What is meant by sports culture of a person. Physical Culture

1. Sport is a phenomenon of cultural life

The relevance of the question "Sport is a phenomenon of cultural life" is due to the fact that at present it is vital to consider human activity as a carrier of specific ethno-cultural, ethno-psychological traditions. Sports - competition, competition, striving for maximum results, the constant growth of requirements for physical capabilities, moral and moral-volitional qualities of a person makes it possible for a person to adapt to difficult living conditions. State support for physical culture and sports, physical culture and sports organizations, sports facilities, sports industry enterprises is carried out in accordance with the programs for the development of physical culture and sports at all levels, approved in the prescribed manner, respectively, by the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the proposals of the federal body executive power in the field of physical culture and sports, the Russian Olympic Committee, other physical culture and sports organizations. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation" establishes the legal, organizational, economic and social foundations for the activities of physical culture and sports organizations, determines the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation and the Russian Olympic movement.

Of course, sport is a phenomenon of cultural life. In it, a person seeks to expand the boundaries of his capabilities, this is a huge world of emotions generated by successes and failures. Sport is actually a competitive activity and special preparation for it. He lives by certain rules and norms of behavior. It clearly manifests the desire for victory, the achievement of high results, requiring the mobilization of the physical, mental and moral qualities of a person. Therefore, people often talk about the athletic nature of people who successfully manifest themselves in competitions.

A healthy lifestyle has a wide positive range of impact on various aspects of the manifestations of the body and the personality of a person. In behavior, this is manifested in greater vitality, composure, good communication skills; a sense of their physical and psycho-emotional attractiveness, an optimistic attitude, the ability to provide their full and pleasant rest, a holistic culture of life. The state of health depends on the normal functioning of all human organs and systems, as well as on the presence or absence of diseases, morphological changes in the student's body. These data can be identified during a medical examination (medical examination). Physical culture and sports activities, in which students are involved, are one of the effective mechanisms for merging public and personal interests, forming socially necessary individual needs. The possibilities of physical culture in improving health, correcting the physique and posture, increasing overall performance, and mental stability are very large, but ambiguous. It is known that the physical development of a person as a process of change and formation of morphological and functional properties depends on heredity and living conditions, as well as on physical education from the moment of birth. Thus, a healthy lifestyle, physical activity and sports can improve the functioning of body systems and enhance body growth. Moral satisfaction is brought by those classes in physical culture and competitions in which students achieve certain results through systematic training and an honest fight with an opponent. Therefore, any manifestation of dishonesty is intolerable in sports. The high socio-economic importance of physical culture and sports required the creation of a legislative framework for this sphere of life. On April 27, 2003, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sports. This document is aimed at ensuring the comprehensive development of a person, establishing a healthy lifestyle, creating a need for physical and moral improvement, creating conditions for practicing any kind of physical culture and sports, organizing vocational training, preventing diseases, bad habits and offenses. The rights of citizens to engage in physical culture and sports (including sports as a profession), to unite in physical culture and health and sports organizations, physical culture and sports societies, sports federations, associations, clubs and other associations are guaranteed. The state recognizes and supports the Olympic Movement in Russia, its activities are coordinated by the Olympic Committee, which is a non-governmental independent organization and officially represents Russia in all events held by the International Olympic Committee. The system of physical culture is aimed at organizing the physical education of the population, taking into account the interests of each person, the requirements of production, education and culture of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

1.1 Components of physical culture

Included in the system of education and upbringing, starting from preschool institutions, it characterizes the basis of people's physical fitness - the acquisition of a fund of vital motor skills and abilities, the versatile development of physical abilities. Its important elements are the “school” of movement, the system of gymnastic exercises and the rules for their implementation, with the help of which the child develops the ability to control movements in a differentiated way, the ability to coordinate them in different combinations; a system of exercises for the rational use of forces when moving in space (the main ways of walking, running, swimming, skating, skiing, etc.), when overcoming obstacles, in throwing, in lifting and carrying weights; "school" of the ball (playing volleyball, basketball, handball, football, tennis, etc.). Physical development is a biological process of formation, changes in the natural morphological and functional properties of the body during a person's life (length, body weight, chest circumference, lung capacity, maximum oxygen consumption, strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, agility, etc.) . Physical development is closely related to human health. Health acts as a leading factor that determines not only the harmonious development of a young person, but also the success of mastering the profession, the fruitfulness of his future professional activity, which constitutes the general well-being of life.

Thanks to professionally applied physical culture, prerequisites are created for the successful mastering of a particular profession and the effective performance of work. In production, these are introductory gymnastics, physical training breaks, physical training sessions, after-work rehabilitation exercises, etc. The content and composition of the means of professionally applied physical culture, the procedure for their use are determined by the characteristics of the labor process. In the conditions of military service, it acquires the features of military-professional physical culture.

1.2 Health-improving and rehabilitation physical culture

It is associated with the directed use of physical exercises as a means of treating diseases and restoring body functions that have been impaired or lost due to diseases, injuries, overwork and other causes. Its variety is therapeutic physical culture, which has a wide range of means and methods (therapeutic gymnastics, dosed walking, running and other exercises) associated with the nature of diseases, injuries or other disorders of body functions (overstrain, chronic fatigue, age-related changes, etc.) . Its means are used in such modes as “sparing”, “tonifying”, “training”, etc., and the forms of implementation can be individual sessions-procedures, lessons of a lesson type, etc.

Background types of physical culture. These include hygienic physical culture included in the framework of everyday life (morning exercises, walks, other physical exercises in the daily routine that are not associated with significant loads) and recreational physical culture, the means of which are used in the active recreation mode (tourism, sports and recreational activities). ). Background physical culture has an operational impact on the current functional state of the body, normalizing it and contributing to the creation of a favorable functional "background" of life. It should be considered as a component of a healthy lifestyle. It is especially effective in combination with other components of physical culture and, above all, with the basic one. The following are used as means of physical culture: physical exercises, natural forces of nature (the sun, air and water, their hardening effect), hygiene factors (personal hygiene - daily routine, sleep hygiene, diet, work activity, body hygiene, sportswear, shoes , places of employment, rejection of bad habits). Their complex interaction provides the greatest health-improving and developing effect.

2. Social functions of sports

2.1 Sport-specific functions

The functions of sport are understood as objectively inherent properties to influence a person and human relations, to satisfy and develop certain needs of an individual and society.

The functions of sport can be conditionally divided into specific (characteristic only of it as a special phenomenon of reality) and general. The first ones include competitive-reference and heuristic-achievement functions. The latter currently include functions that have social and social significance, such as the function of personality-oriented education, training and development; health-improving and recreational function; emotional-spectacular function; the function of social integration and socialization of the individual; communicative function and economic function.

Competitive reference function. The basis of the specifics of sports is the actual competitive activity, the essence of which is the maximum identification, unified comparison and objective assessment of certain human capabilities in the process of competitions aimed at winning or achieving a personally high sports result or place in the competition. The reference function is most pronounced in elite sports, however, to one degree or another, it is also characteristic of sports in general, including mass public access through a system of specially organized competitions.

Heuristic-achievement function. Sports are characterized by creative search activity, associated with a person's knowledge of his capabilities, along with the search for effective ways to maximize their implementation and increase them. This function is most fully expressed in the sport of the highest achievements, since on the way to them it is necessary to constantly improve the training system, look for new means, training methods, new samples of the most complex elements of technology and tactical solutions for wrestling.

2.2 General functions of the sport

To socio-public primarily include the function of personality-oriented education, training and development. Sport presents great opportunities not only for physical and sports improvement, but also for moral, aesthetic, intellectual and labor education. The attractive power of sports, high requirements for the manifestation of physical and mental strength provide ample opportunities for the personality-oriented education of the spiritual traits and qualities of a person. It is essential, however, that the final result in achieving educational goals depends not only and not so much on the sport itself, but on the social orientation of the entire system of education and development. Thus, the educational possibilities of sports are realized not by themselves, but through a system of educational-oriented relations that are developing in the field of sports. Since sport is included in the socio-pedagogical system, it is also an effective means of physical education, and thanks to professional applied sports, it becomes an important component in labor and military activities.

Health-improving and recreational function manifested in the positive impact of sport on the state and functionality of the human body. This is especially pronounced in children's and youth sports, where the beneficial effect of playing sports on a developing and developing organism is invaluable. It is at this age that the foundations of health are laid, the skills of systematic physical exercise are instilled, and the habits of personal and public hygiene are formed. Sport is at the same time a source of positive emotions, it levels the mental state of children, allows you to relieve mental fatigue, and makes you know “muscular joy”. Its role in the elimination of the negative effects of hypodynamia in children is especially great. Sports also play a big role in working with the adult population. It is a means of recovery, protection from the adverse effects of scientific and technological progress with its characteristic sharp decrease in motor activity in work and at home. Sport is one of the most popular forms of organizing healthy leisure, recreation and entertainment. This is especially evident in mass sports, where the goal of achieving high sports results is not set.

Emotional-spectacular function is revealed in the fact that sport (many of its types) carries aesthetic properties, manifested in the harmony of the physical and spiritual qualities of a person, borders on art. In this regard, complexly coordinated sports are especially attractive, such as gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, diving, etc. The beauty of the human body, technically complex and refined movements, a festive mood - all this attracts true fans of sports. The popularity of sports as a spectacle is characterized by emotionality and sharpness of perception that affects the personal and collective interests of many people, as well as the universality of the “language of sports”, which is understandable to almost everyone.

The function of social integration and socialization of the individual. Sport is one of the powerful factors of involving people in public life, joining it and shaping the experience of social relations among those involved. This is the basis of its important role in the process of socialization of the individual. Specific sports relations (interpersonal, intergroup, intercollective) are somehow involved in the system of social relations that go beyond sports. The totality of these relations forms the basis of the influence of sport on a person, the assimilation of his social experience, both in the field of sports and on a wider scale.

communicative function. The humanization of society in the current period of human development makes sport a factor in the development of international relations, mutual understanding and cultural cooperation between peoples, and the strengthening of peace on earth.

economic function. Sport is of great economic importance, which is expressed in the fact that the funds invested in the development of sports pay off a hundredfold, primarily in improving the level of public health, increasing overall performance, and prolonging human life. The development of the science of sports, the material and technical base, the training of personnel - all this contributes to the development of children's and youth sports, mass sports and sports of the highest achievements.

Economic importance also have financial resources received from sports spectacles, operation of sports facilities. However, this is a small fraction of what the state and public organizations are investing in the development of sports. The main value of our society is health. And in this aspect the role of sport is invaluable.

Conclusion

Sport also created a new cultural, including artistic, environment, for sports facilities - stadiums, sports palaces, arenas, playgrounds, tracks, swimming pools, etc. - not only became important objects of architecture, but also had a significant impact on the entire organization and layout of settlements. Great hopes were placed on sports in terms of the moral improvement of society. Of course, no one expected absolute purity and infallibility from sports. But there were hopes that the friendly disposition of the participants in the competition, the disinterestedness of the struggle and its noble rules would increasingly determine sports relations, and through them spread as universal human values ​​and norms of communication. A sports victory and its creator - the record holder - were perceived as national symbols, and it seemed that they embody the moral values ​​of patriotism, loyalty to duty and honor in their purest form. It remained to instill these qualities in the sports-oriented mass consciousness, to introduce them by means of education. Thus, it was assumed that many social, ethical and aesthetic problems would be solved. The promotion of sports in this direction acted very diligently and by no means always unsuccessfully, which undoubtedly should be credited to it. But modern sport grew up on a different soil than the ancient one, and does not show a tendency to lose its functions, to disappear from the cultural space like its ancient predecessor. On the contrary, the main lines and forms of the development of modern sports have found their place in this space and turned out to be very significant in their humanistic and aesthetic content.

Modern sport is in crisis and quite deep. But the entire modern culture and civilization is in a crisis. The crisis of sports is not its destruction, but only a discrepancy - and often a sharp one - of the established organizational forms, methods of activity and ideas about the essence and role of sports to new social structures, a new range of social and individual needs, new standards of life.

Bibliography

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Drandrov G. L., Burtsev V. A., Burtseva E. V.

Chuvash State Pedagogical University. I. Ya. Yakovleva,

Cheboksary, Russia

In philosophical literature, culture is defined as a socially developed way of human activity aimed at transforming nature, man, society and fixed in the corresponding material, logical-conceptual, sign-symbolic, value-oriented means.

Domestic scientists adhere to activity approach to the consideration of the phenomenon of culture, defining it as a set of forms, methods, means and results of human activity. The concept of "culture" is characterized by them, on the one hand, as process, on the other hand, as results activities of a social subject to create and preserve those social phenomena that are assessed as the most important, significant values.

In the implementation of the activity approach to understanding culture, there are many options that differ mainly in the emphasis on procedural and productive side of the activity, on its spiritual and material components . That's why first task "culture».

On the one hand, culture is defined primarily as a product of human activity, its result in the form of a set of "material and spiritual values ​​created and created by mankind in the process of socio-historical practice and characterizing the historically achieved stage of development of society" .

On the other hand, attention is focused on the procedural side of culture, on the fact that it is a creative creative activity, during which previously created values ​​are objectified and new ones are created. The process of cultural development consists in the fact that a person simultaneously creates, creates culture, objectifying his own essential forces in it, and forms himself as a social being, mastering the previous culture.

Considering culture from the standpoint of an axiological approach, material and spiritual values ​​are distinguished in it, which are created in the process of material and spiritual activity.

The material values ​​of culture cover the entire sphere of material activity and its results (tools and means of labor, dwellings, everyday items, clothing, means of transport and communications).

The spiritual values ​​of culture cover the sphere of consciousness, spiritual production, act as social ideals, meanings, norms, patterns of behavior that determine the nature and direction of various forms and areas of social practice, social relations, specific activities (knowledge, morality, education, enlightenment, including law, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, science, art, literature, mythology, religion).

Depending on who acts as a social subject of culture as an activity that creates socially significant values, one distinguishes between the culture of an individual, the culture of a social group and the culture of society. These forms of culture function and develop in the process of interaction between a person, a group and society.

In accordance with the activity interpretation of the concept of "culture", the distinction between its types is carried out taking into account the qualitative originality of individual types of human activity.

One of the specific activities is physical culture. That's why second task our theoretical study is to reveal the essence and content of the concept "Physical Culture".

According to Art. 2 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", physical culture is considered as an integral part of culture, an area of ​​social activity, which is a combination of spiritual and material values ​​created and used by society for the purpose of physical development of a person, strengthening his health and improving his motor activity.

Summarizing the results of a theoretical study, we can conclude that domestic scientists consider the concept of "physical culture" as:

a type of general culture, a qualitative side of creative activity for the development, improvement, maintenance and restoration of values ​​in the field of physical improvement of a person for self-realization of his spiritual and physical abilities in socially significant results related to the fulfillment of his duties in society;

· vital ways and results of people using their own motor abilities to transform their qualities, abilities obtained from nature;

· a culture of motor activity, the purpose and result of which is the achievement of physical perfection through the physical (bodily and spiritual) transformation of a person, the expansion of his motor potential and motor range;

· a universal social institution for the development, dissemination and development of the culture of motor activity, both for an individual and for humanity as a whole;

a set of material and spiritual values ​​used by society for the physical development and physical improvement of a person;

specific activities aimed at the formation of motor skills, improving the physical condition of a person, maintaining and strengthening health, harmonious development of the individual;

· activities aimed at the "social transformation" of the human body, the development of its physical and spiritual strength;

· a specific process and result of human activity, means and method of physical improvement of a person to fulfill social obligations;

· a specific sphere of transformation of nature by man and man himself through the formation of an increasingly perfect organism, consciousness, will, as well as the development of appropriate traditions, institutions and organizations.

Comparing the above approaches to the definition of the concept of "physical culture" as a specific type of human activity, it can be seen that all researchers associate it with motor activity. According to V. K. Balsevich, motor activity is a purposeful implementation by a person of motor actions aimed at improving various indicators of his physical potential and mastering the motor values ​​of physical and sports culture.

When determining the specificity of physical culture as one of types of physical activity we are guided by the statement of the domestic psychologist A. N. Leontiev that for correlation of activities reveals the correlation of motives. In this regard, the author wrote: “In reality, we always deal with special activities, each of which meets a certain need of the subject, strives for the object of this need, fades away as a result of its satisfaction and is reproduced again - maybe already in completely different, changed conditions” . That's why specificity of physical culture as a type of activity is due to the qualitative originality of its needs and motives.

Any activity of a person, including in the form of physical activity, leads to certain changes not only in the external environment, but also in the person himself as its subject. K. Marx wrote, “... By influencing external nature and summing it up, he at the same time changes his own nature.

"Changing one's own nature" can act as motives for human behavior and activities. Therefore, as an essential feature of physical culture, as specific type of physical activity The authors of the above works highlight its focus on:

¨ bodily(“self-realization of physical abilities”, “improving physical condition”, “transformation of abilities obtained from nature”, “body transformation of a person”, “social transformation of the body”, “development of physical strength”, “preservation and strengthening of physical health”, “formation ever more perfect organism");

¨ spiritual(“self-realization of spiritual abilities”, “development of spiritual forces”, “ways of people using their own motor abilities”, “formation of motor skills”, “harmonious development of the personality”, “transformation of the person himself”, “formation of consciousness and will”, "development of man as the subject of this activity").

The results of physical culture as a specific type of human motor activity are positive changes in indicators of bodily and spiritual development (“physical improvement”, “expansion of motor potential and motor range”), which act as material and spiritual values ​​and in their totality characterize the physical culture of the individual.

Close in meaning to the understanding of physical culture as a motor activity aimed at the bodily and spiritual development of a person, as its subject, is the concept "physical activity", which is defined by V. K. Balsevich as a purposeful motor activity of a person, acting as a naturally and socially determined necessity and need of the body and personality in maintaining homeostasis, providing morphological, functional, biochemical and psychological conditions for the implementation of the genetic and socio-cultural programs of their development in ontogenesis and overcoming factors that hinder him. According to V. K. Balsevich, the concept of "physical activity" includes not only motor activity in itself, but also the category of the goal of this activity in the broadest sense.

B. G. Ananiev notes that a person can be considered as an individual (natural being), the subject of a certain activity, personality and individuality. Therefore, the changes that occur in a person as a result of physical activity can be systematized in accordance with these ideas:

· at the level individual- physical development, health (the level of adaptive capabilities of individual functional systems and the body as a whole), motor abilities;

· at the level subject of activity- knowledge, skills and abilities to master the ways of activity;

· at the level personalities- significant for the activity of mental properties of the individual;

· at the level individuality- properties of a person as an individual, subject and personality associated with physical activity, which are unique, inimitable and cause an increase in his social status.

Thus, summarizing the above, we can conclude that physical culture is a specific type of conscious socially conditioned motor activity of a person, which is distinguished by its focus on physical development, the preservation and strengthening of health, the development of motor abilities and mental properties of a person, the acquisition of knowledge and methods of its organization.

results physical activity act as the material and spiritual values ​​of the physical culture of society appropriated by a person, and together determine the uniqueness of a person as individual, subject of activity, personality and individuality.

In recent years, the term "sports culture" has been actively used in the scientific and pedagogical literature. That's why third task our theoretical study is to reveal the essence and content of the concept "sports culture".

The starting point for determining the essence and content of the concept of "sports culture" is the concept of sport.

According to Art. 2 of the Federal Law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", sport is defined as an integral part of physical culture, historically established in the form of competitive activity and special practice of preparing a person for competitions.

essential feature sports speaks competitive activity, including competitive actions and related relations rivalry and cooperation of athletes, specific relationships with other participants: coach, judges, organizers, fans. Competitive activity is distinguished by the unification of the actions included in its content, the conditions for their implementation and methods for assessing achievements in accordance with the official rules of the competition, the regulation of the behavior of athletes with the principles of non-antagonistic relations between them. Thanks to competitive activity, sport acts as a means and form of identification and social recognition of physical, mental, spiritual abilities in the process of rivalry, competitiveness, struggle between athletes.

The purpose of sports is an achievement sportsmanship and high sports result in sports competitions organization-based training process.

Preparation for competitions is not one of the essential features of sports activities - at the time of its inception, sport existed even without the training process. Modern elite sport (team sports) consists mainly of a series of competitions with a decrease in the number of training sessions. Under these conditions, priority is given to the method of integral training through participation in competitions.

On the one hand, training activities cannot exist without competitions, because competitive activity acts as a system-forming factor that determines the goal, objectives, content and process of sports training. On the other hand, training activity has a significant impact on the competitive result. Therefore, modern sport in a broad sense includes not only competitive activity itself, but also special training for it.

V. K. Balsevich believes that sport as a phenomenon of universal culture is a self-sufficient sphere of human activity, which has its own purpose, performing heuristic, aesthetic, reference, health-improving, recreational, economic and entertainment functions.

L. I. Lubysheva notes that the most significant for sports activities are the needs for self-organization of a sports lifestyle, success and achievement of a high competitive result.

We also believe that the specificity of sport as an activity is due, first of all, to needs and motives directly motivating and guiding to participate in competitions. Sports activity is attractive and significant for an athlete in that it provides an opportunity to realize oneself and reveal one's capabilities in a competitive struggle among rivals, to achieve victory, gain.

Competitive motives, the desire to achieve success and self-realization in the field of the chosen sport determine the features of sports activities, the behavior and communication of an athlete with other participants in sports activities, such as high physical and mental stress, compliance with regime requirements, relations of rivalry and cooperation.

By embedding sports in the system of culture, actualizing the value attitude to sports through the motivational sphere in the process of sports activities, the prerequisites for the development of its cultural properties are created, which allows us to talk about sports culture.

The transformation of sports values ​​from the category of socially significant to the category of personally significant allows us to speak about the presence of an athlete's sports culture of personality.

According to V. I. Stolyarov, S. Yu. Barinov, the basis of the sports culture of the individual is a positive value attitude to sports, within which the standards, values ​​and norms of culture associated with sports, internalized by the individual, have become the property of his own inner world.

Personal sports culture, according to L. I. Lubysheva, contains a specific result of sports activity, means and methods for transforming a person’s physical and spiritual potential by mastering the values ​​of competitive and training activities, as well as those social relations that ensure its effectiveness.

All kinds of sports that are now widely recognized in the world are divided by L.P. Matveev into five groups, taking into account the characteristics of the subject of competition and the nature of motor activity.

The originality of sports determines the qualitative originality of the content of sports culture. Most sports belong to the group, which is characterized by active motor activity with the utmost manifestation of physical and mental qualities. Sports achievements in these sports depend on the athlete's own motor abilities. When analyzing the content of the concept of "sports culture", we will consider sports related to this group.

V. I. Stolyarov, S. Yu. Barinov, the main values ​​of sports culture include the opportunity to improve their physical condition on the basis of sports training and competition, the ability to systematically work on self-improvement, the ability to win and lose without losing their dignity and faith in future success .

L. I. Lubysheva highlights the general cultural, socio-psychological and specific values ​​of sports as part of a common culture. The author refers to specific values ​​the ability of sports to meet the needs of a person in physical improvement, socialization, health formation, self-realization and increasing the social prestige of an individual in society by achieving a high result, victory, record.

In the process of playing sports, intellectual, intentional, moral, achievement, valeological, mobilization values ​​of a motor nature, the values ​​of health-saving technologies of sports training are actively mastered, assimilated and appropriated.

V. M. Vydrin notes that the values ​​of sports can manifest themselves directly in the form of health, physical improvement, specific competitive achievements (place taken, record).

N. I. Ponomarev refers to the values ​​of sports: health, physical fitness, physical development, sports and technical results, ideological, organizational, scientific and methodological foundations of sports training, the functional content of sports, communication, volitional and moral qualities, social recognition, authority, sense of personal dignity and sense of duty, self-education.

V. I. Stolyarov refers to the values ​​of sports social ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior that regulate the activities of a social subject and social relations in the field of sports, determine their nature and direction.

Summarizing the above approaches to the allocation of values ​​assigned by a person in the process of sports activities, they can be classified according to biological, psychological, pedagogical and social effects.

Biological effect sports activities is expressed in the "formation of health", in the assignment of "valeological values", in "physical fitness and physical development", in "the ability to improve one's physical condition", "to satisfy the needs of a person in physical improvement".

Psychological effect manifests itself in “the ability to win and lose without losing one’s dignity and faith in future success”, in “the ability to systematically work on self-improvement”, in the assignment of mobilization values ​​of a motor nature”, in “self-realization”, in “communication, strong-willed and moral qualities ".

Pedagogical effect lies in the appropriation of intellectual values ​​and values ​​of health-saving technologies of sports training, in "sports and technical results", in "scientific and methodological foundations of sports training", in the ability to "self-education".

Social effect consists in "increasing the social prestige of the individual in society by achieving a high result, victory, record", in "social recognition, authority, a sense of personal dignity and a sense of duty", in "socialization", in the assignment of "moral and achievement values", in " specific competitive achievements", in "social ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior that regulate the activity of a social subject and social relations in the field of sports".

Three features stand out in the psychological literature sports character, which can be attributed to the spiritual values ​​of sports culture and considered as the results of sports activities:

1. calmness(compassion) in extreme situations of the competition, as one of the aspects of the athlete's attitude to the environment, to the conditions of activity, provides the optimal level of emotional excitement at the time of the start, which contributes to a successful performance;

2. Self confidence, as one of the sides of the attitude towards oneself, provides high activity, reliability of actions and noise immunity, which is especially important in difficult, changing conditions and difficult states of the athlete, contributing to the full implementation of the achieved level of preparedness;

3. Fighting spirit, as an attitude to the process and result of activity, determines the indomitable desire to fight for victory, to achieve a competitive goal, until the very last final effort, is expressed in the highest composure, maximum mobilization and full dedication of all forces to wrestling. Fighting spirit contributes to the disclosure of the athlete's reserve capabilities and allows you to achieve an unexpectedly high result.

The unity and interrelation of the three features of a sports character in most cases determines the state calm fighting confidence .

Persons with a sporting character are distinguished by emotional stability, which is manifested in the stability of competitive results, increasing the effectiveness of competitive activity in extreme conditions of its implementation and the ability to adequately lose in a fair fight.

Competitive activity in extreme conditions of rivalry and cooperation contributes to the appropriation of the norms of sports ethics, as internal regulators of relationships with all participants in the competition.

The fourth task our theoretical study was to determine the ratio physical and sports culture(Table 1).

In solving this problem, we proceeded from the thesis of A. N. Leontiev, that the difference between types of activity is due to differences in motives that encourage and guide a person to their implementation.

Common for physical and sports culture are such motives as the need for physical activity, health preservation and strengthening, physical development, communication, external self-affirmation and personality formation. These motives in interaction with each other encourage a person to physical activity for bodily and spiritual development.

The formation of sports culture is carried out on the basis of physical culture and is due to the emergence and dominance of competitive motives, motives for achieving success and personal self-realization in the field of the chosen sport in the motivational structure of the individual.

These motives significantly change the content of physical activity, which is differentiated into two interrelated parts - training and competitive activities. Motor actions in the form of physical and competitive exercises under the influence of these motives are performed with the utmost manifestation of physical and mental efforts.

Changes in the content of activity caused by sports motives determine the appropriation by a person of new material (high level of development of motor abilities that are significant for the chosen sport) and spiritual values.

Knowledge in the field of physical culture is enriched with knowledge in the field of the chosen sport, a person masters the ways of organizing this sport.

Table. – Psychological structure of physical and sports culture as types of motor activity

Physical Culture

Berlin 1933: joint preparatory exercises.

Physical Culture- the sphere of social activity aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, developing the psychophysical abilities of a person in the process of conscious physical activity. Physical Culture- a part of culture, which is a set of values, norms and knowledge created and used by society for the purpose of physical and intellectual development of a person's abilities, improvement of his motor activity and formation of a healthy lifestyle, social adaptation through physical education, physical training and physical development (in accordance with with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2007 N 329-FZ "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation").

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are:

• the level of health and physical development of people;
• the degree of use of physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production and everyday life.

The concept of "physical culture" appeared at the end of the 19th century in England during the rapid development of modern sports, but did not find wide use in the West and eventually disappeared from everyday life. In Russia, on the contrary, having come into use since the beginning of the 20th century, after the revolution of 1917, the term "physical culture" received its recognition in all high Soviet authorities and firmly entered the scientific and practical lexicon. In 1918, the Institute of Physical Culture was opened in Moscow, in 1919 Vsevobuch held a congress on physical culture, from 1922 the journal "Physical Culture" was published, and from 1925 to the present - the journal "Theory and Practice of Physical Culture".

The very name "physical culture" names something very important. Physical culture is part of the general culture of mankind and has absorbed not only the centuries-old valuable experience of preparing a person for life, mastering, developing and managing for the benefit of a person the physical and mental abilities inherent in him by nature, but, no less important, the experience of asserting and hardening manifested in the process of physical activity of moral, moral principles of a person. Thus, in physical culture, contrary to its literal meaning, people's achievements in improving their physical, as well as, to a large extent, mental and moral qualities, are reflected. The level of development of these qualities, as well as personal knowledge, skills for their improvement, constitute the personal values ​​of physical culture and determine the physical culture of the individual as one of the facets of the general culture of a person Social and biological foundations of physical culture.

To date, a number of theorists dispute the appropriateness of using the term "physical culture". One of the arguments "against" is that in most countries of the world, this term is generally absent from the scientific lexicon. The only exceptions are the countries of Eastern Europe, in which the development of physical culture and sports for more than half a century was carried out in the image and likeness of the Soviet system. In this regard, leading Russian sports theorists sometimes express polar opinions about the further use of the concept of “physical culture” in science: for example, A. G. Egorov believes that this term should be completely replaced by the concept of “sport” accepted all over the world. ”, while L. I. Lubysheva considers the scientific definition of physical culture a “step forward” compared to Western sports science.

At the moment, L.I. Lubysheva actively introduces the concept of "sports culture". Without entering into debate. it can be noted that this position is not productive, since, according to the main theorists of this field of knowledge (P.F. Lesgaft), the concepts of "physical culture and physical education" and the concept of sport should not be confused in principle. According to this scientist, youth destroy three things: wine, excitement and sports.

According to A. A. Isaev, it is quite logical to consider physical culture as a goal, and sport as a means to achieve it. It is for this reason that the definition of "sport for all" is becoming widespread, reflected more and more substantively at the international level - in the documents of UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the IOC. "Sport for All" puts physical culture in its rightful place as a qualitative characteristic, absorbing the activity components that once belonged to it. Theorists of physical culture of the Soviet school, wrote A. A. Isaev, actively resist the process of transformation of the meaning of physical culture, dictated by the change in socio-political dominants in the development of modern Russia. This circumstance, influencing managerial decisions, noticeably slows down the development of a sports policy in Russia that is adequate to the changes in society. This approach is the key to resolving methodological contradictions associated with the definition of the concepts of "physical culture" and "sport" [clarify]

Means of physical culture

The main means of physical culture, developing and harmonizing all manifestations of the life of the human body, are conscious (conscious) employment in a variety of physical exercises (bodily movements), most of which are invented or improved by the person himself. They suggest a gradual increase in physical activity from exercise and warm-up to training, from training to sports games and competitions, from them to the establishment of both personal and general sports records as personal physical capabilities grow. In combination with the use of the natural forces of nature (sun, air and water), hygiene factors, diet and rest, and depending on personal goals, physical culture allows you to harmoniously develop and heal the body and maintain it in excellent physical condition for many years.

Components of physical culture

Each of the components of physical culture has a certain independence, its own target setting, material and technical support, a different level of development and the amount of personal values. Therefore, sport in the activity sphere of physical culture is singled out especially, using the phrases "physical culture and sport", "physical culture and sport". In this case, under "physical culture", "physical culture" in the narrow sense, it is just possible to mean mass physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.

Mass physical culture

Mass physical culture is formed by people's physical culture activities as part of the process of physical education and self-education for their general physical development and health improvement, improvement of motor capabilities, improvement of physique and posture, as well as physical recreational activities.

Physical recreation

Recreation (lat. - recreation, - "recovery") - 1) holidays, a change at school, 2) a room for rest in educational institutions, 3) rest, restoration of human strength. Physical recreation is motor active recreation and entertainment using physical exercises, outdoor games, various sports, as well as the natural forces of nature, which result in pleasure and good health and mood, restore mental and physical performance. As a rule, classes at the level of mass physical culture for a healthy person are not associated with very large physical and volitional efforts, however, they create a powerful disciplining, tonic and harmonizing background for all aspects of his activity.

Healing Fitness

Another, also unsportsmanlike in terms of goals, direction of physical culture is formed by therapeutic physical culture (motor rehabilitation), which uses specially selected physical exercises and, as already noted, some sports facilities for the treatment and restoration of body functions impaired as a result of diseases, injuries, overwork and others. reasons.

Sport

Adaptive physical culture

The specificity of this activity sphere is expressed in the complementary definition “adaptive”, which emphasizes the purpose of physical culture means for people with health problems. This suggests that physical culture in all its manifestations should stimulate positive morpho-functional changes in the body, thereby forming the necessary motor coordination, physical qualities and abilities aimed at life support, development and improvement of the body. The main direction of adaptive physical culture is the formation of motor activity as a biological and social factor of influence on the body and personality of a person. Knowledge of the essence of this phenomenon is the methodological foundation of adaptive physical culture. St. Petersburg University of Physical Education. P.F. Lesgaft, the faculty of adaptive physical culture was opened, the task of which is to train highly qualified specialists to work in the field of physical culture of the disabled. In addition to working with people with disabilities, adaptive physical culture is aimed at using physical activity to promote social and psychological adaptation, prevention of deviations in socialization (for example, within the framework of this direction, the use of physical culture and sports for the prevention of drug addiction is being developed).

Physical education

The modern broad concept of "physical education" means an organic component of general education - an educational, pedagogical process aimed at mastering the personal values ​​of physical culture by a person. In other words, the goal of physical education is the formation of a person's physical culture, that is, that side of a person's general culture that helps to realize his biological and spiritual potential. Physical education, whether we understand it or not, begins from the very first days after the birth of a person.

The founder of the scientific system of physical education (originally - education), which harmoniously contributes to the mental development and moral education of a young person, is the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor Pyotr Frantsevich Lesgaft (1837-1909) in Russia. Created by him in 1896, the "Courses of Teachers and Leaders of Physical Education" was the first higher educational institution in Russia for the training of specialists in physical education, the prototype of the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Physical Culture named after P.F. Lesgaft. Graduates of the academy receive a higher physical education and become specialists in various fields of physical culture, including in the field of physical education, that is, the development of physical culture values ​​by people. In relation to work in higher educational institutions, such a specialist is called a teacher of physical culture, or a teacher of the department of physical education.

It is necessary to distinguish between the terms "physical education" as professional training in special educational institutions and "physical education" in its original (according to P.F. Lesgaft) sense of physical education. In English, the term "physical education" can be used in both senses. It should also be borne in mind that the English term "en: physical culture" in the sense of our broad concept of "physical culture" is not in use abroad. There, depending on the specific direction of physical activity, the words “en: sport”, “en: physical education”, “en: physical training”, “en: fitness”, etc. are used.

Physical education in unity with mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education ensures the comprehensive development of the individual. Moreover, these aspects of the general process of education are to a large extent manifested in the process of physical education organized accordingly.

In higher educational institutions, the process of physical education of students is carried out at the Department of Physical Education through the discipline "Physical Culture".

The goal of physical education is achieved in solving interrelated health-improving, developing, educational and upbringing tasks.

Health-improving and developing tasks of physical education include:

• strengthening health and hardening of the body;
• harmonious development of the body and physiological functions of the body;
• comprehensive development of physical and mental qualities;
• ensuring a high level of efficiency and creative longevity.

It is believed that in order to fulfill these tasks, the total time of training sessions in the discipline "Physical Education" and additional independent physical exercises and sports for each student should be at least 5 hours a week.

Christianity about physical education

• Christianity in the 4th century banned the Olympic Games and anathematized them as pagan

see also

Notes

Literature

• Federal Law on Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Sports culture is a positive value attitude of a social subject (individual, social group or society as a whole) to sports:

• activity and its results in understanding, preserving and developing those varieties, aspects, functions, components of sports that are evaluated by this subject as the most important, significant, i.e. considered as values;

• ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior, etc., formed on the basis of such an assessment, which regulate all its activities and social relations in the field of sports, determine their nature and direction.

In accordance with this understanding, sports culture includes various social phenomena related to sports:

• qualities and abilities of a person;

• emotional reactions;

• knowledge, beliefs, interests, needs;

• various forms of activity;

• its means, mechanisms and results;

• certain types of behavior and related ideals, norms, rules, sanctions;

• social institutions, relations, processes, etc.

But these phenomena become elements of sports culture only if:

a) for a social subject, they act as values ​​(recognized as significant, important, having a positive value), and therefore are supported, preserved, passed down from generation to generation, or

b) they provide and regulate the production, consumption, operation, selection, transmission, reproduction, preservation and development of values ​​associated with sports.

Sports culture of personality

Sports culture, like culture in general, is the culture of a certain social subject, which, as noted above, can be a separate person (individual), a social group or society as a whole.

Depending on this, it is legitimate to speak, respectively, about the sports culture of an individual, some social group or society as a whole.

The sports culture of a person is a positive value attitude of an individual towards sports, social activity and its results in understanding, preserving and developing those varieties, aspects, functions, components, etc. sports that this person evaluates as the most important, significant, i.e. which have for him the status of values. These values ​​act for the individual as social ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior, etc., which regulate all his activities and social relations in the field of sports, determine their nature and direction.

This means that the basis of a person's sports culture is such a positive value attitude to sports, within which the standards, values ​​and norms of culture associated with sports are internalized by the individual, i.e. became the property of his inner world.

The structure of the sports culture of the individual

The sports culture of a person has a complex structure, includes a complex of interrelated elements.

Prerequisite (source) block

A necessary condition (prerequisite) for the formation of a positive value attitude towards sports in an individual is the presence of initial (prerequisite) knowledge, skills, abilities. These include:

• knowledge about what sport is, its components (sports training, sports competitions, etc.) and varieties (mass sports, elite sports, etc.) as special social phenomena that differ from others, about their essence, structure, specificity, i.e. concepts that are necessary in order to be able to distinguish (distinguish from many other phenomena) and characterize sport, its components, varieties, etc.;

• factual knowledge - knowledge about the specific facts of sports activity, its various types, varieties at the present time and in the process of development;

• knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a person to be included in certain types of sports activities (sports training, sports competitions, etc.) in accordance with the accepted rules, norms and patterns of behavior.

All this knowledge, skills, skills, formed in a person in the process of socialization (spontaneously in the course of life experience, under the influence of the surrounding social environment, the media, etc., as well as consciously, purposefully in the process of education, training, upbringing), form a prerequisite (initial) block of a person's sports culture.

The indicated knowledge, abilities, and skills provide an individual with the opportunity to correctly orientate himself in the world of sports, in its various aspects (perform an indicative function), as well as to actually participate in sports activities (informational and operational readiness for this activity).

Evaluation Components

The second important component of a person's sports culture is a positive assessment of sports, an individual evaluates certain components, types, forms, varieties of sports, sports as a whole as significant, important, useful, i.e. as a value (set of values).

The main manifestations and indicators of a positive assessment of sports (evaluative components of a person's sports culture) are:

• positive opinion in the form of appropriate statements, judgments, reviews about sports, about various forms and aspects of sports activity - a rational (cognitive) component;

• positive emotional reactions associated with sports (feeling of pleasure, delight from playing sports, participating in sports competitions, watching them, etc.) - an emotional (affective) component;

• interest in sports, in certain types of sports activities (such as, for example, sports training and competitions, attending sports events, watching sports television programs, reading sports newspapers and magazines, collecting sports badges, stamps, etc.), striving (desire) to participate in them, etc., i.e. the individual's motivational readiness for this kind of activity is the motivational component;

• real forms of activity related to sports (participation in sports training and competitions, attending sports events, watching sports television programs, reading sports newspapers and magazines; mastering knowledge, skills, rules, norms of behavior, social roles that allow participating in these activities, etc.) into an activity component.

Reflective-analytical component

The value attitude, considered in full, includes, as indicated above, not only the assessment of the object, but also the comprehension (substantiation) of this assessment. Therefore, an important component of an individual's positive value attitude to sports is the substantiation (comprehension! explanation) of sports assessment - a reflexive-analytical component of a person's sports culture.

Justification (comprehension, explanation) by an individual of a positive assessment of sports involves the solution of the following tasks:

• selection of a criterion for evaluating sports, its types, varieties, components (sports training, competitions, the behavior of an athlete, fans, etc.): from what positions, on the basis of what ideals, norms, cultural patterns, etc. they will be evaluated;

• determination of those sides, aspects, functions of sport, its types, varieties, components that allow, on the basis of the chosen criterion, to give it a positive assessment, to attribute certain values, to give social and / or personal meaning;

• taking into account those factors on which the real significance of sport depends.

When substantiating (understanding, explaining) a positive assessment of sports, a person can use: his practical experience; knowledge gained in the course of study; traditions, norms, ideals, value stereotypes that dominate the surrounding social environment, etc.

Result Component

Another component (“block”) of an individual's value attitude to sports, and hence his sports culture, is the resulting one.

This component characterizes the results of the inclusion of a person in sports activities and the assimilation of the ideals, standards, norms, values ​​associated with it:

• the qualities and abilities of a person, manifested in sports and in other areas of life;

• human behavior, his social roles, style (way of life), the nature of relationships with other people.

The components of the individual's positive value attitude to sport, noted above, determine the structure of the individual's sports culture.

This culture includes a variety of phenomena: its qualities and abilities, certain forms, means, mechanisms and results of activity, emotional reactions, knowledge, beliefs, interests, needs, etc. All these phenomena characterize either the sports consciousness of a person, or his real sports activity.

In the structure of a person's sports culture, it is important to distinguish between two types of an individual's value attitude to sports:

1) to sports in general (to one or another of its types, varieties, components, etc.) (let's call this attitude “general sports”);

2) to one's own sports activity, to one or another of its types, components (we will call this relation аЗ-sports").

The value attitude of a person to his own sports activity is an important motivational determinant of his behavior, a regulator of real and verbal behavior.

From this point of view, the knowledge included in the structure of a person's sports culture is divided into two groups:

a) knowledge that characterizes the general awareness of a person in matters of sports: about sports, its varieties, functions, meaning, etc. (let's call this knowledge “general sports”),

b) knowledge that characterizes the awareness of an individual in these matters in relation to himself: knowledge about the importance of sports activity for him, about the training methodology in the sport he is involved in, about the rules of the relevant sports competitions, etc. (Let's call this knowledge "I-sports").

From the same point of view, the skills associated with sports, as well as interests, needs, value orientations, assessments of a person in the structure of the basis of his sports culture are also divided into “general sports”, if they relate to sports in general, and “I-sports” - affecting the individual's own sports activity.

Similarly, understanding (explanation and justification) by an individual of a positive assessment of sports involves reflection in relation to this assessment in relation to their own sports activity and sports activities in general.

The basis of the sports culture of the individual

When introducing the concept of "personal sports culture", it was noted that it can have different content, different character, different orientation, i.e. its various

forms (varieties). However, all forms (varieties) of a person's sports culture have something in common:

a) the individual has the above initial (prerequisite) knowledge, skills, skills regarding sports;

b) a positive value attitude of an individual to sports, to sports activities, to one or another of its components, types, varieties, etc.

This kind of knowledge, abilities, skills and attitude, which, therefore, act as the basis (foundation) of all specific forms (varieties) of the sports culture of the individual and determine their general content, general orientation, will be called the basis of this culture. It allows you to single out sports culture as a special element of the culture of the individual - in contrast to the physical, intellectual, aesthetic, etc., and classify all forms of this culture as sports, and not to some other culture.

Superstructure of sports culture of personality

Each of the varieties of sports culture also has its own specific content. It is determined by what sides, aspects, functions of sport, its types, varieties, components, the individual takes into account when evaluating them, on the basis of what criteria (from what positions, on the basis of what ideals, norms, cultural patterns, etc.) evaluates them , which of them he seeks to implement when he is included in sports activities and, accordingly, to the formation of what qualities and abilities, what behavior, style (way of life), nature of relationships with other people all this activity leads to.

The specific content of one or another form (varieties) of a person's sports culture, which is formed on the basis of a certain substantiation (understanding, explanation) by an individual of a positive assessment of sports, as well as inclusion in sports activities, assimilation of certain ideals, standards, norms, values ​​associated with it, we will call superstructure over the basis of the sports culture of the individual.

Forms (varieties) of sports culture of personality

The positive value attitude of an individual to sport is always not general, but quite specific: it does not mean sport in general, but one or another of its aspects, aspects, components, functions, types, varieties, etc.

The main value of sports activities for a person can be, for example, the ability to form and improve their physical condition or such mental qualities as will, courage, organization, composure, perseverance in achieving goals, the ability to systematically work on self-improvement on the basis of sports training and competition. , the ability to win and lose without losing one's dignity and faith in future success, etc. Sports activities can attract a person because it allows you to strengthen and maintain your health, form and improve the level of intellectual, aesthetic, moral culture, as well as expand your circle of friends, actively and excitingly spend your leisure time. At the same time, first of all, a person can consider sport as an important means of solving certain economic, political, nationalistic goals: to achieve material wealth, fame, to demonstrate one's superiority over other people, etc. The most attractive aspects of sports activities for a person also affect the “attachment” of his positive attitude to certain sports or types of sports activities (for example, to mass sports or elite sports, etc.), i.e. this relation extends precisely to these, and not to any other types of it (forms, varieties).

Therefore, the sports culture of a person can have different content, different character, different orientation, different features, depending on what a person sees the value of sports, one or another of its types, forms, varieties than sports activities and related sports competitions, training. etc. attractive to him. The specific content, specific focus, features of each of them determine the values ​​that an individual ascribes to sports activities, i.e. what are its aspects, components, functions, types, varieties, etc. are for him the most important, significant in this activity, in sports competitions and training.

Thus, various specific forms (varieties) of an individual's positive value attitude to sports, and hence the sports culture of the individual, are possible. The main ones are the following.

Sports and pragmatic culture

One of the forms of personal sports culture is sports-pragmatic culture. This kind of sports culture of the individual is characterized by its pronounced utilitarian, pragmatic orientation. It means that the most important, significant in sports for a person are purely utilitarian, technological, pragmatic values.

The most striking example in this regard is such a value as the opportunity to earn money in sports, acquire material goods, etc. It is this value orientation towards sports that is typical, for example, for athletes in professional sports. Among the pragmatic values ​​of sports activity, of course, is the fact that it orients the participants of this activity towards permanent achievements and success. The utility of a person’s sports culture can also be manifested in a person’s orientation towards the formation and improvement through sports not of the integral development of the personality, but only of some of its individual qualities and abilities (for example, will or other mental abilities, strength or other physical qualities, etc.). e) in isolation from other qualities and abilities.

Inhuman sports culture

As noted above, sport can attract a person, act as a value for him on the basis of what makes it possible to demonstrate his superiority over others, realize his nationalist ideas, in some way show his aggressiveness, etc. In this case, the sports culture of the individual includes norms and values ​​that do not coincide with the general cultural values ​​of a humanistic orientation, as a result of which it acts as a sports culture of an inhumane orientation (inhumane sports culture).

Sports and humanistic culture

The specificity of the sports-humanistic culture of the individual is determined by the fact that sport is evaluated from the standpoint of humanism, from the point of view of its ideals and values, such as the integral development of the individual and humane social relations.

This means that the sports-humanistic culture of a person is a humanistic value attitude of a person to sports (to sports training and sports competitions):

• activities and their results in understanding, preserving and developing those varieties, aspects, functions, components, etc. sports, which, from the standpoint of humanism, he evaluates as the most important, significant, i.e. regards as values;

• the ideals, meanings, symbols, norms, patterns of behavior, etc., which are formed on the basis of such an assessment, which regulate all human activities and his relations with other people in the field of sports, determine their nature and direction.

The basis of this kind of sports culture of the individual is the positive value attitude of the individual to sports, to its various components (sports training, sports competitions, etc.), types, varieties, their aspects, functions, etc. from the standpoint of humanism.

First of all, this means the presence of a humanistic predisposition (disposition, value orientation) to sport, i.e. it is positively assessed (considered as important, significant, useful) precisely from a humanistic point of view, and not from any other positions, it is taken into account its role as a means of holistic development of the personality, humane social relations, and not some other aspects and functions inherent in it.

The main manifestations and indicators of a positive humanistic assessment of a sport by an individual, i.e., the evaluative components of his sports-humanistic culture, are:

• a positive opinion (in the form of appropriate statements, judgments, reviews, etc.) about the humanistic aspects, functions of sports, its types, varieties, components (sports training, sports competitions, etc.) and a negative opinion about those aspects and functions , which contradict the ideals and values ​​of humanism - a rational (cognitive) component;

• interest in humanistic aspects, functions of sport (its types, varieties, components), approved norms, patterns of behavior], which determine how one should behave in sports training, competitions, stadium stands, etc. in accordance with the ideals and values ​​of humanism , the desire (desire) to focus on them in all their sports activity, i.e. motivational readiness for humanistically oriented sports activity, - motivational component;

• positive emotions associated with the humanistic aspects of sports activities (a sense of pleasure from the formation through sports of qualities and abilities that characterize the holistic development of the individual, the possibility of manifesting humane relations to other people in sports activities, from observing the manifestation of such qualities, abilities and humane relations in sports competitions, etc.), and negative emotional reactions to the phenomena of sports activities that are contrary to humanistic ideals and values, i.e. an emotional (affective) component;

• various forms of real participation in certain forms and types of sports activity with humanistic goals and objectives, the acquisition of knowledge that allows you to correctly understand and set these goals and objectives, as well as the appropriate skills and abilities to use this activity for the purpose of your holistic self-improvement - the activity component.

A necessary condition (prerequisite) for the formation of a positive value attitude to the humanistic aspects and functions of sport in an individual is the presence of initial (prerequisite) knowledge, skills and abilities. These include:

• knowledge and relevant concepts (about what humanism is, what are its main ideas, ideals, values, what are their specifics, etc.) necessary for a humanistic assessment of sports (its types, varieties, components);

• knowledge and relevant concepts that characterize the humanistic aspects and functions of sports (its various types, varieties, components), their specificity, as well as those factors on which the humanistic value of sports depends;

• factual knowledge - knowledge about the specific facts of the current state and history of manifestation in sports (in its various types, varieties, components) of its humanistic aspects and functions;

• knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to be included in certain types of sports activities (sports training, sports competitions, etc.), focusing on the ideals and values ​​​​of humanism when setting related goals and objectives.

All these knowledge, skills, skills form a prerequisite (initial) block of knowledge, skills, skills of the sports-humanistic culture of the individual. In the structure of this culture, they perform two main functions. Firstly, they allow a person to navigate in various aspects, functions of sports and at the same time distinguish humanistic aspects and functions from many others (indicative function). Secondly, they provide him with the information that is necessary so that he can evaluate sports (its various types, components, etc.) from the standpoint of humanism, justify his assessment, and also be included in certain forms of sports activities (sports training, sports competitions, etc.), focusing on the ideals and values ​​​​of humanism when setting related goals and objectives.

So, the initial knowledge, skills and abilities characterize:

• the basic sports and humanistic education of the individual, which allows him to navigate the world of sports from the standpoint of humanism,

• its information and operational readiness for sports and humanistic activities. An important component of the sports and humanistic culture of the individual is also the substantiation (comprehension, explanation) of a positive humanistic assessment of sports (of one or another of its types, varieties, components, etc.) - a reflexive and analytical component of this culture.

Such understanding (justification, explanation) involves:

• understanding the importance of the ideas, ideals and values ​​of humanism, not only in general social, but also in personal terms;

• determination of those sides, aspects, functions of sport (of some kind, component, etc.) that serve as the basis for its positive assessment as a phenomenon that, in terms of its humanistic potential, has value, social and / or personal meaning;

• taking into account those factors on which the real humanistic significance of sport depends.

When substantiating (understanding, explaining) a positive assessment of sports with an emphasis on its humanistic aspects and functions, an individual can use: his practical experience; knowledge gained in the course of study; traditions, norms, ideals, value stereotypes that dominate the surrounding social environment, etc.

Another component (“block”) of a humanistically oriented value attitude of a person to sports, and hence his sports-humanistic culture, is the resulting one.

This component characterizes the results of its activities in the assimilation, preservation, implementation and development of humanistic ideals, standards, norms, values ​​related to sports:

• qualities and abilities that characterize the holistic development of the individual;

• style (way) of life, the nature of relationships with other people in accordance with the ideals and values ​​of humanism, etc. Particularly important in this regard is the formation of two characteristics of an integrally developed personality in an individual.

A. Orientation of the individual to achieve. Such an orientation, as noted by the famous modern German philosopher and Olympic champion G. Lenk, is the main condition for self-realization, self-expression of the individual. Personal achievement is the fundamental value of a person's whole life, an expression of his freedom, self-interest, self-representation, self-affirmation. After all, a person lives not only by his daily bread. He needs tasks full of significance and goals that correspond to meaning. Therefore, the principle of a person's orientation towards personal achievements can perform an important educational function, especially in a society based on passive consumption, on administration and bureaucracy, which tend to trample on any individual activity, in the world of cinema and television, which maintain a passive attitude towards universal orientation. In such a society, prosperity is a real danger to a person. It seduces him and leads him towards passivity, hedonism and towards a life full of patterns and ubiquitous forms of fabricated lazy life with its idleness and luxury. But the country of utopia, abundant in milk and honey, is not the humane paradise promised to man - this is a problem that clearly arises in a society of growing leisure. These thoughts of G. Lenk are adequate to the understanding of the goals and objectives of humanistic education, which was defended in their works by the founders of the humanistic theory of personality A. Maslow and K. Rogers.

B. Humanistically oriented behavior in sports competitions and other types of rivalry, which, at a minimum, provides for the manifestation of courage, will, perseverance in order to show the highest possible result, to win, but at the same time renouncing the desire to win at any cost, at the expense of his health or causing damage to the health of opponents, through deceit, violence, dishonest refereeing and other inhumane actions.

The above components of the sports-humanistic culture of the individual, which are in close connection with each other, constitute the structure of this culture. In the structure of the sports-humanistic culture of the individual, it is important to distinguish the positive humanistic attitude of the individual:

• in general to sports activities and sports (one or another of their types, varieties, components, etc.) (humanistic general sports attitude);

• to one's own sports activity, to one or another of its types, components (humanistic I-sports attitude). The humanistic attitude of an individual to his own sports activity is of particular importance in the structure of the sports and humanistic culture of the individual. It is a motivational determinant, a regulator of his real and verbal behavior.

From this point of view, the knowledge that characterizes the sports and humanistic culture of the individual is divided into two groups:

• knowledge that characterizes the general awareness of an individual in humanistic aspects, functions of sports, its types, varieties, etc. (humanistic general sports knowledge),

• knowledge that characterizes awareness in these matters in relation to one's own sports activity, knowledge about the humanistic aspects, functions and humanistic significance for the individual of the sports activity in which he is engaged (humanistic I-sports knowledge).

From the same point of view, the skills associated with sports skills, as well as interests, need-based value orientations and assessments of a person in the structure of his sports and humanistic culture are also divided into “general sports”, if they relate to sports in general, and “I-sports” - affecting this person's own sports activity.

Similarly, understanding (explanation and justification) by an individual of a positive humanistic assessment of sports involves reflection in relation to this assessment in relation to their own sports activity and sports activities in general.

Thus, the following are among the main features of the sports-humanistic culture of the individual:

• knowledge, understanding and appreciation

In the process of many years of research into the impact of sports on society, the fact was revealed that playing sports has a huge impact on the physical and spiritual state of the individual. The influence of sports on people's relationships, the level of sociability, the ability to self-determine and realize one's potential has been established. Sport is a tool for shaping the culture of mankind.

The place of sport among human values ​​is noticeably increasing, because. sports activities are a universal tool for self-development, creative self-expression and self-realization. Sport is a reflection of the socio-cultural system in which it develops. Significant changes have taken place in Russian society in recent decades, which has affected the transformation of value orientations and attitudes towards physical culture and sports.

In the Soviet period, society was characterized by collectivism, responsibility to the group and individuals. It was replaced by a post-industrial one based on a market economy. The actions of people began to be based, first of all, on personal interests, the resulting individualistic orientation is reinforced by the right to privacy of a lifestyle. Increased personal responsibility for their actions, for their destiny and life path.

During the reforms of the last decades, the Soviet system of physical culture was destroyed, the mass physical culture and sports movement practically lost significant state support. Sports and physical development have become a private matter, due to the commercialization of a significant share of sports and recreation services. This led to a noticeable decrease in the number of people involved in sports, to a decrease in the importance of sports in the general system of values ​​of Russians and, as a result, to a deterioration in the social standard of living.

Market relations that dominate society, as well as the release of the state from social obligations, affect the value system of individual segments of the population. The values ​​of sports and a healthy lifestyle are focused, to a greater extent, by representatives of the upper strata of society, for whom sports activities become part of fashion and prestigious consumption. Representatives of low social groups, on the contrary, consider sports activities unnecessary and meaningless.

In the process of many years of research into the impact of sports on society, the fact was revealed that playing sports has a huge impact on the physical and spiritual state of the individual. The influence of sports on people's relationships, the level of sociability, the ability to self-determine and realize one's potential has been established. Sport is a tool for shaping the culture of mankind

The phenomenon of sports is a multifaceted phenomenon of our time. According to the structure, it is possible to classify sports in two directions - sports of the highest achievements and mass sports. The first is the sport of the highest achievements, which means the struggle for first place in sports competitions. The second, opposite, is mass sport, which performs the function of improving people's health through self-expression and self-realization of the individual, satisfying the need for physical development and leisure. Mass sport is a universal tool for eliminating asocial phenomena.

Sport is one of the components of the physical culture of society, which has developed historically in the form of activities that prepare a person for competitions and the competitions themselves. It is the competitive element that distinguishes sports from physical education. Training both in sports and in physical education includes similar actions and exercises, but the goal of the athlete is to evaluate, through competitive activity, his physical capabilities in certain disciplines and compare his results with the success of others. While the athlete is interested in the development of physical qualities for healing and personal improvement.

Mass sports make it possible to improve physical qualities and expand opportunities, improve health and prolong longevity, resist the undesirable effects on the body of modern production and everyday life conditions, while involving a large number of members of society.

The purpose of practicing various sports is to improve health, improve physical development, fitness and actively relax. This is due to the solution of a number of particular tasks: to increase the functionality of individual body systems, to correct physical development and physique, to increase overall performance, to master the necessary skills and abilities, it is useful to spend leisure time, and achieve physical perfection.

The tasks of mass sports are largely identical to the tasks of physical education, but differ in the component of the implementation of the sports orientation of the training process.

Schoolchildren are already being introduced to the elements of mass sports in Russia, and in some sports even preschoolers. It is mass sports that are most widespread in student groups. As practice shows, in non-physical education universities of the country in the field of mass sports, regular training outside school hours is carried out by 10 to 25% of students. The modern program on the discipline "Physical Education" for students of higher educational institutions allows almost every healthy student of any orientation to join one or another type of mass sports. The type of sport, the system of training, as well as the time of their conduct is chosen by the student himself, based on his desires, needs and opportunities.

Mass sports include all those types of physical culture and sports activities of various groups and strata of the population, which are aimed not at achieving the highest sports results and material benefits, but at development in accordance with their own needs and at solving various social problems. It should be noted that sports activities complement professional ones and are not the key determining factor in a person's life.

Sport involves not only physical development. Sports are of great importance in the formation of numerous mental qualities and properties of a person, acting as a kind of "school of will", "school of emotions", "school of character". This is due to the high demands placed on sports competitions and all sports activities for the manifestation of volitional qualities and for self-regulation.

The problem of the human value of sport and its role in the modern world has been and remains debatable in the research of scientists. The concept of "humanization of sport" is closely related to the concept of humanism, in which everything that contributes to the full development of a person, strengthening his health, and meeting his needs is recognized as humane. However, the most highly organized and perfect activity will be considered as inhuman if it is directed against health, happiness, self-realization and the very existence of a person.

Modern researchers positively evaluate sports in terms of humanistic values ​​and ideals. Scientists note the important role of sport as a tool for maintaining and strengthening people's health, as well as the development of their physical and personal. sport is an important element in the value system of modern culture.

Nevertheless, there are supporters of a negative assessment of sports from the standpoint of humanism, who argue that modern sports harm cooperation, form a vicious division of people into winners and losers; develops negative personality traits, such as selfishness, aggressiveness, envy, gives rise to the desire to win at any cost, even at the expense of health, violation of moral standards.

The existence of opposing assessments of the humanistic values ​​of sports is due to the fact that a certain abstract, unchanging essence is assigned to sports, while researchers rely on separate, isolated facts and do not take into account the distinguishing points between the two main areas in modern sports: sports of the highest achievements and mass sports, which obviously have different value and humanistic potential.

The value of sport today is high, it occupies one of the highest positions among the types of human activity. However, elite sports have not gone far ahead of the development of physical culture and mass sports, their socio-cultural significance is not lower.

The professionalization of sports is impossible without the development of physical culture and mass sports. With some conventionality, one can consider sport as a symbol, a concentrated expression of the principles and problems of modernity, as an area in which the principles of equality of opportunity, achievement of high results and competition characteristic of a given society are manifested and applied especially clearly and purposefully.

It should be noted that modern civilization focuses on material values. Competition is growing, commercialization of all spheres of public activity is increasing. At the same time, with the help of industrial civilization, the essence of human passion, which is also sport, is realized not only in its entirety, but in all its humanity. The spirit of competitiveness models the situation of human self-determination, which is carried out in the system "I-Other" or "I-Others". Self-determination is possible if "I" compare my indicators with those of the "Other".

This comparison is a necessary attribute of sports activity, evaluated from the outside. But there are difficulties here too. A person's attitude to his abilities (in particular, the ability to show his activity above the norm) does not look like indifference, shown with might and main in relation to incidents that can happen to them. “Man,” writes E. Levinas, “from now on is thrown into the environment of opportunities, in relation to which he is now engaged, with which he is now involved, from now on he either took advantage of them or missed them. They are not added to his existence from without, like accidents.

Opportunities do not appear before a person in the form of ready-made images that he can evaluate from different angles. Opportunities, rather, are the main ways of a person's existence, since for a person to exist means precisely to take advantage of one's own opportunities, or else to miss them. The possibility of excessive activity is a danger, it must be regulated and backed up by some positive result. Nevertheless, excess activity is beneficial for the survival of the human race as a whole, despite the danger to the individual. A person develops, revealing himself, using his abilities. The possibilities inherent in the individual in the process of his activity gradually "exhaust" themselves; and if the individual does not possess the fundamental potentiality of returning to himself, this original position taken in relation to his own existence, then the very basic being of human existence is called into question.

In Russia, the trend of mass sports began its development in the 30s of the 20th century. The revolution, civil wars, states negatively disposed towards the country - all these factors set the task for the leadership - to increase the level of physical fitness of citizens, in case of an outbreak of popular discontent or foreign attacks. Shooting ranges, shooting ranges, flying clubs, military sports clubs were created throughout the country, in which young people mastered various specialties that were in demand in wartime - a telegraph operator, pilot, nurse, orderly and many others. The main organizer of the new movement was the Komsomol, on whose initiative the first All-Union sports complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" was opened. The purpose of the organization of which was the introduction of a single set of principles and standards of sports education and physical education. Compulsory classes were introduced in the country, all conditions were organized for the possibility of independent sports as a leisure activity. Active promotion of a healthy lifestyle, physical education and sports was carried out. For decades, Soviet citizens actively participated in the sports life of the country, girls and boys were proud of the badges received for the high result of passing the TRP standards.

The complex had such an attractive force that millions of young people of the Soviet Union went into sports with the highest enthusiasm and achieved such results that they were the best athletes in the world in various fields. The TRP system was a powerful incentive. Preparation for the implementation of the standards developed all muscle groups, increased the level of endurance and health. Thanks to this system, our country raised the world's best cosmonauts, which naturally had a positive effect on the international position of the USSR.

In 2013, on the eve of the Olympics in Russia, the country's leadership put forward a proposal to revive the TRP complex. As a result of painstaking preparation, in March 2014, a decree was issued “On the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense” (TRP)”, which decreed the commissioning of the complex from September 1, 2014.

The organizers of the modern TRP project call the revival of the “Ready for Labor and Defense” complex in schools and universities fundamentally important for the formation of such qualities in the younger generation as determination and self-confidence and their capabilities.

Thus, the return of the TRP to Russia is undoubtedly in demand by the new time and existing social factors. Most Russians positively met the new, or rather the well-forgotten old trend. The health of the people, unfortunately, which has declined in recent years under the influence of stress, the deterioration of the standard of living in the post-Soviet period, is priceless, and its foundation is laid, including (and, perhaps, mainly) by similar national events of a regular nature. The mechanism of the basis of the system of physical education developed over decades is viable, and one can hope that its implementation will soon initiate progress in the development of Russian sports.