In the text of Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin, the problem of a person's attitude to a bad mood is raised.
The author took reflections on the impact of a bad mood on others and himself as the basis of his narrative. He says that a bad mood arises from the discord of a person and that a person should hide it from others so as not to infect them with it.
Let's take an example from A.
S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". Lensky, who persuaded Onegin to go to Tatyana's name day, becomes a victim of Yevgeny's bad mood, who, having fallen into an environment of hated neighbors, takes revenge on his friend by wooing Olga, which leads to a duel and the death of Lensky.
You can also give an example from the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". In it, Pechorin and Grushnitsky did not forgive each other's insults, they both tried to respond to anger with anger, which led to a duel. If they showed at least a little understanding, the tragic consequences could have been avoided.
Summarizing what has been said, we can conclude that if each of us fights against hatred, at least in ourselves, the world will become a little kinder.
Updated: 2017-05-30
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The essay requirements for the exam have changed several times in recent years, but one thing has remained unchanged - the need to prove the correctness of one's judgments. And for this you need to choose the right arguments.
The problem of repentance will interest us in the first place. In this article, we will present several options for arguments selected from the school bibliography. From it you can choose those that are best suited for your work.
What are the arguments for?
When writing an essay for part C, you need to express your opinion on a given topic. But your thesis needs proof. That is, it is necessary not only to express your position, but also to confirm it.
Very often, the problem of repentance comes across in exams, it is quite easy to find arguments for it if the student is well acquainted with the school literary program. However, not everyone is able to immediately recall the desired work, so it is better to pick up a few arguments on the most common topics in advance.
What are the arguments
In order to fully reveal the problem of repentance, the arguments must be selected based on the basic requirements of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. According to them, all evidence is divided into three types:
- Personal experience, that is, facts taken from your life. They do not have to be reliable, because no one will check whether this actually happened.
- Information that was obtained by the student from the school curriculum. For example, from the lessons of geography, history, etc.
- Literary arguments, which will interest us in the first place. This is the reading experience that the examinee must acquire during the course of study.
Arguments from literature
So, we are interested in the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature will be required if you want to get a high score for an essay. At the same time, when choosing arguments, priority should be given to those works that are included in the school curriculum or are considered classics. You should not take the texts of little-known authors or popular literature (fantasy, detective stories, etc.), as they may be unfamiliar to the inspectors. Therefore, it is necessary to refresh in advance the main works that were studied in school years. Usually in one novel or story you can find examples on almost all topics found in the exam. The best option would be to immediately select several works that are familiar to you. So let's take a look at a classic that raises the issue of remorse.
The Captain's Daughter (Pushkin)
In Russian literature, the problem of repentance is very common. Arguments are therefore quite easy to pick up. Let's start with our most famous writer A. S. Pushkin and his novel The Captain's Daughter.
In the center of the work is the love of the protagonist Peter Grinev. This feeling is wide and comprehensive, like life. What interests us in this feeling is that it was thanks to him that the hero realized the evil that he had caused to his loved ones, realized his mistakes and was able to repent. Thanks to the fact that Grinev revised his views on life and attitude towards others, he was able to change the future for himself and his beloved.
Thanks to repentance, his best qualities appeared in Peter - generosity, honesty, disinterestedness, courage, etc. We can say that it changed him and made him a different person.
"Sotnik" (Bulls)
Now let's talk about Bykov's work, which presents a completely different side of the problem of repentance. Arguments from the literature can be different, and you need to choose them depending on your statement, so it is worth stocking up on a variety of examples.
Thus, the theme of repentance in "The Centurion" is not at all similar to Pushkin's. First of all, because the characters themselves are different. Partisan Rybak is captured, in order to survive, he needs to hand over a comrade to the Germans. And he does this. But years pass, and the thought of betrayal does not leave him. Remorse overtakes him too late, this feeling can no longer fix anything. Moreover, it does not allow Rybak to live in peace.
In this work, repentance did not become an opportunity for the hero to get out of the vicious circle and get rid of suffering. Bykov did not consider Rybak worthy of forgiveness. On the other hand, a person must answer for such crimes all his life, since he betrayed not only his friend, but also his own and those close to him.
"Dark alleys" (Bunin)
The problem of remorse can also be seen in another light. Arguments for writing on the exam should be varied, so let's take Bunin's story "Dark Alleys" as an example. In this work, the hero did not have enough strength to admit his mistakes and repent, but retribution overtook him. Once in his youth, Nikolai seduced and abandoned a girl who sincerely loved him. Time passed, but she was never able to forget her first love, so she refused the courtship of other men and preferred solitude. But Nikolai did not find happiness either. Life severely punished him for his misdeed. The hero's wife is constantly cheating on him, and the son has become a real scoundrel. However, all this does not lead him to thoughts of repentance. Here, repentance appears before the reader as an act that requires incredible spiritual efforts and courage, which not everyone can find in themselves. It is for indecision and lack of will that Nikolai pays.
As an argument, the example from "Dark Alleys" is suitable only for those who, in their thesis, turned to the problem of retribution and retribution for those who did not repent of their atrocities. Only then will the mention of this work be appropriate.
"Boris Godunov" (Pushkin)
Now let's talk about the problem of belated remorse. The arguments for this topic will be slightly different, since we will be interested in only one of the aspects of repentance. So, this problem is perfectly revealed in Pushkin's tragedy "Boris Godunov". This example is not only literary, but also partly historical, as the writer refers to the description of the epoch-making events that took place in our country.
In "Boris Godunov" the problem of late repentance is very clearly presented. Arguments for written work on this topic must be selected taking into account the Pushkin tragedy. In the center of the work is the story of Godunov, who ascended the royal throne. However, he had to pay a terrible price for power - to kill the baby, the real heir, Tsarevich Dmitry. Several years have passed, and now it is time to repent. The hero is no longer able to correct what he has done, he can only suffer and suffer. His conscience does not give him rest, bloody boys begin to seem to Godunov everywhere. Those close to the king understand that he is weakening and going crazy. The boyars decide to overthrow the illegal lord and kill him. Thus, Godunov dies for the same reason as Dmitry. Such is the retribution of the hero for a bloody crime, repentance for which overtook him only after a few years.
The problem of human repentance. Arguments from Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"
The theme of repentance has become the basis for another great work, which has gained considerable popularity and love among readers.
The protagonist commits a crime to prove his inhuman theory about lower and higher people. Raskolnikov commits a murder and begins to suffer, but tries in every possible way to drown out the voice of his conscience. He doesn't want to admit he's wrong. Repentance becomes a turning point in the life and fate of Raskolnikov. It opens the way for him to faith and true values, makes him reconsider his views and realize what is truly precious in this world.
Dostoevsky throughout the whole novel led his hero precisely to repentance, to the admission of his guilt. This feeling made the best traits of Raskolnikov's character appear and made him much more attractive. Although the hero nevertheless suffered punishment for his crime, and it turned out to be very severe.
The problem of repentance: arguments from life
Now let's talk about another type of arguments. Such examples are very easy to find. Even if nothing like this has happened in your life, you can invent it. However, such arguments are rated lower than literary ones. So, for a good book example, you will get 2 points, and for life - only one.
Arguments based on personal experience rely on observations of one's own life, the lives of parents, relatives, friends and acquaintances.
Need to remember
There are several general requirements for any essay, including those that deal with the problem of guilt and remorse. Arguments must necessarily confirm the thesis expressed by you and in no case contradict it. It is also necessary to take into account the following points:
- Checkers only consider and evaluate the first two arguments, so there is no point in giving more examples. It is better to pay attention not to quantity, but to quality.
- Remember that literary arguments are ranked higher, so try to include at least one such example.
- Do not forget about examples taken from folklore or folk tales. Similar arguments are also taken into account, but are evaluated with only one point.
- Remember that for all arguments you can score 3 points. Therefore, it is best to follow the following pattern: one example from folklore or personal experience, the second from literature.
Now a few words about how to write a literary argument correctly:
- Be sure to include the last name and initials of the author and the full title of the work.
- It is not enough to name the writer and the title, you need to describe the main characters, their words, actions, thoughts, but only those that are related to the topic of the essay and your thesis.
- The approximate amount of text per argument is one or two sentences. But these figures ultimately depend on the specific topic.
- Start giving examples only after you have expressed your position.
Summing up
Thus, the problem of repentance is widely represented in the literature. Arguments for the exam in the Russian language, therefore, it will not be difficult to pick up. The main thing is that all your examples confirm the thesis and look concise and harmonious. Often the main problem of the examinees is not the choice of the work, but the description of it. Expressing an idea in a few sentences is not always easy. In order to avoid such a problem, you need to practice in advance. Take a piece of paper and try to concisely and clearly describe your judgments, without breaking out of the declared volumes.
The main thing is not to lose confidence and prepare as best as possible, then it will not be difficult to get.
Everyone knows that man and nature are inextricably linked, and we observe it every day. This is a breath of wind, and sunsets and sunrises, and the ripening of buds on trees. Society was formed under its influence, personalities developed, art was formed. But we also have a reciprocal influence on the world around us, but most often negative. The problem of ecology was, is and will always be relevant. So, many writers touched on it in their works. This selection lists the brightest and strongest arguments from world literature that touch on the problems of the mutual influence of nature and man. They are available for download in table format (link at the end of the article).
- Astafiev Victor Petrovich, "Tsar-fish". This is one of the most famous works of the great Soviet writer Viktor Astafiev. The main theme of the story is the unity and opposition of man and nature. The writer points out that each of us is responsible for what he has done and what is happening in the world around him, whether good or bad. The work also touches upon the problem of large-scale poaching, when a hunter, not paying attention to prohibitions, kills and thereby wipes out entire species of animals from the face of the earth. Thus, by pushing his hero Ignatich and mother nature in the person of the Tsar Fish, the author shows that the destruction of our habitat by our own hands threatens the death of our civilization.
- Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, "Fathers and Sons". The neglect of nature is also considered in Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons". Yevgeny Bazarov, an inveterate nihilist, declares bluntly: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." He does not enjoy the environment, does not find anything mysterious and beautiful in it, any manifestation of it is nothing for him. In his opinion, "nature should be useful, this is its purpose." He believes that it is necessary to take away what she gives - this is the inviolable right of each of us. As an example, we can recall the episode when Bazarov, being in a bad mood, went into the forest and broke branches and everything else that came across his path. Neglecting the world around him, the hero fell into the trap of his own ignorance. Being a physician, he never made great discoveries, nature did not give him the keys to her secret locks. He died from his own indiscretion, becoming a victim of a disease for which he never invented a vaccine.
- Vasiliev Boris Lvovich, “Do not shoot at white swans”. In his work, the author urges people to treat nature more carefully, opposing two brothers. The forester of the reserve by the name of Buryanov, despite his responsible work, perceives the world around him only as a resource for consumption. He easily and completely without a twinge of conscience cut down trees in the reserve in order to build a house for himself, and his son Vova was completely ready to torture the puppy he found to death. Fortunately, Vasiliev contrasts him with Yegor Polushkin, his cousin, who, with all the kindness of his soul, protects the natural habitat, and it’s good that there are still people who care about nature and strive to preserve it.
Humanism and love for the environment
- Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea. In his philosophical story "The Old Man and the Sea", which was based on a true event, the great American writer and journalist touched on many topics, one of which is the problem of the relationship between man and nature. The author in his work shows a fisherman who serves as an example of how to treat the environment. The sea feeds the fishermen, but voluntarily yields only to those who understand the elements, its language and life. Santiago also understands the responsibility that the hunter bears in front of the halo of his habitat, feels guilty for extorting food from the sea. He is weighed down by the thought that a man kills his fellows in order to feed himself. This is how you can understand the main idea of the story: each of us must understand our inextricable connection with nature, feel guilty before it, and as long as we are responsible for it, guided by reason, the Earth tolerates our existence and is ready to share its riches.
- Nosov Evgeny Ivanovich, "Thirty grains". Another work confirming that a humane attitude towards other living beings and nature is one of the main virtues of people is the book “Thirty Grains” by Evgeny Nosov. It shows the harmony between man and animal, the little titmouse. The author clearly demonstrates that all living beings are brothers in origin, and we need to live in friendship. Titmouse at first was afraid to make contact, but she realized that in front of her was not the one who would catch and the ban in the cage, but the one who would protect and help.
- Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich, “Grandfather Mazai and Hares”. This poem is familiar to every person since childhood. It teaches us to help our smaller brothers, to take care of nature. The main character, Grandfather Mazai, is a hunter, which means that hares should be for him, first of all, prey, food, but his love for the place where he lives turns out to be higher than the opportunity to get an easy trophy. He not only saves them, but also warns them not to come across him while hunting. Isn't this a high feeling of love for mother nature?
- Antoine de Saint-Exupery, The Little Prince. The main idea of the work sounds in the voice of the protagonist: “I got up, washed myself, put myself in order and immediately put your planet in order.” Man is not a king, not a king, and he cannot control nature, but he can take care of it, help, follow its laws. If every inhabitant of our planet followed these rules, then our Earth would be completely safe. It follows from this that we need to take care of her, treat her more carefully, because all living things have a soul. We have tamed the Earth and must be responsible for it.
The problem of ecology
- Rasputin Valentin "Farewell to Mother". The strong influence of man on nature was shown in his story “Farewell to Mother” by Valentin Rasputin. On Matera, people lived in harmony with the environment, took care of the island and kept it, but the authorities needed to build a hydroelectric power station, and decided to flood the island. So, a whole animal world went under water, which no one took care of, only the inhabitants of the island felt guilty for the “betrayal” of their native land. So humanity destroys entire ecosystems due to the fact that it needs electricity and other resources necessary for modern life. It treats its conditions with trepidation and reverence, but completely forgets that entire species of plants and animals die and are destroyed forever due to the fact that someone needed more comfort. Today, that area has ceased to be an industrial center, factories do not work, and dying villages do not need so much energy. So those sacrifices were completely in vain.
- Aitmatov Chingiz, "The Scaffold". Destroying the environment, we destroy our lives, our past, present and future - such a problem is raised in Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Scaffold", where the family of wolves, which is doomed to death, is the personification of nature. The harmony of life in the forest was broken by a man who came and destroys everything in his path. People arranged a hunt for saigas, and the reason for such barbarity was the fact that there was a difficulty with the meat delivery plan. Thus, the hunter thoughtlessly destroys the ecology, forgetting that he himself is part of the system, and this, in the end, will affect him.
- Astafiev Victor, "Lyudochka". This work describes the consequence of the disregard of the authorities to the ecology of the whole region. People in a polluted, waste-smelling city have become brutalized and rush at each other. They have lost naturalness, harmony in the soul, now they are ruled by conventions and primitive instincts. The main character becomes a victim of gang rape on the bank of a garbage river, where rotten waters flow - as rotten as the morals of the townspeople. No one helped or even sympathized with Luda, this indifference drove the girl to suicide. She hanged herself on a bare crooked tree, which also dies from indifference. The poisoned, hopeless atmosphere of filth and poisonous fumes reflects back on those who made it so.
The main character of the story "Yushka" is a poor blacksmith's assistant, Yefim. In the people, everyone simply calls him Yushka. This still young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in hands, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the forge with fur, carrying water and sand. And so the whole day, until the evening. For work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burnt through with sparks. Parents often said about him to negligent students: “Here you will be the same as Yushka. You will grow up and you will walk barefoot in the summer, and in thin boots in the winter. Children often offended Yushka on the street, threw branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, calmly walked by. The children did not understand why they could not get Yushka out of themselves. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and rejoiced that he could do nothing with the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and therefore they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka "blissful", "animal". From the meekness of Yushka, they came to even greater bitterness, often beat him. Once, after another beating, the blacksmith's daughter Dasha asked in her hearts why Yushka lives in the world at all. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka to the blood, what kind of love is that. And the old man replied that the people love him "without a clue", that "the heart in people is sometimes blind." And then one evening a passer-by clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backwards. Yushka no longer got up: the blood went down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for an old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea in order to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained as a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But didn't have time. It's been a long time. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.
So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of the soul of this man, their heart was blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who has no place on earth. To understand that the old man did not live his life in vain, they could only learn about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble selfless act? And Yushka saved up his pennies so that the girl would grow up, learn, use her chance in life. The veil from the eyes of people fell only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as a "good" Yushka.
The author urges us not to become stale, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart "see" the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.
THE PROBLEM OF RESISTANCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel by L.N. Tostoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and does not have a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..." Five young girls who opposed German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. Anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and endurance, showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel of the same name by Charlotte Brontë. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person she loved most when he went blind.
2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures the severity of her father. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often unnecessarily demanding of her. Mary's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" for Pyotr Grinev, the most important life principle was honor. Even before the threat of the death penalty, Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize the sovereign in Pugachev. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Aleksey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed a betrayal and lost his own dignity when he went over to the camp of an impostor.
2. The problem of preserving honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the protagonist are completely different. Ostap is an honest and courageous person. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic nature. For the love of a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, one should always remain honest, first of all, with oneself.
THE PROBLEM OF LOYAL LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she "asks for mercy" from the Empress. Thus, at the heart of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love is one of the themes of M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own, helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites white-washed chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. In this, a woman sees her destiny.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" shows a long way to repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of "permission of blood in conscience", the protagonist despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity of the crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story of I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco", the American millionaire served the "golden calf". The main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in the family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character abandons social life, devotes herself entirely to the family. Natasha Rostova found her destiny in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY IllITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In "Letters about the good and the beautiful" D.S. Likhachev claims that a book educates a person better than any work. A well-known scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person, to form her inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach to think, make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to mankind after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there are no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply soulless, since there is no literature that can make people analyze, think, make decisions.
CHILD EDUCATION PROBLEM
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov's apathy and lack of will in adulthood.
2. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" in the Rostov family reigns the spirit of mutual understanding, fidelity, love. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness, nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..." Smolensk doctor Janson is working tirelessly. The protagonist in any weather hurries to help the sick. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to win the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.
2.
THE PROBLEM OF SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet ...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. The further fate of the soldiers was different. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A MAN IN LOVE
1. In the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the camp of the enemy, betrayed his brother, father, homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to go out with weapons against his yesterday's comrades. For Andrii, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the protagonist P. Syuskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer". Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is not capable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, the creation of a fragrance that inspires people to love. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to carry out his meta.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and informed the head of everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to collect information proving Nikolai Antonovich's guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov's expedition. All the actions of Chamomile are low, destroying not only his life but also the fate of other people.
2. Even deeper consequences are entailed by the act of the hero of the story V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember". Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but also causes the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEPTIONAL APPEARANCE
1. In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, does not have a rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's Notre Dame Cathedral, Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the protagonist is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul, capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrey Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went to reconnaissance, never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after a while, Guskov thought about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and caused the suicide of his wife Nastya. Pangs of conscience tormented the hero, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve "great Germany". His comrade Sotnikov, on the other hand, is an example of resilience. Despite the unbearable pain he experiences during the torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE HOMELAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story "Awakened by Nightingales" writes about the difficult boy Selyuzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night, the protagonist heard the trill of a nightingale. Beautiful sounds struck the child, aroused interest in creativity. Selyuzhenok enrolled in an art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens the best qualities in the human soul, helps to reveal the creative potential.
2. Love for the native land is the main motive of the painter A.G. Venetsianov. His brush belongs to a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. "Reapers", "Zakharka", "Sleeping Shepherd" - these are my favorite canvases of the artist. The life of ordinary people, the beauty of Russia's nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers for more than two centuries with their freshness and sincerity.
THE PROBLEM OF INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood the happiest time. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care caused Oblomov's apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to wake up Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced the life of Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem "My Way" S.A. Yesenin admitted that childhood played an important role in his work. Once at the age of nine, inspired by the nature of his native village, the boy wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined the life path of S.A. Yesenin.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A LIFE PATH
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize their potential.
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From M. Mirsky's book "Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko" I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at the seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Entering the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev, in "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful," argues that "one must live life with dignity, so as not to be ashamed to remember." With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and not indifferent person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG DEFOY
1. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim Black Ear" tells the tragic fate of the Scottish Setter. Beam the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who is having a heart attack. Along the way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog was killed. Bim can certainly be called a true friend, devoted to the owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family has to give up their collie to other people due to financial hardship. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her away from her home. Collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with the former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF SKILLS IN ART
1. In the story of V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, with his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that the young pianist is surprisingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the protagonist is fond of poetry. Yuri Zhivago is a witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. So life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of the writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel "Martin Eden". The protagonist is a sailor who has been doing hard physical labor for many years. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this became the main theme of his work. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MENTAL STATE OF A HUMAN
1. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet" Vera Sheina experiences spiritual purification to the sounds of Beethoven's sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after her trials. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of her future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" evoke feelings in his soul that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which seemed to rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat."
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
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In the story of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son had to leave for a long time to work. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because for her nothing could be harder than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna's love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WAR ART WORKS ON HUMANS
1. In Lev Kassil's story "The Great Confrontation", Sima Krupitsyna listened every morning to news reports from the front on the radio. Once the girl heard the song "Holy War". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. So the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF PSEUSIC SCIENCE
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes", Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological doctrine approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician launches a struggle against genetic scientists. A number of vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the most dishonest deeds in order to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists, the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story "Candidate of Sciences" opposes those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and consequently, of society as a whole. In the story of G.N. Troepolsky emphasizes the need to combat pseudoscientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story of A.S. Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. From anguish and hopelessness, the caretaker died. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father's grave. The girl felt guilty for the caretaker's death, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story of K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna foresaw her imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at the grave of Katerina Petrovna. So K.G. Paustovsky claims that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin in the essay "Eternal Field" writes about his impressions of the trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their comrade-in-arms Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina's son Albert returned to the site of the death of anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE WAY OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev "My horses are flying..." Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of disinterestedness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor hurried to help the sick every day in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor won the love and respect of all the inhabitants of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin "Mozart and Salieri" tells the story of the life of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite the death of Mozart, his works live and excite the hearts of people.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DESTRUCTIVE CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to the loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy, became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" shows the life path of a soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombardment. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE INTERNAL WORLD OF HUMAN
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" Yevgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, diligence, determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who succumb to feelings, but is convinced of the wrongness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are inherently contradictory.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive character traits. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested in real life, it makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by sincerity, sincerity, and the ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov's character.
THE PROBLEM OF FAIR ATTITUDE TO PEOPLE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich investigates the murder of an old pawnbroker. The investigator is a fine connoisseur of human psychology. He understands the motives for the crime of Rodion Raskolnikov and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives the young man a chance to turn himself in. This will later serve as a mitigating circumstance in the Raskolnikov case.
2. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Chameleon" introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out because of a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov tries to decide if she deserves to be punished. Ochumelov's verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The overseer does not seek justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF INTERRELATION OF MAN AND NATURE
1. In the story of V.P. Astafieva "Tsar-fish" Ignatich has been poaching for many years. Once a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on a hook. Ignatich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself was overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: "The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap." So the author emphasizes the inseparable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels herself an integral part of the world around her, knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel "such vivacity, such strength, which, it seemed, all rose from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat." Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don" songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing in military campaigns, in the field, at weddings. The Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don, the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF BOOKS SUPPOSED BY TV
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society based on mass culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was supplanted by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because the TV distracts from worries, makes you slowly watch some program. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to humans, because television “dictates how to watch and what to watch”, makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. The story of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" depicts the life of the Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous, unspiritual. Only Matryona retained a sense of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. The tragic death of the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story of V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which should be flooded. It is hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they have spent their entire lives, where their ancestors are buried. The end of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions disappear, which for centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "The Poet and the Crowd" calls that part of Russian society that did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity "dumb mob". According to the crowd, the poems are in the public interest. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the main goal of the poet is not popular recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem "Out loud" sees the poet's mission in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon capable of inspiring people to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be abandoned for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF A TEACHER ON STUDENTS
1. In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" class teacher Lidia Mikhailovna - a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a rural boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lidia Mikhailovna had to go against the generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. In addition to studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and compassion.
2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", the old Fox became a teacher for the main character, telling about love, friendship, responsibility, fidelity. He revealed to the prince the main secret of the universe: “you can’t see the main thing with your eyes - only the heart is vigilant.” So Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO ORPHAN CHILDREN
1. In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all the remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life's difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. In the story of G. Belykh and L. Panteleev "Republic of ShKID" the life of students of the school of social and labor education for homeless children and juvenile delinquents is depicted. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and went on the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should treat orphans with attention, create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF A WOMAN IN WWII
1. In the story of B.L. Vasiliev “The dawns here are quiet…” five young anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to oppose the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, along with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story of V.A. Zakrutkina "The Mother of Man" shows the fate of a woman during the war. The main character Maria lost her whole family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria left seven Leningrad orphans, replaced their mother. The story of V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” ironically writes about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded with foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings clogs the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story "Lyudochka" connects changes in the language with a drop in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is littered with criminal jargon, which reflects the troubles of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. The lyrical hero thinks about how to find the right life path and occupation. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In E. Grishkovets's story "Darwin", the protagonist, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do all his life. He realizes the "uselessness of what is happening" and refuses to study at the Institute of Culture when he watches a play played by students. A young man lives with a firm conviction that the profession should be useful, bring pleasure.
