The vocabulary of oral speech includes words that are characteristic for a casual conversation. These words, as a rule, are not used in written styles: in scientific and technical literature, in textbooks, in official documents and business papers. Not all words used in conversation belong to the vocabulary of oral speech. The basis of the vocabulary of casual conversation is neutral vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech is heterogeneous. All of it is “below” neutral vocabulary, but depending on the “degree of decline”, on the degree of literary content, this vocabulary is divided into two large groups - colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary: this includes words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but not rude. From the point of view of belonging to different parts of speech, colloquial vocabulary is diverse: big guy, wit, brag, brand new, careless, hack, yeah, at random etc. A considerable part of colloquial words expresses an attitude to the called object, action, saint, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandmother, grandfather, antediluvian, imagine, dodge, fidget, scribble. But not all colloquial words can express an emotional assessment. For example: a smoke break, instantly, renewal, in an embrace, usher, just about, go home. Spoken words are close to interstyle vocabulary. However, they are still different. This is easiest to detect if they are "placed" in an official context, where they will be foreign. In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial", to which a mark is often added, indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word - "joking", "ironic". An important feature of colloquial vocabulary yavl. the fact that it is included in the number of literary expressions. Spacious yavl. words that are outside the literary norm. one). Rough and roughly expressive words: wander around, shamble, belly, harp, muzzle, snout, zenki, paw, hamlo, kill. 2). Other words do not have rudeness, figurativeness, do not express assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. They are called actually colloquial or common people. These include: without fail, in the heat of the moment, mother, to mischief, to shut up, to wait. Since the vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness, do not contain evaluation, they are the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: always-always, theirs-them, sew-sew, scare-scare.
Signs of words in the vocabulary of oral speech

1. features of the word-formation structure (special suffixes, prefixes and their combination). For nouns: -un, -unya ( chatterbox); -sh(a) ( usherette); -ag, -yag, south ( handsome); -k, -lx, -ik (adj. + noun: high-rise building, buckwheat); -n, -rel ( chatter); -yatin ( rotten, frozen).

2. noun, adjective and adverbs with diminutive, diminutive, and derogatory suffixes ( eyes / eyes / eyes, quietly / quietly, eared, pretty).

3. verbs with suffixes –icha(t), -nichat(t) ( to be important, to be frank). Verbs with the prefix -za and the suffix -sya ( run around, run around). Verbs with the prefix -po and the suffix -yva/-iva ( talk, read). Verbs with the prefix -raz and the suffix -sya ( get sick, get sick).

4. the presence of "extra" prefixes or suffixes or, conversely, the absence of the necessary ones ( inside-inside, always-forever, their-theirs, it seems-seem, quirky-quirky, certainly-certainly).

5. the nature of the figurative use of the word. The colloquial style includes those words in a figurative sense that name the parts of the human body, its properties, actions, dwellings, and in the direct designation of an animal, bird, insect ( a hare is a stowaway, an elephant is clumsy, a dragonfly, a snake, a muzzle, a snout, a hole).

6. words that call a person (his actions, state) “by the name” of an inanimate object or its property ( oak, scarecrow, whirlpool, crumble (in compliments), wash off, disappear).

Reflection of expressive-stylistic differentiation of vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries. The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in written texts. Mistakes in the use of the words of the vocabulary of oral and colloquial speech and the words of the vocabulary of book and written speech.

The use of colloquial vocabulary. Colloquial words are appropriate in all cases where the narration, the statement is not constrained by strictly official relations, strictly official environment and therefore presupposes a relaxed, lively way of expressing thoughts. Colloquial words are widely used in the speech of the characters, reflecting the usual manner of communication. Spoken words can be found in many in the author's language of writers, poets, publicists. Often colored emotionally (with a joke, affection, irony), they increase the expressiveness of speech. In other cases, colloquial words express an attitude to any fact, event, person (his character, behavior, appearance, etc.), to any situation, etc. However, colloquial vocabulary is not always appropriate. The context does not always "allow" the use of colloquial words that are at least a little, but still reduced or contain (albeit not in a rough form expressed) assessment. Spoken words may be inappropriate because they contain a value that does not correspond to the object of speech. (boy - they call the killer, kids - juvenile (oldest 14 years old) killers and participants in gang attacks (it is unsuccessful to use words with diminutive suffixes) Colloquial words that do not express assessments of actually colloquial words are most often found in the speech of characters, characterizing the hero is not cultured enough, not fully mastering literary norms (does not always act as a degrading hero)Some authors, endowing their heroes with actually vernacular vocabulary, use such a feature of vernacular words as their proximity to dialectisms.In this case, the presence in the character's language of elements of actually vernacular becomes a sign, indicator peasant, village speech.The named feature of the vernacular words proper can be used to create a humorous, ironic, etc. effect.(For example: " Love Masha and her braids. This is your family business."(Mayak.). In the same case, when there is no motivation for using the vernacular word itself, introducing it into the text is a stylistic mistake, evidence of either insufficient literacy or poor linguistic taste. There are many similar non-literary words (used unmotivated) in the author's speech of journalists (" Starting next spring, they will begin to cultivate the fields and plant gardens."(Koms.pr.). Emotionally colored (rough and rough expressive) vocabulary. Just like the previous 2, it is used to create a speech portrait of the hero, emphasizing in some cases the rudeness or rudeness, sometimes even the vulgarity of speech, in others - her expressiveness, brightness (more precisely, rough expressiveness) (" They hit me, and I barely stood on my feet, cracked someone on the head, then another". Such vocabulary is used (mainly rough-expressive) in the author's language, laconically creating a bright expressive image (" Darkness devoured everything, everything living in Yershalaim and its environs"(M. Bulgakov.)). Expressive colloquial words also play an important role as a means of expressing an assessment, often negative, mocking, condemning. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary can also be a means of creating a comic effect if used in relation to an inappropriate object, situation and surrounded by words of a different style - bookish, official business, high.Although the dictionary cannot replace textbooks on grammar, stylistics and orthoepy, however, it also sets itself normative tasks: to serve as some guide 1) to the correct use of words, 2) to the correct the formation of word forms and 3) to the correct pronunciation.How the dictionary entry is built.After the headword, its pronunciation (if necessary), forms or an indication of the part of speech, control, etymology (if the word is foreign) and stylistic marks (if necessary) are given. and others that define the range of use of the word 12. An attempt was made in the dictionary to establish the boundaries of the use of words. spruce introduced a whole system of litters. These labels are placed in parentheses last in a series of other labels that accompany the given word before interpreting its meaning. If a word has several meanings or shades, then the label placed in front applies to all meanings; if different meanings or shades require different stylistic labels, then the label is applied to a separate meaning or shade. The absence of a mark for the whole word, or its separate meaning, or shade means that this word, or this meaning, or this shade are common to different styles or different areas of consumption. The belonging of a word to a special sphere of use is indicated by marks indicating a particular area of ​​science, technology, production, etc., for example: biol., metal., dense. etc. (see "Conditional abbreviations" above. Words that are rarely used are supplied with the tag "(rarely)", because it is rare that the literary language avoids them. Note. For a correct understanding of the meaning of the litter, one should not forget the meaning of the term "literary" ( language, speech, use, etc.) (colloquial), i.e. colloquial, means: characteristic of predominantly colloquial speech; does not violate the norms of literary use, but, used in the bookish language, gives this context a non-bookish, colloquial character. .), i.e. vernacular, means: characteristic of simple, relaxed or even rude oral speech, not bound by the norms of the literary language, and stands on the border of literary use. In cases where, through its medium, some forms are opposed to others, completely literary, it has a prohibitive character, for example: tool(colloquial tool). (Fam.), i.e. familiar, means: characteristic of colloquial speech or common speech and has either an intimate or cheeky, familiar character. (childish), i.e. childish, means: used by adults in appeals to children, as if adapted to the norms of children's speech. (vulg.), i.e. vulgar, means: due to its arrogance and rudeness, it is inconvenient for literary use. (argo) means: used within some social, professional, etc. .p. groups. Definition of the word " slang"(thieves', theatrical, etc.) more accurately indicates which jargon this word refers to. The word "argo" is preferred to the word "jargon" because the word "jargon" is usually associated with the idea of ​​something wrong, distorted, and " argo" indicates only the narrow scope of the use of the word. (school.), i.e. school, means: used in the everyday life of the school (lower, middle or higher). (region), i.e. regional. Words are local, or regional, as already mentioned (see 1), are not included in the dictionary at all.But many of them are widespread and it was useful to put such words in the dictionary, however, with the indicated mark, which for writers should be in the nature of a warning that the word can In addition, this label sometimes has a prohibitive character, namely, when, with the correct literary form, there is its regional variant, the use of which is incorrect for the literary language; this label has such a character, for example, with regional forms Oh: pamper(see the word spoil), and threshing floor(see the word abbot). (book), vol. e. bookish, means: characteristic mainly of the bookish language; used in colloquial speech, still retains the imprint of bookishness. (scientific), i.e. e. scientific, means: peculiar to the scientific language; litter is placed in the case when the term is used simultaneously in different branches of science. Otherwise, exact marks are put: bot., physical., mat. etc. (tech.), i.e. technical, means: it is used only in special-technical languages, denoting certain processes, objects and phenomena from the field of technology. (special), i.e. special, means: characteristic of special languages ​​associated with some kind of production, with some profession, etc. The mark is placed in cases where the word refers to the sphere of several specialties at once or when it was difficult to accurately indicate the specialty. Otherwise, exact marks are put: tight, shoe, bank, etc. (newspapers.), i.e. newspaper, means: characteristic of the newspaper style, the language of newspapers. (public.), i.e. journalism, means: characteristic of the language of journalistic works. i.e. clerical, means: characteristic of a clerical, business style. (official), i.e. official, means: characteristic of the language of government acts, regulations, official papers, official speeches, etc. (poet.), i.e. e. poetic, means: characteristic of poetry; used in the general literary language, still retains the imprint of poetic use. oral folk literature. (new.), i.e. new, means that the word or meaning arose in the Russian language during the era of world war and revolution (i.e., since 1914). (church-book), i.e. church-book, means that the word is a relic of that era when the Church Slavonic element prevailed in the Russian literary language. Note. This mark should not be confused with the mark "(church.)", indicating the use of the word in the special church life of believers. by authors with some deliberate stylistic purpose. (obsolete), i.e. obsolete, means: obsolete or out of use, but still widely known, by the way, from classical literary works of the 19th century. history.), i.e. historical, indicates that the word denotes an object or concept related to epochs that have already passed away, and is used only when applied to these "historical" objects, phenomena and concepts. This tag, together with the tag "(new)", also accompanies those words that, having been created in the era of world war and revolution, managed to go out of use, since the objects and concepts denoted by these words have gone down in history, for example: vic, wiggle(nov. istor.), (pre-revolutionary), that is, pre-revolutionary, indicates that the word denotes an object or concept that has been supplanted by post-revolutionary life, for example: colonel, petition, servant, etc. (zagr.), t i.e. abroad, indicates that the word denotes an object or phenomenon related only to foreign life, to the social and everyday life of Western European states. These include : (swearing), (ironic), (disapproving). (joking.), (contempt.), (neglect.), (reproach.), (torzh.)- used only in a solemn style, (rhetor.) - used only in a rhetorical, pathetic style or aimed at instilling in the listener one or another attitude to the subject, ( euf.) - used euphemistically, to replace the direct designation of something with a description in order to hide, cover up something reprehensible. For the meaning of the rest of the marks given and not explained here, see above in "Conditional Abbreviations".

Phraseological units of the Russian language as a reflection of ethnic culture. Semantic groups of phraseological units. Elements of national (Russian and foreign) cultures as sources of Russian phraseology. Etymological reference books on Russian phraseology.

Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseology (phrasis - expression) - 1) a section of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of the language in its current state and historical development; 2) a set of non-free combinations characteristic of the language. Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline arose in the 40s. 20th century in national linguistics. The boundaries of phraseology, its scope, basic concepts and types of phraseological units were first fully developed in the 1950s and 60s. Academician Vinogradov V.V.

There is no consensus among linguists as to what phraseologism is. Phraseologisms are stable phrases used to build speech statements, units of the language reproduced in finished form, having a constant and context-independent meaning. The size of a phraseological unit ranges from a two-word combination to a sentence.

Expressive-stylistic classification of phraseological units:

1 Stylistically neutral ( for the time being, give free rein, without further ado).

2 Colloquial phraseological units ( a soap bubble, at least roll a ball, a bear stepped on his ear, a bump out of the blue).

3 Colloquial phraseological units ( roll a barrel, sharashkin office, just spit).

4 Book phraseological units ( pay the last debt, sink into oblivion). Bibleisms: mana from heaven, the voice of one crying in the wilderness. Mythologisms: Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel.

5 Unlogized ( black PR, power vertical).

6 Slang ( demolish the tower).

Semantic-structural classification of phraseological units (according to Vinogradov):

1 Phraseological unions are semantically indivisible units, the general meaning of which does not follow from the content of its components ( ate the dog, sharpen the flies, beat the buckets, how to give a drink). The original motivation of such phrases has been lost and revealed as a result of etymological analysis. In this case, we cannot determine exactly why these words express this particular meaning. For example, to stay with the nose, to chop on your nose. Phraseological fusions, in essence, do not consist of words, but of homonymous components that do not have their own meaning.

2 Phraseological units are stable phrases, the single, integral meaning of which is metaphorically motivated by the direct meanings of their constituent words ( hold a stone in your bosom, cut without a knife, take the bull by the horns). These stable phrases are distinguished by vivid imagery. Phraseological units are called idioms (idioma - feature). Phraseological units have a more complex semantic structure than fusions. They are "transparent" for perception both in form and in content ( the last spoke in the chariot, zero attention).

3 Phraseological combinations are stable turns, one of the components of which has a phraseologically related meaning, and the other is free ( bosom friend, sworn enemy, sudden death, pitch darkness, bloody nose). Components of phraseological combinations that have a related meaning have a single or strictly limited compatibility.

4 (Additional type justified by Shansky). Phraseological expressions are sentence phrases that are semantically divisible and entirely consisting of words with a free meaning, but in the process of communication they are reproduced as ready-made units with a constant composition and meaning. Shansky refers to them proverbs, sayings (constituting an essential part of Russian phraseology) and catch phrases ( you can’t easily catch fish from the pond, to smithereens, they don’t watch happy hours).

“Pobutov’s vocabulary in the comedies of I.A. Krylova"

The diploma work was completed by a student of the group LR-96-1(h) Yakimova O.I.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Dnipropetrovsk National University, Faculty of Philology

Department of Zagalnogo tarosiyskogo mology

Dnipropetrovsk

Introduction

Academician V.V. Vinogradov, speaking about the tasks of the history of the Russian literary language, noted that one of the areas of research in this area should be the study of the language of writers, as well as the study of the language and style of individual literary works. At the same time, he emphasized that the study of "the language of a literary work should be both socio-linguistic and literary-stylistic" . And this means that it is necessary to consider the linguistic features of a particular work, firstly, “in relation to the general system of the literary language of the corresponding era, in the light of its grammar and vocabulary”, and secondly, the language of a work of art should be analyzed as a “holistic semantic unity” created by a creative person.

The language of the works of writers of the 18th century is of particular interest to researchers, because it reflects those linguistic processes that began in the second half of the 17th century and were “promising” for the development of the literary Russian language: a stylistic mixture of elements of various origins, an increase in the role of living Russian oral speech, Europeanization of social, everyday speech. However, the linguistic features of the works of many writers of the 18th century are still poorly understood. This, in particular, was pointed out by V.V. Vinogradov, A.I. Gorshkov. “It is hardly necessary to specifically prove that the study of the prose of Chulkov, Novikov, Fonvizin, Radishchev, Krylov, Karamzin is of considerable interest for understanding the general ways of developing the Russian literary language and the language of modern fiction,” wrote A.I. Gorshkov. That is why the works of I.A. Krylov. The least studied, according to our observations, is the language of this author's comedies. Namely, in this genre, the speech of ordinary native speakers is especially clearly reflected. Here is what P.N. wrote about this. Berkov, who studied the language of some Russian comedies of the 18th century: the "colloquial" language of the "everyday" characters of the comedy of the 1760s-1790s reflected the language of the nobility of the capital circle that really existed, as well as the language of the rural nobles - landowners.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the vocabulary of the everyday sphere in the comedies of I.A. Krylov "Podchipa", "Lesson to daughters", "Pie", "Fashion shop".

To achieve this goal, it is planned to solve the following specific tasks:

1) to give a definition of the concept of "lexicon of the everyday sphere" and, in accordance with this, select the factual material necessary for analysis;

2) classify the language material and characterize it in terms of origin;

3) to determine the functions of this layer of vocabulary in the comedies of I.A. Krylov;

4) to investigate how accurately I.A. Krylov was able to determine the most "promising" lexical units.

Chapter 1

In textbooks on lexicology and stylistics, definitions of certain lexical layers are given in terms of the scope of their use and in terms of expressive-stylistic.

But there is no definition of the concept of “scope of use” in such textbooks.

K.P. Smolina, revealing the meaning of the word "life", analyzes the semantic structure of this word in the most detailed way, determines the seme composition of meanings.

The noun "byto" (cf. genus, its most ancient form) and "byto" are the oldest words that correspond in Russian with the designation of property. In the “Legal Lexicon” by J. Gurlyand (1885), the noun “byto” is interpreted as “an old Russian term meaning: belongings, belongings” Researched by K.P. Resin material confirms this definition. The words "byto", "life" are used in the meaning of "movable property". The seme composition of this meaning includes four semes: ‘material values’, ‘material values ​​in their totality’, ‘a certain type of property’, ‘belonging’. Apparently, the word "life" correlates with the meaning of the words "fat", "healthy", because. Only those who have ‘wealth, property’ can “get healthy” and “get fat”.

In the monuments of the Old Russian language of the 11th - 12th centuries, the words "byto" and "life" were used extremely rarely, mainly in the meaning of "movable property". This word is not used either in church-legal literature or in official business writing.

According to K.P. Smolina, in all known works, the beginning of the semantic evolution of this word is associated with the 18th century, which, in her opinion, is not entirely accurate. This word is contained in the materials of the 16th century, which also reveal its narrower semantics.

In combination with substantive adjectives, indicating by their meaning the location of certain objects, things and their purpose, the word "byt" means "a set of objects, things of any kind". Thus, to the semes constituting the meaning of 'movable property', another one is added: 'this or that specific everyday life where property is used'.

So, the words “byto”, “life” are associated with the designation of a specific type of property - “movable property”. It should be noted that in its further history the word "byt" moves from the category of specific vocabulary to a more abstract lexical group and means "custom, way of life". Such a semantic transformation is planned already in the 17th century.

The word “byt” is now interpreted as ‘everyday life with established rules, customs, habits’.

On the basis of this definition, the concept of “everyday sphere” is defined as follows: “it is a daily life that actually exists with established rules, customs, habits”. The lexicon of the household sphere is the lexicon, the scope of which is everyday life.

In the scientific literature there is also such a thing as "everyday vocabulary". According to G.N. Lukina, this lexical layer reflects material culture. G.N. Lukina distinguishes several groups in the composition of everyday vocabulary: the names of clothes, shoes, hats, jewelry, precious stones, fabrics, vessels and food. In her opinion, some other thematic groups with related meanings adjoin this vocabulary (names of parts of the human body, plants, animals, names of money, etc.).

Some thematic groups of vocabulary denoting objects of material culture consist of practically unambiguous words (most of the names of shoes, hats, jewelry, clothes). Other thematic groups consist of ambiguous words (names of vessels, tissues, types of food, furs). Compare: fox1 (name of animal) and fox2 (name of fur); cubit1 (arm, part of the arm) and cubit2 (obsolete measure of length).

The simplest and, at the same time, the rarest semantic structure have groups consisting of unambiguous terminological words.

The most typical for the everyday sphere are lexical-thematic groups consisting of two-valued words.

Everyday vocabulary, as a vocabulary that reflects material culture, is used in the domestic sphere. This lexical layer includes only words that name objects or phenomena.

Depending on the purpose of the statement, the speaker or writer chooses the words he needs from the lexical system of the Russian language. Such phenomena are due to the functional and stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary, i.e. the presence in it of such lexical units, the choice of which depends on their intended role in the process of implementing one of the functions of the language: communication, message or impact.

In the function of communication (i.e. communicative), as a rule, words of a colloquial style are used, in the function of communication and influence - the words of one of the book styles (official business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic), as well as styles of fiction.

M.I. Fomina refers to the colloquial vocabulary of the Russian language words used in casual conversation, i.e. characteristic mainly for the oral form of the implementation of the language. This group of vocabulary M.I. Fomina subdivides, in turn, into two main subgroups: literary and colloquial and colloquial and everyday.

By definition, M.I. Fomina, colloquial vocabulary includes words used in everyday communication. On the whole, they do not violate generally accepted literary norms, but their use in other stylistic groups would be inappropriate. Such words often have an additional pronounced coloring: disapproving, playfully familiar, etc. This type includes colloquial words formed with the help of diminutive or augmentative suffixes, as well as other suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Colloquial words are noticeably different from the actual colloquial vocabulary, which, in their expressive and stylistic coloring, turn out to be even more reduced: string bag (heavy bag), smack (kiss).

According to its use, colloquial vocabulary is commonly used. Common vocabulary includes words whose use is not restricted in any way. Such vocabulary is a stable basis of the Russian language. It includes words from various areas of the life of modern society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, etc.

In addition to the commonly used vocabulary, there is a vocabulary of limited use. So, A.N. Gvozdev speaks of two layers of vocabulary:

common words used in all genres of speech;

words with specific usage, limited to one style or another.

He makes such a division on the basis of the stylistic heterogeneity of the language.

Based on the definition of G.N. Lukina (the vocabulary of the “real-everyday sphere” is “a vocabulary that reflects material culture”), then, comparing it with the layers of vocabulary identified by A.N. Gvozdev, we can refer to this group of words both common words and words with a specific use.

Common words are the most common and widespread names of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions, equally used in everyday speech, and in business, scientific and technical style, and in fiction.

An example of them can be such names of objects, concepts as house, door, table, yard, street, tree, fish, bird, horse, head, face, mouth, leg, day, night, spring, summer, hour, year, past , future, work, rest, conversation, walking, etc.; names of qualities and circumstances: cheerful, hard, warm, fat, red, stone, bold, fast, slow, late, light, tomorrow, on foot, etc.; names of actions and states: go, go, cut, write, put, carry, sit, wait, cough, etc. .

Being common names for everything around, words of this kind form the main core of the dictionary. They are needed by everyone and are used most often. Every Russian comes across them in childhood, and in the field of vocabulary they form the basis of what we call the native language.

Many of these words have long existed in the dictionary of the Russian language and form a stable centuries-old layer that ensures the originality of the Russian language.

From the point of view of stylistic coloring, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is "stylistically neutral subject vocabulary". But this layer of words can have correspondences among words with emotional coloring. For example, among the dialect words: hut-hut, hut; tabletop-tablecloth; towel-towel, etc. .

To words with a specific use of A.K. Gvozdev classifies: a) literary and book words and b) colloquial everyday words.

From literary and bookish words, some groups of words that characterize different historical eras, for example, the historical past of the Russian people, can be attributed to the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. In accordance with the theme of this thesis work, we will give examples of words characteristic of the 18th century: fortecia (fortress), persona (portrait), etc.

N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use into national and socially or dialectally limited vocabulary.

Words of limited use characterize only a specific speaking community, which appears as a territorially or socially defined group of people.

Popular vocabulary, according to N.M. Shansky is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian, the fund on the basis of which, first of all, there is a further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary. It is to this layer that the vocabulary of the household sphere can be attributed.

From the expressive-stylistic point of view, N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the Russian language into three large groups:

1) interstyle vocabulary;

2) colloquial everyday vocabulary;

3) book vocabulary.

From the point of view of expressive-stylistic in the vocabulary of the Russian language, first of all, there is such a layer of words that are interstyle and have application in all styles of the language. This is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral. They are the names of vital phenomena of reality without any evaluation of it, they are pure names of objects, qualities, actions, etc.

Given the expressive neutrality of such vocabulary, it is often called neutral vocabulary.

From the expressive and stylistic point of view, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is filled with neutral words.

Colloquial vocabulary differs from interstyle vocabulary in its specific expressive and stylistic coloring (familiarity, swearing, irony, jokes, affection, contempt, etc.).

Words of colloquial-everyday vocabulary, naming something, also give a certain assessment of what is called everyday. The vocabulary of the household sphere is usually not evaluative.

The words of the everyday sphere cannot be attributed to the category of book vocabulary, for the reason that book vocabulary has a stylistic coloring of bookishness, even when used in oral speech.

By themselves, the words of the everyday sphere do not have an expressive-stylistic coloring, but when used in certain contexts, they acquire it. So, for example, many authors use such words in their works to express the author's irony, humor, for various oppositions.

Against the background of the vocabulary of the "high" style, such words seem stylistically reduced. And this gives the work of art a certain expressiveness.

An idea of ​​the significance of the range of everyday vocabulary in the literary language of the 18th century can be given by a brief list of its thematic groups, available in the article by G.P. Knyazkova:

words-names of dishes: gingerbread, tyurya, slur, kraushka, cod;

words-names of drinks, mostly intoxicated: mash, sbiten, honey, erofei, sivuha;

words-names of clothes, hats, shoes: zipun, shugay, kokoshnik, fly, etc .;

words-names of buildings and their parts: hut, shack, cage, barn, closet, closet, etc .;

words-names of household items: basket, tub, bowl, etc .;

words-names of musical instruments: bagpipe, pipe;

words associated with customs, rituals, superstitions: divination, potion, love spell, gatherings;

words - the names of games, dances: tales, blind man's buff, etc.

This list, according to G.P. Knyazkova, can be continued.

Thus, we can conclude that the vocabulary of the everyday sphere includes words that are nouns that name objects and phenomena of everyday life, customs, material and cultural values.

The functions of everyday vocabulary in works of art are diverse. According to G.P. Knyazkova, in the travesty poems of the late 18th century, it is most often used to create everyday paintings.

Such vocabulary is found in portrait sketches, as well as in comparative turnovers.

The Russian XVIII century begins the era of Peter I - one of the most important milestones in the history of Russia's relations with the countries of Western Europe. In those days, there was a struggle for the territory of the Baltic and Black Seas. As a result of foreign policy, foreign economic relations, many foreigners came to the territory of the Russian state: from England, Holland, Austria, Sweden, Germany, France and other countries. As a result of the development of external relations, cultural and historical prerequisites arose for the penetration of foreign words and various kinds of borrowings into the Russian vocabulary. This process also affected the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. Its replenishment with foreign words was reflected in the written records of the 8th century.

“The process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language in the 18th century moved deeper. In the structure of the national Russian language, morphological and semantic correspondences are realized with the forms of expression of Western European languages. Lexical borrowings are shrinking". Many of the borrowings penetrated into the Russian language in the pre-Petrine era, but at the beginning of the 18th century, the functions of many words changed. They were included in the standard of literary use.

In the 18th century, the acquaintance of society with many objects of Western life continued. New names of fabrics appear: cambric, brocatel, set, chintz (1768), gauze; clothes: overcoat, cloak; personal items: album, portrait; decorations: bouquets, garlands; crews: vis-a-vis, truck; home furnishings: lampshades, blinds (1793), chest of drawers, sofa; lighting and heating devices: girandoles, spotlights. Hairdressing is developing: boucle, chignon; culinary and confectionery arts: dessert, sausages, fillet, meatballs, caramel, marmalade and much more.

In addition, the Russian nobility got acquainted in this era with a number of new games: whist (1769), boston, solitaire, fifths, etc .; social life also develops further, so new words are borrowed: carousel, club. The knowledge of Western European realities is also deepening: a hotel, a sidewalk, etc.

All these words represented a fairly wide layer of vocabulary that played an important role in the system of the Russian literary language of the 18th century. Only from the 18th century did this vocabulary begin to be actively used in works of art.

The lexicon of the household sphere in the literary monuments of the 18th century reflects the objects and phenomena of everyday Russian life in the process of historical and linguistic development.

Chapter II. The origin of the vocabulary of the everyday sphere and its function in the comedies of I.A. Krylov "Podchipa", "Pie", "Lesson to daughters", "Fashion shop"

2.1. Vocabulary of the household sphere from the point of view of its origin.

Since the autumn of 1797, Krylov settled in the village of Kazatsky (Kyiv province). There he wrote the comedies "Podchipa" and "Pie"

For his work “Podshchipa” (another name is “Trumf”), the genre of which he defined as “jester-tragedy”, the writer found a very successful form: “a combination of the principles of folk theater, folk games with the form of classical tragedy”. The play, according to most of Krylov's contemporaries and later researchers of his work, was a satire, a caricature of the regime of Paul I.

In Tsar Vakula and in the German Prince Trumph, the playwright caustically ridiculed the Russian autocracy in its two versions: in the pre-Petrine, old Moscow form (Tsar Vakula), and in the newest imperial, St. Petersburg-Gatchina (Prince Trumph).

The comedy "Pie" parodied sentimentalism, an idyllic embellishment of reality. In this comedy, Krylov ridiculed the landowner Uzhima, who was brought up on sentimental literature and speaks with sensitive maxims. Uzhima does not want to be called Malanya Sysoevna. She poses as a sentimental, enthusiastic heroine. Wanting to marry off her daughter to an unloved person, she at the same time paints a sensitive picture of how she will comfort her daughter's "unfortunate lover": “We will read elegies together with him, wherever there is night, moon, stars and a brilliant tear ... Ah! I imagine that he and I will feel it!” however, Ujima is very practical and is distinguished by a ridiculous tyranny that does not at all fit in with her feigned sensitivity.

In 1806 - 1807, Krylov wrote two comedies "Fashion Shop" and "A Lesson for Daughters." These dramatic works, which were a resounding success with the then audience, were imbued with an ardent patriotic feeling, sought to arouse in Russian society love and respect for their national culture.

In these comedies, Krylov achieves great truth in life, aptly and cheerfully showing the natural provincial nobility, reverent for everything foreign and, as a result of their gullibility, fooled and robbed by foreign rogues.

Many of the motifs in The Fashion Store anticipated the ridicule of "gallomania" in Griboyedov's Woe from Wit.

In Fashion Store and Lesson for Daughters, the characters are more lifelike than in Krylov's previous plays.

The enemy of any foreigners, the "steppe landowner" Sumburov ("Fashion Shop"), his wife - a provincial fashionista and fan of "fashion shops", the maid Masha are endowed with lively features, shown with genuine humor. The comedy of situations, expressive colloquial speech, well-aimed, witty characterizations make this comedy not obsolete to our time.

In A Lesson to Daughters, the ridiculous and absurd claims of inveterate provincial women - the landowner daughters of Thekla and Lukerya - to speak only in French and follow the fashion of the capital, are ridiculed especially caustically. Provincial simps are fooled by the servant of a passing capital dandy. The puffy, efficient Semyon successfully pretends to be a French marquis, and the provincial fashionistas are crazy about him.

It should be especially noted a characteristic feature of the comedies of Krylov I.A. - a sympathetic image of servants who, with their sharpness, naturalness of feelings and actions, are opposed to stupid and arrogant masters.

The characters of comedies act in various situations, including “everyday ones”, therefore there are quite a lot of words naming objects of the everyday sphere in the works. Using the continuous sampling method, we selected 207 such words from the texts.

They can be combined into 13 thematic groups. Let's list them:

furniture names (6 words);

names of money (13 words);

names of birds (5 words).

Let us consider how words are distributed in each of these thematic groups by origin.

Most of the words that name dishes are (according to the "Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language") native Russian: bread, kalach, cabbage soup, horseradish, kulebyaka, pies, pancakes, cheesecake, juicy, etc.

“Yes… wait! Didn’t you send us an empty pie and in your letter make very clear the refusal of our daughter by comparisons with the pie and, moreover, play a very stupid joke on us?” [ 34, p. 283].

"Oh! I've been looking into it for a long time. I, Dashenka, have been eating for three days, really, one bread.

There are names consisting of more than one word:

“If you please, at least eat a veal leg”;

“Forcibly I could eat with whitefish I kulebyaku”;

“And I only elective love everywhere a piece:

Cockscombs, the hen has a navel.

Of the 23 words in this group, only 7 are borrowed. So, the word food is an Old Slavonic borrowing that replaced the Russian pich. The word salakha, borrowed from Finnish, is used in the text in the form of suffix formations salakusha, salakushka:

"... I sent salakushki and vodka to the Council."

"... corroded salakush jar ...".

The latest of the borrowings of this group is the word oysters. It appeared only in the XVIII century from the Dutch language.

The filling is common Slavic. From repair. Old Russian chiniti goes back to the Proto-Slavic Ciniti "to perform various kinds of actions." In the modern verb repair and its derivatives, the initial and subsequent meanings are reflected, in particular, “to fill an empty place” (to make pies), from which a noun is formed with the suffix -ък- -а-. Filling > filling "what is put inside the pie"

"Sorry, my comparisons were incomparable, because the filling was perfect."

The group of words naming household items is represented by 34 words, among which seven are borrowed. This is the word shtof. It has two meanings: “type of fabric” and “dishes, measure of liquid”:

“Damask drank wine, corroded salakush jar”

In this sense, the word is borrowed from Low German.

One of the words in this thematic group is an Italian loanword; this is the word paper, which in the context is used in the plural. Here is what we learn from M. Fasmer's dictionary:

Paper was imported to Russia in the 14th century. from Byzantium and Italy and for the most part of Italian origin. Apparently, the word paper came about as a result of dissimilation from *bubag, and not from *b bag, because. nasal vowels were replaced already in the tenth century. sounds u, "a.

It goes back in its etymology to the Italian bombagio, from which the Old Russian paper one can be explained. [28, T.I. with. 240.]

“Although it seems that we are quiet and have not heard any robberies, but nothing is impossible; we will immediately let you know where it should be, and all means will be used to find the thieves and return your belongings and your papers to you.

Pencil - from the Turkic *karadas "black stone."[ 28, T.II. p.192.]

"Give me a letter. - What is it? Not signed, not sealed! Rude! (Unfolds.) And with a pencil!

The calendar is probably via the Polish kalendarz from the Latin calendarium.

"... you know - everything is in a foreign manner, and sows and reaps everything according to the German calendar."

Napkins - from German salvette. In Russia since the time of Peter I.

“Do only what I say. Fold two napkins in four "

Plate - German teller, middle - upper - German talier "plate". It has been noted in Russian monuments since the 17th century. formed with a diminutive suffix –ък-а from the obsolete tar'el "plate", which is recorded in the monuments of the early 16th century. and arose as a result of a rearrangement - r in the non-preserved talir.

"Put them on a plate."

Journal - from the French journal "daily news, news.

"Books, ma'am? But have you forgotten that you only had books, that fashion magazine, and that priest ordered to throw it away ... "

Alcohol - from the English spirit "breath, spirit." In Russia, the word appears since the time of Peter I.

The remaining words of this thematic group are common Slavic or formed at a later time from common Slavic foundations with the help of suffixes: stake, knife, millstone, skewer, chain, pot, cup (from the bowl), bubble (from the belly), comb (from the comb), a match (from a knitting needle), a mirror, a bank, a mug, a pillow, a tube, sweatshirts, a tablecloth, a razor, a key.

"Take out your pocket knife, if you have one." .

“Sister, the Marchioness is tough! Dasha, give me a pillow! .

“Well, I sharpened my knife! Like a razor!.."

"Key! What key! What do you need? I don't have any key."

We also highlight the original Russian words recorded in the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by M. Fasmer, including a bed, a letter, a hoop, a spoon, a device.

“Dashenka, go on the porch and guard; as soon as Khoprov and Tanin arrive, our lovely fiances, give them these letters; and we'll talk to the Marquis here."

"Well, I planted for books and for the hoop" .

"... don't you have a spoon?"

“How not? I have four devices with me.

"I'll throw myself for alcohol .."

The economy is East Slavic.

“Ahti! No way, he forced fashionistas to learn rural economy.

There are also few borrowings in the group of words naming buildings and their parts. These are the word sarai, which came from the Turkic languages ​​in the Old Russian period, borrowed from the Middle Greek word chamber (meaning “house, palace”) and later borrowed from Polish cuisine, which has been recorded in written monuments since the 18th century. Along with the word kitchen in comedy, the actual Russian education is used - the noun cook:

"The cook, tea, has been waiting for me in the cookhouse for a long time."

IN AND. Dahl defines its meaning as follows: “Cooking, cooking - “kitchen, cookery”; that is, the premises where food is prepared, cooked. Of the words related to the analyzed thematic group, one can also name the nouns oven, window, housing, house, tent, tower, palace, dining room, bedroom, chambers, yard, doors, firewood, stairs, shop.

All this is primordially Russian vocabulary, which appeared either in the Proto-Slavic period (oven, window, house), or at a later time.

"Dasha! The Lord was turned to the poultry yard "

“Rotosey, why are you standing? Go open the door"

“Bah! Yes, there is a man chopping wood. I'll try him well"

“Listen, up this staircase…”

“However, sir, if it is necessary, then come to yearn in our shop.”

So, the word palace is a suffix formation from yard. The word tower is formed using the suffix -n (ya) based on a borrowed from the Polish language bashta. The “Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century” records both forms of this word (tower and bashta), but the first of them was probably more common. It was from her that other words were formed: turret, tower, tower.

One of the words of this group is borrowed from French. This word is store. In the text, it is presented in the form of a magazine. Here is what we find on this occasion in the dictionary of P.Ya. Chernykh: “On Russian soil, the word appeared at the beginning of the 18th century simultaneously in two forms: a store and a store, but with one meaning: “a warehouse, a place for storing food, supplies for the army.” The first form is more common in written monuments of the early 18th century. The use of the form shop, (but in the sense of "trading premises") was possible as early as the 30s of the XIX century. The dialects of Magazei, Magazei go back to this form. The form store (meaning "warehouse") has been noted in dictionaries since 1731.

“Yes, how many times, sister, in the shops they mistook us for natural French women”

The next two words are borrowed from Polish.

Library - 1st borrowing from the Polish biblioteka. 2nd from Greek.

In Russia since the time of Peter I. Earlier, as well as back in the 18th century. vivliocica was used.

“…And you don’t read books from his library…”

Barber - borrowed from Polish at the beginning of the 18th century.

“I’ve already figured out how things should be: I’ll open a barber shop, or a shop with powder, lipstick and perfume.”

Church - by origin is a form of V.p. singular from tsirki - "church": tsrk'v. The noun circa is probably a borrowing through the Gothic language from Greek (kyrikon - "Lord's" from kyrion - "Lord"). The word survived on Slavic soil a change to in c.

"Well, goodbye. Listen to what I thought: do you see this church over there? [34, p.264]

Kabak - from the Low German dialect kabake. In Russia, this word has been used since 1563.

“A long-time friend deigned to welcome Senka and me to vodka and indicated a tavern”

Of the words of the next thematic group, the most ancient of the borrowed ones is the word shoes: according to the Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language, this is an Old Russian borrowing from Tatar. In the 18th century, it was obviously included in an active dictionary, as evidenced by a large number of words derived from it (shoes, shoemaker, shoemaker, shoemaker, shoe, etc.), recorded in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th century.

“Your zabul, as on Parish, without a shoe, sang on the streets” [34, p. 322.]

Two more borrowings from Turkic languages ​​date back to the 14th and 15th centuries: stocking and caftan.

“Look, marquis, what a caftan ...”

Later, the words fizhmy (from Polish, in which this word came from Middle High German) and jabot (from French, in the 18th century) were borrowed.

Among the original Russian words belonging to this group, most are derivatives. They are formed either in a suffix way (linen, boots, lining, dress, garters, shirt, pocket, hat, mittens, pins, pattern,) or by addition (body warmer). The word sweatshirt is actually Russian, presumably formed "on the basis of the borrowed from the Italian language fofa-, warm shirt".

"At three months, God knows how low the pattern has gone." .

“What a day, then a new hat; what a ball, then a new dress ... "

“Look at that dress, that mittens…”

Sarafan - borrowed from the East through the Turkic sarapa (i).

“Is it true that they began to wear sundresses here”

Tuli (crown) - the main part of a hat, cap, cap without a peg, brim, visor.

"Show me the tuli and petinets" .

Toilet - "outfit, clothes." Borrowed from French in the 18th century. Toilette is a French etymological word meaning "cloth". It is a diminutive form with the suffix -ett- for toile "fabric". Hence the further meaning of the word: on the one hand, “what is made of fabric” > “clothing, outfit”, on the other hand, “a cover for a table at which they dress.”

" Oh my God! When you now imagine a young girl in the city - what a heavenly life! In the morning, as soon as you have time to make the first toilet, teachers will appear: dance, drawing, guitar ... "

Headdresses - a headdress is everything that goes on decoration, outfit, festive dress, decoration.

"... at least show me their clothes for now"

Galloons - piping, silver embroidery. From the French gallon "clothing board".

“Look, marquis, what a caftan: I think it has only half a pood of galloons on it!”

A piece of embroidered kisei is a thin transparent fabric, originally from Indian nettle, then from cotton. Borrowed from Turkish kasi "cut cloth".

"Girls! someone come here, take these two pieces of embroidered kisei and give them to the man.

Lace - East Slavic. It has been noted in monuments since the 13th century in the shape of a circle. Formed, probably, from whirl with the help of the suffix iwo, the change in e occurred in the conditions of the unstressed position of the sound in the word and was fixed in orthography. But we find a completely opposite opinion in the dictionary of M. Fasmer: “judging by the antiquity of the evidence, it is more likely from a circle than borrowed.

"Show me, my soul, the best ... lace"

Caps are common Slavic.

“Mistress, bonnets, bonnets are here! Our mayor doesn’t have that much!”

The shawl is from English. Long scarf on the shoulder. The Turkish shawl was once in great fashion.

"Bring me a crimson shawl quickly"

Ribbons - from the late Greek language "linen strip". In the form of a ribbon with the meaning of "braid", "bow" has been found since the beginning of the 18th century.

Pins - in Russian this word has been known since the beginning of the 17th century.

From mace, which was borrowed from the Ukrainian language from the 1st half of the 18th century, the dictionaries note the form formed from the word mace with the suffix -k-, and the diminutive form pin in the meaning of "kind of a needle with a head at a blunt end".

"Not a single ribbon, not a single pin".

Mansheti (cuffs) - from the French manche, from the Latin manika - "long sleeve tunic." It meets with a deaf hissing in Peter's time.

“So you, pretty girl, will you fix the mansheti?”

Matter - from the Latin material. In Russia since the time of Peter I.

“I will choose for you the karosh matter itself.”

Uniform - goes back to the German montierung. In Peter's time, the word uniform is used, firstly, along with uniforms, and this form (morphologically meaningful) can be considered as the older one. Secondly, this word, the first time in the XVIII century. used as a collective noun and declined only in the singular.

“There will be people in uniforms, officials ...” .

Salop - from the French salope "a type of outerwear for women."

"Antropka, salop to the mistress".

Commodity – borrowed from Uighur tavar (property)

"I went to pick out goods for madam"

In the next thematic group, borrowed and native Russian words are presented in approximately equal numbers, naming entertainment, customs, activities. So, the word dance came into the Russian language in the 17th century, ball - at the beginning of the 18th century from French, the word carnival is also borrowed from there; in different phonetic variants and at different times, the word music appeared (“musikia”, XII century, from Latin or Greek; “music”, XVII century, from Polish; “music” - under the influence of the German language). As can be seen from the dictionary data, late borrowings, and in comedy they are used by the German prince Trumph:

"To the carnival";

"My putet bal tafal";

"Fiklyara, focus on your kashta shas."

Despite the fact that these words were recent borrowings, they have already entered the active dictionary of the Russian language. So, for example, in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century, the adjectives ball, ball, formed from the noun ball, as well as numerous phrases with it are noted: “simple ball, masquerade, public”.

Names of entertainment, occupations, customs peculiar to Russians (wedding, dinner, skiing, swing, blind man's buff, butter, breakfast, dinner, Christmas Eve, custom, name day, date, dowry, meeting, etc.). Many of these words are used by "Russian" characters:

“We all shared fun with him among ourselves:

Without each other, alas! We didn't play blind man's blind man."

And for the wedding, he quickly ordered beer to be brewed.

“Breakfast will be anywhere. There is no need to conceal a sin, I myself love such a walk, where to drink and eat ... "

“Then you go to dinner and at the table with your friends you appreciate grandmothers and aunts; after home - and again you will take care of the toilet in order to go somewhere to a ball or to a meeting ”

"What a custom! Well, yes, if, sir, they celebrate the Passionate Maslenitsa here, isn’t it sometimes a holy Christmas Eve?

"You bribed, I say, these cheats to deceive us and get you a date"

Billiards - since 1720. Taking into account the stress, the word of Italian origin can be considered a borrowing from Italian bigliardo, and not from Polish billiard or German billard. The word is derived from the Latin bilia (dose).

Cards (playing cards) - borrowed in the 18th century from the Polish language karta - "card" through the Italian carta goes back to the Latin charta - "Egyptian papyrus sheet, paper" and further to the Greek chartes.

"In nothing but cards, but in billiards between deli".

Crown and wedding are common Slavic words.

“No, no, just by the birch grove ... but what kind of need before that? “But here’s the thing: I prepared a priest there, and as soon as Fatyuev arrives, we will immediately marry him.”

"Complete, leave your tenderness to the crown"

Marriage is common Slavic. The adverb married arose as a result of the fusion of the preposition for (< *za) и древней формы винительного падежа единственного числа существительного мужь <*mozь, когда эта форма у одушевленных имен совпадала с именительным падежом (иду за мужь), а не с родительным падежом, как в настоящее время (иду дежурить за мужа).

“... Their father finally came to Moscow from the service and wanted to take his daughters to him - so that he could admire them before marriage”

Name day is a native Russian word. Referring to the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" Dal V.I. we find such an interpretation: the day of the angel, whose name is the saint. Feast on this day.

“She, sir, has seen everything and knows everything. She ordered to congratulate you on the young and ask if it is possible to celebrate this day together: after all, now, sir, is her name day.

The dowry is Russian. IN AND. Dahl in his dictionary interprets this word as follows: the wealth of the bride, which follows her by inheritance or as a gift from relatives.

"I'll take him for myself as a dowry"

“In front of people? Are people here? No, these are leeches that suck our blood, deceive us…”

Post - from Old High German fasto "post".

"Well, pie! If it wasn’t scary, I would have scrutinized him a little, otherwise, really, it’s annoying. There will be a Maslenitsa near him, and I, standing behind them, will have a great fast.

The collection is primordially Russian. A place where a particular society gathers.

“After you go home - and again you will take care of the toilet to go somewhere to a ball or to a meeting”

Vocabulary naming "objects" that adorn a person's appearance. The word wig came in the Petrine era from the German language, the words bukli and tupey are French borrowings of the 18th century. The original Russian words include beard, mustache, braid, braces, linings, outfit, earring. The words of this group denoted the newfangled phenomena of Russian reality, characteristic of the 18th century.

“But what is it like that they would now take out the last earring from the ear, just to look at the Frenchman”

“And we don’t say a word about outfits ...”

"Look, ma'am, these overlays"

Perfume - from the French parfum "a pleasant smell", "perfume". It has been recorded in Russian dictionaries since the 2nd half of the 18th century.

Powder - from the French poudre from the Latin pulvis.

Lipstick - from German pomade, from French pommata: Latin pomum "apple", because. Initially, an apple was used to prepare this ointment.

“I’ve already figured out how things should be: I’ll open a barber shop, or a shop with powder, lipstick and perfume”

"It's free to wear lipstick to us."

Blush - an ancient Slavic word - blush "blush, stand out with its red color." Its modern form developed from the Old Russian r'dti "blush due to the disappearance of the weak ъ and the change in the Russian language ъ into e. The Old Russian r'dti comes from the Proto-Slavic *rаdeti" to blush" from the Indo-European *roudh -"red".

From the noun ruda “red” in the Proto-Slavic period, the adjective *rudmenъ “blush” was formed with the suffix –men-ъ, already in the ancient period this word simplification of the group of consonants dm>m took place, and later in the Old Russian a change took place –men in myan (transition e (b) in 'a (graphic I), hence, blush "face paint".

“No, no, let’s stay like this. Dasha, give me blush"

Belmy - common Slavic.

"Rotosey! Dissolve the walleyes!”

Of the 6 names of musical instruments, 4 words are borrowed: clarinet - from French; flute - of German or Dutch origin, appeared in the 17th century; drum - Turkic borrowing;

tympanum is Greek. Two words are primordially Russian and are called ancient Russian musical instruments. This is a beep and a bagpipe. Both words are suffix derivatives: beep from "to buzz", bagpipe from "Volyn".

In the comedy "Podchipa" these words are found in the speech of various characters. About the first four musical instruments, the German prince Trumph, who is going to entertain the princess Podshchipa, speaks:

“O our music is splendid! On the clarinet tepe caviar, I put a march; Your thin flute, that thick tfa tympanum, Make a symphony for us from the parapan!.

Two other musical instruments are mentioned by the court marshal of the palace of the king of king Vakula Durduran:

"And he hired a whistle and two bagpipes for the evening."

The thematic group "Drinks" includes the words beer, vodka, coffee, tea. The first two words are native Russian. In comedies, they name the drinks they drink at a Russian wedding

“... for the wedding, he quickly ordered beer to be brewed”;

or suggest to anyone to speed up the solution of the issue:

"... in order to betray their hunting, So I sent salakushki and vodka to the Council."

So says (in the comedy "Podchipa") King Vakula about the members of the Council, who had to decide how to defeat Trumpf.

Coffee is a word borrowed from English in the 18th century. This drink is used by Prince Trumpf. The word kissel, common Slavic in origin, also belongs to the names of drinks. However, in the comedy "Podshchipa" it is used as part of a phraseological phrase to give jelly, meaning "hit someone from behind with your knee":

“Oftentimes - well, shame! - the German is cheerful,

Under the royal, you hear, they give me kissel ass! .

Tea is borrowed from the Turkic language.

“No way, ma'am! She eats tea, I do not dare to report to her.

There are six words in the thematic group “names of furniture”.

Cupboard - borrowed from German. A kind of drawer with closures, with shelves or hangers.

"Annushka, choose everything from this closet." .

Armchairs (armchair) - primordially Russian.

“Did you notice how he was in armchairs; Well, can you lie more freely in your bed? .

The table is common Slavonic. Formed with the help of the theme ъ with the alternation of e / / o at the root of the word from the verb stele, stlati > lay “lay out something on the surface. Therefore, a table is originally that which extends "litter", and then "a covered dais" > "kind of furniture".

"Bend over - you will be my place at the desk."

The chair is an old Russian borrowing from the Germanic languages.

“Yes, sir, I begged the clerk of this village from the manor house for a table and chairs for you.”

Chest - Tatar (laying, free box, with a lid on hinges, usually with a lock, often based and with brackets).

“As if I know the marquises? In addition to the adventures of the Marquis Glagol, whose third volume is lying in my chest, I don’t know a single marquis ”

The names of monetary units include the Old Russian word ruble and the later suffix formation from it rublichek, fifty dollars.

Promissory note - from German (wechsel - “to exchange”; actually “exchange”. In Russian, it has been used since the beginning of the 18th century: “a written monetary document concluding an obligation to pay a certain amount of money”

Account - from Thu. Common Slavonic. The modern word developed from the Old Russian cht “pair” due to the loss of the weak -ъ, b> e and subsequent changes under the stress e> "o (graphic e). The noun cht is, apparently, a parallel formation to the couple. From the noun cht "pair »\u003e «pair number»\u003e «number, calculus» according to the type of prefixed verbs, a derivative account «counting results» is formed.

“So many bills and bills for a smart person came from these shops that a smart person will soon come to live with one mind.”

"Oh my God! And the bill hasn't been done yet."

Money - as for the origin of this word, is explained in the "Historical and Etymological Dictionary" by P.Ya. Chernykh: “The word is undoubtedly borrowed, but its history is unclear in detail. One can think that this word came into the Russian language from the Turkic language.

“We won’t know anything like that until tomorrow; it is necessary that first one of us, and then the other, tell his adventure, ever since you and I in Moscow figured out that we, despite the fact that we seem to be free and industrial people, have nothing to marry, and each in his own direction set off to get money.

Salary, canteens - these words are primordially Russian. Here is what we learn from the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dahl: “A certain payment for service in money, and sometimes food or other supplies; salary, content. In the service of the government, the content was called all the salaries received together, i.e. actual salary and surplus: table money.

“I, really, will give you a salary and a good content.”

“And for two months now I have not received my canteens”

Kopeyka is Russian.

"... and I give my word of honor that not a single French soul will see my penny in the eye."

Wallet - Russian.

“You know that I, having taken up with Cheston in Moscow, went with him to Petersburg; there love and cards drained his wallet to the bottom ... "

Book - wallet, bag for paper money.

“I intend to wait until tomorrow, so you see this book, it is now heavier for me than a pound weight.”

Contraband - from the French contrebande from contra "against" bando "order". In Russia since the era of Peter I. Secret transportation or transfer across the state border of goods, valuables, etc., taxed or prohibited.

“Rejoice: they found contraband”

The next thematic group combines the words denoting the professions of people. Moreover, only three words are Russian: coachman, scout, teacher.

“In the morning, as soon as you have time to make the first toilet, teachers will appear: dancing, drawing, guitar ...”

Scout - for the interpretation of this word, let's turn to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl. This is the interpretation he gives: “to spy, to be a spy, to be a spy, to be engaged in spying, to spy, to spy, to look out, to eavesdrop and transmit, to find out and transfer.

"... I'll go and send a scout to the coachman ..."

Jokey - (jock) "Moldovan dance" from the Romanian joc "dance"

Jok Moldavian dance. And the Russians say: go jock, jock. .

Karetnik - from the Polish language. Polish kareta - "carriage" through the Italian caretta goes back to the Latin carrus - a kind of cart.

"Jockey! Bring some horses. Excellent caricature! As soon as I get married, I will pay the coachman ... "

Doctor - common Slavic.

"Only this fever is profitable for me, and not for doctors."

Pop - from Old High German pfafo "priest, priest."

“Here’s the thing: I cooked a butt there…”

Governess - from French - overseer of children, educator. .

“It seems that Madame Grigri, who was our governess with my aunt, did not miss anything for our education”

This thematic group will present us with words for vehicles and their details.

Goats - Borrowed from Polish koziof "goats on a wagon."

“Well, sir, I already guessed that you would not stay here, and ordered the coachman to sit on the goats”

The boat is from the Dutch language. This word is used by Semyon in the comedy "A Lesson to Daughters", where he compares his "serse" with a big boat.

“... when great carcasses with an influx of lightning, unbearable for any noisy Sersa, which Sersa, like a big boat on the sea waves, rides, throws and throws itself from the peda on the mountain ...”.

Carriage - borrowed from Polish. Polish kareta - "carriage" through the Italian language caretta goes back to the Latin carrus - a kind of cart.

"Stop lying and go better to the carriage"

The ship is from Greek. The Greek karabion, karabos - "ship" in the common Slavic language was complicated by the suffix - j -. The Türkic mediation determined the transmission of the Greek b through v; hence the eastern and southern Slavs developed bl '<*bj) .

“Look, madam, at these pads, we received them with the last ships directly from Paris”

Mail is from Latin. In Russia since 1669.

“Didn’t I think, jumping through the mail like crazy…”

Obluchok - actually - Russian.

“Isn’t it a miracle, Dashenka, that I was thrown off the irradiation at full gallop ten times…” [33, p. 99].

The thematic group uniting the names of birds includes 5 words. One of them actually - Russian - chickens; 3 of them are common Slavic: partridge, falcon, crow, but the word parrot is borrowed from the Dutch language in which papegaa, through the mediation of Romance languages, to Arabic babagha. .

"Ivan! Pie, right, with partridges?

“And we ate them for ordinary chickens!”

“I am glad that it turned out according to the proverb: the crow is out of place, and the falcon is in place ...”

“Well, have you heard how our parrot Jaco says?”

Summarizing the observations on the origin of the vocabulary of the everyday sphere in the comedies of I.A. Krylov “Podshchipa”, “Lesson to daughters”, “Pie”, “Fashion shop”, we can say that native Russian formations prevail among these words: 118 units out of 207. Originally Russian words are the most among the names of household items (26 out of 34 ), names of buildings and their parts (16 out of 25), names of dishes (16 out of 23). Borrowings predominate among the names of musical instruments (4 out of 6); names of customs, entertainment (6 out of 14).

Most of the borrowed words are from the Germanic and French languages ​​(29 units), from the Turkic and Greek languages ​​(5 words each). Old Slavonic, Polish, Greek, Dutch, Finnish, English, Italian, Tatar, Latin, Uighur languages ​​are represented by one or three borrowings. The earliest are borrowings from the Turkic languages, Old Slavonic, Greek. Most of the words that came from the German, French languages ​​appeared in written monuments only in the 17th-18th centuries.

2.2. Features of the functioning of the vocabulary of the household sphere.

Everyday vocabulary performs in the comedies of I.A. Krylov's various functions. One of them is the function of self-characteristics and characteristics of the character. The everyday vocabulary used by the heroes of the plays gives an idea of ​​their hobbies, activities in everyday life, allows you to judge what is most important to them.

Tsar Vakula (in the play "Podchipa"), for example, is ready to leave an important meeting of the Council in order to play head over heels with a page prepared for him. And the breakdown of this toy upset him so much that all thoughts dissipated. This misfortune seems to him more bitter than the enemies threatening war. The main subject at the royal Council is probably an ordinary table:

And, listen, gentlemen! We order the table to be set,

So that my royal Council, as it should, be corrected.

Yes, listen, let's think.

Durduran

Bring in the table quickly.

For Prince Slyunyaya, the groom of Podshchipa, it is much more interesting to climb down on the dovecote than to sit in the Council.

Hope sir! I don't need to be on the council?

You are still green, prince! Go and be at dinner.

So I'll go to the dovecote syazyu.

Princess Podshchipa loves music and dancing, and Prince Trumph is ready to fulfill all her whims, forgetting about important state affairs:

I love music.

Oh, our music is splendid!

On the clarinet tepe caviar I put the march;

Your thin flute, that thick tfa timpana,

Make a symphony for us from the parapan!

I'm passionate about dancing.

My putet bal tafal

And there will be pil tafo, who is not bul tansofal,

My loves to sew fesel: jump, dance, refit,

And with a finger on the palace he will make a fuss.

Fiklyara, focus on your kashta shas,

Cametya, doll, fse, fse putet pil with us! .

From the words of Dasha ("Pie"), we find out how savvy this girl is when she and Vanka secretly want to cut the filling out of the pie.

Do only what I say. Fold two napkins in four.

Put them on a plate.

No, it's still tough. Add two more napkins.

Now turn the pie upside down on them.

Take out your pocket knife, if you have one.

Cut a small hole in the bottom.

Well, now take out what you can get.

And Vanka, in turn, recognizes this fact:

Ah, ah! Guessed! Yes, you are a demon of fiction! I myself am not a blunder, but it would never have occurred to me for a century. Let's sit down to the pie something Chinehonko.

Also, from the words of Vanka, we learn about his diligence and perseverance:

Ugh, the abyss, all hands broke off! - Four versts from the city dragged a whole cart; did you even come there? It seems to go there. - On the fourth verst along the high road to the right against the village of Prince Ventsky. It wouldn't hurt to ask someone...

What a pie! Like a city. Breakfast will be anywhere. There is no need to conceal a sin, I myself love such a walk, where to drink and eat. And for that, my always favorite walk through the glutton market.

From the words of Fatyuev (“Pie”), we learn that he loves to play cards, in addition to this, the debtor for the game:

How is Grubinin? Damn him! It's the least I want to see. He tortures me like a demon out of the two thousand rubles I owe him on the cards.

According to Vspyshkin (“Pie”), we trace a specific situation in which he reveals himself as a stingy, tight-fisted person who doesn’t care where to marry his daughter, as long as it’s cheaper. No one's opinion is taken into account. Even in his daughter he seeks profit:

Vpyshkin

Well, goodbye. Listen to what I thought: do you see this church over there? ...

... but here's the thing: I prepared a priest there, and as soon as Fatyuev arrives, we will immediately marry him.

Ah, what a thought!

Vpyshkin

Yes, yes, the most clever idea! We fought with him yesterday, which of us would be more friendly to each other. He sends me a pie for a walk, and I will repay him with my daughter .... I do not like those magnificent weddings, in which so much money is spent in a few days that after a year you will not get better ...

Vpyshkin

Well, yes, pie! - Pretty, my light! You have always been an obedient daughter to me, so, surely, you will not refuse to pay for this cake with such a coin as I require from you.

Vpyshkin

Come on, come on, kids! Now we're going to take a closer look at the pie. I confess that hunger really disassembles me ... Bah! What's this?

Yes, sir, I begged the clerk of this village from the manor house for a table and chairs for you.

Oh my god! Everything is spoiled: I thought we were just in the meadow.

Vpyshkin

It is much more pleasant for me to eat sitting at the table on a chair than in Turkish on the floor with legs folded in a ball.

At the very least, could the table be placed near some tree, near a clean spring?

Vpyshkin

Empty, empty, we'll eat here too. - Be quick.

Vpyshkin likes to be respected:

Vpyshkin

Give me a letter. - what is this? Not signed, not sealed! Rude man! (Unrolls.) And with a pencil! Okay, son-in-law! When even in suitors he does not observe respect for me ...

In the words of Fatyuev, we see that he needed Prelest because of the dowry:

Damn it, I don't want to lose Charms, much less her dowry!

For Semyon (“Lesson to daughters”), irradiation is the biggest miracle:

Dasha! If you haven’t been thrown out of the irradiation, then you have miracles even less than mine, but make me happy with at least one miracle.

In my pockets, at least get some sleep - such space.

About what fashionistas Lukerya and Thekla and what kind of upbringing they have we learn from their words:

As if we were brought up to know how bread is sown!

Would you like to take a look at the dress?

Dear sister, won't it be very good!

And my angel! As if it could be tolerable! .. We have already been three months from Moscow, and there, while still with us, little by little they began to open their chest and back.

Ah, it's true! Well, is there a way for us to dress like a human here? At three months, God knows how low the pattern went down.

Dasha is a prudent and thrifty girl:

Dasha, go throw that dress. I don't intend to do anything before Moscow.

I'll take it for myself as a dowry.

We learn about the "paradise" life of city girls from the words of Lukerya:

Oh my God! When you imagine a girl in the city - what a heavenly life! In the morning, as soon as you have time to make the first toilet, teachers will appear: dance, drawing, guitar, clavichord; from them you immediately learn a thousand charming things: here is a love affair, there the wife left her husband; there a wedding is coming up, another wedding is upset ... Then you go to the fashionable shops; there you will meet everything that is best and kindest in the whole city: having noticed a thousand dates; then you go to dinner ... after you go home - and again you will take care of the toilet in order to go somewhere to a ball or to a meeting ...

Thekla loves her parrot because of the French language:

Oh! I would have been tormented, I would have died of anguish, if it were not for our parrot, which I listen to alone in the whole house with pleasure. Dear chick!

Lukerya and Fekla are well versed in marquises, but a simple Russian girl Dasha is not familiar with marquises:

Nickname? Has it become necessary? God bless the memory! Dasha help.

Like I'm familiar with marquises? Apart from the adventures of the Marquis Glagol, whose third volume is lying around in my chest, I don’t know a single marquis.

Semyon is cunning for inventions:

Two hundred rubles already here, and the comedy is almost over; If only I could lure the same amount, or at least lure the same amount from the beauties, then by the evening I will lay down the marquisship, I will say goodbye to my master with rank and rank, and tomorrow we will fly to Moscow! I have already figured out how to deal with it: I will open a barber shop, or a shop with powder, lipstick and perfume.

The sisters are trying in every possible way to please the "French guest":

Sister, low to the marquise... Dasha! Give me a better chair.

Sister, the marquise is tough! Dasha, give me a pillow!

They never cease to admire the "Marquis":

Did you notice how he was in armchairs: well, can you lie more freely in your bed? Ah, our young people will not be like him for a long time, they still speak of something Russian.

From the words of Dasha, we learn that the sisters never worked:

Dasha! Give us some work...

What job, sir? You never work anything; except to call people and drag our hoops. - Well, right, they went crazy!

Young ladies never read books that they did not have:

Dasha, what about books?

Books, ma'am? Have you forgotten that you only had books, that a fashion magazine, and that father ordered to throw it away, and you don’t read books from his library, and he has the key.

From the dialogue between Lestov and Masha (“Fashion Shop”), the character of Lestov is revealed to us:

It’s like you don’t wind?

Not a little

How long ago?

Since I don't get anything in my pockets.

And passion for the game?

Are you really not playing?

In nothing but cards, but in billiards, between cases.

Lestov loves Lisa very much and is ready for anything so that Masha agrees to help him:

Listen, come diligently to help my love; you know how friendly my sister is with me; if you deliver a way to get Liza - a vacation pay, and three thousand rubles for a dowry!

Sumburova is a rude and domineering woman:

Sumburova

Rotozei! Dissolve the thorns.

He carries his! Didn't I order you, you bastard, to take me to the French shop? Where did you take me, you nasty freaks?

She recognizes only French fashion:

Sumburova

Hearing you speak Russian, I was already frightened. My brutes don't think of anything: they really are ready to bring them to the Russian shop, but I need the best goods: I'm making a dowry for my stepdaughter!

She chooses all the best, it's hard to please her, but after learning that the goods are from Paris, she changes her mind:

Sumburova

Show me, my soul, the best lino-petinettes and lace.

I don't like lace at all. Show me the tuli and the petinets.

I don't like anything; yes, it seems that you have nothing good, my dear, to go to another shop.

Dove! Ah, she is a steppe! Be quiet, don't leave your place. (Loudly.) Look, madam, these linings, we received them with the last ships directly from Paris.

Masha is a resourceful, smart girl. She skillfully, unobtrusively praises her shop. And the result is obvious: Sumburova did not remain indifferent:

And is the dress ready for Countess Timova, you know, because she needs it for the ball, which will soon be at court.

It will ripen today along with the dress of the maid of honor Motherland.

Sumburova

So you sew for ladies-in-waiting too? Is it not possible, my soul, for me to see? ..

(Annushka)

There, on the window, is a cardboard with petitian voiles; send it to Baroness Filinbach - she bowed very much. Don't forget to tell Madame Cara that the day after tomorrow the general's wife Tuplinskaya presents her daughters to court and has called in here three times to beg us to agree to dress them from our shop.

Sumburova

My life! .. I hope that you will not refuse to do me the utmost favor and dress me in the same manner as your countesses, princesses and maids of honor, I'm not talking about money!

And we are not talking about outfits. We have this custom in our shop: the lady asks for whatever they want, and we take whatever we want from them.

Unlike Sumburova ("Fashion Shop"), Mr. Sumburov loves only Russian:

Sumburova

No French shops, no French goods; Yes, not here, be it said, and he cannot stand the French; give him everything Russian.

From the words of Sumburov, we also learn what kind of opponent he is of French fashion:

... and I give my word of honor that not a single French soul will see my penny in the eye.

Sumburov is trying to prove that it is not necessary to dress in French fashion:

You are empty, my light, look how I will equip my Lizanka from Russian shops ...

Not a single ribbon, not a single pin, but I don’t advise you to continue to drag around such places if you don’t want to ... you understand me, I’m not chasing fashion ...

I want there to be universal peace between us, only on the condition that we do not drive up to the French shops a mile away.

Yes! If this girl would agree to become a maid to her wife or daughter... let her dress them at least for the Chinese maneuver, but my money will be in the hands of Christians.

Well, then, my dear, think carefully; I, really, will give you a salary and a good content.

Even a book seems heavy to Sumburov, because it contains "French" money:

Sumburov

Do you see this book, now it is heavier than a pound weight for me, only because it contains your money.

Fuck the abyss! Do you hear that I don’t want to see anyone from your shop, not from your shop ...

The servant of the Sumburovs Antropka ("Fashion Shop") likes to drink, he can be bribed:

Nothing, nothing, rummage well in your pockets; money and not such servants are purchased.

I'm sorry, sir, an old friend deigned to invite Senka and me to vodka and pointed out a tavern, so, you know, it was ashamed not to drink.

About what the gentlemen of Semyon and Dasha (“A Lesson to Daughters”) are, it is easy to guess after listening to their dialogue:

My sir? Now it’s even in pulp, so you can’t squeeze a ruble out of it; and your gentlemen?

O! In the city, my young ladies would be a treasure: from morning to evening they drive around fashionable shops: they buy something, they order something else; every day, a new hat; that the ball, then a new dress; and how often they send me to get dressed, then I would get something from them and from madams ...

Do you see what? My young ladies were brought up by their aunt in the last manner. Their father finally came to Moscow from the service and wanted to take his daughters to him - so that he could admire them before marriage. Well, to tell the truth, they consoled the old man. As soon as they entered the priest, they put the house upside down; all his relatives and old acquaintances were repulsed by rudeness and ridicule. The master does not know languages, and they called into the house such non-Russians, among whom the poor old man staggered, as if near the Tower of Babel, not understanding a word of what they were saying and what they were laughing at. Having finally lost patience with their pranks and foolishness, he took his daughters here for repentance - and guess how he thought of punishing them for all the rudeness, disrespect and annoyance that he suffered from them in the city.

Ahti! No way, forced fashionistas to learn rural economy?

... did he really think to exhaust their fashionable flesh with bread and water?

And even worse… He forbade them to speak French!

Dasha's young ladies are ready for anything to see the Frenchman:

Do they really have such a passion for foreign things?

But what is it like, that they would now take the last earring out of their ear, just to look at the Frenchman.

They will not sacrifice anything, not even money, for the sake of foreigners:

Yes, are your young ladies generous, tell me; Here - how to ask you - is it easy to pity them?

Easy, but not with Russian tears; in Moscow, foreigners are luring them out of the abyss of money.

In the comedy "Fashion Shop" from the dialogue between Masha and Trichet, the character of the French "merchant" is revealed to us

You, Monsieur Trichet, weren't you chasing after glory, that we haven't seen you for half a year?

Oh no, no! I love something heavier, solid - simple money.

Feel free not to wear lipstick to us; it seems that the money was not behind us ...

O! Don't make my lipstick anymore, machereenfant, my pain is not luxurious - my shesna and bagada kupes!

I know exactly when I came, and where to put the goods - enbien. I have a hundred thousand promissory notes from Monsieur Nedoshietov, a bagat of the Kursk boyars - how much money do I need? such a bummer.

Finally, the character of Trichet - a swindler, sly and gossip is revealed to us in his dispute with Madame Caret, from which we learn something about their Parisian past.

I need money for nothing, I have a bill of exchange for a mortgage, but Madame is so ignorant, so rude, she doesn’t believe me.

Ehbien: no kochet! My no money for any vagabond!

Tramp? Your very vagabond, nikodna shenshin! Your zabul, as on Parish, without a shoe, sang on the street, e ninshe arrogant, how noble the parin!

Does yours, monsieur, remember, karosh Parish?

Ah! Now mine is not French cochet; your monsieur has gone astray, how he caught money on Parish for tshyuzha ...

Madame remembers how, from my recommendation, the family is rich in Russian, to take a young girl for karosh attendance, etmadam for his karosh attendance, how many times walked to the Salpetrina plant.

Madame Kare is ready to please everyone, as long as they pay money.

Perhaps here, sutaryn, I will choose for you the karosh matter itself, and your only pay tenga.

Everyday vocabulary is also used to describe a particular situation. At the same time, a serious or romantic situation often turns out to be “reduced”, funny.

So, for example, in the comedy "A Lesson to Daughters" a specific situation is described in which we learn about the adventures of Semyon and Dasha.

Wait, wait, Dasha, wait! We won't know anything until tomorrow; it is necessary that first one of us, and then the other, tell his adventure, ever since you and I in Moscow figured out that we, despite the fact that we seem to be free and industrial people, have nothing to marry, and each went his own way to get money. We will see which of us was more agile, and then we will see if our purses are pulling enough so that we can enter into a respectable marital state ...

Here is how, for example, in the comedy "Podshchipa" they were preparing to repel the attack of Trumpf, according to Chernavka:

Your wise father Vakula, bright king,

Being in the Senate, then went head over heels,

When they told him about a near misfortune.

All measures have been taken: they ordered by decree,

To sew sweatshirts, boots for the army

And to bake pies soon for the campaign.

At the same hour they sent for tactics to the shops,

They smeared dumb, tied up the braces,

They made banners from old tablecloths,

And the whole was filled with pancakes.

The Wise Council made an original decision on how to deal with Trumph:

Damask drank wine, corroded salakush jar

Yes, he ordered, O king, to ask a gypsy about everything ....

The sentimental memories of the princess about her childhood years spent in the company of Prince Slyunyai end with a phrase about the theft of cucumbers:

We all shared fun with him among ourselves:

Riding in oil, swing about the saint;

Without each other, alas! we didn't play blind man

And together they stole cucumbers from the fences ... .

From the words of Semyon (“A Lesson to Daughters”), we learn about the miracle that happened to him:

Isn't it a miracle, Dashenka, that I was thrown out of the irradiation at full gallop ten times, and I still haven't dislocated my arm or leg?

Everyday vocabulary is also used in portrait sketches. Moreover, the characterization of the appearance of the same character from the standpoint of other characters is sometimes directly opposite. For example, Chernavka (“Podshchipa”) claims that the princess became “like a match”, and the Chamberlain Durduran says:

Look: a mop of a mop, you can’t budge. .

Whose "description" is more true? This can be guessed by listening to the dialogue between Chernavka and the princess:

Chernavka

If you please, at least eat a veal leg.

Today in the morning, and then completely without relish,

Forcibly I could eat with whitefish kulebyaku.

The portrait sketch is completed by the words of Durduran:

The tsar foresaw everything, and, driven by the fear of our stepfather,

He ordered her to wear bubbles in place fizhem,

So that if it rushes into the river, it will float up;

And at the table he ordered only chewed food,

Yes, so that, after stockings, she went without garters.

Everyday vocabulary is also used as comparisons.

He is black-haired, such a big kid

But you have a heart.

Like a millstone, listen, lies

Great fellow! like an apple pouring.

From the dialogue between Dasha and Vanka (“Pie”) we learn something about the master, we find an interesting comparison of his mind with the filling in the pie, which, alas, was not there:

I would not much like this marriage to take place; the poor young lady loves Milon, and besides, between us, your master is very bad. And the mind in it is less and less.

Well, less than the toppings left in this pie. I agree.

Everyday vocabulary is also used in the ranks of opposing concepts, which allows us to see how “different the customs” of the old Moscow and St. Petersburg-Gatchina nobility are. Podchipa says to Trumf:

You love oysters, but I can't stand them;

You are disgusting, but I love their death;

You are used to enduring both heat and cold in war,

And hunger will lead you to all kinds of food;

And I only elective love everywhere a piece:

Cockscombs, the hen has a navel.

You are happy to eat all sorts of rubbish, you find a taste in frogs,

And I grew up with my mother only on cheesecakes.

Particularly memorable is the speech of two characters in the comedy "Podshchipa": "lisping", lisping - Drooling and exaggeratedly "Germanized" - Trumfa, also a "French" accent in Semyon's speech ("Lesson to daughters"), when he had to play the role of "marquis", Trichet, Madame Caret ("Fashion Shop"). Such a specific pronunciation is also characteristic of the vocabulary of the everyday sphere:

I love you so much ... well, let's go soon;

But toiko, you know a hundred: from the lower ziya;

So I'll go to the syazyu's goubate;

Cafe (“coffee”), patushka, corpse, dresses, flute, carnival.

Which Sersa, like a big boat on the waves of the sea, rides, throws itself and throws itself from a peda on a mountain, from grief to failure, from failure to death ...

Oh no, no! I love something heavier, solid - simple money.

Ehbien: no kochet! My money for every tramp!

A feature of the word usage of Trumph (“Podshchipa”), in addition, is a large number of words with suffixes of subjective assessment: dress, flute, poltinka, gypsy, etc. This, as it were, emphasizes the frivolous, “toy” nature of his threats, his failure as a contender for royal crown.

Summing up the functions of everyday vocabulary, I would like to note that it prevails most in the first function (“character characteristics”), in addition, everything that has been said about the features of the functioning of everyday vocabulary in the comedies of I.A. Krylova testifies that the writer skillfully uses the possibilities of this layer of words to implement the main ideas: ridicule of the Russian autocracy and the provincial nobility, reverent for everything foreign and, as a result of its gullibility, fooled and robbed by foreign crooks; parody of sentimentalism, idyllic embellishment of reality; a sympathetic image of servants who, with their sharpness, naturalness of feelings and actions, are opposed to stupid and arrogant masters.

2.3. Su the fate of everyday vocabulary used in the comedies of I.A. Krylov.

Based on the data of one of the modern explanatory dictionaries, we will characterize the further fate of everyday vocabulary used by I.A. Krylov in comedies. Let's consider lexical units by subgroups that were defined by us.

The words in the first subgroup "Names of foods, food" (23 words), in the seventh subgroup "Names of musical instruments" (6 words), in the eighth subgroup "Names of drinks" (5 words), in the ninth subgroup "Names of furniture" (6 words ) and in the thirteenth subgroup "Names of birds" (5 words) all function in the modern Russian literary language.

The second subgroup "Names of household items" contains 34 words, of which only two are outdated: these are the words damask and cardboard in the meaning of "box"

The third subgroup "Names of buildings and their parts" contains 26 words. Obsolete - four: barber, chamber in the meaning of "house, palace", cooks, chambers.

There are 23 words in the fourth subgroup “Names of clothing, its details and decorations, shoes”. 3 of them are outdated: salop - this word fell out of use at the end of the 19th century, cap, headdress.

In the fifth subgroup "Names of customs, rituals and entertainment" 27 words. Two of them are obsolete - a crown, a meeting (meaning "a room where a certain society gathers"). One word has the mark "dialect" - leeches.

In the sixth subgroup “Names of “objects” decorating a person’s appearance”, one was recorded with the mark “coarse vernacular” - thorns, one - obsolete - boucli.

In the tenth subgroup “Names of money”, out of 13 words, 3 are obsolete: salary, canteens, maintenance (meaning “a certain payment for service in money, and sometimes food or other supplies”) and one colloquial word - holiday.

In the eleventh subgroup "Names of professions" there are 9 words. Two of them are obsolete: coachman, scout, and the word healer is obsolete and colloquial.

In the twelfth subgroup "Names of vehicles and their parts" there are 5 words, of which one is outdated: postal.

Thus, out of 207 analyzed words, only 18 are obsolete. In addition, four words are recorded in the dictionary with stylistic marks, and two of them are outside the literary language. The rest function in the Russian literary language to the present day.

This is clearly illustrated in the diagram below:

Diagram.

findings

As a result of the study of the vocabulary of the everyday sphere of comedies, I.A. Krylov, we came to the following conclusions:

1. Using the continuous sampling method, we selected 207 words of the considered lexical group from the texts, dividing them into 13 thematic subgroups:

names of dishes, food (23 words);

names of household items (34 words);

names of buildings and their parts (26 words);

names of clothing, its details and decorations, shoes (31 words);

names of customs, rituals, entertainment (27 words);

names of "objects" that adorn a person's appearance (17 words)

names of musical instruments (6 words);

names of drinks (5 words);

furniture names (6 words);

names of money (13 words);

names of professions (9 words);

names of vehicles and their parts (5 words);

names of birds (5 words).

2. Among the words related to the vocabulary of the everyday sphere, primordially Russian prevail (118 out of 207).

3. Most of the borrowed words are from the Germanic and French languages ​​(29), from the Turkic languages ​​(6). One or three borrowings are represented by Old Slavonic, Polish, Greek, Dutch, Finnish, and English.

4. The earliest borrowings are from the Turkic languages, Old Slavonic, Greek. Most of the words that came from German, French, appeared in the written monuments much later.

for the characteristics and self-characteristics of the character;

to describe a situation (often with its simplification, "decrease");

in portrait sketches;

as comparisons;

in a series of contrasting concepts.

7. About 90% of those used in comedies by I.A. Krylov of words related to the vocabulary of the everyday sphere, function in the modern Russian literary language, which indicates the linguistic feeling of I.A. Krylov, a comedian, about his ability to see and select from speech those words that are the most “promising”, which reflect the trends in the development of the lexical composition of the Russian literary language.

Bibliography

Berkov P.N. History of Russian comedy of the 18th century. - L., 1977.

Berkov P.N. On the language of Russian comedy of the 18th century. // Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, OLYA, 1949, vol. 8, issue 1. - pp. 34-49.

Birzhakova E.E., Voinova L.A., Kutina L.L. Essays on the historical lexicology of the Russian language of the XVIII century. - L., 1972.

Vinogradov V.V. On the tasks of the history of the Russian literary language, mainly in the 17th-19th centuries. // V.V. Vinogradov. Selected works. History of the Russian literary language. M., 1978. - p. 152-177.

Vinogradov V.V. Essays on the history of the literary language of the XVII-XIX centuries. - M., 1982.

Gvozdev A.N. Essays on the style of the Russian language.-M., 1955.

Gorshkov A.I. The language of pre-Pushkin prose. - M., 1982.

Gukovsky G.A. Russian literature of the XVIII century. - M., 1998.

Zamkova V.V. Slavism as a stylistic category in the Russian literary language of the 18th century.-M, 1976.

The history of the vocabulary of the Russian literary language of the late XVII - early. XIX century. - M., 1981.

Kalinin A.V. Vocabulary of the Russian language. - M., 1978.

Knyazkova G.P. Vocabulary of a folk colloquial source in a travesty poem of the 18th century. // The language of Russian writers of the XVIII century. - L., 1981

Kuznetsova A.I. The concept of the semantic system of the language and methods of its research. - M., 1963.

Vocabulary of the Russian literary language Х1Х - early. XX century. - M., 1981.

Lukina G.N. To the semantic characteristics of everyday vocabulary of the Old Russian language of the XI-XIV centuries. // Research on word formation and lexicology of the Old Russian language. - M., 1978. - p. 245-256.

Materials and research on the vocabulary of the Russian language of the XVIII century. - M., 1965.

Petrishcheva E.F. Vocabulary and phraseology of satirical prose

Principles and methods of semantic research. - M., 1976.

Smolina K.P. Vocabulary of the property sphere in the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries. - M., 1990.

Fomina M.I. Vocabulary of the modern Russian language. - M., 1973.

Shansky N.M. Lexicology of the modern Russian language, - M. 1972.

Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language: In 4 volumes.-M., 1981.

Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1991.

Dictionary of the Russian language of the XVIII century.- L., 1984.

Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes. - M., 1981-1984.

Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language: In 17 volumes. - M.-L., 1950-1965.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. Bakhankova A.E., Gaidukevich I.M. - Minsk, 1985.

Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes - M., 1987.

Shansky N.M., Ivanov V.V. Shanskaya T.V. - Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M., 1971.

P.Ya. Chernykh. Historical and etymological dictionary: In 2 volumes - M., 1994.

G.P. Tsyganenko. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - K., 1989.

Sources

32. Krylov I.A. Fables. satirical works. Memoirs of contemporaries.-M., 1988.

33. Krylov I.A. Selected writings. - M., 1969.

34. I.A. Krylov. Fables. Dramaturgy. - M., 1982.

35.I.A. Krylov. Works in two volumes. T.II. Fables, poems, plays. –M., 1969.

36. I.A. Krylov. Works in two volumes. T.1. - M., 1969.

My sweet child (fr.)

So (French)

Or (fr.)

Offer (fr.)

1 Stop, be restrained! (fr.)

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse groups of vocabulary in the thematic and stylistic terms: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons.

This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.

Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!”, “I want to drink! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is characteristic, for example: “You have porridge in your head!”

Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, widespread use of pronouns, etc. (it is important not how say what to say).

You can also find information of interest in the scientific search engine Otvety.Online. Use the search form:

More on the topic 44. Vocabulary of colloquial and everyday style .:

1. 24. Neutral and colloquial vocabulary in the Russian language. Vocabulary of oral and written speech.
2. 1. the concept of vocabulary. The place of vocabulary in the language system. Various layers of vocabulary. Vocabulary features.
3. Question 12: Russian vocabulary in terms of the scope of its use. National vocabulary, dialect vocabulary, vocabulary of social (socio-professional) jargons.
4. 17. Social and household orientation, social and household adaptation of children with profound visual impairments. Special remedial classes for social orientation.
5. 22. Slang and slang vocabulary in the Russian language. Vocabulary of oral and written speech.
6. Question 3: Structural categories of the lexical-semantic system: lexical-semantic group, thematic group, semantic (lexical-semantic) field, hyperlexeme. Principles of their selection.
7. 7. Goals, objectives and content of teaching vocabulary. Comparative characteristics of the vocabulary of French and Russian / Tatar languages
8. 21. Vocabulary of limited use. Professionalisms and special vocabulary. Terms, nomenclature designations and professionalisms.

Definition of the concepts of "domestic sphere" and "vocabulary of the household sphere"

comedy krylov vocabulary household

In textbooks on lexicology and stylistics, definitions of certain lexical layers are given in terms of the scope of their use and in terms of expressive-stylistic.

But there is no definition of the concept of “scope of use” in such textbooks.

K.P. Smolina, revealing the meaning of the word "life", analyzes the semantic structure of this word in the most detailed way, determines the seme composition of meanings.

The noun "byto" (cf. genus, its most ancient form) and "byto" are the oldest words that correspond in Russian with the designation of property. In the “Legal Lexicon” by J. Gurlyand (1885), the noun “byto” is interpreted as “an old Russian term meaning: belongings, belongings” Researched by K.P. Resin material confirms this definition. The words "byto", "life" are used in the meaning of "movable property". The seme composition of this meaning includes four semes: `material values', `material values ​​in their totality', `certain type of property', `belonging'. Apparently, the word "life" correlates with the meaning of the words "fat", "healthy", because. “get healthy” and “get fat” can only be one who has “prosperity, property”.

In the monuments of the Old Russian language of the 11th-12th centuries, the words "byto" and "life" were used extremely rarely, mainly in the meaning of "movable property". This word is not used either in church-legal literature or in official business writing.

According to K.P. Smolina, in all known works, the beginning of the semantic evolution of this word is associated with the 18th century, which, in her opinion, is not entirely accurate. This word is contained in the materials of the 16th century, which also reveal its narrower semantics.

In combination with non-substantive adjectives, indicating by their meaning the location of certain objects, things and their purpose, the word "byt" means "a set of objects, things of any kind". one more is added: `one or another specific use where property is used.

So, the words “byto”, “life” are associated with the designation of a specific type of property - “movable property”. life." Such a semantic transformation is planned already in the 17th century.

The word "life" is now interpreted as `everyday life with established rules, customs, habits'.

On the basis of this definition, the concept of “everyday sphere” is defined as follows: “it is a daily life that actually exists with established rules, customs, habits”. The lexicon of the household sphere is the lexicon, the scope of which is everyday life.

In the scientific literature there is also such a thing as "everyday vocabulary". According to G.N. Lukina, this lexical layer reflects material culture. G.N. Lukina distinguishes several groups in the composition of everyday vocabulary: the names of clothes, shoes, hats, jewelry, precious stones, fabrics, vessels and food. In her opinion, some other thematic groups with related meanings adjoin this vocabulary (names of parts of the human body, plants, animals, names of money, etc.).

Some thematic groups of vocabulary denoting objects of material culture consist of practically unambiguous words (most of the names of shoes, hats, jewelry, clothes). Other thematic groups consist of ambiguous words (names of vessels, tissues, types of food, furs). Compare: fox 1 (name of animal) and fox 2 (name of fur); cubit 1 (arm, part of the arm) and cubit 2 (obsolete measure of length).

The simplest and, at the same time, the rarest semantic structure have groups consisting of unambiguous terminological words.

The most typical for the everyday sphere are lexical-thematic groups consisting of two-valued words.

Everyday vocabulary, as a vocabulary that reflects material culture, is used in the domestic sphere. This lexical layer includes only words that name objects or phenomena.

Depending on the purpose of the statement, the speaker or writer chooses the words he needs from the lexical system of the Russian language. Such phenomena are due to the functional and stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary, i.e. the presence in it of such lexical units, the choice of which depends on their intended role in the process of implementing one of the functions of the language: communication, message or impact.

In the function of communication (i.e. communicative), as a rule, words of a colloquial style are used, in the function of communication and influence - the words of one of the book styles (official business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic), as well as styles of fiction.

M.I. Fomina refers to the colloquial vocabulary of the Russian language words used in casual conversation, i.e. characteristic mainly for the oral form of the implementation of the language. This group of vocabulary M.I. Fomina subdivides, in turn, into two main subgroups: literary and colloquial and colloquial and everyday.

By definition, M.I. Fomina, colloquial vocabulary includes words used in everyday communication. On the whole, they do not violate generally accepted literary norms, but their use in other stylistic groups would be inappropriate. Such words often have an additional pronounced coloring: disapproving, playfully familiar, etc. This type includes colloquial words formed with the help of diminutive or augmentative suffixes, as well as other suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Colloquial words are noticeably different from the actual colloquial vocabulary, which, in their expressive and stylistic coloring, turn out to be even more reduced: string bag (heavy bag), smack (kiss).

According to its use, colloquial vocabulary is commonly used. Common vocabulary includes words whose use is not restricted in any way. Such vocabulary is a stable basis of the Russian language. It includes words from various areas of the life of modern society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, etc.

In addition to the commonly used vocabulary, there is a vocabulary of limited use. So, A.N. Gvozdev speaks of two layers of vocabulary:

common words used in all genres of speech;

words with specific usage, limited to one style or another.

He makes such a division on the basis of the stylistic heterogeneity of the language.

Based on the definition of G.N. Lukina (the vocabulary of the “real everyday sphere” is “a vocabulary that reflects material culture”), then, comparing it with the layers of vocabulary allocated by A.N. Gvozdev, we can refer to this group of words both common words and words with a specific use.

Common words are the most common and widespread names of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions, equally used in everyday speech, and in business, scientific and technical style, and in fiction.

An example of them can serve as the names of objects, concepts, such as house, door, table, yard, street, tree, fish, bird, horse, head, face, mouth, leg, day, night, spring, summer, hour, year, past, future, work, rest, conversation, walking and etc.; names of qualities and circumstances: cheerful, hard, warm, fat, red, stone, bold, fast, slow, late, light, tomorrow, on foot etc.; names of actions and states: go, go, cut, write, put, carry, sit, wait, cough etc. .

Being common names for everything around, words of this kind form the main core of the dictionary. They are needed by everyone and are used most often. Every Russian comes across them in childhood, and in the field of vocabulary they form the basis of what we call the native language.

Many of these words have long existed in the dictionary of the Russian language and form a stable centuries-old layer that ensures the originality of the Russian language.

From the point of view of stylistic coloring, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is "stylistically neutral subject vocabulary". But this layer of words can have correspondences among words with emotional coloring. For example, among dialect words: hut-hut, hut; tabletop-tablecloth; towel-towel and etc. .

To words with a specific use of A.K. Gvozdev says:

• a) literary and book words;
• b) colloquial everyday words.

From literary and bookish words, some groups of words that characterize different historical eras, for example, the historical past of the Russian people, can be attributed to the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. In accordance with the topic of this thesis, we give examples of words characteristic of the 18th century: fortification (fortress), persona (portrait) and etc. .

N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use into national and socially or dialectally limited vocabulary.

Words of limited use characterize only a specific speaking community, which appears as a territorially or socially defined group of people.

Popular vocabulary, according to N.M. Shansky is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian, the fund on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. It is to this layer that the vocabulary of the household sphere can be attributed.

From the expressive-stylistic point of view, N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the Russian language into three large groups:

• 1) interstyle vocabulary;
• 2) colloquial everyday vocabulary;
• 3) book vocabulary.

From the point of view of expressive-stylistic in the vocabulary of the Russian language, first of all, there is such a layer of words that are interstyle and have application in all styles of the language. This is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral. They are the names of vital phenomena of reality without any evaluation of it, they are pure names of objects, qualities, actions, etc.

Given the expressive neutrality of such vocabulary, it is often called neutral vocabulary.

From the expressive and stylistic point of view, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is filled with neutral words.

Colloquial vocabulary differs from interstyle vocabulary in its specific expressive and stylistic coloring (familiarity, swearing, irony, jokes, affection, contempt, etc.).

The words of colloquial everyday vocabulary, naming something, also give a certain assessment of what is called everyday. The vocabulary of the household sphere is usually not evaluative.

The words of the everyday sphere cannot be attributed to the category of book vocabulary, for the reason that book vocabulary has a stylistic coloring of bookishness, even when used in oral speech.

By themselves, the words of the everyday sphere do not have an expressive-stylistic coloring, but when used in certain contexts, they acquire it. So, for example, many authors use such words in their works to express the author's irony, humor, for various oppositions.

Against the background of the vocabulary of the "high" style, such words seem stylistically reduced. And this gives the work of art a certain expressiveness.

An idea of ​​the significance of the range of everyday vocabulary in the literary language of the 18th century can be given by a brief list of its thematic groups, available in the article by G.P. Knyazkova:

• - words-names of dishes: gingerbread, prison, slur, kraushka, cod;
• - words-names of drinks, mostly intoxicating: mash, sbiten, honey, erofey, sivuha;
• - words-names of clothes, hats, shoes: zipun, shugay, kokoshnik, fly, etc.;
• - words-names of buildings and their parts: a hut, a hut, a cage, a barn, a closet, a closet, etc.;
• - words-names of household items: basket, tub, bowl, etc.;
• - words-names of musical instruments: bagpipe, pipe;
• - words associated with customs, rituals, superstitions: divination, potion, love spell, gatherings;
• - words - names of games, dances: tales, buffoons, and etc.

This list, according to G.P. Knyazkova, can be continued.

Thus, we can conclude that the vocabulary of the everyday sphere includes words that are nouns that name objects and phenomena of everyday life, customs, material and cultural values.

The functions of everyday vocabulary in works of art are diverse. According to G.P. Knyazkova, in the travesty poems of the late 18th century, it is most often used to create everyday paintings.

Such vocabulary is found in portrait sketches, as well as in comparative turnovers.

The Russian XVIII century begins the era of Peter I - one of the most important milestones in the history of Russia's relations with the countries of Western Europe. In those days, there was a struggle for the territory of the Baltic and Black Seas. As a result of foreign policy, foreign economic relations, many foreigners came to the territory of the Russian state: from England, Holland, Austria, Sweden, Germany, France and other countries. As a result of the development of external relations, cultural and historical prerequisites arose for the penetration of foreign words and various kinds of borrowings into the Russian vocabulary. This process also affected the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. Its replenishment with foreign words was reflected in the written records of the 8th century.

“The process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language in the 18th century moved deeper. In the structure of the national Russian language, morphological and semantic correspondences are realized with the forms of expression of Western European languages. Lexical borrowings are shrinking". Many of the borrowings penetrated into the Russian language in the pre-Petrine era, but at the beginning of the 18th century, the functions of many words changed. They were included in the standard of literary use.

In the 18th century, the acquaintance of society with many objects of Western life continued. New fabric names appear: batiste, brocatel, set, chintz(1768 .), gauze; clothes: overcoat, salop; items for personal use: album, portrait; decorations: bouquets, garlands; crews: vis-a-vis, truck; home furnishings: lampshades, blinds(1793), chest of drawers, sofa; lighting and heating devices: girandoles, spotlights. Hairdressing is developing: boucle, chignon; culinary and pastry arts: dessert, sausages, fillet, meatballs, caramel, marmalade and much more.

In addition, the Russian nobility gets acquainted in this era with a number of new games: whist (1769), boston, solitaire, fifths and etc.; social life develops further, so new words are borrowed: carousel, club. The knowledge of Western European realities is also deepening: hotel, sidewalk and etc.

All these words represented a fairly wide layer of vocabulary that played an important role in the system of the Russian literary language of the 18th century. Only from the 18th century did this vocabulary begin to be actively used in works of art.

The lexicon of the household sphere in the literary monuments of the 18th century reflects the objects and phenomena of everyday Russian life in the process of historical and linguistic development.

Everyday colloquial(colloquial and household) vocabulary used in laid-backconversation:

by chance,at random,wit,debater,worry,guy,girls,tiny…

Using it in written speech is limited to the epistolary genre, styles of fiction and journalism, where it is resorted to with certain, artistic and expressive goals.

If the object of study is nationwide language, and not just literary, then colloquial vocabulary is divided into two groups:

nationwide everyday colloquial vocabulary;

socially or territorially limited everyday colloquial vocabulary (slang and dialect).

nationwide everyday colloquial vocabulary includes two digits words:

a) colloquial and literary(or simply colloquial) vocabulary - words that do not violate norms literary use, devoid of rudeness:

pinwheel,ugly girl,fidget,feast for the eyes,little thing,mud,good fellow,window;

fool, to be smart,bang‘drop, break’;

furious,red-haired,tiny…

b) vernacular vocabulary characteristic of simple, relaxed speech, not bound by strict norms. The words included in its composition are partly on the brink literary use, partly represent non-literary words:

to lie,hang around,get pissed off,fuck,flirt…

fool,parasite,twit,bullshit…

shabby,cheeky,fat-bellied[SRYa-1, p. 51–52; SRYASH, p. 319].

If it is analyzed literary language, then only colloquial (= colloquial) vocabulary is considered, and colloquial vocabulary, jargon and dialectisms are beyond the scope of the analysis.

Colloquial-literary and colloquial vocabulary, as a rule, differs from interstyle vocabulary. expressive stylistic coloring(familiarity, irony, jokes, affection, contempt, swearing ...). Colloquial and colloquial words often give a certain evaluation called. Wed:

not true - (colloquial-lit.) lies,nonsense,nonsense,nonsense,game; (simple) bullshit;

is free – (colloquial-lit.) for nothing; (simple) for nothing.

In colloquial lexicon, the vulgarisms(lat. vulgaris‘common people’) - colloquial words that carry a sharp expression rudeness, and therefore belong to non-literary layer:

mug,chime in,shuffle,eat…

There are colloquial words that express neither rudeness, nor expressiveness, nor evaluation. They are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm:

ringing,briefcase,percentage,kilometer...

corridor,laboratory,stool,krant…

see,the thing is, theirs,seem,meanwhile,want,do you want...

without fail,wait,allow...

3.2. Vocabulary of book styles

The category of book vocabulary includes words that are used mainly in bookstore,written speech. However, book words are also found in oral speech (lecture, seminar, discussion, etc.). But in any case they belong to the sphere strictly normalized.

There are two groups of words in the vocabulary of book styles:

words found in different book styles ( book words):

hypothesis,view,the,declarative,occurrence,illusion,intuition,prevail,due to,as a consequence,what…(this is mostly abstract vocabulary);

the words that fixedbehindcertain functional styles.

The functional and stylistic fixation of words contributes to their thematic relevance.

To scientific style usually belong to terms:

assonance,metaphor,induction,isotope,orbital,tangent,discriminant…

As official business highlighted words used in jurisprudence, business:

lawsuit,defendant,notification,incompetent,victim,due,notify,reside…[SRY, p. 98].

To journalistic style includes words associated with socio-political, socio-economic topics, characteristic of oratory:

pluralism,democracy, cooperation, discrimination,neocolonialism…[SRY, p. 98].

Here there are words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, and therefore are usually called "high":

selfless,messenger,indissoluble,create,accomplishment,chosen one...

In modern Russian, this layer is small, and “high” words are used now incomparably less often than in the Soviet period. And in some languages, "high" vocabulary is a significant part of the vocabulary.

In many languages ​​of the world there is a special layer poetic vocabulary. Wed Russian:

lot,muse,oak forest,eyes,forehead,shelter,paternal,azure,ineffable,dear,sweet,after,stain ...

In modern languages, poetic vocabulary is preserved due to the fact that readers are familiar with traditional poetry. The proportion of archaisms is especially high in poetic vocabulary [Shaikevich, p. 167–168].

Book vocabulary includes obsolete words, non-colloquial neologisms, exoticisms, and most of the barbarisms [SRYa-1, p. 54].

Borders between styles mobile. Words of colloquial everyday vocabulary can enter the official business style. Terms can move into the category of interstyle vocabulary, acquiring a broader, figurative meaning:

catalyst in the development of relationships,sincerity factor,euphoria gone...

In the journalistic style, scientific, colloquial, and more recently even colloquial vocabulary is used. Especially multilayer lexically is the language of fiction.

The belonging of a word to one or another stylistic layer is sometimes associated with its origin. Yes, in Russian language, a significant part of the poetic vocabulary is made up of Old Slavonicisms. AT English In the language, the neutral style is primarily formed by words of Anglo-Saxon origin, the high style is served by French and Greek-Latin words in origin, the low style is served by words from slang, professional speech and dialectisms. For French 16th century language the source of the "high" style was the Italian language, and for German language of the 17th–18th centuries. – French [Reformed, p. 149; LES, p. 494].

Without taking into account hierarchical relationships between lexical units of different styles (i.e. without dividing vocabulary into “high” and “low”), the classification of vocabulary from a stylistic point of view is shown in Scheme 1.

┌──────────────┴──────────────┐

stylistically neutral stylistically limited

(stylistically marked)

┌─────────────────────────────┴───┐

colloquial vocabulary of book

┌───────┴───────┐ styles

colloquial colloquial │

literary │

┌────────┬─────────┬──────────┬───┴───────┐

book terms official-newspaper-poetry

business journalistic

The most common notions about hierarchical relations between stylistic layers of vocabulary are reflected in scheme 2.

However, a significant part of the book vocabulary (with the exception of pathetic and poetic) is on the same level as the neutral one, it is not felt as “higher”.