The name "easel painting" comes from the main element, or tool, which takes part in the creation of paintings. Of course, we are talking about an easel, which is less often called a machine tool. A canvas or a sheet of paper is attached to its surface, on which paints are then applied. Easel painting is all the paintings that are currently in museums and private collections around the world. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to imagine the number of all genres and varieties that are the basis of this type of art.
Modern art historians have decided to divide painting into various subspecies, which are named depending on the technique of execution of the picture, as well as on the type of paints that are used. As a result, a certain chronology was formed, because over time more and more new ones appeared. The easel painting of the ancient world, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is divided into two subgroups - tempera and oil. The artist either used dry, that is, tempera paints, which he diluted with water, or he used oil paints, as well as a number of chemical solvents for them.
Tempera easel painting is a complex science that requires a lot of skills, as well as great patience of the master who paints the picture. In ancient times, tempera paints were mixed with various natural products, including egg yolks and whites, honey, wine, and so on. By all means, water was added to this composition, as a result of which the paint soaked and became suitable for application to the canvas. could form a beautiful and unique pattern only if they were applied in separate layers or in small strokes. Therefore, the tempera art form is characterized by clear lines and transitions, brightly defined boundaries and the absence of smoothly transitioning shades. Due to the fact that they are tempera, they can begin to crumble. Also, many works of art on a tempera basis have faded, having lost their former colors and shades.
Oil painting has its origins in the fourteenth century, when Van jan Eyck first used oil to create his masterpieces. are still used by all world artists, since with their help you can convey not only color transitions in the picture, but also make it voluminous and lively. Paints based on natural oils can be applied in layers of various thicknesses, mixed and smooth color transitions can be made with them. This allows the artist to put his emotions and experiences on the canvas in full spectrum, to make the picture rich and unique.
But, despite all its advantages, oil over time, like tempera, loses its color qualities. The main disadvantage of such paints is also considered to be craquelures that appear on the surface of the paintings. Cracks can form at the transitions from one color to another, turning the picture into a fragmented "stained glass". Therefore, easel painting, painted in oil, is varnished, so the picture can be preserved in its original form for a longer period.
Modern which has become much more diverse and innovative, is very different from the art of past years. However, despite the more progressive materials and colors, the paintings of our days do not look as alive and full of emotions and experiences as the works of art of past centuries.
Views Monumental Easel Monumentally decorative Icon Painting Miniature Painting Genres Styles Mythological Battle Historical Landscape Portrait Still Life Animalistic Household Nude
Look around how beautiful it is! People have always been looking for ways to save and remember what they see. You can take a picture of the world around you, but there were no cameras before, and drawing is much more fun!
A painter can work miracles - show the events of the distant past, bring epic heroes and fairy tale heroes to us, travel to the future and present us with non-existent characters.
The main expressive means of painting is color. The artist usually composes the color on the palette and then transfers the paint to the canvas of the picture, creating a color order - coloring.
Color can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark. Color creates the mood of a painting.
To create a picture, in addition to color, you need a composition, that is, the location of the details of the picture. The artist begins work on the canvas with sketches - sketches.
Painting is divided into easel and monumental. The artist paints pictures on an easel, which is also called an easel. Hence the name "easel painting".
And the word "monumental" speaks of something big and significant. Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the walls of buildings in the subway, airports, churches. Themes for monumental paintings are also chosen significant: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales.
Monumental painting includes mosaics and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art. Mosaic is a pattern made up of small pieces or various materials.
A stained-glass window is a picture on glass or from pieces of multi-colored glass. Stained-glass windows are inserted instead of windows or in the door.
Fresco is a technique of painting with water-based paints on damp plaster on walls, which requires very fast work before the plaster is dry.
Why didn’t they paint pictures! Paints were made using egg white, glue or fig tree sap. Then oil paints appeared, based on vegetable oil.
Painting based on egg yolk or white is called tempera. Using the tempera technique, the artist should not mix paints, they should be applied in a very thin layer, one next to the other, without transitions. Mixed tones can only be obtained by applying one layer to another.
Wax painting Painting based on glue is called gouache. Gouache paints are dense, matte. They draw on paper, cardboard, canvas, silk, bone.
Pastel is a technique of painting and drawing on a rough surface of paper or cardboard with special pencils. At the same time, they start with harsh pencils and end with soft ones, and the colorful powder is rubbed with fingers.
Watercolor is a technique of painting with watercolors. Usually watercolor is done on paper by dissolving paints in water. The watercolor painting is transparent and soft.
Palette knife - a tool in the form of a knife or spatula with a curved handle. A palette knife is used by artists to remove wet paint from a painting. Sometimes a palette knife is used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or relief stroke.
Genres of painting appeared when artists began to display different themes in their paintings. The main task of the landscape painter is to show nature in all its beauty.
Translated from French, the word "still life" means "dead nature". Still life is called the image of things that surround a person - dishes, fabrics, flowers, vegetables and fruits, seafood and game.
A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people. In the portrait, the artist not only conveys the resemblance, but also tries to tell about the life and activities of a person.
In ancient times, man sought to depict the world in pictures as he himself saw it. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings and tombs.
In the Renaissance, genres of painting appeared, which we have already examined - landscape, still life, portrait, animalistic, everyday, mythological, historical, battle.
Classicism is an artistic style focused on the forms of ancient, primarily Greek classics. The artists paid special attention to chiaroscuro. Pay attention to how accurately the author depicted the folds on the fabrics with the help of shadows. And the artists of classicism in their paintings used only three colors - red, blue and yellow - and mixed them to obtain other colors.
The word "baroque" means "strange", "bizarre". Paintings in the Baroque style are whimsical, lush. They often combine very large and - on the contrary - very small details, and light and shadows do not smoothly transition into each other, but are sharply outlined.
The painting of romanticism often reflected the events of history and the present, used the contrast of light and shadow, rich color.
The revolution in painting was the emergence of impressionism, which sought to convey a fleeting impression, avoiding any details in the drawing. Such paintings were painted in the fresh air, and it is better to look at them, moving a few steps away.
If the Impressionist artists were interested in everything fleeting, random, then the representatives of the post-impressionism direction were looking for a permanent, stable one. The paintings were painted not on an instant impression, but taking into account the course of light rays, the calculation of shadows.
Modernism sought to establish its foundations of art. Modernism united many artistic movements: expressionism, cubism, constructivism, surrealism, abstractionism, pop art. Expressionism is a direction in art, which is characterized by catchiness, grotesqueness.
Paintings in the style of cubism depict real objects in the form of many intersecting, semi-translucent planes (quadrangles, triangles, semicircles).
Abstract painting, sometimes called avant-garde, abstractionism or underground, uses bold, unusual colors, correct, like outlined figures on a ruler.
Look at the work of the author, working in the style of Fauvism. He uses some colors, just like in your paint box. He also uses clear contours, as if he first drew with a pencil, and then only with paints. The figures in the figure are without shadows, without volume.
Primitivism is a direction in the visual arts, the paintings of which resemble the works of primitive, medieval, folk and children's art.
How many "-isms"! It’s even scary to take on a brush or pencil! But do not be afraid, each of the artists whose paintings you have just seen once took up paint and paper for the first time. And he, too, did not succeed all at once. Be bolder - fantasize, create, draw!
The images of painting are very clear and convincing. It is able to convey volumes and spaces, nature, embody universal ideas, events of the historical past and a flight of fantasy, reveal the complex world of human feelings and character. Painting can be single-layer (performed immediately) and multi-layer, including underpaintings and sanding applied to the dried paint layer transparent and translucent layers of paint.
This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.
The construction of volume and space in painting is connected with linear and aerial perspective, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light-shadow modeling of the form, transfer of the general color background of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins his work with a canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial sketches from nature, he worked out the necessary elements of the composition.
EASEL PAINTING
.
Easel paintings are those that have an independent meaning (they are written on the easel). Easel painting has many genres.
Genre
(French "manner", "look", "taste", "custom", "genus") - a historically emerging and developing type of work of art.
The genre can be noted in the title of the picture (approx. "Fishmonger").
Genres of easel painting:
As shown in the picture:
1.Portrait
2.Landscape
3.Still life
4.Household (genre)
5.Historical
6.Battle
7.animalistic
8.Biblical
9.Mythological
10.Story
1.Portrait
- an image of a person or group of people that exists or existed in reality.
Portrait types
: half-length, shoulder-length, chest-length, full-length portrait, portrait against a landscape, portrait in an interior (room), portrait with accessories, self-portrait, double portrait, group portrait, couple portrait, costumed portrait, miniature portrait.
According to the nature of the image, all portraits can be divided into 3 groups:
a ) ceremonial portraits
, as a rule, suggest a full-length image of a person (on a horse, standing or sitting), usually against a landscape or architectural background;
b) half-dress portraits
(perhaps not quite full-length, there is no architectural background);
in ) chamber
(intimate) portraits, which use the shoulder, chest, half-length image, often on a neutral background.
Russian portrait painters: Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Bryullov, Kiprensky, Tropinin, Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov, Nesterov
2.Landscape
(French "place", "country", "homeland") - depicts nature, terrain, landscape.
landscape types
: rural, urban, marine (marina), urban architectural (veduta), industrial.
The landscape can be lyrical, heroic, epic, historical, fantastic..
Russian landscape painters: Shchedrin, Aivazovsky, Vasiliev, Levitan, Shishkin, Polenov, Savrasov, Kuindzhi, Grobar and others.
3.Still life (French "dead nature") - depicts original portraits of things, their quiet life. Artists depict the most ordinary things, show their beauty and poetry.
Artists: Serebryakova, Falk
4.Domestic genre (genre painting) - depicts the daily life of a person and acquaints us with the life of people of bygone times.
Artists: Venetsianov, Fedotov, Perov, Repin and others.
5.historical genre - depicts significant historical events, events of the past, epic times. This genre is often intertwined with other genres: domestic, battle, portrait, landscape.
Artists: Losenko, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Bryullov, Repin, Surikov, Ge and others.
Surikov, an outstanding master of historical painting: "Morning of the Streltsy Execution", "Boyar Morozova", "Menshikov in Berezovo", "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps", "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak".
6.Battle genre - depicts military campaigns, battles, feats of arms, military operations.
7.Animal genre - depicts the animal world.
MONUMENTAL PAINTING.
Always associated with architecture. Decorates walls and ceilings, floors, window openings.
Types of monumental painting(varies depending on the technique of execution):
1.Fresco (Italian "on raw") - is written on raw lime plaster with paints (dry pigment, dye in powder), diluted with water. When dried, the lime releases a very thin calcium film, which fixes the paints underneath, makes the painting indelible and very durable.
2.Tempera - paints diluted with egg, casein glue or synthetic binder. This is an independent and widespread type of wall painting. Sometimes they write with tempera on an already dry fresco. Tempera dries quickly and changes color as it dries.
3.Mosaic (lat. "Dedicated to the Muses") - painting, laid out from small pieces of colored stones or smalt (specially welded opaque colored glass)
4. stained glass (French "glazing", from Latin "glass") - painting made from pieces of transparent colored glass, interconnected by lead strips (soldering with lead)
5.panel
(French "board", "shield")
- a) a part of a wall or ceiling (plafond), highlighted with a stucco frame or ribbon ornament and filled with painting;
b) made with paints on canvas, and then attached to the wall. For external walls, the panel can be made of ceramic tiles.
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture - the art of creating buildings and their complexes that form an environment for people's lives. It differs from other types of art in that it performs not only ideological and artistic, but also practical tasks.
Types of architecture:
public (palace);
public residential;
urban planning;
restoration;
landscape gardening (landscape);
industrial.
Expressive means of architecture:
building composition;
scale;
rhythm;
chiaroscuro;
color;
surrounding nature and buildings;
painting and sculpture.
1. Building composition
- the arrangement of its main parts and elements in a certain sequence . The composition of the building is very important, as it determines the impression that the building makes.. When creating an architectural composition, the architect uses various techniques: the alternation and combination of different spaces (open and closed, illuminated and darkened, communicating and isolated, etc.); various volumes (high and low, straight and curvilinear, heavy and light, simple and complex); elements of enclosing surfaces (flat and embossed, deaf and openwork, plain and colorful). The choice of composition depends on what the building is intended for.
Types of composition:
- symmetrical
. The same arrangement of building elements relative to the axis of symmetry, which marks the center of the composition. Such buildings were characteristic of the architecture of the era of classicism.
- Asymmetrical
. The main part of the building is shifted away from the center. Various volumes, contrasting in shape, material and color, are used, which leads to a dynamic architectural image. . characteristic of modern construction.
Reception of symmetry and asymmetry in the composition of individual elements, the arrangement of columns, windows, stairs, doors, etc.
2. Rhythm .Great organizing importance in the architectural composition belongs to the rhythm, i.e., a clear distribution of volumes and building details repeating at a certain interval (enfilade of rooms and halls, successive changes in the volumes of rooms, grouping of columns, windows, sculptures)
Types of rhythm:
-vertical rhythm
. Alternation of individual elements in the vertical direction. Gives the building the impression of lightness, aspiration upwards.
- Horizontal Rhythm
. The alternation of elements in the horizontal direction. Makes the building squat, stable.
By gathering and thickening individual details in one place and discharging them in another, the architect can emphasize the center of the composition, give the building a dynamic or static character.
3. Scale
. Proportional ratio of the building and its parts. Determines the size of individual parts and details of the building in relation to the size of the entire building as a whole, to the person, the surrounding space and other buildings. The scale of the building does not depend on the size of the building, but on the overall impression that it makes on the person.
4. Chiaroscuro . A property that reveals the distribution of light and dark areas on the surface of the form. Strengthens and facilitates the visual perception of the architectural form, gives it a more picturesque look. Artificial lighting of building volumes is used at the level of street, main and lighting. Reflected light in the interior creates the illusion of lightness of forms.
The peculiarity of architecture as an art is to create a unity of architectural composition from a variety of architectural forms. The simplest means of creating unity is to give the volume of the building a simple geometric shape. In a complex ensemble of a building, unity is achieved by subordination: the secondary parts of the building are subordinate to the main volume (compositional center). Tectonics is also a compositional tool.
Tectonics-artistically revealed constructive structure of the building.
5. Color . It is often used in architectural structures, especially in interior spaces (especially in classical and baroque buildings). The modern interior is characterized by bright, light colors.
6. Painting and sculpture .The artistic means of creating the compositional unity of the building include monumental and applied art, in particular sculpture and painting, the combination of which with architecture was called the "synthesis of arts".
7. Surrounding nature and buildings .Architecture gravitates toward ensemble. For its structures, it is important to fit into the natural (natural) or urban (urban) landscape. Forms of architecture are determined: naturally (depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight); socially (depending on the nature of the social system, aesthetic ideals, utilitarian and artistic needs of society).
Architecture is closely connected with the development of productive forces and technology. No other art requires such a concentration of collective efforts and material resources., for example: St. Isaac's Cathedral was built by 500 thousand people over 40 years.
The trinity of architecture: usefulness, strength, beauty. In other words, these are the most important components of the architectural whole: function, construction, form (Vitruvius, I century AD, ancient Roman architectural theorist). Construction became architecture when the expedient building acquired an aesthetic appearance.
Architecture originated in ancient times. In ancient Egypt, grandiose structures were created in the name of spiritual and religious purposes.(tombs, temples, pyramids). In ancient Greece, architecture acquires a democratic appearance and places of worship (temples) already affirm the beauty and dignity of a Greek citizen. There are new types of public buildings: theaters, stadiums, schools. And the architects follow humanistic principle of beauty, formulated by Aristotle: "The beautiful should not be too big and not too small ".
In ancient Rome, architects widely used arched vaulted structures made of concrete. New types of buildings, forums, triumphal arches and columns reflect the ideas of statehood and military power. In the Middle Ages, architecture becomes the leading and most popular art form.. In the gothic cathedrals aspiring to the sky, a religious impulse to God was expressed, and the passionate earthly dream of the people about happiness . The architecture of the Renaissance develops on a new basis the principles and forms of ancient classics, a new architectural form is introduced - the floor. Classicism canonizes the compositional techniques of antiquity.
The unity of the architectural composition implies the unity of style, which is created by a combination of features typical of the art of a certain time. Various factors influenced the style of each era: ideological and aesthetic views, materials and construction techniques, the level of development of production, everyday needs, and artistic forms.
Style
- the sum of the elements that reveal the features of this era.
Style
- a historically established set of artistic means and techniques that characterize the features of the art of a certain time.
Style is present in all art forms, but is formed mainly in architecture. The architectural style has been formed for decades, or even centuries, for example, in ancient Egypt, the style has been preserved for 3 thousand years, in connection with which it was called canonical (canon (norm, rule) - a set of rules that developed in the process of artistic practice and enshrined in tradition ).
The basic principles of the Egyptian style, characteristic of all the art of Ancient Egypt:
- unity of images and hieroglyphic inscriptions;
- vertical image of objects and people (less significant is depicted on the plane above);
- line-by-line image of complex scenes with horizontal bands;
- different-scale figures, the size of which does not depend on the location in space, but on the significance of each of them;
- the image of a human figure, as it were, from different points of view (face-to-face) - the principle of flattening the figure on a plane (when the head and legs were depicted in profile, and the torso and eyes in front).
CALENDAR-THEMATIC LESSON PLANNING.
Calendar-thematic planning depends on the age of the students. The ideal option is the presence of lessons in grades 5 (6) -11, the state program of Yu. A. Solodovnikov and L. N. Predchetenskaya is designed for this. It should be borne in mind that the specifics of work in the middle and senior management are different. . High school students are already capable of perceiving generalized ideas contained, for example, in the concept of style, where the phenomenon of the principle "from the general to the particular" prevails. Middle-level students, especially in grades 5-6, are not always ready to understand the style, that is, they still do not have the ability to see the general pattern in many specific phenomena. This skill develops gradually, therefore, at the middle level, lessons of "immersion" in any work, event, phenomenon, life and creative path of the author, for example, "Myths of Ancient Greece", "The Birth of Opera", "Florentine Kommerata" will give a greater result. These classes can take the form of dramatizations, business games, quizzes, disputes, etc. At the same time, students receive information related to specific characters, features of the expressive means of a particular art. The ability to see general patterns behind these "private" moments arises at a subconscious level. But specific images and situations are remembered well, vividly and for a long time.
Later, students who have accumulated experience in communicating with individual works of art, cultural phenomena, gain the ability to realize, formulate and express a generalized judgment. This moment comes when the student comes to the 9th grade, less often to the 8th grade. Students in grades 8 and 9 have different perceptions. Grade 8 is the stage of the transitional age period, which manifests itself in different ways. In one case, eighth graders are already ready for a more complex level of perception, in the other they are not. This situation is decided by the teacher in each case.
If the MHC school studies from grades 5 to 11, then the two-stage approach may be the most effective. Lessons in grades 5-7(8) are exciting "immersions" in the world of specific phenomena of culture, art, etc., using active practical forms of work. This can be instigation, games, disputes, use of computer programs, research using the Internet, project work, quizzes, etc. At the same time, the principle of historicism is preserved - in the thematic planning, the teacher includes key works and cultural phenomena that reflect the various stages of its development. It is very good if this is combined with the history course that students take in parallel. Possible connection with the lessons of fine arts, literature, music, etc.
The concept chosen by the teacher as a basis can define different material and activities. Solodovnikov suggests reliance on mythology as a possible principle for the organization of an object. But other principles are also possible.
Having reached the second stage, having knowledge about a specific cultural phenomenon, students in grades 9-11 can once again go through this path, but from the point of view of styles, the features of the artistic image in a particular era. Separate ideas obtained earlier are added to a single system of relationships, causes and effects become clear.
When compiling a program for grades 6-8, the teacher can take as a basis the content of the optional course of the MHC Danilova, where the teacher can choose from the extensive and diverse material what is closest to him and meets the conditions of his work.
It is also possible to plan MHK lessons in the middle level, when the concentric principle operates in each class, i.e. in each class, students consistently go through topics related to the art of the Ancient World, the Middle Ages, the East, Russia, the Renaissance, etc.
, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and implies an independent and not conditioned perception of the environment.
The main materials of easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become predominantly widespread.
A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-printing technique of painting, which uses the method of applying a paint layer on paper, which is characteristic of printmaking, by printing from a board (metal, plastic, glass).
The European picture, as a rule, is separated from the surroundings by a frame or passe-partout, the Eastern tradition leaves the painting in a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating it on a decorative base.
Easel painting is one of the main types of fine arts, the richest in genres and styles.
Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.
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See what "Easel Painting" is in other dictionaries:
A kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not connected with architecture, has an independent character. Easel paintings (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries. The term... ... Art Encyclopedia
A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and drawing, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used ... ... Art Encyclopedia
A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of the audience. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AND; and. 1. Visual art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Oil, watercolor J. oil. Portrait, landscape Genre, battle Engage in painting. Interested in painting. Lessons… … encyclopedic Dictionary
painting- and, only units, f. 1) A type of fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world with the help of paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. The history of the development of painting. 2) collected. Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language
PAINTING- a type of fine art, the works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The system of color combinations (color) allows you to convey the finest nuances of reality, and in general pictorial ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary
Antique painting- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; paintings of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as products are known. easel painting. Bolyp in the monuments of other gr. painting... ... Antique world. Dictionary reference.
painting- ▲ art through, color tone painting art depicting reality with paint. easel painting: painting is a work of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. monumental decorative painting: wall painting, ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
PAINTING, and, for women. 1. Fine art creation of artistic images with the help of paints. Painting lessons. School of painting. 2. collected Works of this art. Wall railway Easel railway | adj. picturesque, wow. Painting workshop. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
A type of fine art, works of art that are created using paints applied to a hard surface. Like other types of art (See Art), Zh. performs ideological and cognitive tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, The era of the Pre-Renaissance brought to life the humanistic art of Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the glory of the first master of that time for the artist. To a large extent, he determined... Category: Foreign artists Series: Masterpieces of Painting Publisher:
