Decorative and applied art. Types of creativity

Section of decorative arts; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. Works of arts and crafts can be: various utensils, ... ... Art Encyclopedia

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

DECORATIVE APPLIED art, the field of decorative art: the creation of works of art that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (utensils, furniture, fabrics, ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

DECORATIVE APPLIED ART, the field of decorative art: the creation of works of art that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (utensils, furniture, fabrics, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 14 batik (3) stained glass (4) embroidery (17) ... Synonym dictionary

Section of decorative arts; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. The works of D. p. and. can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Region plastic claim to; the creation of an artist products with practical appointment in society. and private life. By D. P. I. are decomp. utensils, furniture, clothes, fabrics, tools, toys, weapons, etc. From the 2nd floor. 19th century approved classification according to ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

ART AND APPLIED ARTS- a section of fine arts, works to which are different in function and scale from monumental and easel works. The term is characteristic of the culture of the New Age, it emphasizes the subordinate position of D. p. and. in relation to other species ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

The field of decorative art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing ... encyclopedic Dictionary

ART AND APPLIED ARTS- (Latin to decorate): the art of creating household items designed to satisfy both the practical and artistic and aesthetic needs of people. Decorative and applied art arose in ancient times and over many centuries ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

Books

• , B. V. Pavlovsky, Russian folk and arts and crafts is one of the most colorful and beautiful phenomena on earth. It expressed the high artistic tastes of the people, their love for beauty,… Category: Publisher: Art,
• Decorative and applied art of the industrial Urals, Pavlovsky B., 17561544-without super. Russian folk and arts and crafts is one of the most colorful and beautiful phenomena on earth. Here the high artistic tastes of the people were expressed, its ... Category: Decorative and applied art. Industries. Ornament Publisher:

DECORATIVE ARTS(English decorative art, French art decorative, German Decorative Kunst), a term that unites those types of art that serve practical purposes, in contrast to easel and monumental art. The decorative arts bring artistic organization into all spheres of life. Decorative art includes monumental and decorative art, directly related to architecture: the design of buildings or other structures (architectural decoration, murals, mosaics, stained-glass windows, wood carvings, etc.); arts and crafts (furniture, fabrics, ceramics, household art products made of metal and leather); design art (decoration of shop windows, exhibitions, festivities).

The decorative arts are distinct from the fine or major visual arts, in which works, such as easel paintings, are created only for aesthetic enjoyment. However, this distinction is rather arbitrary, since the art forms are too closely related to each other to be easily distinguished. The criteria by which a painting or sculpture is judged—shape, color, or features of composition—are the same as those used to judge a manuscript decorated with miniatures or a porcelain vase. Although the materials and methods vary by art form, the fundamental principles remain the same, such as good taste, originality of content and composition.

Until the 19th century no distinction was made between the artist and the craftsman. Artisans since antiquity have not allowed an object, be it a silver goblet or a painting, to leave the workshop without passing a rigorous check by the master himself or the guild for workmanship and artistic skill. Orders and prescriptions extended to everything from paintings, sculpture and architecture to carved picture frames and drawings for tapestries, sewing, glasswork, ornamental stone and metal. For example, the Florentine workshop of Antonio del Pollaiolo during the Renaissance produced not only paintings, but also magnificent silk banners for ceremonial processions, as well as altarpieces embossed on silver. Benvenuto Cellini, fellow Pollaiolo, in the 16th century. gained fame as an excellent and original sculptor, jeweler and goldsmith. The objects made by these artists were as functional as they were beautiful, which is why many of their products became famous as works of art. Many works that are now classified as one of the fine arts were created solely for decorative purposes. Among them are the marbles of the ancient Greek Parthenon, sculptures and frescoes that adorned medieval churches throughout Europe.

At the beginning of the 19th century the paths of fine and decorative art diverged. This was caused by the onset of the industrial revolution and the rapid development of machine production, which resulted in the mass production of consumer goods, the art industry arose. In the middle of the 19th century opposition to crude and aesthetically unattractive factory production led to a resurgence in arts and crafts throughout Europe. The term "applied art" arose; it was used to denote the "application" of an artistic concept to a craft. The revival of genuine artistic craft was facilitated by the activities of such masters as William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. In 1857 they settled in London as "artists" with the aim of creating home furnishings by hand, from sketching and designing decorative motifs to fabrics and furniture.

The concept of "arts and crafts" more accurately expresses the modern point of view regarding the difference between functional and purely decorative works than their classification according to their belonging to "large" or "small" art, fine or decorative. However, in the middle of the 20th century more and more creative activity in a variety of materials is beginning to be appreciated; this again drew attention to the problem of the unity of all forms of artistic expression, and also significantly expanded the field of activity of artists and contributed to the emergence of new types of art using new materials, for example, in the field of industrial

Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 am + to quote pad

The article was written based on the materials of the site "Country of Masters" (mostly).

Studying the recently discovered site "Country of Masters" and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied art techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.

* Techniques related to the use of paper:

1. Iris folding ("Rainbow folding") - paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines) ...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and cases for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images painted on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) - a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here is some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed in the oven three or four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple hand tools (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722

6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631

12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

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Arts and Crafts

Section of decorative arts; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. Works of decorative and applied art can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, as well as other products that are not works of art according to their original purpose, but acquire artistic quality through the application of the artist's labor to them; clothes, all kinds of jewelry. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century. the classification of branches of decorative and applied arts was established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood, etc.) or according to the technique of execution (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving together, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, decorative and applied art belongs simultaneously to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of decorative and applied art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely related to the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences. Composing an organic part of the subject environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of arts and crafts with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him. Aesthetically saturating and transforming the environment surrounding a person, works of arts and crafts at the same time, as it were, are absorbed by it, as they are usually perceived in conjunction with its architectural and spatial solution, with other objects included in it or their complexes (service, furniture set , costume, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological significance of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships between the object, the environment and the person.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in the arts and crafts, the beauty of the material, the proportions of the parts, the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glassware or other untinted materials without decoration). Here, the special significance for arts and crafts of purely emotional, non-pictorial means of artistic language is clearly manifested, the use of which makes arts and crafts related to architecture. An emotionally meaningful image is often activated by an image-association (comparison of the shape of an item with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other item - a bell, a baluster, etc.). The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of arts and crafts. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple form of the object and the elegant, festive painting of the surface are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image. In decorative and applied arts, ornament and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine arts (sculpture, painting, less often graphics) are widely used to create decor. The means of fine arts and ornament serve in arts and crafts not only to create decor, but sometimes also penetrate into the shape of an object (furniture details in the form of palmettes, volutes, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fruit, bird, beast, figure person). Sometimes an ornament or an image becomes the basis for the formation of products (lattice pattern, lace; weaving pattern of fabric, carpet). The need to harmonize the decor with the form, the image with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of pictorial motifs, to the conventions of interpretation and combination of elements of nature (for example, the use of lion paw motifs, eagle wings and swan head motifs in the design of a table leg) .

In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested. Works of arts and crafts are designed for perception by sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness and variety of methods of its processing acquire the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in decorative and applied art.

Having arisen at the earliest time in the development of human society, arts and crafts for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​​​artistic creativity. The oldest (belonging to the prehistoric era) works of arts and crafts, covering the widest range of ideas about the world and man, are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material and the aesthetics of materialized labor, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. This trend was maintained in traditional folk art ( cm. also Folk art crafts) up to the present day. But with the beginning of the class stratification of society in the stylistic evolution of decorative and applied art, its special branch begins to play a leading role, designed to serve the needs of the ruling social strata and meet their tastes and ideology. Gradually, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, is becoming increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness stand out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form. However, until the middle of the XIX century. masters of decorative and applied arts preserve the integrity of plastic thinking and the clarity of the idea of ​​aesthetic connections between the object and the environment for which it is intended. Formation, evolution and change of artistic styles in arts and crafts proceeded synchronously with their evolution in other art forms. Trends in eclecticism in the artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century. lead to a gradual impoverishment of the aesthetic quality and emotional and figurative content of arts and crafts. The connection between decor and form is lost, an artistically designed object is replaced by a decorated one. The dominance of bad taste and the depersonalizing effect on arts and crafts of intensively developing mass machine production ( cm. Art industry) artists tried to contrast the unique objects made according to their projects in the conditions of handicraft (workshops of W. Morris in Great Britain, "Darmstadt Artists' Colony" in Germany) or factory (Werkbund) labor, to revive the emotional-figurative integrity and ideological content of the artistically meaningful environment ( cm. Modern). On new ideological and aesthetic foundations, these attempts were developed after the October Revolution of 1917, which opened up prospects for creating an artistically meaningful environment for the work and life of the broadest masses. Its ideas and goals inspired artists who saw art as one of the most effective means of revolutionary agitation (for example, the so-called propaganda porcelain of 1918-25). The task of creating a comprehensive furnishing of a worker's apartment, workers' dormitories, clubs, canteens, comfortable overalls, rational workplace equipment, designed for mass factory production, opened the way for creative searches for constructivists in the USSR, functionalists in Germany (from m. Bauhaus) and other countries, which largely preceded the appearance of design. The foreground in artistic creativity of the formal-technological side in the early 1920s. led to its absolutization, the identification of artistic creativity with the production of things, the denial of the role of decor in creating an artistic image of a work of arts and crafts. The revival of folk crafts in the USSR and awakened in the 30s. interest in the Russian artistic heritage played a prominent role in the development of a number of technological and artistic traditions of the past by Soviet masters of arts and crafts. However, the approach to works of decorative and applied art with the standards of easel art, the pursuit of splendor of products, which made themselves felt especially strongly in the late 40s and early 50s, noticeably hampered the development of decorative and applied art. Since the mid 50s. in the USSR, along with the search for functional and artistically expressive forms and decor for everyday household items produced in a factory way, artists are busy creating unique works in which the emotionality of the image is combined with a variety of processing techniques for the simplest materials, with the desire to reveal all the richness of their plastic and decorative possibilities . Such works (as well as elegant works of folk arts and crafts, unique because of their handicraft) are designed to serve as visual accents in an artistically organized environment, formed mainly by factory-made art products that are less individualized in form and objects that are created on the basis of a designer’s work. design.

About separate branches, varieties and types of technology of arts and crafts cm. articles Batik , Vase , Fan , Embroidery , Tapestry , Toy , Inlay , Intarsia , Ceramics , Carpet , Forging , Lace , Varnishes , Majolica , Marquetry , Furniture , Printing , Notch , Carving , Decorative painting , Glass , Terracotta , Embossing , Fabrics , Porcelain , Faience , Filigree , Crystal , Embossing , Niello , Tapestry , Enamels , Jewelry art .

Literature: D. Arkin, Art of everyday things, M., 1932; M. S. Kagan, On applied art, L., 1961; A. V. Saltykov, Selected Works, Moscow, 1962; A. K. Chekalov, Fundamentals of understanding arts and crafts, M., 1962; A. Moran, History of arts and crafts from ancient times to the present day, translated from French, M., 1982; Magne L. et H. M., L "art appliqué aux métiers, v. 1-8, P., 1913-28; Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Völker, hrsg. Von H. Th. Bossert, Bd 1-6 , V., 1929-35; Marangoni G., Clementi A., Storia dell "arredamento, v. 1-3, Mil., 1951-52; Fleming J., Honor H., The Penguin dictionary of the decorative arts, L., 1977; Bunte Welt der Antiquitäten, Dresden, 1980; Lucie-Smith E., The story of craft, Ithaca (N. Y.), 1981.

(Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Edited by Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

Creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc.), as well as artistic processing of utilitarian items (furniture, clothing, weapons, etc.). Masters of arts and crafts use a wide variety of materials - metal (bronze, silver, gold, platinum, various alloys), wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics), etc. The manufacture of clay products is called ceramics, precious metals and stones jewelry art.

In the process of creating art works from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or prints (a painted wooden or copper board is applied to the fabric and hit with a special hammer, getting an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. The painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Decorative and applied products should be, first of all, convenient to use and beautiful. They create an objective environment around a person, influencing his state of mind and mood. Works of arts and crafts are designed for perception both by sight and touch, therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness of processing play the most important role in it. In the form of a vase, a toy, a piece of furniture, in the system of their decorations, the master seeks to reveal the transparency of glass, the plasticity of clay, the warmth of wood and the texture of its surface, the hardness of stone and the natural pattern of its veins. At the same time, the shape of the product can be both abstract and resemble a flower, a tree, a figure of a person or an animal.

In jewelry, various ornaments. Often it is the decor that turns a household item into a work of art (a Khokhloma bowl of a simple shape, painted with bright patterns on gold; a dress of a modest style, decorated with embroidery or lace). At the same time, it is very important that ornaments and figurative images do not contradict the shape of the product, but reveal it. So, in ancient Greek vases, patterned stripes separate the body (central part) from the stem and neck, the painting of the body emphasizes its bulge.

Decorative and applied art has existed since ancient times. Artistic products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with carvings and patterns, made primitive ornaments from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied the ideas of ancient people about beauty, about the structure of the world and about the place of man in it. The traditions of ancient art continue to live in folklore, in products handicrafts. In the future, utensils for the performance of sacred rites and luxury items are allocated, designed to emphasize the wealth and imperious power of their owners. Rare, precious materials and rich decor were used in these products. The development of industrial production in the 19th century. allowed to create works of arts and crafts for the mass consumer. At the same time, the idea, the sketch of the painting, the mold for making, etc., belonged to the great masters, and the finished products were replicated by the workers of factories and plants ( tapestries according to the sketches of famous masters, products of porcelain factories, etc.). The application of industrial technology marked the beginning of art design.

Unlike faceless mass-produced items, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully made household utensils, clothes, interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were utilitarian items, then today they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a good craftsman will always be valuable.

In recent years, the development of applied art has received a new impetus. This trend is encouraging. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - after several decades of oblivion, all this has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art was opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. Its collection includes unique samples of handicrafts by domestic masters of the past, as well as the best works of contemporary artists.

In 1999, the following important event took place - the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art accepted into its collection the exhibits of the Museum of Folk Art named after Savva Timofeevich Morozov. The core of this collection was formed before the revolution of 1917. The basis for it was the exhibits of the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts, opened in 1885.

The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.

Museum collection

Traditional types of arts and crafts are systematized and divided into departments. The main thematic areas are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carving, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.

The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts in the open fund and storages has more than 120 thousand exhibits. Russian Art Nouveau is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and fabrics of the second quarter of the last century is extensive.

Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The most ancient exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished by donations from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of responsible officials of the state apparatus during the years of Soviet power.

Thus, the unique exposition of fabrics was formed largely thanks to the generosity of the French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who presented the museum with a large collection of Russian, Oriental and European textiles, collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.

Two large collections of porcelain were donated to the museum by outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utyosov and spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the dwellings of representatives of various classes. Furniture, utensils, clothes of peasants and urban residents, children's toys have been preserved, restored and exhibited for viewing. Carved decorations of architraves and roof peaks, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, as they were made of the appropriate size, evoke pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian outback.

Lacquer miniature

Lacquer miniature as an applied art reached its peak in the 18th and 19th centuries. Cities famous for their icon-painting workshops became artistic centers that gave a residence permit to the main directions. These are Palekh, Mstyora, Kholuy and Fedoskino. Caskets, brooches, panels, chests made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters of fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made portraits to order, painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of writing, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as saturation and brightness of colors. Detailed elaboration of drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that the images of decorative applied art of the past inspire contemporary artists as well. Vintage designs are often used to create fabrics for fashion collections.

Art painting on wood

Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets painting are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, tuesas, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, is considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden utensils, painted with black, red and green paints on a gold background, look massive and heavy - this is a characteristic style of Khokhloma.

Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and a slightly smaller, compared to Khokhloma, roundness of forms. As plots, genre scenes are used, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.

The arts and crafts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen painting on wood, are utilitarian items decorated with special patterns. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, a fractional schematic drawing of tues, caskets and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static small, often repeated pattern evokes a feeling of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used by modern artists are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used by the Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.

Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid bar, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.

Zhostovo trays

Metal trays painted with flowers are the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wild flowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Characteristic Zhostovo bouquets now decorate metal boxes with tea, cookies or sweets.

Enamel

Such arts and crafts as enamel also refers to painting on metal. The most famous are the products of Rostov masters. Transparent refractory paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate, and then fired in a kiln. In the technique of hot enamel, as enamel is also called, jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery are made. Under the influence of high temperature, the paints change color, so the craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as plots. The most experienced artists make miniatures with portraits of people and landscapes.

Majolica

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts gives you the opportunity to see the works of recognized masters of world painting, made in a manner that is not quite characteristic of them. So, for example, in one of the halls there is Vrubel's majolica - a fireplace "Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga".

Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts have become widespread and developed due to the large number of deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, a new look at folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.

gzhel

Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, involves the utilitarian, economic use of objects created by artists. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely fine and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We used to think that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.

Embroidery

Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was designed to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk arts and crafts came to us from the countries of the East. The robes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is embroidery with small stitches, in which there is a feeling of a smooth, as if drawn with paints pattern. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New technologies have emerged. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hems, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.

Dymkovo toys for children

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the centers of folk crafts, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.

The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines are drawn with red, blue, yellow, green, gold paints. All crafts are very harmonious. They radiate such powerful positive energy that everyone who picks up a toy can feel it. Maybe you don’t need to place Chinese symbols of well-being in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees in the corners of the apartment, but it’s better to decorate your home with products of Russian masters - clay souvenirs from Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka, miniature wooden sculptures of Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It cannot be that they do not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.

Filimonov toy

In the centers of children's creativity in many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts in central Russia. The children really like to work with such a convenient and plastic material as clay. They come up with new drawings in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.

Traveling exhibitions of Filimonovo toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This craft, which has a permanent residence in the Tula region, is about 1000 years old. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately closing different holes, you get a simple melody.

Pavlovo shawls

Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls of Pavlovo-Posad weavers became known all over the world thanks to the amazing fashion collection of Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns for women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothing and even shoes. The Pavlovsky Posad shawl is an accessory that can be inherited like a piece of jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of handkerchiefs are well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. Drawings do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on the scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The drawing represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.

Vologda lace

World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. In this way, measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses are made. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.

Applied art does not stand still. Development and change happen all the time. I must say that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of a developing industry, industrial manufactories appeared, equipped with high-speed electric machines, the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts and crafts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk and others, vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained and new young masters were trained.

Modern types of needlework and creativity

People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other nations, learn the craft. From time to time, new types of arts and crafts appear. Scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such novelties for our country.

At one time, concrete walls and fences blossomed with a variety of drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is a modern interpretation of an ancient type of rock art. You can laugh at teenage hobbies as much as you like, which certainly includes graffiti, but look at the photos on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will find truly highly artistic work.

scrapbooking

The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation of art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, musical, photo and other editors.

Quilling and origami

Quilling, translated into Russian as "paper rolling", is used to create panels, to decorate postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique consists in twisting thin strips of paper and gluing them onto the base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.

Origami, like quilling, is paper work. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper, from which all kinds of shapes are formed.

As a rule, all crafts associated with papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally the entertainment of the nobility. The poor were not engaged in the creation of beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of menial work. The Europeans, having adopted the basics of technology, which historically is a very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred art to conditions convenient for them.

Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Such work is only possible for very experienced craftsmen. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European handicraft lovers somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of various sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.

Speaking of arts and crafts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, print, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Something is becoming a thing of the past, and something else is becoming so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises are setting up the production of equipment for this type of creativity.

The preservation of ancient crafts and the demonstration of the best examples in museums is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people of creative professions and will help everyone else to join the beautiful.