Daria is a peasant woman, a young widow who died of a fever Proclus... She is a real woman - a loving wife and mother. Hardworking "and her work is rewarded: the family does not struggle in need."
Nekrasov describes her external beauty and rich inner world as "a type of majestic Slav". And despite all the hardships of peasant life, "the dirt of the miserable situation does not seem to stick to them." Daria is hardy and patient, she resignedly goes to the forest for firewood in severe frost. Her fearlessness can be envied, for the sake of saving her husband, she went ten miles to the monastery in order to get a miraculous icon.
But, alas, the beauty and strength of the peasant woman is dried up by grief. The last thing she has left is her pride. The widow gives free rein to her feelings only in a quiet, silent forest, where “free birds, but they didn’t dare to give out to the people ...” are witnesses of her tears.
In the process of chopping wood, she is puzzled not only by her future, but by her children. But something in Daria is changing, a breakdown occurs “the soul is exhausted by longing” and she is spellbound “without thought, without groaning, without tears.” In her anguish and grief, the peasant woman forgets about the children, her thoughts are captured by her husband, and she submits to frosty oblivion, which gives her a feeling of peace and happiness. A young widow falls into a dream in which she sees a sultry day, her happy family with a living husband. Fate gives Daria a chance to wake up from an obsession, but she is better off "in her enchanted dream ...". The author asks not to be sad about her, because she went into oblivion happy with a smile on her face.
In this article, we will get acquainted with the work created by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov in 1863. Let's describe the poem of this great author, its summary. Nekrasov (“Frost, we first discover for ourselves at school. But you can reread the works of this author endlessly.
The poem begins with the following event. Terrible grief in one peasant hut: the breadwinner and owner, Prokl Sevastyanych, died. His mother brings a coffin for her son. The father goes to the cemetery in order to gouge a grave in the frozen ground. Daria, a peasant's widow, is sewing a shroud for her late husband.
Russian peasant women
We continue to describe the summary. Nekrasov ("Frost, Red Nose") has always attracted Russian peasant women. In his works, he admired their strength, endurance, courage. There are three hard parts: to marry a slave, to submit to the grave to a slave, and to be the mother of a slave-son. All this fell to the lot of the Russian peasant woman. However, despite the suffering, in Russian villages there are women to whom the dirt does not seem to stick. These beauties bloom to the marvel of the world, evenly and patiently enduring both cold and hunger, while remaining beautiful in all clothes, and dexterous in work. They do not like idleness on weekdays, but on holidays their face lights up with a cheerful smile and such a hearty laugh that money cannot buy. A woman in Rus' will enter a burning hut, stop a galloping horse. It feels both strict efficiency and inner strength. The Russian peasant woman is sure that her salvation lies in work. Therefore, she does not feel sorry for the wretched beggar walking around idle. She is fully rewarded for her work: the family of a peasant woman does not know the need, the children are full and healthy, the hut is always warm, there is an extra piece for the holiday.
The grief that befell Daria
Daria, the widow of the deceased Proclus, was just such a woman. But grief now withered her. No matter how hard the girl tries to hold back her tears, they fall on her hands, sewing a shroud. Mother and father, having taken their chilled grandchildren, Grisha and Masha, to their neighbors, dress up the deceased. Extra words are not said at the same time, no one shows tears. It seems that the severe beauty of the deceased, in whose heads there is a burning candle, does not allow crying. And only then, when the last rite has already been performed, lamentations begin.
Devotee savraska
On a harsh winter morning, Savraska takes her master on his last journey. The horse served Proclus a lot: in winter, going with him to the cart, and in summer, while working in the field. Proclus caught a cold while driving. He was in a hurry to deliver the goods on time. The family treated the breadwinner: they doused him with water from 9 spindles, took him to the bathhouse, lowered him into the hole, passed him through a sweaty collar 3 times, put him under the chicken perch, offered up prayers in front of the miraculous icon. But Proclus did not get up.
Daria goes to the forest for firewood
As usual, neighbors cry during the funeral, feel sorry for the family of the deceased, praise the deceased, and then go home. Daria, returning from the funeral, wants to caress and feel sorry for the children, but she does not have time for caresses. The peasant woman sees that not a log of firewood is left at home, and, again taking the children to a neighbor, she sets off on the same savraska into the forest.
Tears of Daria
You are reading a summary of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov Frost, Red Nose. This is not the text of the work itself. Nikolai Alekseevich's poem is written in verse.
On the way through the plain, shining with snow, tears are shown in Daria's eyes - probably from the sun ... And only when she enters the forest with its grave peace, a crushing howl escapes from the girl's chest. Indifferently, the forest listens to the widow's moans, hiding them forever in the unsociable wilderness. Daria, without wiping her tears, begins to chop wood and thinks about her husband, talks to him, calls him. All this is described in detail by Nekrasov N.A. conveys only the main events of the work.
Prophetic dream
The girl recalls a dream she had before Stasov's Day. An innumerable army surrounded her. Suddenly it turned into rye ears. Daria called for help to her husband, but he did not come out. The peasant woman was left alone to harvest rye. She understands that this dream turned out to be prophetic, and asks her husband for help in the overwork that awaits her. Daria imagines winter nights without Proclus, endless canvases that she will weave for her son's marriage. Along with thoughts about his son, there is a fear that Grisha will be given illegally as recruits, since there will be no one to intercede for him.
Frost Governor
“Frost, Red Nose” by Nekrasov in a summary continues with the fact that Daria, having stacked firewood on firewood, goes home. But then, mechanically taking an ax and intermittently, quietly howling, he approaches a pine tree and freezes under it. Then Frost-voivode, who bypasses his possessions, approaches her. He waves an ice mace over Daria, calls her to his kingdom, says that he will warm and take care of the widow ...
Daria is covered with sparkling hoarfrost, she dreams of the recent hot summer. The girl sees in a dream that she is by the river, digging potatoes on the stripes. Children are with her, a baby is beating under her heart, who should be born by spring. Daria, shielding herself from the sun, watches the cart go further and further. Grisha, Masha, Prokl are sitting in it ...
"Enchanted Dream" by Daria
In a dream, Daria hears the sounds of a marvelous song, the last traces of flour come off her face. Her heart is quenched by this song, in which "more happiness". In sweet and deep peace oblivion comes to the widow along with death. The soul of a peasant woman dies for passion and sorrow. A squirrel drops a snowball on the girl, and Daria freezes in an "enchanted dream".
This concludes the summary. Nekrasov ("Frost, Red Nose") is called the singer of the Russian people. Many works of this author are dedicated to his difficult lot. This also applies to the poem we are interested in. We begin to sympathize with the fate of the Russian peasant woman, even after reading a summary. Nekrasov ("Frost, Red Nose") is considered to be one of the greatest Russian poets. The artistic power of this work is amazing. You can verify this by reading the poem in the original.
Daria is a peasant woman, the widow of the deceased Proclus. Her image does not immediately appear in the poem "Frost, Red Nose". In Chapter III, Nekrasov talks about the slavish fate of the Russian peasant woman, who has not changed for centuries.
The lyrical hero turns to the peasant woman and promises to reveal to the world her suffering and complaints.
Nekrasov undertakes to describe a special type of peasant woman. This is a majestic Slav who manages to remain regal, despite life's circumstances: “They go the same way as the whole
Our people are coming, but the dirt of the miserable situation does not seem to stick to them.”
Nekrasov gives a collective portrait of such a peasant woman: “The beauty of the world is amazing, blush, slim, tall, beautiful in all clothes ...”. She has heavy hair, beautiful even pearl-like teeth (comparison). The beauty is dexterous at work, endures cold and hunger, is hardworking, knows how to have fun, she is brave and courageous: “She will stop a galloping horse, enter a burning hut.”
The peasant woman's belief that the salvation of her family is in work gives her "the seal of inner strength." Her family is not poor, everyone is healthy, well-fed and happy.
The character of Daria - the widow of Proclus
Such was the widow of Proclus, until grief dried her up. It is compared to a birch in a forest without a peak.
Only in the description of the details of the life and death of Proclus does the name of his wife appear. And this is no coincidence. She thinks of herself only as part of her family, as a helper and protector of her husband, at night for his healing she runs for a miraculous icon to a monastery 10 miles away: “Have I not tried about him?
What did I regret? I was afraid to tell him how I loved him!”
All the way through the forest, Daria, afraid of animals, evil spirits, and most of all - will accept (a hare that crossed the road, a fallen star, a crow on a cross), prayed to the Queen of Heaven. Daria dares to reproach the Lady for not pardoning her fate and her Proclus.
The family of peasants worked day and night: Prokl “lived hard in the summer, did not see children in the winter,” and Daria kept crying at night and wove a long linen thread. They amassed their well-being "by a penny, by a copper penny." After the funeral, Daria has to go to the forest for firewood, taking the children to the neighbors.
Crying and complaints of Daria
In the forest, where there is “dead, grave peace”, Daria gives vent to the tears that she has been holding back for so long. Nekrasov describes her moaning with the help of metaphors: “Moans flowed in the open air, her voice was torn and trembling, the strings of the poor peasant soul were broken.” Nature is indifferent to her grief: the forest listened indifferently, the soulless sun looked indifferently at the torment.
Daria cuts wood (this is her usual occupation), but she cannot forget her husband, she talks to him. In her mind, the reality associated with the death of her husband is confused, and the future life with him as if he were alive. Daria thinks about how she will plow the land alone, how to harvest hay, how to harvest in pain. According to the genre of her lamentations - folk lamentations about the deceased husband.
She recalls a prophetic dream about rye ears that attacked her, which she takes for enemies (a metaphor for her husband's death).
Daria dreams about the future of her children: how Masha will play in a round dance, how Grisha will grow up and get married. With the help of psychological parallelism (the image of a wolf emerging from the forest and a dense black cloud with lightning), Nekrasov conveys Daria's fears that it is her son who will be recruited by the thief-judge.
After weeping and chopping so much firewood that even a cart could not be taken away, Darya stopped at a tall pine. It was then that her meeting with the folklore Frost took place.
Daria and Frost
It is important for Nekrasov to understand what is happening in Daria's soul. Physically quite alive and strong, she loses the will to live: “The soul is exhausted by longing, a calm of sadness has come - an involuntary and terrible peace!” Frost woo Daria, he is an enviable groom: strong and rich. He offers Daria either death or eternal life, promising to make her his queen, who, like Frost, will reign in winter and fall asleep in summer.
Daria resigns herself only when Frost turns into her beloved husband and kisses her. He gifts her for the correct answer to the fabulous question “Are you warm?” sweet dream about summer and warmth. This is the best and happiest memory from Daria's life: hard peasant work among her family, caring for her husband and children.
The last thing that opens up to the reader from Daria's dream is the faces of children in sheaves of rye (a symbol of life) and a song, the words of which the lyrical hero does not say to the reader. The lyrical hero calls not to regret the happy Daria and even envy her. But still gives her a chance to wake up and take care of the children.
The only living creature that did not succumb to the Frost - a squirrel - drops a snowball on Darya. But apparently the peasant woman is already dead.
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The poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Frost, Red Nose”, a summary and analysis of which will be presented to your attention, was created in 1863. It is dedicated in 1869 to his sister A.A. Butkevich, whom he immediately warned that this work would be sadder than anything he had already written.
Brief history of creation
After the abolition of serfdom, many expected further turbulent changes in public life. The revolutionary upsurge intensified, which caused government repression. The publication was first suspended (1862), and then N. Nekrasov's magazine Sovremennik (1866) was completely closed. The poet managed to publish the entire poem in 1864. In it, he showed that although the peasant life was painful and difficult, they themselves are full of spiritual strength. Now we will consider the poem "Frost, Red Nose" by Nekrasov. The summary begins.
sad words to sister
The poet explains the reasons why he rarely and reluctantly writes: "I am tired of struggling with the obstacles of life that poisoned her. The obstacles passed by thanks to the prayers of my beloved sister." Then the poet recalls their garden, in which his father planted an oak, and his mother planted a willow, on which the leaves began to wither when maman died at night. Now, when he is writing a poem, outside his window a large hail is flying like tears. In St. Petersburg, only stones do not cry, prompts the poet's heart, languishing with longing. He is writing a new work in which we will visually present a picture of peasant life, reading a summary of Nekrasov's Frost, the Red Nose. The work is divided into two parts.
Bitter grief - the owner of the house died
The winter icy sometimes did not become in the breadwinner's house. Looking ahead, let's say that he caught a cold while driving on his Savraska, in a hurry to deliver the goods on time. And now Proclus Sevastyanovich is lying dead on a bench by the window. His family silently experiences a terrible misfortune. Father is going to dig a grave, mother found and brought a coffin for him. Daria's wife is sewing a shroud by the window, and only tears, which she cannot hold back, quietly drip onto her husband's last vestment.
Women's share
There are three terrible fates in the life of a Russian peasant woman: to be married to a slave, to become the mother of a slave, and for the rest of her life not to argue with the slave in any way.
But the majestic Slavs still remained in Rus'.
Strict, they bloom, surprising everyone with their beauty, to which dirt does not stick. They deftly cope with any work, they never sit idle. They rarely smile, but if they look, "they will give you a ruble." But on holidays they give themselves up to joy with all their hearts, and their hearty laughter is heard, which cannot be bought for any money. Such a woman, whom only the blind will not see, will save in any trouble. She does not feel sorry for the beggars, because she believes that they themselves are too lazy to work. Her family is always well-groomed, she does not feel the need: there is always delicious kvass on the table, the children are full and healthy, more is always prepared for the holidays than on weekdays. Such was Daria, the widow of Proclus. This is how Nekrasov's poem "Frost, Red Nose" continues, the summary of which we retell.
Seeing Proclus
The children who did not understand anything were taken to the neighbors. Mother and father, in complete stern silence, dress their son on his last journey.
Only after that the family allows itself lamentations and tears. Neighbors and the headman come to say goodbye to Prokl Sevastyanovich, whom the whole village respected.
And in the morning the sleigh takes him on his last journey, to the grave that his father dug. We returned home, it was cold in it, there was no firewood for the stove. Daria follows them into the winter forest.
Thoughts and dream of Daria
The second part of N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Frost, Red Nose" begins. In the forest, Daria chopped so much firewood that she couldn’t take it on a sleigh. While working, Daria did not forget about her husband for a second, talked to him, worried about the future of Grishenka's only son, imagined how beautiful their Mashenka would grow up, how many things now would fall on her shoulders alone, and now there is no one to wait for help. From fatigue and grief, she leaned against a tall pine tree. It was then that the boastful governor Frost found her. He calls Daria to his kingdom. The widow refuses him twice, but when the sly man pretends to be Proclus, Daria freezes in an enchanted eternal sleep. Only a squirrel drops a ball of snow on an unfortunate woman who left her children completely orphaned.
Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose": the main characters
Daria is the same Slav who the author admires in the first part of her work. The poem "Frost, Red Nose" by N. Nekrasov describes this image in detail.
Having tried all the ways to save her dying husband from a fever, she goes to a distant monastery for a miraculous icon. This road is not easy - ten miles through the forest, where there are wolves. But even the icon, for which she paid her last money, did not return her beloved friend. After his funeral, tired, she goes to the forest for firewood, where no one will see her grief or tears - she is still proud. Her soul, weary of melancholy, is overwhelmed. It is undergoing changes. Forgetting about the children, she thinks only of her husband. Freezing with a smile in a happy dream, she sees a sunny summer day when she and her husband worked together.
Proclus, who had just passed away, was the breadwinner and hope of the family.
Hardworking and enterprising, he worked all year: in spring, summer, autumn - on the ground, and in winter - on a cart. He, stately, the strongest, affable and friendly, attentive to his wife, children and parents, was respected by the whole village.
ON. Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose": analysis
Nekrasov knew perfectly well peasant life: life, misfortunes, joys, exhausting work, short rest, rare holidays are described in the poem. Nekrasov gave most of his poem "Frost, Red Nose" to a Russian woman. Tyutchev echoed him around these years, describing in a short poem how the best years of a Russian woman will flash and disappear forever under a gray sky in a nameless land.
However, N. Nekrasov saw in her great hidden opportunities, which he described with love: majesty and pride, hard work and loyalty, sacrifice for the happiness and health of loved ones, and resistance to all circumstances to the end of his strength.
The culmination of the poem is its part, in which Daria dies. And the main idea is the inner and outer beauty of the heroine. The sublime song to a simple peasant woman was performed by N.A. Nekrasov flawlessly.
N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “Frost, Red Nose” is dedicated to the poet’s beloved sister, Anna Alekseevna Butkevich. The poem, written in 1863, two years after the peasant reform and the abolition of serfdom in Russia, depicts the life of the peasants, well known to Nekrasov from his numerous trips to the provinces of Russia, meetings with peasants. The poem reveals the remarkable features of the Russian national character, expresses the poet's sympathy for the Russian people, who never gained freedom, and his sincere love and respect for ordinary Russian people, bearers of high moral principles, spiritual and physical beauty.
The images of Daria and Proclus embodied the best features of the Russian people, their greatness and power, the joy of work and selflessness, reverence for parents and love for children.
The image of Daria
When talking about Daria, chapter IV of the first part deserves special attention - a real hymn to the "dignified Slav" and chapter V - the author's comparison of Daria with a glorious Slav woman whom he sincerely admires:
And you marveled at the beauty
She was smart and strong...
(it is no coincidence that the new part begins with the union and, which conveys the similarity of Daria with the type of woman that the author is proud of).
Nekrasov talks about the hard, joyless life of a Russian woman (he calls her lot "harsh", "terrible") and at the same time shows her spiritual and physical beauty, strong spirit, cheerfulness, courage.
In the character of Daria, Nekrasov emphasizes remarkable qualities - courage, love for her husband and children, hard work (pictures of a dying dream), willpower and longsuffering. The artistic means that the poet uses also make it possible to present the captivating image of a Russian woman, the author's attitude towards his heroine. He calls her affectionately: Daryushka, uses sympathetic epithets "bitter widow", "young widow".
In the second part of the poem, the dream of the freezing Daria (ch. XXXIII-XXXIV) is a vivid picture of the joyful work of a friendly peasant family. This is a poeticization of the very best that was present in folk life: describing how Daria and Proclus, old people and children worked in the hot summer, Nekrasov emphasizes the huge role of labor in human life, in educating the young, expresses boundless respect for working people.
Pay attention to the lines from the poem: “On weekdays she doesn’t like idleness ...”, “She rarely smiles ... / She has no time to sharpen her laces ...”, “She doesn’t feel sorry for a miserable beggar - / It’s free to walk without work!” This is how Nekrasov writes about Daria. And at the end of the above - a kind of conclusion:
It is clear and strong consciousness,
That all their salvation is in work ...
It is important to pay attention to the ardent desire and courageous attempts of Daria to save the ill Proclus (ch. XII). This episode illustrates such qualities of Daria's character as courage, will, her ardent love for her husband, faith in God's power.
More than once the poet uses the epithets "poor", "black" in relation to Daria, who buried her husband.
And, ruling Savraska, at the tomb
With the reins of their poor mother ...(Ch. XIII)
The poor mother thought...(Ch. XV)
... That Daria's work will arrive,
What awaits her dark days ...(Ch. XIII)
Of great importance in revealing the image of Daria are descriptions of nature - lyrical digressions. The landscape is compared with the state of mind of the heroine, thanks to which the author manages to penetrate deeper into the world of Daria's experiences.
Here is an image of a beautiful winter nature: “The plains turn white under the snow”, “How quiet! ..”, “There is no urine to look around, / The plain glitters in diamonds ...”, “It was quiet in the fields, but quieter / In the forest and like it's brighter." The author resorts to his favorite method of contrast, opposing the beautiful pictures of winter nature - and the boundless grief of Daria. Nature is indifferent to the grief of a woman:
The forest listened impassively,
How groans flowed in the open space,
And the sun, round and soulless,
Like the yellow eye of an owl
Looked from heaven indifferently
To the torment of a widow.
By contrast, Daria's grief is perceived by the reader even more sharply and deeply.
To reveal the character of Daria, her relationship with loved ones, her dying dream plays an important role (ch. XIX-XXIII). Let us single out Daria’s appeals to her husband: “dear”, “you are my desire”, with which the poet emphasizes the heroine’s deep love for her husband, gives an idea of their happy, despite everyday hardships, family life.
Image of Proclus
In the image of Proclus, as well as in the image of Daria, people's ideas about beauty, internal and external, about the greatness and power of the Russian people were reflected.
The image of Proclus is created by various artistic means. This is the author's characterization, and the lamentations of his family about him, and the words spoken by his neighbors and the headman. As when considering the image of Daria, it is better to start a conversation about Proclus with a portrait description: “Large, with calluses, hands ... Beautiful, alien to torment / Face - and a beard to the hands ...” “Pretty, growth and strength / You are equal didn’t have in the village ... ”Pay attention to the constant epithets characteristic of the description of favorite heroes of oral folk art: “silk curls”, “sugar lips”, “hawk's eye”. Proclus, like his wife, is handsome, fit, strong, hardworking: “The strength is heroic in him!”
The lamentations of the parents of the deceased, his neighbors and the headman also reveal the character of Proclus: honoring his parents, love for his wife and children, respect for neighbors, his industriousness, friendliness and goodwill, cheerfulness and ability to have fun, his reliability (“breadwinner”, “family hope” ) and manly strength. Lamentations are of particular importance for the characterization of the hero.
The author uses bright figurative and expressive means of the language, close to oral folk art: these are constant epithets characteristic of folklore, folk vocabulary (“grey-winged darling”, “worker”, “hospitable and greeter”, “beloved”, “breadwinner”, “ the hope of the family”, “silk curls”, “sugar lips”), and comparisons that help the poet convey the grief of a family that has lost its breadwinner: “And what boiled in the soul / From the mouth it poured like a river”, the family that lost the breadwinner will have to “wash not with fresh water, / With combustible tears...”, a young widow is compared to “a birch in a forest without a peak”.
Used book materials: M.B. Ganzhenko, Zh.N. Kritarova, A.D. Zhizina. Literature. 7th grade. Toolkit. - M.: Bustard, 2014
