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Thesis: Everyday vocabulary in comedies by I.A. Krylova

Thesis: Everyday vocabulary in comedies by I.A. Krylova

20.09.2019

Everyday colloquial style of speech has its own lexical and grammatical features. A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is its lexical heterogeneity. There are the most diverse groups of vocabulary in the thematic and stylistic terms: common book vocabulary, terms, foreign borrowings, words of high stylistic coloring, and even some facts of vernacular, dialects and jargons.

This is explained, firstly, by the thematic diversity of colloquial speech, which is not limited to everyday topics, everyday remarks, and secondly, by the implementation of colloquial speech in two keys - serious and playful, and in the latter case, it is possible to use various elements.

Spoken language is characterized by emotionally expressive assessments of a subjective nature, since the speaker acts as a private person and expresses his personal opinion and attitude. Very often this or that situation is evaluated exaggeratedly: “Wow the price! Go crazy!”, “Flowers in the garden - the sea!”, “I want to drink! I'll die! The use of words in a figurative sense is characteristic, for example: “You have porridge in your head!”

Word order in spoken language is different from that used in writing. Here the main information is concretized at the beginning of the statement. The speaker begins his speech with the main, essential element of the message. To focus the attention of the listeners on the main information, they use intonational emphasis. In general, word order in colloquial speech is highly variable.

So, the dominant of colloquial style, especially colloquial speech that exists in the oral form of informal personal communication, is the minimization of concern for the form of expression of thoughts, hence phonetic fuzziness, lexical inaccuracy, syntactic carelessness, widespread use of pronouns, etc. (it is important not how say what to say).

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3.2. Vocabulary of book styles

The category of book vocabulary includes words that are used mainly in bookstore,written speech. However, book words are also found in oral speech (lecture, seminar, discussion, etc.). But in any case they belong to the sphere strictly normalized.

There are two groups of words in the vocabulary of book styles:

words found in different book styles ( book words):

hypothesis,view,the,declarative,occurrence,illusion,intuition,prevail,due to,as a consequence,what…(this is mostly abstract vocabulary);

the words that fixedpercertain functional styles.

The functional and stylistic fixation of words contributes to their thematic relevance.

To scientific style usually belong to terms:

assonance,metaphor,induction,isotope,orbital,tangent,discriminant…

How official business highlighted words used in jurisprudence, business:

lawsuit,defendant,notification,incompetent,victim,due,notify,reside…[SRY, p. 98].

To journalistic style includes words associated with socio-political, socio-economic topics, characteristic of oratory:

pluralism,democracy, cooperation, discrimination,neocolonialism…[SRY, p. 98].

Here there are words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, and therefore are usually called "high":

selfless,messenger,indissoluble,create,accomplishment,chosen one...

In modern Russian, this layer is small, and “high” words are used now incomparably less often than in the Soviet period. And in some languages, "high" vocabulary is a significant part of the vocabulary.

In many languages of the world there is a special layer poetic vocabulary. Wed Russian:

lot,muse,oak forest,eyes,forehead,shelter,paternal,azure,ineffable,dear,sweet,after,stain ...

In modern languages, poetic vocabulary is preserved due to the fact that readers are familiar with traditional poetry. The proportion of archaisms is especially high in poetic vocabulary [Shaikevich, p. 167–168].

Book vocabulary includes obsolete words, non-colloquial neologisms, exoticisms, and most of the barbarisms [SRYa-1, p. 54].

Borders between styles mobile. Words of colloquial everyday vocabulary can enter the official business style. Terms can move into the category of interstyle vocabulary, acquiring a broader, figurative meaning:

catalyst in the development of relationships,sincerity factor,euphoria gone...

In the journalistic style, scientific, colloquial, and more recently even colloquial vocabulary is used. Especially multilayer lexically is the language of fiction.

The belonging of a word to one or another stylistic layer is sometimes associated with its origin. Yes, in Russian language, a significant part of the poetic vocabulary is made up of Old Slavonicisms. AT English In the language, the neutral style is primarily formed by words of Anglo-Saxon origin, the high style is served by French and Greek-Latin words in origin, the low style is served by words from slang, professional speech and dialectisms. For French 16th century language the source of the "high" style was the Italian language, and for German language of the 17th–18th centuries. – French [Reformed, p. 149; LES, p. 494].

Without taking into account hierarchical relationships between lexical units of different styles (i.e. without dividing vocabulary into “high” and “low”), the classification of vocabulary from a stylistic point of view is shown in Scheme 1.

┌──────────────┴──────────────┐

stylistically neutral stylistically limited

(stylistically marked)

┌─────────────────────────────┴───┐

colloquial vocabulary of book

┌───────┴───────┐ styles

colloquial colloquial │

literary │

┌────────┬─────────┬──────────┬───┴───────┐

book terms official-newspaper-poetry

business journalistic

The most common notions about hierarchical relations between stylistic layers of vocabulary are reflected in scheme 2.

However, a significant part of the book vocabulary (with the exception of pathetic and poetic) is on the same level as the neutral one, it is not felt as “higher”.

Everyday life, naming objects and phenomena of everyday life, that is, the general way of life, the environment around us, customs, mores, etc. House, room, table; knife, fork, spoon; trees, garden, kitchen garden; lunch, soup, potatoes, meat; dog, cat, cow, horse; family, school, wedding, funeral, etc. This is mainly common vocabulary, partly colloquial vocabulary.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "household vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:

Household vocabulary- these are words of everyday use, which include the name of objects, phenomena, actions, assessment of relationships, personal qualities that reflect the way of life of a person and the life around him, habits and customs, mores and traditions. This is usually… … Fundamentals of spiritual culture (encyclopedic dictionary of a teacher)

- (from the Greek lexikos verbal, dictionary). 1) The vocabulary of the language. 2) A set of words related to the scope of their use. Vocabulary of oral speech. Colloquially everyday vocabulary. Lexis of book written speech. Social media vocabulary...

vocabulary- (another Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up what l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The whole set of words that make up the literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

See household vocabulary ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Vocabulary- - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is also used in relation to individual layers of the vocabulary (everyday vocabulary, business vocabulary, poetic vocabulary, etc.), and to refer to all words used by any ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media

Modern Encyclopedia

Vocabulary- (from the Greek lexikos referring to the word), 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) The totality of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.), of one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Greek lexikos referring to the word) 1) the entire set of words, the vocabulary of the language. 2) The set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.), of one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Greek lexsikos - related to the word) 1) the whole set of words, the vocabulary of the language; 2) a set of words characteristic of a given variant of speech (household, military, children's vocabulary, etc.); of one or another stylistic layer (lexicon ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

AND; and. [from Greek. lexikos dictionary, verbal]. A set of words of a language, dialect or speech of an individual; vocabulary of what l., whom l. Russian l. Dialect L. Professional l. L. Pushkin. ◁ Lexical, oh, oh. L oh… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Large Russian-Chinese Dictionary, Baranova Zinaida Ivanovna, Kotov Alexander Varlamovich. The dictionary contains about 120,000 words and phrases of the modern Russian literary language with translation into Chinese. Socio-political and everyday vocabulary is widely represented, ...
Big Russian-Chinese Dictionary. About 120,000 words and phrases, Kotov Alexander Varlamovich. The dictionary contains about 120,000 words and phrases of the modern Russian literary language with translation into Chinese. Socio-political and everyday vocabulary is widely represented, ...

The vocabulary of oral speech includes words that are characteristic for a casual conversation. These words, as a rule, are not used in written styles: in scientific and technical literature, in textbooks, in official documents and business papers. Not all words used in conversation belong to the vocabulary of oral speech. The basis of the vocabulary of casual conversation is neutral vocabulary. The vocabulary of oral speech is heterogeneous. All of it is “below” neutral vocabulary, but depending on the “degree of decline”, on the degree of literary content, this vocabulary is divided into two large groups - colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary: this includes words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but not rude. From the point of view of belonging to different parts of speech, colloquial vocabulary is diverse: big guy, wit, brag, brand new, careless, hack, yeah, at random etc. A considerable part of colloquial words expresses an attitude to the called object, action, saint, attribute and their emotional assessment: grandmother, grandfather, antediluvian, imagine, dodge, fidget, scribble. But not all colloquial words can express an emotional assessment. For example: a smoke break, instantly, renewal, in an embrace, usher, just about, go home. Spoken words are close to interstyle vocabulary. However, they are still different. This is easiest to detect if they are "placed" in an official context, where they will be foreign. In explanatory dictionaries, colloquial words are given with the mark "colloquial", to which a mark is often added, indicating the emotional assessment expressed by the word - "joking", "ironic". An important feature of colloquial vocabulary yavl. the fact that it is included in the number of literary expressions. Spacious yavl. words that are outside the literary norm. one). Rough and roughly expressive words: wander around, shamble, belly, harp, muzzle, snout, zenki, paw, hamlo, kill. 2). Other words do not have rudeness, figurativeness, do not express assessments, they are perceived as incorrect from the point of view of the literary norm, as evidence of insufficient literacy of the one who uses them. They are called actually colloquial or common people. These include: without fail, in the heat of the moment, mother, to mischief, to shut up, to wait. Since the vernacular words themselves do not have figurativeness, do not contain evaluation, they are the exact semantic equivalent of the corresponding literary words: always-always, theirs-them, sew-sew, scare-scare.
Signs of words in the vocabulary of oral speech

1. features of the word-formation structure (special suffixes, prefixes and their combination). For nouns: -un, -unya ( chatterbox); -sh(a) ( usherette); -ag, -yag, south ( handsome); -k, -lx, -ik (adj. + noun: high-rise building, buckwheat); -n, -rel ( chatter); -yatin ( rotten, frozen).

2. noun, adjective and adverbs with diminutive, diminutive, and derogatory suffixes ( eyes / eyes / eyes, quietly / quietly, eared, pretty).

3. verbs with suffixes –icha(t), -nichat(t) ( to be important, to be frank). Verbs with the prefix -za and the suffix -sya ( run around, run around). Verbs with the prefix -po and the suffix -yva/-iva ( talk, read). Verbs with the prefix -raz and the suffix -sya ( get sick, get sick).

4. the presence of "extra" prefixes or suffixes or, conversely, the absence of the necessary ones ( inside-inside, always-forever, their-theirs, it seems-seem, quirky-quirky, certainly-certainly).

5. the nature of the figurative use of the word. The colloquial style includes those words in a figurative sense that name the parts of the human body, its properties, actions, dwellings, and in the direct designation of an animal, bird, insect ( a hare is a stowaway, an elephant is clumsy, a dragonfly, a snake, a muzzle, a snout, a hole).

6. words that call a person (his actions, state) “by the name” of an inanimate object or its property ( oak, scarecrow, whirlpool, crumble (in compliments), wash off, disappear).

Reflection of expressive-stylistic differentiation of vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries. The use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in written texts. Mistakes in the use of the words of the vocabulary of oral and colloquial speech and the words of the vocabulary of book and written speech.

The use of colloquial vocabulary. Colloquial words are appropriate in all cases where the narration, the statement is not constrained by strictly official relations, strictly official environment and therefore presupposes a relaxed, lively way of expressing thoughts. Colloquial words are widely used in the speech of the characters, reflecting the usual manner of communication. Spoken words can be found in many in the author's language of writers, poets, publicists. Often colored emotionally (with a joke, affection, irony), they increase the expressiveness of speech. In other cases, colloquial words express an attitude to any fact, event, person (his character, behavior, appearance, etc.), to any situation, etc. However, colloquial vocabulary is not always appropriate. The context does not always "allow" the use of colloquial words that are at least a little, but still reduced or contain (albeit not in a rough form expressed) assessment. Spoken words may be inappropriate because they contain a value that does not correspond to the object of speech. (boy - they call the killer, kids - juvenile (oldest 14 years old) killers and participants in gang attacks (it is unsuccessful to use words with diminutive suffixes) Colloquial words that do not express assessments of actually colloquial words are most often found in the speech of characters, characterizing the hero is not cultured enough, not fully mastering literary norms (does not always act as a degrading hero)Some authors, endowing their heroes with actually vernacular vocabulary, use such a feature of vernacular words as their proximity to dialectisms.In this case, the presence in the character's language of elements of actually vernacular becomes a sign, indicator peasant, village speech.The named feature of the vernacular words proper can be used to create a humorous, ironic, etc. effect.(For example: " Love Masha and her braids. This is your family business."(Mayak.). In the same case, when there is no motivation for using the vernacular word itself, introducing it into the text is a stylistic mistake, evidence of either insufficient literacy or poor linguistic taste. There are many similar non-literary words (used unmotivated) in the author's speech of journalists (" Starting next spring, they will begin to cultivate the fields and plant gardens."(Koms.pr.). Emotionally colored (rough and rough expressive) vocabulary. Just like the previous 2, it is used to create a speech portrait of the hero, emphasizing in some cases the rudeness or rudeness, sometimes even the vulgarity of speech, in others - her expressiveness, brightness (more precisely, rough expressiveness) (" They hit me, and I barely stood on my feet, cracked someone on the head, then another". Such vocabulary is used (mainly rough-expressive) in the author's language, laconically creating a bright expressive image (" Darkness devoured everything, everything living in Yershalaim and its environs"(M. Bulgakov.)). Expressive colloquial words also play an important role as a means of expressing an assessment, often negative, mocking, condemning. Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary can also be a means of creating a comic effect if used in relation to an inappropriate object, situation and surrounded by words of a different style - bookish, official business, high.Although the dictionary cannot replace textbooks on grammar, stylistics and orthoepy, however, it also sets itself normative tasks: to serve as some guide 1) to the correct use of words, 2) to the correct the formation of word forms and 3) to the correct pronunciation.How the dictionary entry is built.After the headword, its pronunciation (if necessary), forms or an indication of the part of speech, control, etymology (if the word is foreign) and stylistic marks (if necessary) are given. and others that define the range of use of the word 12. An attempt was made in the dictionary to establish the boundaries of the use of words. spruce introduced a whole system of litters. These labels are placed in parentheses last in a series of other labels that accompany the given word before interpreting its meaning. If a word has several meanings or shades, then the label placed in front applies to all meanings; if different meanings or shades require different stylistic labels, then the label is applied to a separate meaning or shade. The absence of a mark for the whole word, or its separate meaning, or shade means that this word, or this meaning, or this shade are common to different styles or different areas of consumption. The belonging of a word to a special sphere of use is indicated by marks indicating a particular area of science, technology, production, etc., for example: biol., metal., dense. etc. (see "Conditional abbreviations" above. Words that are rarely used are supplied with the tag "(rarely)", because it is rare that the literary language avoids them. Note. For a correct understanding of the meaning of the litter, one should not forget the meaning of the term "literary" ( language, speech, use, etc.) (colloquial), i.e. colloquial, means: characteristic of predominantly colloquial speech; does not violate the norms of literary use, but, used in the bookish language, gives this context a non-bookish, colloquial character. .), i.e. vernacular, means: characteristic of simple, relaxed or even rude oral speech, not bound by the norms of the literary language, and stands on the border of literary use. In cases where, through its medium, some forms are opposed to others, completely literary, it has a prohibitive character, for example: tool(colloquial tool). (Fam.), i.e. familiar, means: characteristic of colloquial speech or common speech and has either an intimate or cheeky, familiar character. (childish), i.e. childish, means: used by adults in appeals to children, as if adapted to the norms of children's speech. (vulg.), i.e. vulgar, means: due to its arrogance and rudeness, it is inconvenient for literary use. (argo) means: used within some social, professional, etc. .p. groups. Definition of the word " slang"(thieves', theatrical, etc.) more accurately indicates which jargon this word refers to. The word "argo" is preferred to the word "jargon" because the word "jargon" is usually associated with the idea of something wrong, distorted, and " argo" indicates only the narrow scope of the use of the word. (school.), i.e. school, means: used in the everyday life of the school (lower, middle or higher). (region), i.e. regional. Words are local, or regional, as already mentioned (see 1), are not included in the dictionary at all.But many of them are widespread and it was useful to put such words in the dictionary, however, with the indicated mark, which for writers should be in the nature of a warning that the word can In addition, this label sometimes has a prohibitive character, namely, when, with the correct literary form, there is its regional variant, the use of which is incorrect for the literary language; this label has such a character, for example, with regional forms Oh: pamper(see the word spoil), and threshing floor(see the word abbot). (book), vol. e. bookish, means: characteristic mainly of the bookish language; used in colloquial speech, still retains the imprint of bookishness. (scientific), i.e. e. scientific, means: peculiar to the scientific language; litter is placed in the case when the term is used simultaneously in different branches of science. Otherwise, exact marks are put: bot., physical., mat. etc. (tech.), i.e. technical, means: it is used only in special-technical languages, denoting certain processes, objects and phenomena from the field of technology. (special), i.e. special, means: characteristic of special languages associated with some kind of production, with some profession, etc. The mark is placed in cases where the word refers to the sphere of several specialties at once or when it was difficult to accurately indicate the specialty. Otherwise, exact marks are put: tight, shoe, bank, etc. (newspapers.), i.e. newspaper, means: characteristic of the newspaper style, the language of newspapers. (public.), i.e. journalism, means: characteristic of the language of journalistic works. i.e. clerical, means: characteristic of a clerical, business style. (official), i.e. official, means: characteristic of the language of government acts, regulations, official papers, official speeches, etc. (poet.), i.e. e. poetic, means: characteristic of poetry; used in the general literary language, still retains the imprint of poetic use. oral folk literature. (new.), i.e. new, means that the word or meaning arose in the Russian language during the era of world war and revolution (i.e., since 1914). (church-book), i.e. church-book, means that the word is a relic of that era when the Church Slavonic element prevailed in the Russian literary language. Note. This mark should not be confused with the mark "(church.)", indicating the use of the word in the special church life of believers. by authors with some deliberate stylistic purpose. (obsolete), i.e. obsolete, means: obsolete or out of use, but still widely known, by the way, from classical literary works of the 19th century. history.), i.e. historical, indicates that the word denotes an object or concept related to epochs that have already passed away, and is used only when applied to these "historical" objects, phenomena and concepts. This tag, together with the tag "(new)", also accompanies those words that, having been created in the era of world war and revolution, managed to go out of use, since the objects and concepts denoted by these words have gone down in history, for example: vic, wiggle(nov. istor.), (pre-revolutionary), that is, pre-revolutionary, indicates that the word denotes an object or concept that has been supplanted by post-revolutionary life, for example: colonel, petition, servant, etc. (zagr.), t i.e. abroad, indicates that the word denotes an object or phenomenon related only to foreign life, to the social and everyday life of Western European states. These include : (swearing), (ironic), (disapproving). (joking.), (contempt.), (neglect.), (reproach.), (torzh.)- used only in a solemn style, (rhetor.) - used only in a rhetorical, pathetic style or aimed at instilling in the listener one or another attitude to the subject, ( euf.) - used euphemistically, to replace the direct designation of something with a description in order to hide, cover up something reprehensible. For the meaning of the rest of the marks given and not explained here, see above in "Conditional Abbreviations".

Phraseological units of the Russian language as a reflection of ethnic culture. Semantic groups of phraseological units. Elements of national (Russian and foreign) cultures as sources of Russian phraseology. Etymological reference books on Russian phraseology.

Phraseology of the Russian language. Phraseology (phrasis - expression) - 1) a section of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of the language in its current state and historical development; 2) a set of non-free combinations characteristic of the language. Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline arose in the 40s. 20th century in national linguistics. The boundaries of phraseology, its scope, basic concepts and types of phraseological units were first fully developed in the 1950s and 60s. Academician Vinogradov V.V.

There is no consensus among linguists as to what phraseologism is. Phraseologisms are stable phrases used to build speech statements, units of the language reproduced in finished form, having a constant and context-independent meaning. The size of a phraseological unit ranges from a two-word combination to a sentence.

Expressive-stylistic classification of phraseological units:

1 Stylistically neutral ( for the time being, give free rein, without further ado).

2 Colloquial phraseological units ( a soap bubble, at least roll a ball, a bear stepped on his ear, a bump out of the blue).

3 Colloquial phraseological units ( roll a barrel, sharashkin office, just spit).

4 Book phraseological units ( pay the last debt, sink into oblivion). Bibleisms: mana from heaven, the voice of one crying in the wilderness. Mythologisms: Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel.

5 Unlogized ( black PR, power vertical).

6 Slang ( demolish the tower).

Semantic-structural classification of phraseological units (according to Vinogradov):

1 Phraseological unions are semantically indivisible units, the general meaning of which does not follow from the content of its components ( ate the dog, sharpen the flies, beat the buckets, how to give a drink). The original motivation of such phrases has been lost and revealed as a result of etymological analysis. In this case, we cannot determine exactly why these words express this particular meaning. For example, to stay with the nose, to chop on your nose. Phraseological fusions, in essence, do not consist of words, but of homonymous components that do not have their own meaning.

2 Phraseological units are stable phrases, the single, integral meaning of which is metaphorically motivated by the direct meanings of their constituent words ( hold a stone in your bosom, cut without a knife, take the bull by the horns). These stable phrases are distinguished by vivid imagery. Phraseological units are called idioms (idioma - feature). Phraseological units have a more complex semantic structure than fusions. They are "transparent" for perception both in form and in content ( the last spoke in the chariot, zero attention).

3 Phraseological combinations are stable turns, one of the components of which has a phraseologically related meaning, and the other is free ( bosom friend, sworn enemy, sudden death, pitch darkness, bloody nose). Components of phraseological combinations that have a related meaning have a single or strictly limited compatibility.

4 (Additional type justified by Shansky). Phraseological expressions are sentence phrases that are semantically divisible and entirely consisting of words with a free meaning, but in the process of communication they are reproduced as ready-made units with a constant composition and meaning. Shansky refers to them proverbs, sayings (constituting an essential part of Russian phraseology) and catch phrases ( you can’t easily catch fish from the pond, to smithereens, they don’t watch happy hours).

Definition of the concepts of "domestic sphere" and "vocabulary of the household sphere"

comedy krylov vocabulary household

In textbooks on lexicology and stylistics, definitions of certain lexical layers are given in terms of the scope of their use and in terms of expressive-stylistic.

But there is no definition of the concept of “scope of use” in such textbooks.

K.P. Smolina, revealing the meaning of the word "life", analyzes the semantic structure of this word in the most detailed way, determines the seme composition of meanings.

The noun "byto" (cf. genus, its most ancient form) and "byto" are the oldest words that correspond in Russian with the designation of property. In the “Legal Lexicon” by J. Gurlyand (1885), the noun “byto” is interpreted as “an old Russian term meaning: belongings, belongings” Researched by K.P. Resin material confirms this definition. The words "byto", "life" are used in the meaning of "movable property". The seme composition of this meaning includes four semes: `material values', `material values in their totality', `certain type of property', `belonging'. Apparently, the word "life" correlates with the meaning of the words "fat", "healthy", because. “get healthy” and “get fat” can only be one who has “prosperity, property”.

In the monuments of the Old Russian language of the 11th-12th centuries, the words "byto" and "life" were used extremely rarely, mainly in the meaning of "movable property". This word is not used either in church-legal literature or in official business writing.

According to K.P. Smolina, in all known works, the beginning of the semantic evolution of this word is associated with the 18th century, which, in her opinion, is not entirely accurate. This word is contained in the materials of the 16th century, which also reveal its narrower semantics.

In combination with non-substantive adjectives, indicating by their meaning the location of certain objects, things and their purpose, the word "byt" means "a set of objects, things of any kind". one more is added: `one or another specific use where property is used.

So, the words “byto”, “life” are associated with the designation of a specific type of property - “movable property”. life." Such a semantic transformation is planned already in the 17th century.

The word "life" is now interpreted as `everyday life with established rules, customs, habits'.

On the basis of this definition, the concept of “everyday sphere” is defined as follows: “it is a daily life that actually exists with established rules, customs, habits”. The lexicon of the household sphere is the lexicon, the scope of which is everyday life.

In the scientific literature there is also such a thing as "everyday vocabulary". According to G.N. Lukina, this lexical layer reflects material culture. G.N. Lukina distinguishes several groups in the composition of everyday vocabulary: the names of clothes, shoes, hats, jewelry, precious stones, fabrics, vessels and food. In her opinion, some other thematic groups with related meanings adjoin this vocabulary (names of parts of the human body, plants, animals, names of money, etc.).

Some thematic groups of vocabulary denoting objects of material culture consist of practically unambiguous words (most of the names of shoes, hats, jewelry, clothes). Other thematic groups consist of ambiguous words (names of vessels, tissues, types of food, furs). Compare: fox 1 (name of animal) and fox 2 (name of fur); cubit 1 (arm, part of the arm) and cubit 2 (obsolete measure of length).

The simplest and, at the same time, the rarest semantic structure have groups consisting of unambiguous terminological words.

The most typical for the everyday sphere are lexical-thematic groups consisting of two-valued words.

Everyday vocabulary, as a vocabulary that reflects material culture, is used in the domestic sphere. This lexical layer includes only words that name objects or phenomena.

Depending on the purpose of the statement, the speaker or writer chooses the words he needs from the lexical system of the Russian language. Such phenomena are due to the functional and stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary, i.e. the presence in it of such lexical units, the choice of which depends on their intended role in the process of implementing one of the functions of the language: communication, message or influence.

In the function of communication (i.e. communicative), as a rule, words of a colloquial style are used, in the function of communication and influence - the words of one of the book styles (official business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic), as well as styles of fiction.

M.I. Fomina refers to the colloquial vocabulary of the Russian language words used in casual conversation, i.e. characteristic mainly for the oral form of the implementation of the language. This group of vocabulary M.I. Fomina subdivides, in turn, into two main subgroups: literary and colloquial and colloquial and everyday.

By definition, M.I. Fomina, colloquial vocabulary includes words used in everyday communication. On the whole, they do not violate generally accepted literary norms, but their use in other stylistic groups would be inappropriate. Such words often have an additional pronounced coloring: disapproving, playfully familiar, etc. This type includes colloquial words formed with the help of diminutive or augmentative suffixes, as well as other suffixes of subjective evaluation.

Colloquial words are noticeably different from the actual colloquial vocabulary, which, in their expressive and stylistic coloring, turn out to be even more reduced: string bag (heavy bag), smack (kiss).

According to its use, colloquial vocabulary is commonly used. Common vocabulary includes words whose use is not restricted in any way. Such vocabulary is a stable basis of the Russian language. It includes words from various areas of the life of modern society: political, economic, cultural, everyday, etc.

In addition to the commonly used vocabulary, there is a vocabulary of limited use. So, A.N. Gvozdev speaks of two layers of vocabulary:

common words used in all genres of speech;

words with specific usage, limited to one style or another.

He makes such a division on the basis of the stylistic heterogeneity of the language.

Based on the definition of G.N. Lukina (the vocabulary of the “real everyday sphere” is “a vocabulary that reflects material culture”), then, comparing it with the layers of vocabulary allocated by A.N. Gvozdev, we can refer to this group of words both common words and words with a specific use.

Common words are the most common and widespread names of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions, equally used in everyday speech, and in business, scientific and technical style, and in fiction.

An example of them can serve as the names of objects, concepts, such as house, door, table, yard, street, tree, fish, bird, horse, head, face, mouth, leg, day, night, spring, summer, hour, year, past, future, work, rest, conversation, walking and etc.; names of qualities and circumstances: cheerful, hard, warm, fat, red, stone, bold, fast, slow, late, light, tomorrow, on foot etc.; names of actions and states: go, go, cut, write, put, carry, sit, wait, cough etc. .

Being common names for everything around, words of this kind form the main core of the dictionary. They are needed by everyone and are used most often. Every Russian comes across them in childhood, and in the field of vocabulary they form the basis of what we call the native language.

Many of these words have long existed in the dictionary of the Russian language and form a stable centuries-old layer that ensures the originality of the Russian language.

From the point of view of stylistic coloring, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is "stylistically neutral subject vocabulary". But this layer of words can have correspondences among words with emotional coloring. For example, among dialect words: hut-hut, hut; tabletop-tablecloth; towel-towel and etc. .

To words with a specific use of A.K. Gvozdev says:

a) literary and book words;
b) colloquial everyday words.

From literary and bookish words, some groups of words that characterize different historical eras, for example, the historical past of the Russian people, can be attributed to the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. In accordance with the topic of this thesis, we give examples of words characteristic of the 18th century: fortification (fortress), persona (portrait) and etc. .

N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use into national and socially or dialectally limited vocabulary.

Words of limited use characterize only a specific speaking community, which appears as a territorially or socially defined group of people.

Popular vocabulary, according to N.M. Shansky is the backbone of the national literary dictionary, the most necessary lexical material for expressing thoughts in Russian, the fund on the basis of which, first of all, further improvement and enrichment of vocabulary takes place. It is to this layer that the vocabulary of the household sphere can be attributed.

From the expressive-stylistic point of view, N.M. Shansky divides the vocabulary of the Russian language into three large groups:

1) interstyle vocabulary;
2) colloquial everyday vocabulary;
3) book vocabulary.

From the point of view of expressive-stylistic in the vocabulary of the Russian language, first of all, there is such a layer of words that are interstyle and have application in all styles of the language. This is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral. They are the names of vital phenomena of reality without any evaluation of it, they are pure names of objects, qualities, actions, etc.

Given the expressive neutrality of such vocabulary, it is often called neutral vocabulary.

From the expressive and stylistic point of view, the vocabulary of the everyday sphere is filled with neutral words.

Colloquial vocabulary differs from interstyle vocabulary in its specific expressive and stylistic coloring (familiarity, swearing, irony, jokes, affection, contempt, etc.).

The words of colloquial everyday vocabulary, naming something, also give a certain assessment of what is called everyday. The vocabulary of the household sphere is usually not evaluative.

The words of the everyday sphere cannot be attributed to the category of book vocabulary, for the reason that book vocabulary has a stylistic coloring of bookishness, even when used in oral speech.

By themselves, the words of the everyday sphere do not have an expressive-stylistic coloring, but when used in certain contexts, they acquire it. So, for example, many authors use such words in their works to express the author's irony, humor, for various oppositions.

Against the background of the vocabulary of the "high" style, such words seem stylistically reduced. And this gives the work of art a certain expressiveness.

An idea of the significance of the range of everyday vocabulary in the literary language of the 18th century can be given by a brief list of its thematic groups, available in the article by G.P. Knyazkova:

- words-names of dishes: gingerbread, prison, slur, kraushka, cod;
- words-names of drinks, mostly intoxicating: mash, sbiten, honey, erofey, sivuha;
- words-names of clothes, hats, shoes: zipun, shugay, kokoshnik, fly, etc.;
- words-names of buildings and their parts: a hut, a hut, a cage, a barn, a closet, a closet, etc.;
- words-names of household items: basket, tub, bowl, etc.;
- words-names of musical instruments: bagpipe, pipe;
- words associated with customs, rituals, superstitions: divination, potion, love spell, gatherings;
- words - names of games, dances: tales, buffoons, and etc.

This list, according to G.P. Knyazkova, can be continued.

Thus, we can conclude that the vocabulary of the everyday sphere includes words that are nouns that name objects and phenomena of everyday life, customs, material and cultural values.

The functions of everyday vocabulary in works of art are diverse. According to G.P. Knyazkova, in the travesty poems of the late 18th century, it is most often used to create everyday paintings.

Such vocabulary is found in portrait sketches, as well as in comparative turnovers.

The Russian XVIII century begins the era of Peter I - one of the most important milestones in the history of Russia's relations with the countries of Western Europe. In those days, there was a struggle for the territory of the Baltic and Black Seas. As a result of foreign policy, foreign economic relations, many foreigners came to the territory of the Russian state: from England, Holland, Austria, Sweden, Germany, France and other countries. As a result of the development of external relations, cultural and historical prerequisites arose for the penetration of foreign words and various kinds of borrowings into the Russian vocabulary. This process also affected the vocabulary of the everyday sphere. Its replenishment with foreign words was reflected in the written records of the 8th century.

“The process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language in the 18th century moved deeper. In the structure of the national Russian language, morphological and semantic correspondences are realized with the forms of expression of Western European languages. Lexical borrowings are shrinking". Many of the borrowings penetrated into the Russian language in the pre-Petrine era, but at the beginning of the 18th century, the functions of many words changed. They were included in the standard of literary use.

In the 18th century, the acquaintance of society with many objects of Western life continued. New fabric names appear: batiste, brocatel, set, chintz(1768 .), gauze; clothes: overcoat, salop; items for personal use: album, portrait; decorations: bouquets, garlands; crews: vis-a-vis, truck; home furnishings: lampshades, blinds(1793), chest of drawers, sofa; lighting and heating devices: girandoles, spotlights. Hairdressing is developing: boucle, chignon; culinary and pastry arts: dessert, sausages, fillet, meatballs, caramel, marmalade and much more.

In addition, the Russian nobility gets acquainted in this era with a number of new games: whist (1769), boston, solitaire, fifths and etc.; social life develops further, so new words are borrowed: carousel, club. The knowledge of Western European realities is also deepening: hotel, sidewalk and etc.

All these words represented a fairly wide layer of vocabulary that played an important role in the system of the Russian literary language of the 18th century. Only from the 18th century did this vocabulary begin to be actively used in works of art.

The lexicon of the household sphere in the literary monuments of the 18th century reflects the objects and phenomena of everyday Russian life in the process of historical and linguistic development.

Thesis: Everyday vocabulary in comedies by I.A. Krylova

More on the topic 44. Vocabulary of colloquial and everyday style .:

3.2. Vocabulary of book styles

See what "household vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:

Books

Definition of the concepts of "domestic sphere" and "vocabulary of the household sphere"