Historical overview
Baroque- an artistic style that originated in Italy and spread to other European countries from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century. The name of the style comes from the Portuguese - "irregular pearl".
The main features of Baroque are splendor, solemnity, dynamism. He is also characterized by bold contrasts of scale, color, light and shadow, a combination of reality and fantasy. The Baroque is characterized by the fusion of various arts in a single ensemble, the interpenetration of architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative art. In its extreme manifestations, Baroque comes to mysticism, dramatic tension, expression of forms. Events are glorified, artists prefer to glorify feats or depict scenes of torment.
Ornament characteristic
Straight lines in the ornament are gradually replaced by curved ones. Instead of calmness - an emotional outburst, instead of clarity and conciseness - complexity, diversity and lush decorativeness; at the same time, the organizing center of the decorative composition, symmetry, is still preserved.
The Baroque ornament is distinguished by its diversity and expressiveness. He retains the motifs of Greek and mainly Roman art, willingly uses half-human and half-animal figures, heavy garlands of flowers and fruits, motifs of shells and lilies in combination with a symbolic sun; the antique acanthus leaf motif is widely used.
Baroque ornament. Photo: Paul K
Ornament of the second half of the 17th century. (later Baroque) is strictly symmetrical, it is characterized by imitation of architectural details: columns, broken pediments, balustrades, consoles. During this period, the role of the decorator increases even more.
The ornamental compositions of the engraver Jean Beren (1679-1700) are widely used in many types of applied art. J. Berin relies heavily on the ornamentation of the French Renaissance. A number of motifs that have developed in the work of J. Beren become decisive in the ornamentation of the subsequent period. These include curls connected by short straight stripes, thin spirals turning into acanthus, a flat ribbon ornament - all that makes it possible to distinguish French grotesques from Italian and Flemish ones.
The baroque style ornament has found wide application in different countries of Europe, acquired its own special features under the influence of the national traditions of each of them. A whimsical pattern of a wide variety of fruits and leaves, conveyed with amazing expressiveness, is found in Moscow churches of the late 17th century. It covers the extraordinary beauty of gilded iconostases.
In the applied art of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, the decor still retains its clarity and clarity of design. In the future, the desire for a decorative filling of space, for “patterning”, which does not leave the slightest place devoid of patterns, is growing more and more. In the 17th century in Russian gold and silver work, much of what was widely developed in the 18th century is outlined - the desire to convey plastic volumetric forms, observation of nature and, in connection with this, a realistic depiction of plants, animals and people, the transition from linear, contour images to the transmission of chiaroscuro and space, from religious themes to secular ones.
Ornamental motifs
The decor of this period is rich, somewhat heavy and majestic.
In addition to classical ovs, acanthus, trophies, the ornament is replete with volutes, cartouches, shells, altars, floor lamps, dragons, caryatids and vases with flowers. Tiered porticos and garlands, baskets and arabesques, cornucopias and musical instruments - all this is enclosed in magnificent frames, symmetrically.
Ornaments with lion paws, fruits, and leaves are also used. On textile ornaments in the Baroque era, you can also see huge flowers of an unusual shape, curls, leaves and fruits of plants such as pomegranate, grapes and others, military armor, sheaves with ears, trellises (diamond-shaped nets with curls and flowers) - the main patterns of fabrics of that time. In the patterns of fabrics, there could be crowns, vases of various shapes, baskets, as well as attributes of park architecture.
The decor of the Church of Santa Croce (La Chiesa di Santa Croce 1353-1549) Lecce is an example of the Baroque style.
Architectural ornaments have adorned buildings since ancient times. Most often in the facade ornament there were forms that had a symbolic meaning. Gradually, the previously functional details of the building structure also became decorative elements. For example, in baroque, they became decorative elements of style, having lost their load-bearing function. The architectural decor was also determined by the elements of religious rites and symbolism. For example, the Greeks decorated buildings with garlands of leaves, the heads of sacrificial animals. The inhabitants of Northern Europe decorated their houses with images of animals, personifying certain human qualities. Ropes of knots woven together in Romanesque cult art meant the expulsion of demons. War trophies were included in the decor of Roman architecture as symbols of victories. Baroque decorations are diverse and expressive, they combine different traditions and eras, they contain motifs of Greek and Roman decorative elements, fantastic figures of half-humans, half-animals, floral ornaments. In baroque, patterns and decor include voluminous garlands of flowers, fruits, shells; acanthus, axes, arrows and other military paraphernalia.
The gate "Naples" (Arc de Triomphe. 1548) is decorated with military paraphernalia. Lecce. Apulia. Italy.
Trellis - diamond-shaped mesh with small rosettes.
Mascarons (mascherone) - stone images in the form of a human or animal head from the front. Mascarons could have a comic, dramatic or romantic appearance. In the Baroque era, mascarons were most often grotesque.
In addition, there are volutes, cartouches, dragons, vases in the baroque ornament; trellis; mascarons, ribbons, curved stems of plants. The baroque pattern is based on three-dimensional forms. Plastic decorative elements are intertwined with each other, create the impression of heaps, often overloading the facades of buildings.
Mascaron - Neptune. Baroque style.
In baroque decor is distinguished by splendor, exaltation, contrast and dynamism. In the philosophy of style - religious dogmas about human consciousness, capable of perceiving the Divine only through illumination, which, according to the architects and sculptors of that time, could descend only if a person was struck by the scale and majesty of the temples. Baroque decor is composed of plots and compositions of a religious and allegorical nature. Late Baroque ornamentation contains architectural elements: columns, pediments, consoles, reduced size balustrades. During this period, baroque decorations were especially large in size and seemed heavy, hanging over the viewer. Natural materials were sometimes used as decor in the Baroque, for example, churches could be decorated with human bones.
The church, the decor of which is made up of human bones - Ossuary (Kostnice v Sedlci), Cemetery Church of All Saints on the outskirts of the city of Kutna Hora in the Czech Republic. The bones of 40,000 people were used to decorate the church. The church was built next to the monastery cemetery, which grew rapidly, and during the plague it had to be freed from old bones in order to bury the dead. The old bones were kept in the ossuary at the Sedlec Monastery. In the 16th century, one of the monks bleached the bones and put them into pyramids; after his death, the church was closed for 350 years. Only in the 18th century did Prince Schwarzenberg, the owner of the monastery land, commission the wood carver Frantisek Rint to create the decoration of the church from human remains. The carver soaked the bones in bleach and then used them to create decorations. The coat of arms of the prince is also made of bones. Outside, the church has retained its Gothic appearance, while inside its decoration can be described as baroque.
In the 18th century, bone decoration was created in the Kostnica church in the Czech Republic. Author Frantisek Rint.
In the Baroque, decor is present in the form of voluminous stucco elements, often covered with paint or gilding. The baroque ornament was formed depending on the national traditions of each country, symbols, mythologies. However, regardless of stylistic trends, he always retained his characteristic scale and plasticity.
Under the ornament you need to understand the decoration, which is necessary to fill the free space on objects. He acts as one of the types of creativity, which is not indicated separately, but decorates the products. The ornament is presented as a complex artistic structure, which includes: color, texture, special lines. Be sure to use natural motifs in the form of a bend of the stem, a patterned leaf, etc. The concept of "ornament" is interconnected with such a concept as decor, which does not exist in a separate form. What are baroque ornaments?
baroque style
How ornament is manifested - an artistic style that originated in Italy and spread to many states of Europe from the end of the 16th to the middle of the 18th century. The name of the style comes from the Portuguese "irregular pearl".
The ornament is characterized by its originality and picturesqueness. It preserved some motifs of Greek and Roman art. In the ornaments, figures of half-animals and half-humans, various garlands of flowers are used, a combination of the symbolic sun with lilies and shells occurs.
Late Baroque (second half of the 17th century) is characterized by symmetry. It imitates architecture in the form of columns, balustrades and consoles. At this time, the decor is rich, but heavy and majestic.
Ornamental motifs
What are the baroque ornaments and patterns? In addition to classical acanthus, the ornament consists of cartouches, shells, floor lamps and flower vases. There are many garlands, arabesques, and musical instruments that are lavishly framed and arranged symmetrically.
On the baroque ornaments, the pictures can be seen as follows: outlandish flowers of an unusual shape, twigs and leaves of plants, sheaves with ears of corn and many other drawings. They were then placed on the fabrics.
Baroque ornament in the states of Western Europe
What baroque ornaments were used during this period? Initially, this style was applied in the sculpture and architecture of churches and for a long time kept certain features of the Renaissance.
The greatest flourishing of the Baroque falls on the middle of the 18th century. By this period, he covers all areas of artistic activity. The style entered construction (ecclesiastical, civil), in the manufacture of fabrics, clothing, weapons and jewelry.
The general focus of the Baroque is the decorative decoration of the home and the decoration of things. The main goal was to create mystical splendor, to create a feeling of living and active force. This was necessary for the needs of the Catholic Church. In this style, temples served to glorify the power of Catholicism with the help of architecture, sculpture, painting, etc. The most widespread baroque spread in those countries where the traditions of Catholics were strong - in Italy, France and Spain.
Gradually, this style embraced the palaces of kings and nobility. Baroque in many countries was to the taste of the monarchs, allowing them to exalt their superiority. In a more simplified way, it spread to rural and urban residents.
Baroque style ornament in Russia
What baroque ornaments were used in Russia? In the second half of the XVIII century. in Russia, especially in furniture, two styles are combined: baroque and rococo. During this period, the famous architects F. Rastrelli, S. I. Chevakinsky and others were busy creating beautiful palaces with luxurious decoration for the rich people of St. Petersburg. Palaces appear in majestic beauty: ceremonial halls, huge mirrors and windows, an abundance of lighting fixtures and candles. All furniture is conceived as a general decorative decoration, which consists of carved armchairs and consoles. It is installed on the sides of the room. The ceremonial halls were considered the center of the palace and were furnished with special luxury, while the living rooms were decorated much more modestly.
During this period, there was a shortage of interior items and furniture in the palaces. They had to be moved from the Winter Palace to the Summer Palace, which made the furniture unusable. Catherine II recalled this in her correspondence.
The use of baroque style in interior decoration
The main type of decor is carving, which was painted in several shades or was gilded.
The walls were covered with silk fabrics with drawings in the form of flowers. Sometimes velvet was used, which was blue, green or crimson. Such walls served as an excellent frame for paintings with gilded frames.
A lot of mirrors helped to visually enlarge the room. The walls had niches in which marble or bronze sculptures were located.
The colors were presented in vibrant hues. The most used are blue or white with gold and green colors.
The ceiling is painted, with bright paintings. Images of animals, birds, fruits, etc. were applied.
Baroque style furniture
What baroque ornaments could be found in furniture? It contained the following features:
- All furniture facades are devoid of a rectangular contour, which is typical for Renaissance style products.
- In baroque furniture, its surfaces (tabletops) are broken by patterned inlay.
- For the first time, curved surfaces were used in furniture, which were obtained from wood by bending. In expensive products, such forms have cabinet doors, and sometimes side walls of chests of drawers.
- Border symmetry with the correct ornament, which is characteristic of Gothic, is replaced by a free pattern. Furniture is inlaid with ivory, copper, ebony, etc.
- The baroque style is characterized by complex figurativeness of such elements as the legs of tables, chairs and cabinets.
Baroque elements are rarely used in modern furniture. Floral ornaments have become somewhat widespread, which are used in a simplified form on cabinet doors or on countertops.
Rococo ornament
What do baroque and rococo ornaments have in common? The Rococo style is a late stage in the development of the Baroque, which has always strived for greater freedom and simplicity of composition.
Its name comes from the French "rocaille", which means rock. In the 17th century fountains began to be decorated in the form of fragments of stone blocks, which were covered with plants intertwined in a chaotic manner. This was the beginning of the development of a style whose main property was asymmetry.
In rococo, admiration for the art of China, India and Persia is felt, so palm trees, figures of monkeys and dragons can be seen among the ornaments. Also, the style is characterized by love for nature, but not for its natural beauty, but for artificial.
As before, ancient mythology becomes a source of inspiration. Venus becomes the main figure and everyone who is connected with her by the plot. These are nymphs, cupids.
Thus, in the interweaving of these elements, a new style was born, distinguished by grace and grace.
Classicism style
Consider the ornament of baroque and classicism. What is the difference? From the end of the 17th century the era of classicism begins. The excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum had a significant influence on the appearance of the style. Once again, ancient art becomes a source of inspiration. However, a new vision of the world is added to classicism.
The ornament takes on balance with clear and distinct straight lines, squares, ovals and rectangles.
Many elements that are characteristic of baroque and rococo are preserved, but excesses and congestion with details are getting rid of.
Many figured compositions are refined and full of harmony. Among the favorite motifs: sphinxes, baskets of flowers, lion's head, dolphins, etc.
The ornament of classicism attracts with simple and graceful lines, which is manifested in its similarity with Greek art.
The baroque ornament, possessing solemnity and dynamism, left its mark on the subsequent styles that arose with its unique compositions.
Baroque (Italian) barocco- "excess") - a style that originated in Italy and extremely popular in Europe in the 16th - 18th centuries. Its main features are solemnity, pomposity and dynamics.Characteristic features of the Baroque style:
. mutual intersection of geometric shapes, complexity of spaces;
the predominance of curvilinear complex forms;
wide use of color contrasts;
alternation of convex and concave planes.
The baroque style is characterized, first of all, by ostentatious, and often even exaggerated luxury. However, at the same time, such an important feature of classicism, which this style replaced, as symmetry, remained unchanged in it. Baroque is characterized by an unusual scope, fluidity of complex forms and unity. And at the same time, everything surprising, unusual and original is very welcome in this style.
The main motifs of baroque ornaments
Baroque ornament has a lot to do with the late Renaissance. The acanthus curl, which usually turns into a coil, is still relevant. The main language of baroque ornament is allegory. However, at the same time, the beginnings of realism appear in it. So, for example, hunters, dogs and cupids and goddesses at the same time can take part in the hunt in the same composition. Moreover, all this scene is covered with bizarre curls of acantha, symbolizing thick grass. Baroque ornaments actively invade the composition of the object itself, that is, they are part of the real space.Often this decor is so active that it overshadows the content itself. For example, on the famous tapestry by Raphael, made on cardboard "The Miraculous Catch", even the gospel story is relegated to the background by an extremely pretentious, conspicuous border. Another characteristic feature of the Baroque ornament is the picturesque interpretation. At the same time, some irregularity of symmetry only emphasizes the realism of the forms and their obvious man-made. In the Baroque ornament, the themes of the shell, medallion and cartouche, popular in classicism, are continued. This time, the shell takes on a fan-shaped or clove-shaped appearance. Also, this element can be associated with a royal lily.
The baroque ornament is very often complemented by elongated long connecting lines. They can have both curved, smooth bends, and straight, clear corners. This element is necessary in the composition in order to give it certainty. Sometimes this motif is transformed into simple geometric articulations. In this case, classical traditions are very clearly manifested in baroque decor. A distinctive feature of baroque ornament is expressiveness and diversity. In the event that it does not contain the motives of classicism, this is a real bacchanalia, striving to break out of the nets of rapport. Elements that repeat elements of ancient Greek and Roman ornaments are widely used. Half-human-half-animal silhouettes are also very readily used. Often, craftsmen use such decoration as heavy bundles of fruits and leaves.
In the second half of the 17th century, the ornament becomes strictly symmetrical. This period is characterized by imitation of various kinds of architectural elements. Columns, consoles, balustrades can often be found in late Baroque decor. The ornament of this period is truly luxurious, majestic and somewhat overweight. Coils and shells are complemented by floor lamps, altars, vases with flowers, dragons. The ornamental compositions of Jean Beren (1679-1700) are very remarkable. In his art, this remarkable artist relies on the ornamentation of the French Renaissance. In its decorations, one can often see grotesques made on the basis of works of the 16th century. The artist develops the theme of the central figure in an ornamental frame.
