Writers talk about kindness and its absence very often, in almost every work. The texts selected for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are no exception. Therefore, we have selected the most relevant problems from this area and revealed each of them with the help of arguments.
- Princess Marya Bolkonskaya, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", always helped the poor and the sick, raised her nephew Nikolenka, cared for her dying father, fulfilling all his whims. The girl was ready to lay down her life and forget about herself for the sake of the happiness of others. The beautiful soul of Marya is expressed in her radiant eyes, which make her beautiful. The kindness of the princess was rewarded: she found family happiness, her husband Nikolai fell in love with her kind soul.
- Aigle the tale collector, hero A. Green's story "Scarlet Sails", told little Assol a fairy tale about a ship with scarlet sails, which would take her away from the terrible society of the inhabitants of Kaperna, who constantly offend the girl and her father. This tale and Egl's kind attitude inspired Assol, and she was able to survive all life's collisions. When the heroine grew up, the fairy tale became a reality, and Captain Gray took her from Caperna, sailing on a ship from her dreams.
Clash of good and evil
- In the book M. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" the clash of good and evil is especially evident in the Master's novel about Yeshua. He, as an absolute good, is faced with evil, which wants to destroy him. However, Yeshua does not rebel, does not get angry, he humbly awaits his fate, believing in the kindness of people. The hero is sure: "There are no evil people, there are only unhappy people." Despite the fact that Yeshua was executed, he won this battle. Pilate admitted his mistake and repented of it, in his soul good prevailed over evil. That is why he was forgiven.
- Philosophy of goodness in the novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" presented in the image of Platon Karataev. This hero loves the whole world, treats every living being kindly. He does not know the word "pacifist", but, in fact, he is. In the worldview of men, echoes of Christian commandments. He believes that it is necessary to endure all suffering meekly. Faced with evil in the form of war and captivity, Plato submits to fate and endures again without complaining about it. In a clash with evil, the hero is on the side of his inner strength, which helps not to give up and appreciate every moment lived.
The need for kindness
- Andrey Sokolov, hero M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", life did not indulge: war, concentration camp, captivity, loss of loved ones. Sokolov had no reason to live, he waved his hand at himself. However, the man met an orphan boy Vanyushka, who lost his parents. Andrei introduced himself as the father of the child, adopted him and gave them both a chance to save themselves from longing (and Vanyushka even from starvation on the street). The good deed of the hero helped not only the boy, but also himself, to survive together in a cruel and complex world much easier.
- The kindness of Peter Grinev from stories by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" saved his life. Giving a short fur coat to an unknown tramp who helped him find his way in a snowstorm, the hero rendered a service to Emelyan Pugachev, who rebelled against the authorities. The rebel later instilled fear in the fortresses and fortifications and executed all the officers in them. But Pugachev remembered Grinev's kindness, let him go, and later even helped rescue his beloved woman.
Acts of true kindness
- Sonya Marmeladova, heroine novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", is a truly kind person. In order to feed her stepmother's children, she began to sell her body, "went on a yellow ticket." The father's wife pushed Sonya into this field, but the girl did not hold a grudge, because she was thinking about hungry children. Marmeladova remained a bright, believing person, despite her studies. When Sonya followed Raskolnikov to hard labor, the prisoners immediately fell in love with her for her kindness. And with her cordiality she led the protagonist to repentance and purification.
- Elena the heroine novel by I.S. Turgenev "On the Eve", from childhood she wished for “active good”: she always helped the poor and the sick, for example, at the age of ten she bowed to the poor girl Katya. Kindness remained with Elena for life. For the sake of her beloved Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, she left everything in Russia and went to Bulgaria. When her newly-made husband fell ill, she stayed with him until the very end, and after his death she decided to continue the work of her beloved.
Education of kindness from childhood
- Ilya Ilyich Oblomov from the novel of the same name by I.A. Goncharova grew up in an atmosphere of love and affection. He was not particularly developed or trained, however, according to modern psychologists, he was given the most important thing - parental love. Thanks to her, the hero saw an ideal in Oblomovka, and he himself did not wish harm to anyone. Yes, Ilya Ilyich is an inert and lack of initiative, but a completely harmless man. Unfortunately, without penetrating qualities, kindness does not really help in life, so education should be harmonious.
- Katherine, heroine dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" married early. And immediately from her warm home, she fell into the totalitarian atmosphere of her husband's house. It is hard for a woman to live in lies and hypocrisy under the authority of her mother-in-law Kabanikhi, who puts pressure on all household members, imposing the old order on them. At home in Katerina, the soul was doomed, she walked with her parents, prayed, and was engaged in creativity. But all this was without pressure, not under duress, so it was easy. The heroine grew up kind, with a sense of inner freedom. The harder it was for her in her mother-in-law's house. But it was the kindness, learned from childhood, that helped Katerina not to turn the house into a training ground and to the last treat the tormentor with respect and reverence. So, she spared Varvara and Tikhon, who treated her well.
- Heartlessness manifests itself even in relation to very close people.
- Greed often leads to callousness and dishonorable acts
- The spiritual callousness of a person complicates his life in society.
- The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in education.
- The problem of heartlessness, spiritual callousness can be characteristic not only of an individual, but of society as a whole.
- Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
- Often spiritual callousness is manifested in relation to moral, worthy people.
- A man admits that he was heartless when nothing can be fixed
- Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy.
- The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible.
Arguments
A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirill Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were definitely not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirilla Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landlord was driven by heartlessness, a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials were burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.
A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Act heartlessly Hermann, the main character of the work, makes the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as a fan of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The late old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann does not bet more than one card per day, in the future he will not play at all and marries Lizaveta. But the hero does not expect a happy future: his heartless deeds serve as a pretext for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which drives him crazy.
M. Gorky "At the bottom". Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband, except for hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her act. A person must remain a person in any situation.
I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco". The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the San Francisco Gentleman evokes not pity, but disgust. During his life, he is loved because of the money, and after death, he is heartlessly removed to the worst room so as not to spoil the reputation of the institution. A person who died in a foreign country cannot even be made a normal coffin. People have lost true spiritual values, which were replaced by a thirst for material gain.
K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". A life full of deeds and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is also glad that her mother is alive, but she doesn’t think about more. Even a telegram from Tikhon about the poor condition of Katerina Petrovna Nastya does not immediately read and perceive: at first she does not understand at all who she is talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers, she treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People did not answer her the same. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the coffin of a woman only for duty. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to claim the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The heartlessness of Rodion Raskolnikov expressed his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out to whom he refers: to “trembling creatures” or “having the right”. The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he had done as correct, which means that absolute spiritual callousness is not characteristic of him. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.
Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”. The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a homeless dog to his apartment. His father does not like this: the man demands to drive the animal back into the street. The hero cannot do this, because "she was already kicked out." The father, acting absolutely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child's faith in the justice of this world.
ON. Nekrasov "Reflections at the front door". The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary peasants and officials who spend their lives only in pleasures are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to the problems of ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the decision of an official of even the most insignificant issue can be a salvation.
V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad deed, to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult was the test of loneliness for the girl, because it is difficult to be an outcast at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who had actually committed this act did not muster up the courage to confess. The two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of others made a person suffer.
arguments for writing
In my opinion, cruelty is not only when you hurt people physically or psychologically, but cruelty is also a lack of participation in people who are waiting for you to help or just words of sympathy. And we encounter this kind of cruelty almost every day, because, and this is my deep conviction, cruelty is primarily a product of human indifference and selfishness.
The title of the story refers us to W. Shakespeare's play Lady Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth's cunning and intrigue elevate her husband to the throne. The desire to achieve superiority makes Lady Macbeth step over even murder. Such is Ekaterina Izmailova: being the wife of a wealthy merchant, she falls in love with Sergei, her worker, and is expecting a child from him. Realizing that very soon her illegal relationship will be exposed, she, with the help of Sergei, kills her husband and father-in-law. And then, in order to remain the sole heir to the entire fortune, she goes to kill Fedya, her husband's nephew.
We find a character similar to Katerina Izmailova
This is Vasilisa Kostyleva, who incites the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband, old man Kostylev. Vasilisa, married to Kostylev without love, over the years of their life together, was never able to imbue her husband with at least a sense of respect. The only thing she feels towards him is hatred. The murder of her husband would have untied Vasilisa's hands, making her the heiress, albeit a small, but fortune. And she easily decides to kill, calmly expounding her plan to Cinder.
the boy picks up a stray dog and brings it home. We see how he is full of concern for a lonely, useless dog and how he does not understand his father, demanding to drive the dog out of the apartment. It doesn’t fit in his head that you can offend a defenseless creature that has been offended more than once:
The ending of the story is tragic: having called the gullible dog, the father shoots him in the ear. After reading this, we understand that in fact the father did not kill the dog, or rather not only her. First of all, he killed his soul in a child. Thus, the writer argues that the cruelty of an adult can only lead to hatred, to the loss of faith in goodness and justice.
the main character, Lena Bessoltseva, who took responsibility for an ugly act that she did not commit, is humiliated by her classmates in every possible way and even tries to be burned at the stake as a traitor. The cruelty of these still very immature people is truly enormous. She brings Lena untold suffering: she is an outcast in the class, she is despised, hated, demonstrating her attitude in every possible way. But for a teenager, and for a person in general, there is nothing harder than exile, loneliness. The worst thing is that the person who actually committed this act (Lena's classmate Dima Somov) could not find the strength to confess, and two more classmates, Shmakova and Popov, who accidentally found out the truth, decided not to interfere and see how the case would end for Lena Bessoltseva. In my opinion, their indifference is even worse than the cowardice of Dima Somov.
Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov", "Obelisk" A striking example of moral choice can be found in the work of Vasil Bykov "Sotnikov". Partisan Sotnikov, faced with a choice between life and death, was not afraid of execution and confessed to the investigator that he was a partisan, and the rest had nothing to do with it. Another example can be found in Vasil Bykov's story "Obelisk": the teacher Frost, having the choice to stay alive or die along with his students, whom he always taught goodness and justice, chooses death, remaining a morally free person.
Arguments for writing
A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" A hero with high moral character is Petrusha Grinev, a character in A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". Peter did not tarnish his honor even in those cases when it was possible to pay for it with his head. He was a man of high morals worthy of respect and pride. He could not leave Shvabrin's slander on Masha unpunished, so he challenged him to a duel. Shvabrin is the complete opposite of Grinev: he is a person for whom the concept of honor and nobility does not exist at all. He walked over the heads of others, stepping over himself for the sake of his momentary desires.
Happiness
Arguments for writing
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" Happiness is understood differently by everyone. The hero of the story, for example, by A.I. Solzhenitsyn “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich,” realizes himself “happy” because he did not end up in a punishment cell, received an extra bowl of soup, did not get sick, but the main thing is that he enjoys honest work. The writer admires the patience, hard work of a Russian person who believes in God and hopes for his help.
Evil, good and artistic activity
Arguments for writing
Akutagawa Ryunosuke "The Torments of Hell" He creates a psychological portrait of the old artist Yoshihide, very famous in his locality - first of all, for his terrible, asocial character and the corresponding paintings. The only thing that pleases his eyes is his only daughter. Once the ruler ordered a painting from him depicting Hell and the torment of sinners in it. The old man agreed, however, on the condition that, for greater realism, he would see the death of a woman in a falling carriage. He was given such an opportunity, however, as it turned out later, that woman turned out to be his own daughter. Yoshihide calmly works on the painting, but upon completion of it, commits suicide. Thus, it is worth evaluating art through morality, but this assessment entirely depends on the actual ideals of the evaluating subject. Yoshihide had one value - his daughter, whom he lost because of art.
Does a person have freedom of choice?
Arguments for writing
V.Zakrutkin "The Human Mother" The main character Maria, having met a wounded enemy (German), faced a moral choice, to kill him or not to kill him? for all their atrocities, but it was a boy, his cry "mother" stopped her, the heroine could not take a desperate step, managed to stop in time, realizing that the hatred that overwhelmed her would not have led to anything good. V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" On the banks of the Angara, the authorities were going to build a dam that would flood the nearby island, so the population had to move to another place. The main character, the old woman Daria, is presented with the right to make a moral choice: to leave, or to defend her right to happiness, to life in her native land.
The attitude of the crowd towards people who stand out from it
Arguments for writing
Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Comedy "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. Chatsky - a rebel, a rebel, rises against the crowd., Moscow society of that time. Their habits are wild and alien to him, the morality of society amazes him. He is not afraid to speak his mind. In the monologue "Who are the judges?" fully reveals its essence. The problem with the crowd is that they don't know how to listen and don't even want to listen to the truth. They consider as "truth" the precepts of their hypocritical fathers, which have long since outlived their usefulness. Creativity Mayakovsky Mayakovsky's work is devoted to the theme of the confrontation between the hero and the crowd. The crowd is vulgar people who live without spirituality. They do not see beauty, they do not understand true art. The hero is alone in his world. He does not leave the crowd, does not hide, but boldly challenges it, is ready to fight misunderstanding. For example, in the poem “Could you?” a sharp line is drawn between "I" and "you".
National feud
Arguments for writing
A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night” The problem of national enmity is particularly acute in A. Pristavkin's story "A golden cloud spent the night." The author shows us the tragic events of the 40s of the twentieth century, associated with the resettlement of orphanages in the Caucasus, in the territories "liberated" from local residents - Chechens. The revenge of the people forcibly evicted from the land of their ancestors falls on innocent people, including children. We see how a brutal murder separates the twin brothers Sasha and Kolka Kuzmenyshi. It is symbolic that at the end of the story, Kolka calls the Chechen boy Alkhuzur his brother. Thus, the author convinces us that, all peoples are brothers, that the humane human principle is stronger than evil, that the authorities, inciting national hatred, commit a crime against humanity and humanity.
Tragedy of the "little man"
Arguments for writing
N.V. Gogol "Overcoat" The problem of the "little man" is most fully revealed by the Russian writer, poet, and critic N.V. Gogol. In the story "The Overcoat", the playwright tells the reader about Akaki Akakievich, a poor titular adviser from St. Petersburg. He zealously fulfilled his duties, was very fond of manual rewriting of papers, but in general his role in the department was very insignificant, which is why young officials often laughed at him. In his tragedy of stealing a new greatcoat, the hero does not find a response from society's help.
Personality in history: Peter I
Arguments for writing
A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" A.S. Pushkin wrote in The Bronze Horseman ... Here we are destined by nature to cut a window into Europe ... These lines were written about Peter the Great. He is a man who changed the course of history, one of the most prominent statesmen who determined the direction of Russia's development in the 18th century. Peter launched large-scale reforms of the Russian state, changed the social structure: he cut off the sleeves and beards of the boyars. He built the first Russian fleet, thereby protecting the country from the sea. Here he is, that person, that person who accomplished a lot of great and heroic things in his life, who made history. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy denied the possibility of an active influence of an individual on history, believing that history is made by the masses and its laws cannot depend on the desire of an individual. He considered the historical process as the sum of "an innumerable number of human arbitrariness", that is, the efforts of each person. It is useless to oppose the natural course of events, it is vain to try to play the role of arbiter of the fate of mankind. This position of the writer is reflected in the novel "War and Peace". Using the example of two historical figures: Kutuzov and Napoleon, Tolstoy proves that it is the people who are the creator of history. Millions of ordinary people, and not heroes and generals, unconsciously move society forward, create great and heroic things, make history.
Rudeness
Arguments for writing
M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The main character of the story M.A. Bulgakov "The Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky is a hereditary intellectual and an outstanding medical scientist. He dreams of turning a dog into a man. This is how Sharikov is born with the heart of a stray dog, the brain of a person with three criminal records and a pronounced passion for alcohol. As a result of the operation affectionate, though cunning, Sharik turns into a boorish lumpen, capable of betrayal. Sharikov feels himself the master of life, he is arrogant, swaggering, aggressive. He quickly learns to drink vodka, be rude to servants, turn his ignorance into a weapon against education. The life of a professor and his inhabitants apartments become a living hell.Sharikov is an image of a boorish attitude towards people. D.I Fonvizin "Undergrowth" Indignant at other people's rudeness, people often do not notice that they themselves sometimes behave just as outrageously. Perhaps the best way to see this is in the way parents treat their children. The character of a person is formed in the family, and what kind of person could Mitrofanushka become? He adopted all the vices from his mother: extreme ignorance, rudeness, greed, cruelty, contempt of others, rudeness. Not surprising, because parents are always the main role model for children. And what example could Mrs. Prostakova set for her son if she allowed herself to be rude, rude, and humiliate others before his eyes? Of course, she loved Mitrofan, but in this regard she spoiled him greatly.
False/true values, search for the meaning of life
Arguments for writing
I. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is. W.S. Maugham "The burden of human passions" The novel by the famous English writer W.S. Maugham "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The protagonist of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses to explain further. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is aimless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction by choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, produces children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - perhaps some disturbing beauty is hidden in them.
Self-realization, aspirations
Arguments for writing
And A. Goncharov "Oblomov" A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, did not manage to overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov. U.S. Maugham "Razor's Edge" In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maugham draws the life path of a young American Larry, who spent half of his life with books and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image clearly stands out against the background of young people of his circle, who spend their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, ignoring the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, searched for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He completely surrendered himself to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, and discover the meaning of the universe. D. London "Martin Eden" The protagonist of the novel of the same name by the American writer Jack London, Martin Eden, is a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him to the goal. In the end, having gone a long and thorny path, after numerous failures and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that the fulfillment of a dream does not always bring happiness) Scientific facts A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Similarly, a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable stagnation.
self-sacrifice
Arguments for writing
M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" In the story of the Russian writer, prose writer and playwright Maxim Gorky "The Old Woman Fiend" the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. Danko was "the best of all, because a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes." He led the people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But weak people began to lose heart and die along the way. Then they accused Danko of ineptly managing them. He overcame his indignation and, in the name of his great love for people, tore his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road. And then they forgot their hero. Danko is dead. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" In his work "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky addresses the topic of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving someone else's soul, revealing it on the example of the image of Sonechka Marmeladova. Sonya is a poor girl from a dysfunctional family who follows Raskolnikov to hard labor to share his burden and fill him with spirituality. Out of compassion and a sense of high social responsibility, Sonya goes to live “on a yellow ticket”, thus earning a living for her family. People like Sonya, who have "infinitely insatiable compassion" are still found today. (another version) Self-sacrifice, compassion, sensitivity and mercy are an ambiguous problem. This is clearly seen in the work of the great Russian playwright F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Two of his heroines, Sonechka Marmeladova and Dunya Raskolnikova, sacrifice themselves in the name of people dear to them. The first sells her own body, thus earning a living for her family. The girl suffers cruelly, is ashamed of herself and her life, but even denies herself suicide, because she understands that without her, her relatives will be lost. And the family gratefully accepts her sacrifice, practically idolizes Sonya, her self-sacrifice is for the good. The second is going to marry a low, mean, but rich man in order to help a beggar brother.
Compassion, love in the neighbor
Arguments for writing
A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor" In the story "Matryonin Dvor" by the Russian writer, Nobel Prize winner in literature A.I. Solzhenitsyn is struck by the image of the peasant woman Matryona, her humanity, disinterestedness, compassion and love for everyone, even strangers. Matryona "helped strangers for free", but she herself "did not chase the equipment": she did not start "good", she did not try to get a tenant. Especially her mercy is manifested in the situation with the upper room. She allowed her house (where she had lived all her life) to be disassembled into logs for the sake of Kira's pupil, who had nowhere to live. The heroine sacrifices everything for the sake of others: the country, neighbors, relatives. And after her quiet death, there is a description of the cruel behavior of her relatives, who are simply overwhelmed by greed. Thanks to her spiritual qualities, Matryona made this world better and kinder, sacrificing herself, her life. Boris Vasilyev "My horses are flying..." In the work "My horses are flying ..." Boris Vasilyev tells the story of a wonderful person - Dr. Jansen. Out of a sense of compassion, the doctor, at the cost of his life, saved the children who fell into the sewer hole! L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Having been taken prisoner, Pierre Bezukhov met a simple soldier Platon Karataev there. Plato, despite his sufferings, lived lovingly with everyone: with the French, with his comrades. It was he who, with his mercy, helped Pierre gain faith and taught him to appreciate life. M. Sholokhov "The fate of man The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act shows that love and the desire to do good give a person strength for life. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov, out of a sense of compassion, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmeladov.
Ingratitude of children, parental love
Arguments for writing
A. S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin, the protagonist of the story, has a daughter, Dunya, in whom he does not care. But a passing hussar, who has laid eyes on the girl, takes her away from her father's house by deceit. When Samson finds his daughter, she is already married, well dressed, lives much better than him and does not want to return. Samson returns to his station, where he subsequently becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies. Three years later, the narrator travels through those places and sees the grave of the caretaker, and the local boy tells him that in the summer a lady with three barchats came and cried for a long time at his grave. F.M. Dostoevsky "Humiliated and Insulted" Natasha, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Humiliated and Insulted", betrays his family by running away from home with his lover. The girl's father, Nikolai Ikhmenev, painfully perceives her departure to the son of his enemy, considering it a shame, and curses his daughter. Rejected by her father and having lost her beloved, Natasha is deeply worried - she has lost everything that was valuable in her life: her good name, honor, love and family. However, Nikolai Ikhmenev is still madly in love with his daughter, in spite of everything, and after much mental anguish, at the end of the story, he finds the strength to forgive her. In this example, we see that parental love is the strongest, most selfless and all-forgiving. D. I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready for anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment. This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this. A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" The Russian writer A. S. Griboyedov did not bypass the problem of fathers and children in his work “Woe from Wit”. The comedy traces the relationship between Famusov and his daughter Sophia. Famusov, of course, loves his daughter and wishes her happiness. But he understands happiness in his own way: happiness for him is money. He teaches his daughter to think about profit and thereby commits a real crime, because Sophia can become like Molchalin, who has adopted only one principle from her father: to seek profit wherever possible. The fathers tried to teach their children about life, in their instructions they passed on to them what was most important and significant for them.
Generation conflict
Arguments for writing
I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" The novel of the Russian writer I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". We see the conflict of generations in the relationship between Bazarov and his parents. The main character has very conflicting feelings towards them: on the one hand, he admits that he loves his parents, on the other hand, he despises the "stupid life of fathers." First of all, his convictions are alienated from Bazarov's parents. If in Arkady Kirsanov we see superficial contempt for the older generation, caused more by a desire to imitate a friend, and not coming from within, then with Bazarov everything is different. This is his position in life. With all this, we see that it was to the parents that their son Eugene was truly dear. The old Bazarovs love Yevgeny very much, and this love softens their relationship with their son, the lack of mutual understanding. She is stronger than other feelings and lives even when the main character dies.
Influence of the teacher
Arguments for writing
In the story of V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" an ordinary rural boy, hard fate and hunger force him to contact local boys and start playing for money. Having found out that the child is malnourished, and he has no other way to get the funds he needs, a young French teacher, Lidia Mikhailovna, invites the boy to study French additionally. But this is only a plausible suggestion. In reality, she seeks to somehow help a child in a difficult situation, but out of pride, he refuses to dine with his teacher, indignantly returns the package with food to her. Then she offers to play with her for money, knowing for sure that he will beat her, get his coveted ruble and buy the milk that he needs so much. She deliberately commits a crime from the point of view of pedagogy, violates all the existing rules for the sake of her student, showing genuine philanthropy and unostentatious courage. The director of the school, however, considered the game with the student a crime, seduction and dismissed Lidia Mikhailovna. Having left for her place in the Kuban, the woman did not forget the boy and sent him a parcel with food and even apples, which the boy had never tried, but had only seen in pictures.
Globalization, technical and scientific progress, their impact on man and society
Arguments for writing
E.I. Zamyatin - Russian writer of the early 19th, late 20th century "We" In the novel "We" by Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin, the main character, D-503, describes his life in the totalitarian "United State". He enthusiastically talks about the organization based on mathematics, the life of society. The author in his work warns people about the harmful effects of scientific and technological progress, about its worst sides, that scientific and technological progress will destroy morality and human feelings, since they are not amenable to scientific analysis. M.A. Bulgakov - Russian Soviet writer and playwright of the 20th century "Fatal Eggs" The problem of scientific and technological progress is reflected in M. Bulgakov's story "Fatal Eggs". Pursuing only his own goals, Professor Rokk mindlessly uses Persikov's invention and grows giant reptiles, ostriches. In this ridiculous catastrophe, Rocca Manya's wife, thousands of people and Persikov himself perish. M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog" The problem of interaction between people and nature is also reflected in the literature. In M. Bulgakov's story "Heart of a Dog", Professor Preobrazhensky performs an operation to transform a dog into a human. In the work, the reader sees how the pretty dog Sharik turns into the disgusting Sharikov. “The moral of this fable is this” - you cannot interfere in the natural processes of nature without foreseeing the nature of the consequences.
The memory of the feat of soldiers
Arguments for writing
K.Simonov The poet Konstantin Simonov, who during the war years worked as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper and was constantly in the army, writes: “Do not forget about the soldiers, Who fought with all their might, Moaned in bandages in medical battalions And so hoped for peace!” I am sure that none of those soldiers Simonov wrote about will ever be forgotten, and their feat will forever remain in the memory of posterity.
Arguments for writing
M.A. Sholokhov "The fate of man" The main character, Andrey Sokolov, fought to save his homeland and all mankind from fascism, losing relatives and comrades. He endured the most difficult trials at the front. The news of the tragic death of his wife, two daughters, and son fell upon the hero. But Andrey Sokolov is a Russian soldier of unbending will who endured everything! He found the strength in himself to accomplish not only a military, but also a moral feat, adopting a boy whose parents were taken away by the war. Soldiers in the terrible conditions of the war, remained a man under the onslaught of enemy forces and did not break. This is the real feat. It was only thanks to such people that our country won a victory in a very difficult struggle against fascism. Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich, Galya Chetvertak and foreman Vaskov, the main characters of the work, showed real courage, heroism, moral endurance, fighting for the Motherland. More than once they could save their lives, it was only necessary to step back a little from their own conscience. However, the heroes were sure: you can’t retreat, you need to fight to the end: “Do not give the German a single piece ... No matter how hard, no matter how hopeless - to keep ...”. These are the words of a true patriot. All the characters of the story are shown acting, fighting, dying in the name of saving the Motherland. It was these people who forged the victory of our country in the rear, resisted the invaders in captivity and occupation, and fought at the front. Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" Everyone knows the immortal work of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man." The dramatic story is based on the real facts of the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Meresyev. Shot down in battle over the occupied territory, he made his way through the steppe forests for three weeks until he got to the partisans. Having lost both legs, the hero subsequently shows amazing strength of character and replenishes the account of air victories over the enemy.
Love to motherland
Arguments for writing
S. Yesenin, poem "Rus" The theme of love for the motherland permeates the work of S. Yesenin: “But most of all, Love for the native land tormented, tormented and burned me.” Desiring with all his heart to help the Fatherland in difficult times, the poet writes the poem "Rus", in which the voice of people's anger is heard. Yesenin fully reveals the theme of love for the Fatherland: “If the holy army shouts:“ Throw you Rus', live in paradise! I'll say: "Don't need paradise, Give me my homeland" A. Blok The lyrics of A. Blok are filled with a very special love for Russia. He spoke about his homeland with infinite tenderness, his poems are full of sincere hope that his fate and the fate of Russia are inseparable: “Russia, impoverished Russia, Your gray huts are for me, Your wind songs are for me, Like the first tears of love! ..” Legend There is a legend that one day the wind decided to knock down a mighty oak that grew on a hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?" The oak replied that it was not the trunk that was holding it. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the earth, holding on to it with its roots. This ingenuous story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible. Blok, "To sin shamelessly, soundly" In the lines of the poem, Russian everyday life is traced, reflecting the stupidity and inertness of its social system. The main idea is contained in the lines: Yes, and such, my Russia, You are dearer to me than all. What a strong feeling for the native land the poet has! He believes that a true patriot should love Russia as it is. Despite the imperfection of their country, its troubles and difficulties, everyone needs to have bright feelings for her. This example of sincere and selfless love for the Motherland may help someone to look at their father's house in a different way.
The main character of the story "Yushka" is a poor blacksmith's assistant, Yefim. In the people, everyone simply calls him Yushka. This still young man, due to consumption, early turned into an old man. He was very thin, weak in hands, almost blind, but he worked with all his might. Early in the morning, Yushka was already in the forge, fanning the forge with fur, carrying water and sand. And so the whole day, until the evening. For work, he was fed cabbage soup, porridge and bread, and instead of tea, Yushka drank water. He was always dressed in old
pants and blouse, burnt through with sparks. Parents often said about him to negligent students: “Here you will be the same as Yushka. You will grow up and you will walk barefoot in the summer, and in thin boots in the winter. Children often offended Yushka on the street, threw branches and stones at him. The old man was not offended, calmly walked by. The children did not understand why they could not get Yushka out of themselves. They pushed the old man, laughed at him, and rejoiced that he could do nothing with the offenders. Yushka was also happy. He thought that the children pestered him because they loved him. They cannot express their love in any other way, and therefore they torment the unfortunate old man.
Adults were not much different from children. They called Yushka "blissful", "animal". From the meekness of Yushka, they came to even greater bitterness, often beat him. Once, after another beating, the blacksmith's daughter Dasha asked in her hearts why Yushka lives in the world at all. To which he replied that the people love him, the people need him. Dasha objected that people beat Yushka to the blood, what kind of love is that. And the old man replied that the people love him "without a clue", that "the heart in people is sometimes blind." And then one evening a passer-by clung to Yushka on the street and pushed the old man so that he fell backwards. Yushka no longer got up: the blood went down his throat and he died.
And after a while a young girl appeared, she was looking for an old man. It turned out that Yushka placed her, an orphan, in Moscow with a family, then taught at school. He collected his meager salary, denying himself even tea in order to raise the orphan to his feet. And so the girl trained as a doctor and came to cure Yushka of his illness. But didn't have time. It's been a long time. The girl stayed in the city where Yushka lived, worked as a doctor in a hospital, always helped everyone and never took money for treatment. And everyone called her the daughter of the good Yushka.
So at one time people could not appreciate the beauty of the soul of this man, their heart was blind. They considered Yushka a useless person who has no place on earth. To understand that the old man did not live his life in vain, they could only learn about his pupil. Yushka helped a stranger, an orphan. How many are capable of such a noble selfless act? And Yushka saved up his pennies so that the girl would grow up, learn, use her chance in life. The veil from the eyes of people fell only after his death. And now they are already talking about him as a "good" Yushka.
The author urges us not to become stale, not to harden our hearts. Let our heart "see" the need of every person on earth. After all, all people have the right to life, and Yushka also proved that he did not live it in vain.
