the modest house of his former gardener. As before, young musicians came to him - among them Grig, Borodin, Siloti.

In 1875, Liszt's activities concentrated mainly in Hungary (in Pest), where he was elected president of the newly founded Higher School of Music. Liszt taught, among his students - Emil von Sauer, Alexander Siloti, Karl Tausig, d'Albert, Moritz Rosenthal, Sophie Menter and many others. He wrote "Forgotten Waltzes" and new rhapsodies for piano, the cycle "Hungarian Historical Portraits" (about the figures of the Hungarian liberation movement).

Liszt's daughter Cosima at that time became Wagner's wife (their son is the famous conductor Siegfried Wagner). After Wagner's death, she continued to organize the Wagnerian festivals in Bayreuth. At one of the festivals in 1886, Liszt caught a cold, and soon the cold turned into inflammation of the lungs. His health began to deteriorate, his heart was worried. Due to swelling of the legs, he moved only with outside help.

On July 19, 1886, his last concert took place. Liszt died on July 31 of the same year in a hotel in the arms of a valet.

Data

Memory

The name was given to the National Hungarian Academy of Music (Budapest).
The name of Franz Liszt is the International Airport of Budapest - the main air harbor of Hungary.

Artworks

There are 647 compositions by Liszt: 63 of them for orchestra, about 300 transcriptions for piano. In everything that Liszt wrote, one can see originality, a desire for new ways, a wealth of imagination, courage and novelty of techniques, a peculiar look at art. His instrumental compositions represent a remarkable step forward in musical architectonics. 13 symphonic poems, the symphonies "Faust" and "Divina commedia", piano concertos represent the richest new material for the student of musical form. From Liszt's musical and literary works, brochures are issued about Chopin (translated into Russian by P. A. Zinoviev in 1887), about Berlioz's Benvenuto Cellini, Schubert, articles in Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, and a large essay on Hungarian music (" Des Bohemiens et de leur musique en Hongrie").

The genre of instrumental rhapsody is a kind of "innovation" of Liszt.

Rhapsodies were created in the following years: No. 1 - around 1851, No. 2 - 1847, No. 3-15 - around 1853, No. 16 - 1882, No. 17-19-1885.

List of compositions

Piano works

Etudes of the highest performing skill / Transcendental studies (1st edition - 1826, 2nd 1836, 3rd 1851)

C-dur (Preludio / Prelude)
a-moll (Fusees)
F-dur (Paysage / Landscape)
d-moll (Mazeppa / Mazepa)
B-dur (Feux follets / Will-o'-the-wisps)
g-moll (Vision / Vision)
Es-dur (Eroica)
c minor (Wilde Jagd / Wild Hunt)
As-dur (Ricordanza / Remembrance)
f minor (Appassionata)
Des-dur (Harmonies du soir / Evening harmonies)
b-moll (Chasse-neige / Snowstorm)

Etudes after Paganini's Caprices S.141/ Bravourstudien nach Paganinis Capricen - (1st ed. Bravura, 1838, 2nd ed. Large studies on Paganini's caprices - Grandes Etudes de Paganini, 1851):
1. Tremolo g-moll;
2. Octaves Es-dur;
3. La campanella gis-moll;
4. Arpeggio E-dur;
5. La Chasse E-dur;
6. Theme et variations a-moll.
3 concert studies (circa 1848)
2 concert studies (circa 1862)
"Album of the Traveler" (1835-1836)
"Years of wandering"
- 1st year - Switzerland S.160(9 pieces, 1835-1854) / Annees de pelerinage - Premiere annee - Suisse
  - I. La chapelle de Guillaume Tell / William Tell Chapel
  - II. Au lac de Wallenstadt / On the Wallenstadt Lake
  - III. Pastorale / Pastoral
  - IV. Au bord d'une source / At the spring
  - V. Orage / Storm
  - VI. Vallee d'Obermann / Obermann Valley
  - VII. Eclogue / Eclogue
  - VIII. Le mal du pays / Homesickness
  - IX. Les cloches de Geneve / Geneva bells
- 2nd year - Italy S.161(7 pieces, 1838-1849), including "Fantasy-sonata after reading Dante" (Apres une lecture du Dante, 1837-1839), ext. - "Venice and Naples", 3 plays, 1859 / Annees de pelerinage - Deuxieme annee - Italie, S.161
  - I. Sposalizio / Betrothal
  - II. Il penceroso / The thinker
  - III. Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa / Salvator Rosa's Canzonetta
  - IV. Sonetto 47 del Petrarca / Petrarch's Sonnet No. 47
  - V. Sonetto 104 del Petrarca / Petrarch's Sonnet No. 104 (E-dur)
  - VI. Sonetto 123 del Petrarca / Petrarch's Sonnet No. 123 (As-dur)
  - VII. Apres une lecture du Dante, fantasia quasi una sonata / After reading Dante (fantasy sonata)
- Supplement "Venice and Naples" S.162
  - I. Gondoliera / Gondoliera
  - II. Canzone / Canzone
  - III. Tarantella / Tarantella
- 3rd year S.163(7 pieces, 1867-1877) / Annees de pelerinage - Troisieme annee
  - I. Angelus. Priere aux anges gardiens / Prayer to the guardian angel
  - II. Aux cypres de la Villa d'Este I / By the cypresses of Villa d'Este. Threnodia I
  - III. Aux cypres de la Villa d'Este II / By the cypresses of Villa d'Este. Threnodia II
  - IV. Les jeux d'eau a la Villa d'Este / Fountains of Villa d'Este
  - V. Sunt lacrymae rerum (en mode hongrois) / In the Hungarian style
  - VI. Marche funebre / Funeral March
  - VII. Sursum corda / Lift up the hearts
"Poetic and Religious Harmonies" (1845-1852)
"Consolations" (1849)
"Hungarian historical portraits" (1870-1886)
2 legends S. 175 (1863)
- I. Saint François d'Assise: La prédication aux oiseaux / Saint Francis of Assisi, Sermon to the Birds
- II. Saint François de Paule marchant sur les flots / Saint Francis of Paola walking on the waves
2 ballads (1848-1853)
"Mephisto - Waltz" (circa 1860, first - orchestral edition)
Hungarian Rhapsodies (1st edition - 1840-1847, 2nd - 1847-1885), S 244

cis minor
cis minor
B major
Es major
e-moll ("Héroïde-élégiaque")
Des-dur
d minor
fis-moll
Es-dur ("Pest Carnival")
E-dur ("Preludio")
a-moll
cis minor
a-moll
f minor
a-moll ("Rakoczi March")
a-moll ("Munkacsy's Celebrations in Budapest")
d minor
fis-moll ("Hungarian exhibition in Budapest")
d-moll (on the theme of chardash

Liszt became the greatest pianist of the 19th century. His era was the heyday of concert pianism, Liszt was at the forefront of this process, having limitless technical possibilities. Until now, his virtuosity remains a guide for modern pianists, and his works are the pinnacles of piano virtuosity. Active concert activity as a whole ended in 1848, after which Liszt performed rarely.

As a composer, Liszt made a lot of discoveries in the field of harmony, melody, and form. Created new instrumental genres (rhapsody, symphonic poem). He formed the structure of a one-part cyclic form, which was outlined by Schumann and Chopin, but was not developed so boldly.

Liszt actively promoted the idea of a synthesis of the arts (Wagner was his like-minded person in this). He said that the time of "pure arts" was over (this thesis is put forward by the 1850s). If Wagner saw this synthesis in the connection between music and words, then for Liszt it is more connected with painting, architecture, although literature also played a big role. Hence such an abundance of program works: "The Betrothal" (based on a painting by Raphael), "The Thinker" (sculpture by Rodin) and many others. In the future, the ideas of the synthesis of arts were widely used, up to the present day.

List believed in the power of art, which can influence huge masses of people, fight evil. His educational activities are connected with this.

Conducted teaching activities. Pianists from all over Europe visited him in Weimar. In his house, where there was a hall, he gave them open lessons, and he never took money for it. Borodin and Siloti visited him among others.

Liszt took up conducting activities in Weimar. There he staged operas (including Wagner), performed symphonies.

Among literary works - a book about Chopin, a book about the music of the Hungarian gypsies, as well as many articles on current and global issues.

Franz Liszt was born on October 22, 1811 in Hungary, in the town of Doboryan (Austrian name Riding) (Sopron county). committee - area.

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Parents

Franz Liszt's father, Adam Liszt (1776-1826) served as Prince Esterhazy's "sheep overseer". It was an honorary and responsible position, since the flocks of sheep were the main wealth of the Esterhazy family. The princes encouraged art. Until the age of 14, Adam played the cello in the prince's orchestra, led by Joseph Haydn. After graduating from a Catholic gymnasium in Pressburg (now Bratislava), Adam List entered the Franciscan order as a novice, but two years later he decided to leave it. He maintained a lifelong friendship with one of the Franciscans, which, as some researchers suggest, inspired him to name his son Franz, and Liszt himself, also maintaining ties with the Franciscans, joined the order in the later years of his life. Adam Liszt composed, dedicating his works to Esterhazy. In 1805 he achieved his appointment to Eisenstadt, where the residence of the princes was located. There, in 1805-1809, in his spare time from his main work, he continued to play in the orchestra, having the opportunity to work with many musicians who came there, including Cherubini and Beethoven. In 1809 Adam was sent to Riding. In his house hung a portrait of Beethoven, who was the idol of his father and later became the idol of his son.

Franz Liszt's mother, nee Anna Lager (1788-1866), was born in Krems (Austria). Orphaned at the age of 9, she was forced to move to Vienna, where she worked as a maid, and at the age of 20 she moved to Mattersburg to her brother. In 1810, Adam List, having arrived in Mattersburg to visit his father, met her, and in January 1811 they got married.

In October 1811, a son was born, who became their only child. The name given at baptism was written in Latin as Franciscus, and in German it was pronounced Franz. The Hungarian name Ferenc is more commonly used, although Liszt himself, having little command of Hungarian, never used it.

Childhood

Paris

After Vienna, Liszt went to Paris (in 1823). The goal was the Paris Conservatoire, but Liszt was not accepted there, since only the French were accepted. However, the father decided to stay in Paris, despite the difficult financial situation. Because of this, I had to constantly organize performances. Thus, at an early age, Liszt's professional activity begins. Liszt was taught by teachers from the same Paris Conservatory (among them were such outstanding musicians as Ferdinando Paer and Antonin Reicha), but no one else taught him to play the piano. Czerny was his last piano teacher.

During this period, Liszt begins to compose - mainly the repertoire for his performances - etudes. At the age of 14, he began the opera Don Sancho, or the Castle of Love, which was even staged at the Grand-Opera (in 1825).

In 1827 Adam List died. Ferenc took this event hard, for about 3 years he was in a depressed state. In addition, he was annoyed by his role as a "clown", a curiosity in secular salons. For these reasons, Liszt was excluded from the life of Paris for several years, and his obituary was even published. The mystical mood grows, and was previously noticed in Liszt.

List appeared in the light only in 1830. This is the year of the July Revolution. Liszt was carried away by the turbulent life around him, calls for justice. The idea of a "Revolutionary Symphony" arises, in which revolutionary songs were to be used. Liszt returned to active work, successfully giving concerts. A circle of musicians close to him is outlined: Berlioz (who created the Fantastic Symphony at that time), Paganini (who arrived in Paris in 1831). The game of a brilliant violinist prompted Liszt to achieve even greater perfection in performance. For some time he refused to give concerts, worked hard on technique and arranged for the piano Paganini's caprices, published under the title of six studies. This was the first and extremely brilliant experience in piano transcription, which Liszt later brought to such a high degree. Chopin also had an enormous influence on Liszt as a virtuoso (who was skeptical of Liszt, not having time to see the heyday of his work after 1848 and seeing him only as a virtuoso). Among Liszt's acquaintances are the writers Dumas, Hugo, Musset, George Sand.

Around 1835, Liszt published articles on the social status of artists in France, about Schumann, and others. At the same time, Liszt also began teaching activities, which he never abandoned.

In the early 30s. Liszt meets Countess Marie d'Agout, a friend of George Sand. She was interested in modern art. The countess had some literary ability and published under the pseudonym Henri Style. The work of George Sand was a standard for her. The Countess d'Agout and Liszt were in a state of romantic love. In 1835, the countess left her husband and broke all ties with her circle. Together with Liszt, she leaves for Switzerland - this is how the next period of Liszt's life begins.

"Years of wandering"

From 1835 to 1848, the next period of Liszt's life lasts, after which the name "Years of Wanderings" (after the name of the collection of plays) was assigned.

In Switzerland, Liszt and Marie d'Agout lived in Geneva and at times in some picturesque village. Liszt makes the first drafts of pieces for the Traveler's Album collection, which later became the Years of Wanderings (Fr. Années de pèlerinage), teaches at the Geneva Conservatory, sometimes travels to Paris with concerts. However, Paris is already carried away by another virtuoso - Thalberg, and Liszt does not have its former popularity. At this time, Liszt was already beginning to give his concerts an educational theme - he played symphonies (in his arrangement for piano) and Beethoven's concertos, paraphrases on themes from operas, etc. Together with d'Agout, Liszt wrote an article "On the role of art and the position of the artist in modern society” (see above). In Geneva, Liszt did not drop out of active European life. Friends from Paris came to see him, including George Sand.

In 1837, already having one child, Liszt and d'Agout went to Italy. Here they visit Rome, Naples, Venice, Florence - centers of art and culture. From Italy, Liszt wrote essays on local musical life, which he sent to Paris for publication. For them, the genre of writing was chosen. The addressee of most of the letters is George Sand, who also answered Liszt with essays in the magazine.

In Italy, Liszt played a solo concert for the first time in history, without the participation of other musicians. It was a bold and daring decision, which finally separated concert performances from salon ones.

Fantasies and paraphrases on themes from operas (including Donizetti's Lucia), arrangements of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony and many of Berlioz's compositions date back to this time. After giving several concerts in Paris and Vienna, Liszt returned to Italy (1839), where he completed the arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies for the piano.

Liszt had long dreamed of going to Hungary, but his friend Marie d'Agout was against this trip. At the same time, there was a great flood in Hungary, and List, already possessing great popularity and fame, considered it his duty to help his compatriots. Thus, a break occurred with d'Agout, and he left for Hungary alone.

Austria and Hungary met Liszt triumphantly. In Vienna, after one of the concerts, Thalberg, his longtime competitor, approached him, recognizing the superiority of Liszt. In Hungary, List became the spokesman for the patriotic upsurge of the nation. Nobles came to his concerts in national costumes and presented him with gifts. Liszt donated the proceeds from the concerts to benefit those affected by the flood.

Between 1842 and 1848 Liszt traveled all over Europe several times, including Russia, Spain, Portugal, and was in Turkey. It was the peak of his concert activity. Liszt was in Russia in 1842 and 1848. In St. Petersburg, Liszt was listened to by outstanding figures of Russian music - Stasov, Serov, Glinka. At the same time, Stasov and Serov recalled their shock from his game, but Glinka did not like List, he put Field higher.

At the same time, Liszt's educational activities reached their peak. In his concert programs, he includes many classical piano works (Beethoven, Bach), his own transcriptions of Beethoven and Berlioz symphonies, Schubert's songs, Bach's organ works. On the initiative of Liszt, celebrations were organized in honor of Beethoven in Bonn in 1845, he also contributed the missing amount for the installation of a monument to the brilliant composer there.

However, after a while, List becomes disillusioned with his educational activities. He realized that it did not reach the goal, and it was more pleasant for the layman to listen to a potpourri from a fashionable opera than a Beethoven sonata. Liszt's active concert activity ceases.

At this time, Liszt met Caroline Wittgenstein, the wife of a Russian general. In 1847, they decided to unite, but Caroline was married, and, in addition, devoutly professed Catholicism. Therefore, they had to seek a divorce and a new wedding, which the Russian emperor and the Pope had to allow.

Weimar

In 1848 Liszt and Caroline settled in Weimar. This choice was due to the fact that Liszt was given the right to manage the musical life of the city, in addition, Weimar was the residence of the duchess - the sister of Emperor Nicholas I. Apparently, Liszt hoped through her to influence the emperor in the matter of divorce.

Liszt took up the opera house, updated the repertoire. Obviously, after being disappointed in concert activities, he decided to shift the educational emphasis to the activities of the director. Therefore, operas by Gluck, Mozart, Beethoven, as well as contemporaries - Schumann ("Genoveva"), Wagner ("Lohengrin") and others appear in the repertoire. The symphony programs included works by Bach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Berlioz, as well as his own. However, in this area, too, Liszt failed. The audience was dissatisfied with the theatre's repertoire, the troupe and musicians complained.

The main result of the Weimar period is Liszt's intense composing work. He puts his sketches in order, finishes and reworks many of his compositions. "Album of the Traveler" after a lot of work became the "Years of Wanderings". Piano concertos, rhapsodies (in which melodies recorded in Hungary are used), the Sonata in B minor, etudes, romances, and the first symphonic poems also appear here.

Young musicians from all over the world come to Liszt in Weimar to receive lessons from him.

Together with Caroline Liszt she writes articles and essays. Starts a book about Chopin.

Liszt's rapprochement with Wagner on the basis of common ideas dates back to this time. In the early 50s. the Union of German Musicians is created, the so-called "Weimar", as opposed to the "Leipzig" (to which belonged Schumann, Mendelssohn, Brahms, who professed more academic views than Wagner and Liszt). Violent conflicts often arose between these groups in the press.

In the late 50s, the hope of marrying Caroline finally melts away, in addition, Liszt was disappointed by the lack of understanding of his musical activities in Weimar. At the same time, Liszt's son dies. Again, as after the death of his father, mystical and religious feelings intensify in Liszt. Together with Carolina, they decide to go to Rome to atone for sins.

Later years

In the early 1960s, Liszt and Caroline moved to Rome, but lived in different houses. She insisted that Liszt become a monk, and in 1865 he took minor tonsure and the title of abbot. Liszt's creative interests now lie mainly in the field of church music: these are the oratorios "Saint Elizabeth", "Christ", four psalms, a requiem and the Hungarian coronation mass (German Kronungsmesse). In addition, the third volume of the Years of Wanderings appears, full of philosophical motives. Liszt played in Rome, but extremely rarely.

In 1866, Liszt went to Weimar, and the so-called second Weimar period began. He lived in the modest house of his former gardener. As before, young musicians come to him - among them Grieg, Borodin, Siloti.

In 1875, Liszt's activities were concentrated mainly in Hungary (in Pest), where he was elected president of the newly founded Higher School of Music. Liszt teaches, writes “Forgotten Waltzes” and new rhapsodies for piano, the cycle “Hungarian Historical Portraits” (about the figures of the Hungarian liberation movement).

Liszt's daughter Cosima at this time became Wagner's wife (their son is the famous conductor Siegfried Wagner). After Wagner's death, she continued to organize the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth. At one of the festivals in 1886, Liszt caught a cold, and soon the cold turned into pneumonia. His health began to deteriorate, his heart was worried. Due to swelling of the legs, he moved only with outside help.

Artworks

There are 647 of Liszt's compositions: 63 of them for orchestra, about 300 transcriptions for piano. In everything that Liszt wrote, one can see originality, a desire for new ways, a wealth of imagination, courage and novelty of techniques, a peculiar look at art. His instrumental compositions represent a remarkable step forward in musical architectonics. 14 symphonic poems, the symphonies "Faust" and "Divina comedia", piano concertos represent the richest new material for the student of musical form. Brochures about Chopin (translated into Russian by P. A. Zinoviev, in 1887), about Benvenuto Cellini by Berlioz, Schubert, articles in Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, and a large essay on Hungarian music are issued from Liszt's musical and literary works. ("Des Bohemiens et de leur musique en Hongrie").

Melodies, forms and textures. Created new instrumental genres (rhapsody, symphonic poem). He formed the structure of a one-part cyclic form, which was outlined by Schumann and Chopin, but was not developed so boldly. Liszt actively promoted the idea of a synthesis of the arts (Wagner was his like-minded person in this). He said that the time of "pure arts" was over (this thesis is put forward by the 1850s). If Wagner saw this synthesis in the connection between music and words, then for Liszt it is more connected with painting, architecture, although literature also played a big role. Hence such an abundance of program works: "The Betrothal" (based on a painting by Raphael), "The Thinker" (sculpture by Michelangelo) and many others. In the future, the ideas of the synthesis of arts were widely used, up to the present day.

List believed in the power of art, which can influence huge masses of people, fight evil. His educational activities are connected with this.

Liszt was interested in Russian music. He highly appreciated the music of Ruslan and Lyudmila, made a piano transcription of the Chernomor March, and corresponded with the composers of The Mighty Handful. In subsequent years, ties with Russia were not interrupted, in particular, Liszt published a collection of selected excerpts from Russian operas.

At the same time, Liszt's educational activities reached their peak. In his concert programs, he includes many classical piano works (Beethoven, Bach), his own transcriptions of Beethoven and Berlioz symphonies, Schubert's songs, Bach's organ works. At the initiative of Liszt, celebrations were organized in honor of Beethoven in Bonn in 1845, he also contributed the missing amount to install a monument to the brilliant composer there.

Weimar

Leaf at different ages

In the city, Liszt's activities are concentrated mainly in Hungary (in Pest), where he was elected president of the newly founded Higher School of Music. Liszt teaches, writes “Forgotten Waltzes” and new rhapsodies for piano, the cycle “Hungarian Historical Portraits” (about the figures of the Hungarian liberation movement).

Liszt's daughter Cosima at this time became Wagner's wife (their son is the famous conductor Siegfried Wagner). After Wagner's death, she continued to organize the Wagnerian festivals in Bayreuth. At one of the festivals in the city of Liszt, he caught a cold, and soon the cold turned into pneumonia. His health began to deteriorate, his heart was worried. Due to swelling of the legs, he moved only with outside help.

Bizet for the second time, now from the notes, perfectly played the work of the maestro.

Congratulations, - Leaf extended his hand to him. - Now you are the third in Europe!

Artworks

In addition, Franz Liszt is known for his Hungarian Rhapsodies (1851-1886), which are among his most striking and original works of art. Liszt used folklore sources (mostly gypsy motifs), which formed the basis of the Hungarian Rhapsodies. At the same time, it should be noted that the genre of instrumental rhapsody is an invention of Liszt. Rhapsodies were created in the following years: No. 1 - around 1851, No. 2 - 1847, No. 3-15 - around 1853, No. 16 - 1882, No. 17-19 - 1885.

Literature

Christern, "F. Liszt nach seinem Leben und Wirken aus authentischen Berichten dargestellt" (Lpts.)
Schuberth, "Franz Liszt's Biographie" (Lpts., 1871); Heymann, "L'abbe Liszt" (P., 1871)
P. A. Trifonov, Franz Liszt (St. Petersburg, 1887)
Janka Wohl, "François Liszt", in "Revue internationale" (1886), L. Ramann, "Franz Liszt, als Künstler und Mensch" (Lpts., 1880)
K. Pohl, Franz Liszt. Studien und Erinnerungen" (Lpts.).
D. Sh. Gaal, "List" (Moscow. Pravda Publishing House, 1986)

Links

Franz Liszt, biography on the Encyclopedia channel (230 biopics about historical figures).
Download compositions Liszt, Ferenc on Classicmp3.ru
Franz Liszt: Sheet Music at the International Music Score Library Project

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See what "Franz Liszt" is in other dictionaries:

LEAF (Liszt) Ferenc (Franz) (1811 86), Hung. composer, pianist. During concert trips to Russia (1842, 1843, 1847) he got acquainted with the Russian. music. In St. Petersburg he met with M.I. Glinka, became close to Mikh. Yu. Vielgorsky, visited V. F. ... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia