Prose

A literary text is considered prosaic in which a separate, independent of speech rhythm does not invade the language fabric and does not affect the content. However, a number of borderline phenomena are known: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (we can mention the strongly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Gift). The exact boundaries between prose and poetry have not stopped the dispute of literary critics from different countries over the past century.

Prose is widely used in fiction - when creating novels, short stories, etc. Individual examples of such works have been known for many centuries, but they have developed into an independent form of literary works relatively recently.

Medieval art reached its culmination in the 12th-13th centuries. At present, medieval literature is usually divided into Latin literature and literature in the vernacular languages ​​(Romance and Germanic). The genre division of Latin literature as a whole reproduced the antique. In medieval literature, written prose first appeared.

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Literature; fine literature, (fine) literature (outdated) / for easy reading: fiction Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. fiction n., count ... ... Synonym dictionary

Publishing house, Moscow (branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of domestic and foreign classics, modern ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- "ART LITERATURE", publishing house, Moscow (branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of Russian and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

fiction- (from lat. littera letter, writing) an art form in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life. Heading: Literature and its functions in society Genus: Art Other associative links: universal significance ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

- (“Fiction”), the Soviet publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

State publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of domestic and foreign classics, modern foreign ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

fiction- ▲ art literature literature. elegant vocabulary. subtext. style. stylist. reading. song of songs. | calliope. imaginism. see image, behavior... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

"FICTION"- "ART LITERATURE", publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on the basis of literary ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

fiction- in rhetoric: a type of literature that exists in three main forms - epic, lyric and drama; feature of H.l. - artistic invention; being a laboratory of language, H.l. develops perfect and capacious methods of expression, makes it public ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Fiction- in rhetoric: a type of literature that exists in three main forms - epic, lyric and drama; feature of H.l. - artistic invention; being a laboratory of language, H.l. develops perfect and capacious methods of expression, makes it public ... Rhetoric: Dictionary Reference

Have you ever thought that any of your actions can lead to a series of incredible events? That just one decision will put you in front of a choice? Life or death? You or your family? What if that family hates you?

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

The writer Karpov escapes from America, which has become inhospitable to him, returns to Moscow, to the USSR, where General Secretary Shelepin now rules. How the life of a fugitive writer will turn out in his native country, what will happen to him next - life will show.

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

It's not easy being a half-breed, even if you're a princess. The courtiers always strive to put him in his place, the father's favorites are trying to exile him to a monastery, and the daddy himself dreams of marrying. And even picked a groom. True, after meeting me, he decided that it was too early for him to marry and ran away. And so that the child would not be lost, dad sent me to the academy. Wonder how long she'll stay.

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

They call him Maestro L "Ombre. He is an aristocrat and the best detective in all of Albizia. His sharp mind helped solve many crimes. He believes in logic, science and evidence, he is arrogant and sarcastic. He loves strong coffee and walks leaning on a massive cane.
Her name is Mia. She owns a tiny shop in a poor neighborhood, selling spices and incense, reading cards and coffee grounds. She loves apples, wears brightly colored skirts, and despises the world of the aristocracy. She believes in intuition, signs and prophetic dreams.
They live in too different worlds, but one day their paths crossed due to a series of strange deaths and yellow magnolia petals.

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

If the future chief is still a demon, it is simply impossible to refuse his offer. And it doesn’t even matter that his character is not sugar, and the proposed position of personal assistant to the head of the demonic bestiarium is not at all what he dreamed of. After all, the main thing is that they managed to discern a valuable specialist in yesterday's graduate and they offer to do exactly what the soul lies in. Demons!
Well, the fact that the boss can be explored under the guise is just a nice bonus. That's just ... What is it that he often visits without warning and does not skimp on compliments? We didn't agree!

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

AI with a hit in the 19th century ... The Greek was driving across the river ... not like that. A man went on a business trip ... again, not so ... A builder-foreman, aged well over forty, got into a serious accident on an intercity highway and ... woke up in the same place, but in the century before last. He is not a scientist, not a historian, not a commando, just an ordinary layman. Having found out where he has drifted, he is trying to survive, merge with the environment, and with luck return. But what will come out of it and will it come out ...

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

Lizaveta had a family, and it didn't. There were prospects, but they disappeared along with the death of the beloved father. Only the sisters remained, the weak aunt and the desire for revenge, which led Lizaveta to Gossip. The newspaper, according to the public, is vile, but popular among the people. And the voice of the people, as you know, is capable of much.
But the head of Lizaveta’s aspirations does not share, and he is not alone ... Nikanor the Just was not to the liking of many with his slyness. However, he will also have to quiet down, since another thing was found: a beauty contest is about to take place in the Arsiysk Empire. And who better than Lizaveta to cover it?
True.
And it is desirable from the inside ... the main thing is not to get into politics. Lizaveta didn't want to. It somehow just came out.

Fiction >> Science Fiction/Fantasy

Having left her native estate for the capital, Nastya thought that she would be able to free her father, imprisoned in a fortress on charges of plotting against the empress. And she almost succeeded, if not for one “but”: by order of the Empress, she must marry, and not for anyone, but for a werewolf ... and before her death, Nastina’s mother ordered the girl to keep her witch power, especially from werewolves, after all, they ... but what are they like, werewolves that Nastya is guarding the empress will have to find out.

Fiction >> Poetry/Prose

The publication is the most complete annotated collection of works by N.Ya. Mandelstam, prepared on the basis of all published and archival materials identified to date.
This two-volume collection of works by N.Ya. Mandelstam includes her memoirs, essays, articles and notes, including fragmentary ones. It does not include the author's abstract of her dissertation, essays published under the pseudonym "N. Yakovleva" in the anthology "Tarus Pages" (Kaluga, 1961), interviews and extensive - and still not collected together - correspondence.
The collection is based on three large memoir texts - "Memoirs", "About Akhmatova" and "Second Book", which were worked on alternately and sequentially, respectively, in 1958-1965, 1966-1967 and 1967-1970, and the text "On Akhmatova" is, in fact, the first edition of the "Second Book". The books "Memoirs" and "About Akhmatova" form the basis of the first volume of the collection, and "Second Book" - the basis of the second, the rest of the material in each of the volumes is arranged chronologically.
Significant changes have been made to the texts of the books compared to previous editions, based on taking into account all the sources identified so far.

Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the rest only in the material from which works are created - it is only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect eras, have high artistic value and bring aesthetic pleasure.

Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books (the Bible, the lives of the saints) and folklore. It existed from the moment of the introduction of writing in Cyrillic (XI century) until the appearance of individual author's works (XVII century). Original works: "The Tale of Bygone Years" (sample of chronicles), "The Tale of Law and Grace", "Instructions for Children" (codes of laws), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (the genre resembles a story, with a logical development of events and reliability, with art style).
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Peter's transformations were reflected not only in the scientific and technical achievements of Russia in the 18th century, but also made a huge contribution to the development of national culture and art. Rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development of domestic art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place in isolation, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres closely related to the national and church trends. In the countries of Europe at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It was precisely this secularism - the creative freedom and breadth of genres inherent in the European Age of Enlightenment - that was lacking in Rus'.

Russian literature throughout the 18th century developed under the influence of European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and passing through the following stages:

• early XVIII century- panegyric, hagiographic literature,
• ser. XVIII century- classicism, sentimentalism (Lomonosov, Karamzin, Radishchev),
• to. XVIII century- the dominance of sentimentalism, preparation for romanticism.

« Golden age» domestic literature. The history of Russian literature of the 19th century is inscribed with many names that have received worldwide recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of the Russian literary language takes place, such literary trends as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism develop, writers and poets master new literary forms and techniques. Dramaturgy and the art of satire reach unprecedented heights.

The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age develop. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, moral-formative, socio-political, the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov.

Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era of the "Silver Age" with its contradictions and innovations, the military era, with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century, when socialist realism flourished.

• In the beginning. XX century romanticism is being revived - for the poeticization of revolutionary events.
• 30-40s of the XX century- the active intervention of the party in culture leads to the stratification of writers. Some in exile develop a realistic genre, others create in social realism (a trend that depicts a working person on the path to communism).
• 40-50s of the middle of the XX century- "trench", lieutenant or military prose. A realistic depiction of the war of 1941-45, where the author is an eyewitness to the events.
• 60-80s of XX century- the period of the "thaw", the development of "village" prose.
• 90s years of the end of the 20th century- avant-garde, post-Soviet realism, gravitation towards "darkness" - intentionally exaggerated cruelty, obsceneness.

Foreign literature

Foreign literature originates in Greece during the period of antiquity and becomes the basis for all existing types of literature. Formed the principles of artistic creativity Aristotle.

With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature of Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the XIV century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.

The literature of the Enlightenment is the chanting of the human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).

XX century - modernism and postmodernism. The chanting of the mental, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).

Literary criticism

Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of all literary art in general, and a critic must definitely have a bright talent as a writer and publicist. Truly well-written critical articles can force the reader to look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, draw completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a particular topic.

Literary criticism has close ties with the modern life of society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a certain era, contributes to the development of the literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of public consciousness.

Literary directions

The unity of the creative features of writers who create within a certain historical period is usually called a literary trend, a variety of which can be separate currents and movements. The use of identical artistic techniques, the similarity of worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views make it possible to attribute a number of masters to specific branches of the literary art of the 19th-20th centuries.

Literature, like music, and painting is an art form that combines the only material - words. This is the theory literature- a branch of the science of literature. It is a system in which literature is an art form that has been developing throughout its history, and, most importantly, it is a collection of works by writers, poets, writers.
Fiction divided by: epic- works of antiquity (what happened in the past), lyrical works and dramatic works, there is a mixed type - lyrical epic works.
Types of text by structure: poetry and prose. Poetry- this type includes poems, poems, short stories) this is a type of literature in which a literary text is presented in poetic form, i.e. rhyme is observed, carries a certain meaning. The theme is conveyed by rhyme, which is set by the rhythm that gives the text musicality. Prose- a literary text that does not depend on the setting of rhyme, but nevertheless, carries with it the semantic coloring of the narrated through the predominance of certain language devices - metaphors, epithets, comparisons, and other types of coloring. Prose is divided into: novel, epic novel, story, story, memoirs, etc. There are certain deviations from the rules, for example, a novel in verse, which is already a poetic work. This long work, which includes a long period of time from the lives of the characters, is described in detail. Literature is divided into periods: antiquity, the main writers were the Romans and Greeks, in parallel with ancient literature, directions of literature of ancient China and ancient India appeared. Ancient literature consists of the genera introduced by Aristotle - epic, lyric, and drama. Then follows the era of literature of the Middle Ages, during this period Latin literature appears, written prose appears. Latin literature is a copy of the ancient one.
Renaissance Literature. This is literature from the 14th to the 16th centuries. It takes into account the ideas of humanism, first appeared in Italy. Having spread throughout all European countries, it received special qualities in each of them. Age of Enlightenment. The period of literature against the backdrop of developing thoughts of culture, science and philosophy. Formed at the end of the 17th century.

Fiction- publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The largest and, in a sense, the oldest literary publishing house of the Soviet era. Its history goes back to the State Publishing House of the RSFSR (Gosizdat) - the first major Soviet publishing house, which was established in 1919 on the initiative of A.V. Lunacharsky. On the basis of its literary and artistic sector, the State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was established in 1930, which since 1934 became known as Goslitizdat, and since 1963 - "Fiction".

It should be noted that, despite the renaming of the publishing house in 1963-1965 (especially when publishing previously started collected works, the name “State Publishing House of Fiction” continued to appear on the title

The central branch of the publishing house was in Moscow

In 1967-1977, the publishing house carried out a unique publication - "Library of World Literature", since 1977 it has published a multi-volume "Library of Classics". This publishing house published many popular Soviet-era magazines - Roman-gazeta, Moscow, Neva, Children's Literature and others.

In 1980, the publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Documents related to the history of the publishing house are stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). F. 613. (See: http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guide...)

On October 21, 2010, on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1822-r “On approval of the list of federal state unitary enterprises under the jurisdiction of Rospechat”, it acquired the status of a Federal State Unitary Enterprise.

In the 1990s, some kind of joint-stock company Publishing House Vsemirnaya Literatura appeared (Address: 191186 St. Petersburg, Nevsky Prospekt, 28. LR No. 070801 dated 12/28/92).