"Deeds of bygone days..."
- The embodiment of the idea of the victory of good over evil in M. Glinka's opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila".
- Acquaintance with the genre of aria.
- Ruslan's aria as an important dramatic number of the opera: change of states from gloomy to victorious, resolute.
Music material:
- M. Glinka. Song of Bayan; Ruslan's aria from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (listening);
- M. Glinka. March of Chernomor from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (listening at the request of the teacher);
- M. Glinka. Overture from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (listening at the request of the teacher);
- E. Ptichkin, lyrics by M. Plyatskovsky. "Russian hut" (singing).
Characteristics of activities:
- Correlate the artistic and figurative content of a musical work with the form of its embodiment.
- Apply knowledge of the main means of musical expression in the analysis of the listened work.
- Express in color the emotional attitude to the artistic image.
Theaters are different. Most often, theatrical performances involve actors who go on stage to the audience and begin to speak their text, play their roles. You all probably know and love the puppet theater, where instead of living people, puppets give performances. Such a puppet theater comes to visit you every evening in the TV show “Good night, kids!”.
And there is a theater in which all the performances are staged with the use of music. And the actors there do not speak, but sing and dance to the music. Such a theater is called musical.
- What types of musical performance do you know? (Opera and ballet.)
- What is the name of a musical performance during which all its participants - actors do not speak, but sing? (Opera.)
- What are the vocalists called? (Singers.)
- Who else is involved in staging a real opera performance? (Symphonic Orchestra, chor.)
Yes, such a performance is called the beautiful word "opera". Often the plot of the opera is a fairy tale. Heroes find themselves either at the bottom of the sea, or in a magical fairy-tale forest, or in an enchanted kingdom ...
Near the seaside there is a green oak;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
Day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round in a chain;
Goes to the right - the song starts,
To the left - he tells a fairy tale.
There are miracles: the goblin roams there,
The mermaid sits on the branches;
There on unknown paths
Traces of unseen beasts…
Lukomorye ... (Lukomorye is a sea bay.) The music hall has turned into a seashore. On the shore stood a mighty thick-set oak. The water of the sea was rough, and the spray fell on a sluggish gray cat, which, jingling with a heavy golden chain, importantly walked around the oak tree, purring a song. And among the dense foliage flashed the pale face of a mermaid. Instead of a braid, long green algae streamed down her shoulders, and on her eyelashes glittered either drops of water or tears ... In the thicket, an unprecedented beast flashed, leaving its traces on an unknown path ...
How wonderful Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin talks to us. He takes the most ordinary words, but his speech, his story becomes a living magical picture.
This is how A. Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" begins. (A poem is a large poetic work with a detailed plot.)
This fabulous story became the plot of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka's opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila".
You and I find ourselves in ancient Kyiv at a wedding feast visiting the legendary Prince Vladimir. He gives his daughter Lyudmila in marriage to the Russian hero Ruslan.
In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends, in a high grid
Vladimir the sun feasted;
He gave away his younger daughter
For the brave prince Ruslan
And honey from a heavy glass
I drank to their health.
Listening at the request of the teacher: M. Glinka. Overture from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
The attention of all guests is riveted to the wonderful singer-narrator - Bayan.
Who is Bayan?
Singer storyteller, old gray-haired sage, soothsayer, historian. In a prophetic song, the prophetic Bayan predicts severe trials for Ruslan and Lyudmila; but misfortunes will pass, and “a sign of joy, a child of rain and light, the rainbow will rise again!”
He sings, accompanying himself on the gusli, an ancient Russian folk instrument. Golden strings mesmerize listeners with their ringing. Calm movement, melodious melody and dimensional strumming of chords in accompaniment convey the concentration and solemnity of the narration in music. The light and soft sound of the voice alternates with instrumental repercussions.
Things of bygone days
Traditions of antiquity deep!
About the glory of the Russian land,
Rattle, golden strings.
Hearing: M. Glinka. Bayan's song from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
In the midst of the wedding feast, darkness suddenly sets in. Thunderclaps are heard, all present are suddenly plunged into a strange stupor:
Thunder struck, light flashed in the fog,
The lamp goes out, the smoke runs,
All around was dark, everything was trembling,
And the soul froze in Ruslan.
When it becomes light again, everyone sees with horror that Lyudmila has disappeared. It was the wizard Chernomor who kidnapped her and took her to his enchanted castle.
Listening at the request of the teacher: M. Glinka. March of Chernomor from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
The brave Ruslan goes in search of her. In order to find Lyudmila, Ruslan will have to meet and fight enemies. On his way, he will meet the evil sorceress Naina and the good Finn, meet the Head of the hero...
Composer M. Glinka draws us a portrait of the hero Ruslan. This prince appears before us strong, courageous, courageous, ready for exploits.
... In search of Lyudmila, Ruslan finds himself on a deserted field, keeping traces of a bygone battle. Sorrowful reflections cover him:
With a sigh, the knight around him
Looking with sad eyes.
"O field, field,
Who littered you with dead bones?”
These verses formed the basis of Ruslan's aria.
Hearing: M. Glinka. Ruslan's aria "About the field, the field ..." from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
An aria is an opera fragment performed by one singer accompanied by an orchestra.
The heavy and gloomy intonations of the aria are replaced by decisive and victorious ones. Ruslan understands: only courage and courage will help him defeat evil enemies.
Ruslan is depicted in the opera not only as the savior of Lyudmila, but also as the defender of the Russian land from the forces of evil. Ruslan defeats enemies, frees Lyudmila from magic spells. And we are again in Kyiv with Prince Vladimir at the wedding feast.
Good is followed by sadness
Sadness is a pledge of joy!
Music took us to the distant past. She helped us touch our history, the heroic past.
In this opera, the composer divides all the characters into good and evil. For the kind and noble, he composed beautiful song music. These include Ruslan, Lyudmila, singer-storyteller Bayan. These characters have a singsong musical theme, with beautiful catchy melodies. And with the evil heroes of his opera, the composer played a kind of musical joke - he did not give them vocal parts. For example, for one such heroine - the evil sorceress Naina - he composed music, which is almost all sung on one sound. For the kidnapper of Princess Lyudmila, the evil wizard of Chernomor, Glinka did not create vocal music at all: only orchestral music conveys all the actions of Chernomor.
- What is opera? (A musical performance where everyone sings.)
- What story is the opera based on? (On the plot of A. S. Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila".)
- What words begin the poem by A. S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila"? (“At the seaside, there is a green oak ...”)
- What is Lukomorye? (Sea bay.)
- What event does the opera begin with? (From the wedding of Ruslan and Lyudmila.)
- What happens at the wedding feast? (The evil wizard Chernomor kidnaps Lyudmila, and Ruslan goes in search of her.)
- What excerpts from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" by composer M. Glinka did you listen to today?
- What was the nature of this music?
Questions and tasks:
- What is the character of the Zapev Bayan? What do you think. Why does the chorus sound slow and majestic?
- What musical instrument is played in the orchestra?
- How does the means of musical expressiveness help to “draw” a gloomy image of the “dead field”? What tempo did the composer choose? What registers are used? What is the dynamics?
- In the middle of the aria, the character of the music changes dramatically. What do you think it is connected with?
Presentation
Included:
1. Presentation, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Glinka. Ruslan's aria from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", mp3;
Glinka. March of Chernomor from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", mp3;
Glinka. Bayan's song from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", mp3;
Glinka. Overture from the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", mp3;
3. Accompanying article, docx.
The work uses unique illustrations of Palekh boxes.
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 1"
Safonovo
Smolensk region
Lesson study
"Deeds of bygone days, legends of antiquity deep."
(Based on the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila")
5th grade
Teacher of Russian language and literature
Sopova Elena Grigorievna
| Lesson topic | « Deeds of bygone days, legends of antiquity deep. (Based on the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila") |
| Goals | Analysis of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in order to show the moral beauty of the characters, their desire for good, patriotism. To develop through the word interest in the historical past of their country and language. Teach expressive reading, monologue speech, research skills. |
| Number of hours | |
| Content elements | The brightest representatives of the Great world literature. The history of the creation of the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila". Pushkin's lively interest in oral folk art, in the fabulous and fantastic. Plot, composition, artistic world of the poem. Ruslan, his assistants and opponents. Pushkin's poem is a triumph of true love, the moral purity of heroes, honor, duty, and mercy. Group work. Analysis of the episode "Ruslan's fight with the Pechenegs". The game "Who carefully read the poem?" |
| Types of learning activities | Receptive : home reading of the poem, reading the episode "Ruslan's fight with the Pechenegs." reproductive : expressive reading of excerpts from the poem, answers to questions of a reproductive nature. Productive creative: analysis of the episode (in groups), oral verbal drawing, competition for a connoisseur of the poem, stories about heroes, creating illustrations for the poem. Research: the role of sounds, mood changes, metaphors, fairy-tale elements, verbs, obsolete words in the episode "Ruslan's fight with the Pechenegs". |
| Requirements for the level of preparation of students | Know what a poem is, a legend. Understand the general movement of the plot, the idea of the poem, the characters of its characters. Be able to find fairy-tale elements, compose a story about the heroes of the poem, justify the illustrations of artists and correlate them with the text of a work of art, create your own illustrations, select material for the story, compress the text. |
| Intra-subject and inter-subject communications | Russian language : figurative and expressive means, work with obsolete words, phonetic means of expressiveness (alliteration), vocabulary work (patriotism). Story : raids of the Pechenegs on Ancient Russia. art: familiarization of students with illustrations for the poem. (Artists K. and B. Kukuliev, Viktor Korolkov). Create your own illustrations. Music : overture by M.I. Glinka to the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila". Analysis of the episode "Ruslan's Fight with the Pechenegs" to the music of D. Shostakovich (Symphony No. 10). |
| Types of control | Explain the meaning of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery”, “There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia.” Episode analysis. Interview with students. |
| Homework | portrait sketch of the hero; |
Equipment.
1. Portrait of A.S. Pushkin.
2. Portrait of V.A. Zhukovsky.
3. Reproduction of a painting by Yu.V. Ivanov Pushkin and Arina Rodionovna.
4. Portrait of M.I. Glinka.
5. Photo of the 1st edition of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". 1820
6. Portraits of Shakespeare, Goethe, Cervantes, Dante, Petrarch.
7. Explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegov.
8. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language in 4 volumes by V.I. Dahl.
9. Illustrations for the poem. Artists K. and B. Kukuliev. Artist Viktor Korolkov.
10. Students' illustrations for their favorite episodes.
11. Exhibition of fairy tales by A.S. Pushkin entitled "What a charm these fairy tales are!"
12. Map of Ancient Russia.
13. Dictionary of Pushkin's language in 2 volumes.
Preliminary tasks received by students in groups.
1 group. Readers (5 people):
1st student reads the "Prologue" by heart;
4 students read by heart from song 6 episodes “The Siege of Kyiv”, “The Battle of Ruslan with the Pechenegs”.
2 group. Storytellers and experts in history (2 people):
1st student transmits a summary of the poem (training in text compression).
The 2nd student talks about the attack of the Pechenegs on the ancient Russian state (collects materials independently).
3rd group. Lovers of literature, interpreters of obsolete words (2 people):
Students in alphabetical order compile a dictionary of obsolete words, determine their role in the poem.
4 group. Researchers of human characters (5 people):
Students characterize Ruslan's 3 rivals using quotes and trace the path of each hero. Draw a road map
a) Rogdaya;
b) Farlaf;
c) Khan Ratmir.
Students talk about Ruslan's helpers:
a) Finn
b) head.
5 group. Researchers of human characters (3 people):
Based on the text of the poem, students talk about Lyudmila.
6 group. "Artists" (other students):
present their illustrations for the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", talk about the creation of drawings; about the episode depicted on it, justify their choice.
Lesson study
“The affairs of bygone days, the legends of antiquity deep” (based on the poem by A.S. Pushkin “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).
Respect for the past
characteristic of education
from wildness...
A.S. Pushkin
There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia!
A.S. Pushkin
During the classes
I. Introduction
1. Teacher's word
In every great literature there is a writer who constitutes a separate Great Literature: in England - Shakespeare, in Germany - Goethe, in Spain - Cervantes, in Italy - Dante and Petrarch.
In Russian literature, this is A.S. Pushkin.
No matter how many times we re-read Pushkin, a wave of delight rises in our souls from some unknown depths, born from painfully familiar lines.
2. The student reads the passage "At the seaside"
3. Word of the teacher (continued)
You heard a mysterious and slightly mocking description of the fabulous Lukomorye in the introduction to the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". This is the first poem by A.S. Pushkin. He began to write it at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (1817) and continued to work on it already in St. Petersburg.
The success of the poem was extraordinary. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky,
considered Pushkin's teacher in poetry, gave him his portrait with the inscription: "To the winner-student from the defeated teacher on that highly solemn day on which he graduated from the poem" Ruslan and Lyudmila ", 1820, March 26, Good Friday."
And the winner-student was 20 years old. The first edition of the poem was published in St. Petersburg in 1820.
4. The poem is written in the spirit of those folk tales that Pushkin heard or read. Why does the poet have such a keen interest in oral folk art, in the fabulous and fantastic?
Captivating old legends and epics, told by the nanny Arina Rodionovna, the keeper of folk wisdom and fantasy, led into the world of miraculous transformations. Having become a poet, Pushkin blossomed them with his wonderful poetic fantasy, turned them into wonderful poems and songs that we read and
today.
II. Main part
Conversation with students
Our lesson is called "Deeds of bygone days, legends of antiquity deep."
1. Read the 1st epigraph. How do you understand these lines?
Pushkin understood well: an educated person should know and respect the historical and cultural roots of his country. In this we are helped by works of oral folk art, in which the people act as the custodian of Russian traditions, national art.
2. At home you read an unusual poem. What is a poem?
A narrative work in verse, usually on a historical or legendary subject.
“... I will now tell this tale to the world ...” And not out of nothing to do, Pushkin turned to the fairy tale genre. Obviously, he wanted to tell us something of his own, secret, suffered.
And we will try to get closer to the mystery of Pushkin's lines, admire, reflect...
On January 29, 1837, severely wounded in a duel by Dantes, Pushkin died. Already in the autumn of the same year, our countryman M.I. Glinka played excerpts from the new opera to his friends.
(M.I. Glinka's overture to the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" sounds)
4. What did you imagine while listening to this music?
5. And now let's talk. Did you like the poem?
6. Why is it called that?
7. What can you say about the heroes of the work? Who are they?
8. Which character do you like the most? And what?
9. Which of the heroes could we call a negative character? Why?
10. And now let's play. The game! Who carefully read the poem?
Where was the hereditary village of Farlaf located?
near Kyiv. We learn this from the words of the old woman, who advised Farlaf to return "to solitude, in his ancestral village" to stay without worries: "Lyudmila will not leave us."
Why did Ruslan not lose heart, what did he hope for?
He hoped not only for the prediction of the old man (“The terrible Chernomor Wizard ... will die by your hand”). Ruslan understood that he had to fight for his beloved, that “the fate ... of the coming days” was in his will. The young prince had to snatch Lyudmila from captivity at all costs.
Who was the old man before meeting Naina?
Shepherd. ("Shepherd, I don't love you!")
Who does Pushkin call "the seeker of bloody battles, the pet of the battle"?
Rogdaya.
11. What is a tradition?
This is a story that passes from generation to generation about the past, a legend. The poem combines the fabulous and the real in a bizarre way.
12. Name the fabulous elements in the poem.
13. Try using one word to determine what this work is about. Define its theme.
We'll all be right to say that this poem
about love;
about the victory of good over evil;
about friendship and hatred.
But it is also a patriotic poem. This is a poem about Russia: “There is a Russian spirit, there it smells of Russia!”
14. Who among you can say what patriotism is?
15. Lexical work (with the explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov).
Patriotism is devotion and love for one's Fatherland, for one's people.
A patriot is a person devoted to the interests of some cause, deeply attached to something.
III . Working with groups
1. What episode tells about the patriotism of the protagonist?
This is the siege of Kyiv and the battle of Ruslan with the Pechenegs. Song 6.
2. What do you know about this from history?
A trained student tells about the raids of the Pechenegs on Ancient Russia. (Group 2)
The Pechenegs are a union of Turkic nomadic tribes, formed in the 8th-9th centuries. in the steppes between the Aral Sea and the Volga. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Pechenegs first came to Russia in 915. Having concluded a peace agreement with Prince Igor, they went to the Danube.
In 968, the Pechenegs besieged Kyiv. The Kyiv prince Svyatoslav lived at that time in Pereyaslavl on the Danube, and Olga remained in Kyiv with her grandchildren. Only the cunning of the youth, who managed to call for help, allowed the siege to be lifted from Kyiv.
The raids of the Pechenegs were repeatedly repulsed by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. In 1036, the Pechenegs again besieged Kyiv, but were defeated by Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise and left Russia forever.
3. And here is how Pushkin told about it in the poem.
Students from I group:
1 - from the words "Kiev people are crowding on the wall of the city", ending with the words "From
a faithful retinue of princes is preparing for a bloody battle”;
2 - from the words “And the day has come. Crowds of enemies with the dawn moved from the hills,
ending with the words "The mournful groan of the fallen and Russians was heard
knights of prayer";
3 - from the words "The morning shadow grew pale, the wave turned silver in the stream",
ending with the words “Rushed in the footsteps of the hero, fought ... perish,
basurman";
4 - from the words “Encompasses the horror of the Pechenegs; pets stormy raids are calling
scattered horses", ending with the words "Crowding around with cries,
and joy revived the prince.
4. We have now mentioned the name of the main character, but before proceeding to the direct description of all the heroes, let's recall the summary of the poem.
(Student II group conveys a summary of the poem, presenting their work)
5. There are many obsolete words in the poem. Presenting the word to students Group III.
6. What is the role of obsolete words in the poem?
They not only recreate the past era, but are also expressive means of the language: they give the speech a sublimely romantic, solemn, sweet sound.
7. Analysis of the episode "Ruslan's fight with the Pechenegs".
Groups receive assignments and work to the music of D. Shostakovich (Symphony No. 10).
Pale morning shadow
The wave rippled in the stream
A doubtful day was born
In the foggy east.
Clear hills and forests,
And the heavens woke up.
Still in idle rest
The battlefield slumbered;
Suddenly the dream was interrupted: the enemy camp
He rose up with noisy anxiety,
A sudden cry of battle broke out;
The heart of the people of Kiev was troubled;
They run in discordant crowds
And they see: in the field between enemies,
Shining in armor, as if on fire,
Wonderful warrior on a horse
A thunderstorm rushes, pricks, cuts,
In a roaring horn, flying, blows ...
It was Ruslan. Like god's thunder
Our knight fell on the infidel;
He roams with carla behind the saddle
In the midst of a frightened camp.
Wherever a formidable sword whistles,
Where an angry horse rushes,
Everywhere the heads fly off the shoulders,
And with a cry, line upon line falls;
In an instant, a scolding meadow
Covered with mounds of bloody bodies,
Alive, crushed, headless,
A mass of spears, arrows, chain mail.
Squads of equestrian Slavs
Rushed in the footsteps of the hero,
Fought... perish, basurman!
Task for group I
Watch the change of mood in this passage. Why is this happening?
Task for group II
Find words used in a figurative sense. What is their role in the line?
Task for III group
What is the role of verbs in the description of combat?
Task for group IV
Find the fabulous elements in this passage. What is their role?
Task for group V
What sounds help create the image of combat? What is their role in this passage?
Task for group VI
Find obsolete words. Determine their meaning.
Student performance
Teacher's conclusion
So, with the help of the contrasting construction of the episode, the use of obsolete words, metaphors, fairy-tale elements, personifications, expressive verbs, alliteration, the great Pushkin emphasizes the tension, the dynamics of the battle, glorifies the heroism of Russian soldiers, brings the events of "long gone days" closer. And Ruslan became a symbol of courage, military prowess, devotion to his fatherland.
8. In addition to Ruslan, three of his rivals went in search of the beautiful Lyudmila: Rogdai, Farlaf and Khan Ratmir. Describe each of them using quotes from the text. Follow the path of each of them.
Students speak Group IV:
1 student characterizes Rogdai;
2 student characterizes Farlaf;
3 student characterizes Khan Ratmir.
9. Why do you think none of them managed to find Lyudmila?
10. Speaking about Ruslan's rivals, we found out that all of them were helped by evil forces in the form of the witch Naina. But in any fairy tale there must be good forces that oppose evil and stand on the side of the protagonist. Who helps Ruslan?
Prophetic Finn and the Head.
Students speak Group IV:
The 4th student talks about Finn (describes Ruslan's 1st meeting with the prophetic Finn).
What do we learn from the elder's story?
How did he manage to help the main character?
How do you imagine this old man?
Draw a picture of him orally.
The 5th student describes Ruslan's 2nd assistant, the Head, and tells what he learned about the fate of the heroes, about a close relative of this miracle.
11. How did Ruslan meet Chernomor? Why did Ruslan manage to defeat him?
12. But we have not yet said anything about one heroine of the poem - Lyudmila.
V students groups say:
Who is Ludmila?
When do we first meet her?
What can you say about the appearance of the heroine? Find lines in the text that would help us create her portrait.
Tell us about Lyudmila's wanderings through the magical castle and gardens of Chernomor.
How did Lyudmila manage to deceive the evil wizard?
13. What helped Ruslan find his Lyudmila? Is it only his magical assistants?
IV . Working with illustrations
1. The word of the teacher.
Artists K. and B. Kukuliev and Viktor Korolkov created wonderful illustrations for the poem. They have so much imagination! The poem seemed to come to life in colors and images.
What illustrations did you make?
2. Student performances group VI.
Each "artist" tells about the creation of his drawing, about the episode that is depicted, and justifies his choice.
V . Summarizing
1. What gave you guys a reading of the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila" What did you learn from Pushkin?
2. The word of the teacher.
We studied a wonderful work, which is based on "the deeds of bygone days, the legends of ancient times", but it is interesting to us today, because it sings of the triumph of true love - a feeling that is invincible by any evil in the world; sings of goodness and beauty, friendship and fidelity, love for one's land, for one's people; teaches to see the human in a person.
Take a look at these books. These are Pushkin's fairy tales, which he wrote much later than the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", already after 30 years.
(Exhibition "What a charm these fairy tales are!")
3. What are the tales of A.S. Have you read Pushkin?
4. The word of the teacher.
I would like to emphasize that Pushkin's fairy tales are much more complicated, deeper than they seem at first glance, so we will turn to them in high school, since it is from the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", from fairy tales, that strings are drawn to everything: to the Russian character, moral purity heroes, to the understanding of honor and duty, to mercy and family.
As you grow older, other poets, good and worse, will inevitably come into your life. But Pushkin will never get old. The words sound prophetic: “In the distance from you, I will be inseparable from you.”
Pushkin is eternal, like the Motherland.
VI. Homework
Write a creative work on the topic "My favorite Pushkin hero" (based on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila").
Select a "genre" of creative work:
fairy tale-poem about the new adventures of Pushkin's hero;
a letter to a friend about a meeting with the beloved hero of the poem;
portrait sketch of the hero;
interview with Pushkin's hero;
comparative characteristics of the hero of Pushkin's poem and the fairy-tale hero.
Try to colorize your work.
VII . Creative work of students (excerpts)
Mighty hero Ruslan.
The protagonist of the poem is the brave prince Ruslan. He with honor withstood all the trials that fate doomed him to.
When the terrible sorcerer Chernomor treacherously stole his bride, Ruslan, ready to overcome any difficulties, went in search of his beloved without fear.
Ruslan has a strong character and a kind soul. This is a brave, unstoppable, valiant and skillful warrior. The love, loyalty and infinite courage of the hero overcome both the distrust of the old prince, and the evil machinations of the dwarf wizard, and the deceit, and betrayal of a cowardly rival.
Nazarov Anar.
Russian knight Ruslan.
This is a powerful warrior who embodies such qualities as valor, nobility, physical strength. This is a hero who was not afraid to fight the forces of evil.
In all situations, he manifests himself as a brave, generous, courageous knight. He is the embodiment of a Russian patriotic warrior.
Roschin Oleg.
Ruslan is the hero of the Russian land.
Poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Ruslan and Lyudmila" is an amazing work about love and fidelity, courage and valor, deceit and cunning.
The protagonist of the poem is the brave prince Ruslan. Having dealt with the hordes of Pechenegs who besieged Kyiv in an instant, he reminds me of the hero Ilya Muromets.
Ulman Christina.
Ruslan is my favorite hero.
The last page of the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Ruslan and Lyudmila", which left a lot of positive emotions.
Having gone in search of Lyudmila, Ruslan overcame his rivals, destroyed all obstacles, defeated the enemy hordes.
The brave and brave Ruslan also defeated Chernomor in a rebellious battle. Ruslan's main weapon was love for his native land, his beloved girl. But love works wonders.
Pushkarev Yaroslav.
Ratmir - "young Khazar prince".
He is handsome and well built. Despite his youth, "chosen by glory", the khan glorified his sword in bloody wars.
Ratmir is hot, ardent, voluptuous. Once in the castle, in the circle of charming maidens, he quickly forgot about Lyudmila.
At the end of the poem, I learned that Ratmir left "anxiety of the fighting life and the sword that he glorified" for the sake of pure love for his girlfriend and became a peaceful and unknown hermit.
Ratmir is the only one of the rivals who wished Ruslan happiness, victories, glory and love.
Stepanenko Ivan.
Literature
1. Golub, I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. - M.: Rolf, 2001. - 448s.
2. Dal, V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In four volumes. - M.: Russian language, 1998.
3. Journal "Literature at School", No. 4, 1999.
4. An open lesson in literature: Russian classical literature (Plans, abstracts, materials): A guide for teachers / Editors-compilers: I.P. Karpov, N.N. Starygin. - 2nd ed. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 420p.
5. Dictionary of obsolete words / Comp. Tkachenko N.G., Andreeva I.V., Basko N.V. - M.: Rolf, 1997. - 272p.
6. Poems. Poems. - M.: Eksmo-press, 2002. - 606s.
For you, the soul of my queen,
Beauties, for you alone
Times of the past fables,
In golden hours of leisure,
Under the whisper of old talkative,
With a faithful hand I wrote;
Accept my playful work!
No need for praise,
I'm happy with sweet hope
What a maiden with a thrill of love
Look, maybe stealthily
To my sinful songs.
Near the seaside, the oak is green;
Golden chain on an oak tree:
And day and night the cat is a scientist
Everything goes round and round in a chain;
Goes to the right - the song starts,
To the left - he tells a fairy tale.
There are miracles: the goblin roams there,
The mermaid sits on the branches;
There on unknown paths
Traces of unseen beasts;
Hut there on chicken legs
Stands without windows, without doors;
There the forest and valleys of visions are full;
There, at dawn, waves will come
On the sandy and empty shore,
And thirty beautiful knights
A series of clear waters emerge,
And with them their uncle is sea;
There is a queen in passing
Captivates the formidable king;
There in the clouds before the people
Through the forests, through the seas
The sorcerer carries the hero;
In the dungeon there the princess is grieving,
And the brown wolf faithfully serves her;
There is a stupa with Baba Yaga
It goes, wanders by itself;
There, King Kashchei languishes over gold;
There is a Russian spirit ... there it smells of Russia!
And there I was, and I drank honey;
I saw a green oak by the sea;
Sitting under it, and the cat is a scientist
He told me his stories.
I remember one: this fairy tale
Let me tell the world...
Canto One
Things of bygone days
Traditions of antiquity deep.
In the crowd of mighty sons,
With friends, in a high grid
Vladimir the sun feasted;
He gave away his younger daughter
For the brave prince Ruslan
And honey from a heavy glass
I drank to their health.
Not soon our ancestors ate,
Not soon moving around
Ladles, silver bowls
With boiling beer and wine.
They poured joy in the heart,
Foam hissed around the edges,
Their important teacups were worn
And they bowed low to the guests.
The speeches merged into an indistinct noise;
A merry circle buzzes the guests;
But suddenly there was a pleasant voice
And the sonorous harp is a fluent sound;
Everyone was silent, listening to Bayan:
And praise the sweet singer
Lyudmila-charm and Ruslana
And Lelem crowned them.
But, tired with passionate passion,
Ruslan does not eat, does not drink in love;
Looks at a dear friend
Sighs, gets angry, burns
And, pinching his mustache with impatience,
Counts every moment.
In despondency, with a cloudy brow,
At the noisy wedding table
Three young knights are sitting;
Silent, behind an empty bucket,
Forgotten cups are circular,
And brasnas are unpleasant to them;
They do not hear the prophetic Bayan;
They lowered their embarrassed gaze.
Those are Ruslan's three rivals;
In the soul of the unfortunate conceal
Love and hate poison.
One - Rogdai, brave warrior,
Pushing the limits with a sword
rich Kyiv fields;
The other is Farlaf, the haughty screamer,
In feasts not defeated by anyone,
But a modest warrior among swords;
The last, full of passionate thought,
Young Khazar Khan Ratmir:
All three are pale and gloomy,
And a cheerful feast is not a feast for them.
Here it is finished; stand in rows
Mixed in noisy crowds,
And everyone is looking at the young:
The bride lowered her eyes
As if my heart was sad,
And the joyful bridegroom is bright.
But the shadow encompasses all nature,
Already close to midnight deaf;
Boyars, drowsing from honey,
With a bow, they went home.
The groom is delighted, in ecstasy:
He caresses in the imagination
Bashful maiden beauty;
But with a secret, sad emotion
Grand Duke blessing
Gives a young couple.
And here's a young bride
Lead to the wedding bed;
The lights went out... and the night
Lel lights the lamp.
Dear hopes come true
Gifts are being prepared for love;
Jealous garments will fall
On Tsaregradsky carpets...
Can you hear the loving whisper
And kisses sweet sound
And a broken murmur
Last timidity?.. Spouse
Enthusiasm feels in advance;
And then they came ... Suddenly
Thunder struck, light flashed in the fog,
The lamp goes out, the smoke runs,
All around was dark, everything was trembling,
And the soul froze in Ruslan ...
Everything was silent. In terrible silence
A strange voice rang out twice,
And someone in the smoky depth
Soared blacker than misty haze...
And again the tower is empty and quiet;
The frightened groom gets up,
Cold sweat rolls down from his face;
Trembling, cold hand
He asks the mute darkness...
About grief: there is no dear girlfriend!
He grabs air, he is empty;
Lyudmila is not in the thick darkness,
Kidnapped by an unknown force.
Ah, if the martyr of love
Suffering from passion hopelessly
Though it's sad to live, my friends,
However, life is still possible.
But after many, many years
Hug your beloved friend
Desires, tears, melancholy subject,
And suddenly a minute wife
Forever lost... oh friends,
Of course, I'd rather die!
However, Ruslan is unhappy.
But what did the Grand Duke say?
Struck suddenly by a terrible rumor,
Inflamed with anger at the son-in-law,
He and the court he convenes:
"Where, where is Lyudmila?" - asks
With a terrible, fiery brow.
Ruslan does not hear. “Children, others!
I remember the previous merits:
Oh, take pity on the old man!
Tell me who agrees
Jump after my daughter?
Whose feat will not be in vain,
To that - torment, cry, villain!
I couldn't save my wife! -
To that I will give her as a wife
With half the kingdom of my great-grandfathers.
Who will volunteer, children, others? .. "
"I!" - Said the woeful bridegroom.
"I! I! - exclaimed with Rogday
Farlaf and joyful Ratmir. -
Now we saddle our horses;
We are happy to travel the world.
Our father, let us not prolong separation;
Don't be afraid: we're going for the princess."
And with gratitude dumb
In tears, he stretches out his hands to them.
An old man tormented by longing.
All four go out together;
Ruslan was despondently killed;
The thought of a lost bride
It torments and dies.
They sit on zealous horses;
Along the banks of the Dnieper happy
They fly in swirling dust;
Already hiding in the distance;
The riders are no longer visible...
But for a long time he still looks
Grand Duke in an empty field
And the thought flies after them.
Ruslan languished silently,
And the meaning and memory lost.
Over the shoulder looking arrogantly
And important akimbo, Farlaf,
Pouting, he groaned for Ruslan.
He says: "Forcibly I
Break free, friends!
Well, will I meet the giant soon?
Some blood will flow
Already the victims of jealous love!
Have fun my trusty sword
Have fun, my zealous horse!”
Khazar Khan, in his mind
Already hugging Lyudmila,
Almost dancing over the saddle;
Young blood plays in it,
The fire of hope is full of eyes:
Then he jumps at full speed,
That teases the dashing runner,
Spins, rears up,
Ile boldly rushes to the hills again.
Rogdai is gloomy, silent - not a word ...
Fearing an unknown fate
And tormented by jealousy in vain,
He is the most worried
And often his gaze is terrible
At the prince gloomily directed.
Rivals on the same road
They all ride together all day.
Dnieper became dark shore sloping;
The shadow of the night pours from the east;
Fog over the deep Dnieper;
It's time for their horses to rest.
Here under the mountain by a wide way
Wide crossed path.
"Let's go, it's time! - they said -
Let us entrust ourselves to an unknown fate.
And every horse, not feeling the steel,
I have chosen the path of my own free will.
What are you doing, Ruslan unfortunate,
Alone in the desert silence?
Lyudmila, wedding day is terrible,
Everything, it seems, you saw in a dream.
Pulling a copper helmet over his eyebrows,
Leaving the bridle from powerful hands,
You walk between the fields
And slowly in your soul
Hope is dying, faith is dying.
But suddenly there is a cave in front of the hero;
There is light in the cave. He's right up to her
Goes under dormant vaults,
Peers of nature itself.
He entered with despondency: what does he see?
In the cave is an old man; clear view,
Calm look, gray-haired beard;
The lamp in front of him burns;
He sits behind an ancient book,
Reading it carefully.
"Welcome, my son! -
He said with a smile to Ruslan. -
I've been here alone for twenty years
In the darkness of the old life I wither;
But finally waited for the day
long anticipated by me.
We are brought together by fate;
Sit down and listen to me.
Ruslan, you lost Lyudmila;
Your hard spirit is losing strength;
But evil will rush a quick moment:
For a while, fate overtook you.
With hope, cheerful faith
Go for everything, do not be discouraged;
Forward! with a sword and a bold breast
Make your way at midnight.
Find out, Ruslan: your offender
Wizard terrible Chernomor,
Beauties old thief,
Midnight owner of the mountains.
Nobody else in his abode
The gaze has not penetrated until now;
But you, destroyer of evil machinations,
You will enter it, and the villain
Will die by your hand.
I don't have to tell you anymore:
The fate of your future days
My son, in your will from now on.
Our knight fell at the feet of the old man
And in joy he kisses his hand.
The world brightens his eyes,
And the heart forgot flour.
He revived again; and suddenly again
On the flushed face, the torment ...
“The reason for your anguish is clear;
But sadness is not difficult to disperse, -
The old man said, - you are terrible
Love of a gray-haired sorcerer;
Calm down, know it's in vain
And the young maiden is not afraid.
He brings the stars down from the sky
He whistles - the moon trembles;
But against the time of the law
His science is not strong.
Jealous, quivering keeper
Locks of ruthless doors,
He's just a feeble tormentor
Your lovely captive.
Around her he silently wanders,
He curses his cruel lot ...
But, good knight, the day passes,
And you need peace."
Ruslan lies on soft moss
Before the dying fire;
He seeks to forget sleep
Sighs, turns slowly...
In vain! Knight at last:
“I can’t sleep, my father!
What to do: I'm sick in soul,
And a dream is not a dream, how sickening it is to live.
Let me refresh my heart
Your sacred conversation.
Forgive me a cheeky question.
Open up: who are you, blessed,
The fate of the confidant is incomprehensible?
Who took you to the desert?
Sighing with a sad smile,
The old man answered: "Dear son,
I already forgot my distant homeland
Gloomy edge. natural finn,
In the valleys known to us alone,
Chasing a herd of neighboring villages,
In my carefree youth I knew
Some dense oak forests,
Streams, caves of our rocks
Yes, wild poverty fun.
But to live in comforting silence
It was not given to me for long.
Then near our village,
Like a sweet color of solitude,
Naina lived. Between girlfriends
She was bursting with beauty.
Once upon a time in the morning
Their herds on a dark meadow
I drove, blowing the bagpipes;
There was a stream in front of me.
One, young beauty
Weaving a wreath on the shore.
I was attracted by my destiny...
Oh, knight, that was Naina!
I to her - and the fatal flame
For a daring look, I was rewarded,
And I learned love with my soul
With her heavenly joy,
With her agonizing longing.
Half a year has gone;
I opened up to her with trepidation,
He said: I love you, Naina.
But my timid sorrow
Naina proudly listened,
Only loving your charms,
And indifferently answered:
"Shepherd, I don't love you!"
And everything became wild and gloomy to me:
Native bush, shadow of oak trees,
Cheerful games of shepherds -
Nothing comforted the anguish.
In despondency, the heart dried up, sluggishly.
And finally I thought
Leave the Finnish fields;
Seas unfaithful abysses
Swim across with the fraternal team
And deserve the swearing glory
Attention proud Naina.
I summoned brave fishermen
Seek danger and gold.
For the first time the quiet land of the fathers
Heard the swearing sound of damask steel
And the noise of non-peaceful shuttles.
I sailed away, full of hope,
With a crowd of fearless countrymen;
We are ten years of snow and waves
Crimsoned with the blood of enemies.
Rumor rushed: the kings of a foreign land
They were afraid of my insolence;
Their proud squads
Fled northern swords.
We had fun, we fought terribly,
Shared tribute and gifts
And they sat down with the vanquished
For friendly feasts.
But a heart full of Naina
Under the noise of battle and feasts,
It was languishing in a secret twist,
Looking for Finnish coasts.
It's time to go home, I said, friends!
Let's hang idle chain mail
Under the shade of the native hut.
He said - and the oars rustled:
And leaving fear behind
To the bay of the fatherland dear
We flew in with pride.
Old dreams come true
Wishes come true!
A moment of sweet goodbye
And you sparkled for me!
At the feet of the arrogant beauty
I brought a bloody sword,
Corals, gold and pearls;
Before her, intoxicated with passion,
Surrounded by a silent swarm
Her envious friends
I stood as an obedient captive;
But the maiden hid from me,
Saying with an air of indifference:
"Hero, I don't love you!"
Why tell, my son,
Why is there no power to retell?
Oh, and now one, one
Asleep in soul, at the door of the grave,
I remember sorrow, and sometimes,
How about the past the thought is born,
By my gray beard
A heavy tear rolls down.
But listen: in my homeland
Between the desert fishermen
Science is amazing.
Under the roof of eternal silence
Among the forests, in the wilderness
Gray-haired sorcerers live;
To the objects of high wisdom
All their thoughts are directed;
Everyone hears their terrible voice,
What was and what will be again
And they are subject to their formidable will
And the coffin and love itself.
And I, a greedy seeker of love,
Decided in desolate sadness
Attract Naina with spells
And in the proud heart of a cold maiden
Ignite love with magic.
Hurrying into the arms of freedom
Into the solitary darkness of the woods;
And there, in the teachings of sorcerers,
Spent invisible years.
The long-desired moment has come,
And the terrible secret of nature
I comprehended a bright thought:
I learned the power of spells.
The crown of love, the crown of desires!
Now, Naina, you are mine!
Victory is ours, I thought.
But really the winner
There was fate, my stubborn persecutor.
In the dreams of young hope
In the rapture of ardent desire,
I quickly cast spells
I call the spirits - and in the darkness of the forest
The arrow rushed thunder
The magic whirlwind raised a howl,
The ground trembled underfoot...
And suddenly sits in front of me
The old woman is decrepit, gray-haired,
With sunken eyes sparkling,
With a hump, with a shaking head,
A sadly dilapidated picture.
Oh, knight, that was Naina! ..
I was horrified and silent
With the eyes of a terrible ghost measured,
I still didn't believe in doubt
And suddenly he began to cry, shouted:
“Is it possible! oh, Naina, are you!
Naina, where is your beauty?
Tell me, is heaven
Have you been so terribly changed?
Tell me how long ago, leaving the light,
Have I parted with my soul and my dear?
How long ago? ..” - “Exactly forty years, -
There was a fatal answer from the maiden, -
Today I was seventy.
What to do, - she squeaks me, -
The years flew by.
Mine passed, your spring -
We both got old.
But, friend, listen: it doesn't matter
Unfaithful youth loss.
Of course, now I'm gray
A little, perhaps, a hunchback;
Not what it used to be
Not so alive, not so sweet;
But (added chatterbox)
I will reveal the secret: I am a witch!
And it really was.
Silent, motionless before her,
I was a complete fool
With all my wisdom.
But that's terrible: witchcraft
Completely done, unfortunately.
My gray deity
A new passion burned for me.
Curving a terrible mouth with a smile,
Grave voice freak
Mutters love confession to me.
Imagine my suffering!
I trembled, lowering my eyes;
She continued through her cough
Heavy, passionate conversation:
“So, now I have recognized the heart;
I see, true friend, it
Born for tender passion;
Feelings woke up, I'm burning
Longing for love...
Come into my arms...
Oh dear, dear! I'm dying..."
And meanwhile she, Ruslan,
Blinking with languid eyes;
And meanwhile for my caftan
She held on with skinny hands;
And in the meantime, I was dying
Shut your eyes in horror;
And suddenly there was no more urine;
I ran away screaming.
She followed: “Oh, unworthy!
You disturbed my calm age,
The days of an innocent maiden are clear!
You won the love of Naina,
And you despise - here are the men!
They all breathe change!
Alas, blame yourself;
He seduced me, wretch!
I surrendered to passionate love...
A traitor, a fiend! oh shame!
But tremble, girlish thief!”
So we parted. From now on
Living in my seclusion
With a disappointed soul;
And in the world of old man consolation
Nature, wisdom and peace.
The grave is already calling me;
But the feelings are the same
The old woman has not forgotten
And the flame is later than love
Turned from annoyance to anger.
Loving evil with a black soul,
The old witch, of course,
He will hate you too;
But grief on earth is not eternal.
Our knight eagerly listened
Elder's stories; clear eyes
I didn’t close with a light nap
And the quiet flight of the night
In deep thought I did not hear.
But the day shines radiant...
With a sigh, the grateful knight
Embraces the old man-sorcerer;
The soul is full of hope;
Gets out. Clenched my feet
Ruslan of the neighing horse,
He recovered in the saddle and whistled.
"My father, do not leave me."
And jumps on an empty meadow.
The gray-haired sage to a young friend
Shouts after him: “Good luck!
Sorry love your wife
Don't forget the old man's advice!
Cases of bygone days, / Traditions of antiquity deep
From the poem (canto one) "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1817-1820) by A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837). The lines are Pushkin's translation of one of the "Poems of Ossian" by the English writer James MacPherson (1736-1796):
A tale of the times of old!..
The deeds of days of other years!..
Allegorically: about old and unreliable events that few people remember (ironic).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of winged words and expressions. - M.: "Lokid-Press". Vadim Serov. 2003 .
See what "Cases of bygone days, / Traditions of the deep antiquity" are in other dictionaries:
Cases of bygone days, Traditions of antiquity deep (foreigner) about a very old event. Wed Now that's all, these are already things of bygone days and the traditions of antiquity, although not deep, but these traditions there is no need to hurry to forget ... Lѣkov. Lefty…… Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
Cases of bygone days, Traditions of antiquity deep (inosk.) About a very old event Cf. Now all this is a matter of bygone days and the traditions of antiquity, although not deep, but there is no need to hurry to forget these traditions ... Leskov. Lefty. 20. Wed… … Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary
- (1799 1837) Russian poet, writer. Aphorisms, quotes Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich. Biography It is not difficult to despise the court of people, it is impossible to despise one's own court. Backbiting, even without evidence, leaves eternal traces. Critics... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
dilapidated, ancient, perennial, age-old, centuries-old, ancient, ancient, ancient, old-fashioned, old-fashioned, obsolete, old-fashioned, obdurate, rooted, old-fashioned, long-standing, antediluvian, eternal, primordial, fossil, archaic, ... ... Synonym dictionary
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
1. OLD, old times, pl. no. 1. female An era, a time long past. These customs smell of antiquity. "Deeds of bygone days, legends of antiquity deep." Pushkin. 2. female What was a long time ago, an old custom, an object. In the spirit of antiquity. There are few in the village... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Ah, pl. deeds, deeds, deeds, cf. 1. Work, occupation, activity. Economic affairs. Housework. For service. The matter is debatable. The case is boiling. □ Do you have a lot to do? asked Oblomov. Yes, that's enough. Two articles in the newspaper every week, then analyzes ... ... Small Academic Dictionary
Aya, oh; side, side, side and side; deeper, deepest. 1. Having great depth (in 1 value). Deep well. □ The Volga, shining, deep and calm, is so wide here that you can barely see the sandbank of the opposite bank in the distance. Drifter… Small Academic Dictionary
Major League 2011 Season 25 Venue Akademichesky Concert Hall (games 1/8 and 1/2 finals), Central Academic Theater of the Russian Army (quarter-finals and final), Moscow Season name ... Wikipedia
1) I, cf. Action on verb. betray (in 2 and 3 meanings). [The purpose of] our order is the preservation and transmission to posterity of some important sacrament. L. Tolstoy, War and Peace. Debates flared up. Some demanded a severe reprimand for Zavyalov, others ... ... Small Academic Dictionary
Russians. History, culture, traditions Manyshev Sergey Borisovich
"The legends of antiquity deep, the affairs of bygone days ..."
Once during a walk, seeing that new tenants were moving into our house, moving furniture, things, we became interested in how the first Russians appeared on the shores of the Caspian Sea, in Dagestan. And here's what we found out.
Acquaintance of the Caspian peoples with Russia occurred in the 7th century. To the north of Derbent there was a whole colony of Russians. Here they were engaged in trade, transporting goods across the Caspian Sea.
In the Derbent market one could meet furs, amber, walrus ivory, wax brought by the Rus. This bazaar was famous all over the world as a Russian linen market. Here you could also meet Russian slaves who were sold to eastern countries.
From time to time, where modern Dagestan is now located, the Rus settled. Many peoples of Dagestan, who maintained strong ties with the Rus, developed all sorts of legends. The Avar khans had a custom: if their family was cut off, then “a khan from Russians, Georgians or Armenians” should have ascended the throne. Residents of the high-mountainous Lezgi village of Mikrakh, for example, associated their origin with the Rus.
Dagestan, through whose territory the routes from Europe and Russia to Georgia and Persia ran, has always been a place where the interests of many different states clashed. Therefore, it was always restless here, and Russian settlers either left these places or reappeared.
Together, the Russians and the peoples of Dagestan fought against the Arabs, when they planted the Islamic religion with fire and sword. As the medieval Dagestan historian Muhammad Rafi wrote, the Russians and the Dagestanis have always equally divided good and evil.
More than once they together made joint trips to Georgia and Azerbaijan. The inhabitants of Dagestan were also in the squad of Prince Svyatoslav, who captured the capital of the Khazars - the city of Semender.
At the end of the 10th century, the Derbent nobles seized the ruler of Derbent, but he managed to call the Rus for help. They sailed across the Caspian Sea on 18 ships and freed the ruler; since then, he surrounded himself with warriors from the Rus. They were invited to military service and Dagestan feudal lords.
In 1466, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin, having loaded goods for sale on two ships, set off along the Volga to the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea was then called Khvalynsky. One of his ships at the mouth of the Volga River was plundered by nomads, the other crashed on the rocks approximately where Makhachkala is now located.
The surviving merchants went south, to Derbent, but they were captured by Khalil-Bek, the Kaitag utsmiy (ruler). Afanasy Nikitin managed to get to Derbent. With the help of the Russian ambassador Vasily Panin and the nobles of the city, he freed his fellow merchants. These chores took him a whole year. Left without goods for sale, some of them returned back to their homeland, others decided to earn money on their way home to Baku. And only Afanasy Nikitin, a brave and strong-willed traveler, went further - to Persia.
About his journey, Afanasy Nikitin left the famous notes "Journey beyond the three seas." From them you can learn about the voyage of Russian merchants on the Caspian Sea, about Russia's trade with Derbent, about the diplomatic relations between Russia and Dagestan during the time of Ivan the Third, in the 15th century.
Russia was very interested in ensuring that its southern borders were safe, that trade developed on the Caspian Sea.
During the XVI-XVIII centuries, along the path of Athanasius Nikitin - from the Terek through Sulak, Tarki and Derbent - Russian embassies went to Georgia, Shirvan, Persia. The ambassadors, as experienced scouts, were interested not only in the prices of the most popular goods at local bazaars for the development of trade. They paid no less attention to fortresses and the number of troops in case of war.
150 years after Afanasy Nikitin, another Russian merchant, Fyodor Kotov, passed through Dagestan on his route to Turkey and Persia. In his trading road book (travel notes), he spoke about the lands between Sulak and Aksay, about Tarki and Tarkov Shamkhalism, as well as the “Kumychans” (Kumyks) who inhabited it, about the Kaitag Utsmiystvo and its inhabitants, about the city of Derbent, its bazaars, caravans. sheds, about the formidable fortress of Naryn-kala that struck him, about the legendary Derbent wall of Dag-bara, which went deep into Tabasaran, about the life and customs of the “Lezgins” (Lezgins). Fyodor Kotov left a plausible and detailed description of the country of mountains, which attracted more than one generation of Russian travelers and researchers with its inaccessibility and diversity, mystery and multilingualism.
More than once during these years, diplomatic embassies were sent from Moscow to Dagestan and from the Tarkovsky shamkhalate to Moscow to resolve important issues: the development of trade, defense against foreign invaders.
So from century to century Dagestan and Russia drew closer. Emperor Peter the Great wanted to conquer the Caspian Sea in order to protect the southern borders of Russia from the invasion of Turkey and Iran, trade with overseas countries and strengthen ties with Christian Georgia.
Therefore, in July 1722, he appeared - on the shores of the Caspian along with a large army. In August, troops led by Peter visited Tarki at the invitation of Shamkhal Adil-Gerey. In honor of the upcoming holiday - the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary - a prayer service was served on the seashore. After that, Peter and his retinue made a mound of stones, marking the place where the port in the Caspian was to appear. Subsequently, the city of Port-Petrovsk, which we know as Makhachkala, arose here. Saying goodbye to Peter the Great, Adil-Gerey gave him a silk tent and a beautiful thoroughbred horse as a keepsake.
Then Emperor Peter headed south to Derbent. Notable people presented Peter the Great with the silver keys to the city. Here he waited for the arrival of the flotilla from Astrakhan, pondered plans for maritime trade with Persia and India. But a terrible storm damaged the fleet, destroyed supplies for the army, and Peter was forced to return to Moscow.
Returning to Russia, Peter did not forget about Dagestan. He was always interested in the exploration of the Caspian and adjacent lands.
In the retinue of Peter the Great during his Caspian campaign and stay in Dagestan there were wonderful people who explored the Caspian Sea and the Caspian lands.
Fyodor Ivanovich Soymonov, the first Russian cartographer (compiler of geographical maps), back in 1719 on the sailing ship "Saint Catherine" carried out cartographic surveys of the northwestern and western, that is, the Dagestan coast of the Caspian Sea from the Terek to the Kura. In 1720, a consolidated (general) map of the entire Caspian Sea was compiled. Scientists first got a correct idea of the sea, because they used to use very inaccurate, approximate maps compiled about one and a half thousand years ago by ancient scientists.
Fyodor Soymonov explored the mouths of the Sulak and Agrakhani, drew up a plan for the construction of the fortress of the Holy Cross. In his scientific works, he described the history of the exploration of the Caspian Sea, gave a detailed description of it, compiled maps of the Agrakhan Gulf and Tyuleny Island, spoke about the Persian campaign and the development of Russia's trade with Bukhara, Persia and India.
Among the companions of Peter the Great was the artillery officer Ivan Gerber, a well-known explorer of the Caspian lands. Examining, on behalf of the emperor, the coastal strip from the Volga to the Kura, Ivan Gerber often went deep into the mountains - where no explorer had set foot before him. Having stayed in Dagestan and other coastal regions until 1729, Gerber was the first in the world to publish in print a description of the village of Kubachi. He divided Dagestan into "upper" (Tarki, Enderi, Buynak, Kubachi) and "lower" (Altypara, Rutul, Akhty, Dokuzpara), into Lezgistan (Akusha and Tabasaran) and Tavlistan (lands of the Avars). An observant researcher, he not only spoke about Derbent, but also about the life and way of life of the peoples who inhabited Dagestan: Kumyks, Lezgins, Avars, Dargins, Laks.
Another associate of Peter the Great - Dmitry Kantemir - not only explored the wall of Dag-bara, but also enthusiastically translated into Russian the manuscript "Tarihi Derbend-name" ("History of Derbent"), which was presented to the emperor as a gift in Derbent along with the keys to the city .
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