Gorodets painting is a folk art craft. Bright textured drawings are made with a free stroke with a graphic stroke. A wide variety of household items and decorative paraphernalia were decorated with Russian motifs.
The history of the fishery
The birthplace of Gorodets painting is the Volga region. Residents of the villages of Khlebaikha, Kurtsevo, Savino, Bukino and some other villages decorated spinning wheels with carvings, and then tinted the ornament in order to sell the products at the Nizhny Novgorod fair later. Over time, colorful patterns completely replaced carved decor, and bright drawings began to be called Nizhny Novgorod painting.
The term "Gorodets pattern" appeared only in the 1930s, when the work of one of the most dedicated researchers of Russian folk crafts, V.M. Vasilenko. Gorodets is the main market for painted utensils. The masters took this fact into account, and the patterns displayed the way of life, customs, images associated with the town. Over time, the painting became the artistic personification of the culture and color of Gorodets and its environs.
Local craftsmen skillfully managed in wood carving. The forest expanses allowed craftsmen to use cheap and affordable material to create their masterpieces. The heyday of the craft is associated with the activities of Peter the Great, who demanded that his warships be decorated with carvings and paintings. Over time, the ships were relocated closer to the new conquered lands, and craftsmen began to look for other directions to apply the accumulated experience.
The heyday of the Gorodets craft began in 1870, when the icon painter Ogurechnikov arrived in one of the villages. His goal was to renew the paintings of the local church. It was he who helped local craftsmen to master new skills: “animation” with squirrels, the use of several paint balls at once, and other techniques.
Colors of Gorodets painting
Egg paints were originally used for painting. They were replaced by oily, tempera and gouache compositions. The coloring composition was applied to the canvas in large spots, without preliminarily forming clear contours.
Initially, craftsmen worked on primed surfaces. Later, after the Second World War, raw wood was chosen as the basis. This allowed the drawings to be made lighter, giving them transparency.
- Zamalevki. For patterns in the form of berries and flowers, the following colors are used: ocher, pink (a mixture of red and white tones), pure red, burgundy (red and black), blue (blue and white), blue. For the design of the sheets use a pure green color. Small leaves and curls were sometimes decorated with brown paint.
- Tenevka. The main colors of the shade are black, brown and blue. Due to the use of a deep black tone, against which the key elements of the ornament were drawn, it was possible to obtain a bright and rather contrasting pattern. If a brown tone was used for the shade, the painting turned out to be lighter and more delicate.
- Livery. For razzhivka used white color. The yellow tint was used less frequently. It was needed only if the leaves were given volumetric accents.
Basic colors by numbers
The main colors that are traditionally used for Gorodets ornaments:
- Ocher(#CC7722);
- Pink(#FFC0CB);
- Red(#FF0000);
- Blue(#00BFFF);
- Blue(#964B00);
- White(#FFFFFF);
- Green(#00FF00);
- Black(#000000);
- Yellow(#FFFF00).
Elements and motifs of Gorodets painting
There are three basic types of compositions. This is a “pure” flower painting, a composition with the inclusion of a “horse” motif and a complex plot painting.
Floral ornament is the easiest to perform. There are several elements of the ornament:
- "Bouquet" is a symmetrical image. These are small compositions consisting of 1 - 3 flowers. Decorate boxes, caskets, cups, salt shakers, cups, bowls;
- "Garland" - a type of "bouquet", when one large flower is located in the center, and a composition with smaller flowers is built around it;
- "Rhombus" - a variation of the "garland". Several large flowers form the center, and the leaves and buds decrease at the top of the diamond. The ornament often adorns large chests, large cutting boards, cabinet doors and breadbaskets;
- "Flower stripe" is a complex composition consisting of the upper and lower tiers. The ornament can be formed from a strip of flowers of the same size or from floral elements that are different in color, shape and type;
- "Wreath" - a variation of the "flower strip", but only of a closed type. Usually decorates the surfaces of dishes, trays, caskets, wine barrels.
Motives "horse" and "bird"
There are symmetrical and asymmetric compositions. Birds and horses are most often placed in the center of a flowering tree or framed by a wreath. There are products-sets, on each of which there are several motives at once. For example, a chicken and a cockerel or two horses of different colors.
Similar patterns look more effective on black and red canvases. Basic color: ocher, gold, orange, yellow. The paired image of birds represents family harmony and well-being. Horses symbolize success and prosperity.
Story painting
Plot drawings are placed on large items: chests, dishes, countertops. Masters traditionally depicted scenes of tea parties and celebrations, weddings against the backdrop of a rich table, tables with cups, flowers and samovars. The faces of the people turned towards the audience, which often gave unnecessarily complex compositions a certain implausibility.
The favorite theme of the drawings is the exteriors of houses with carved shutters, bright architraves, chimneys. The picture was complemented by wells, wicker fences with flowers or jugs and sitting roosters. In addition, the canvas could be "enriched" with images of other animals - dogs, cats, chickens with chickens.
Technique for performing Gorodets painting
The painting is done directly on a wooden base, which is initially primed with yellow, red and black colors. Each primary color is “whitened”, thus, exactly doubling the number of colors in the palette.
On the surface, the main lines of the painting are outlined with thin lines with a pencil. Particular attention is paid to the "nodes" of the picture, that is, the largest and most important elements. Medium and small details act as links for large patterns and can be performed during improvisation.
In the nodes of the painting with a wide brush form the basis of the flower. Usually, this spot is irregularly round or oval in shape. A darker color is applied over the light spots. The entire painting consists of simple elements: brackets, arcs, spirals, strokes, drops, and the actual underpainting itself.
The final stage is the application of contrasting (black or white) strokes and dots over the finished drawing. This stage is carried out with the help of the thinnest brush. As soon as the canvas dries, the painting is “fixed” with a thick layer of varnish.
How to draw a Gorodets pattern on a plate in stages for children from 7 years old
Bogatova Oksana Nikolaevna, teacher of MKDOU "Kindergarten No. 94" Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod region.Description: the master class will be of interest to educators, primary school teachers, teachers of additional education, and parents. Children 6-7 years old will be able to do the work with the help of adults, and older children - on their own.
Purpose: a panel-plate can serve as a gift to relatives, friends, as well as decorate the interior in the kitchen.
Target: creation of a decorative panel with Gorodets painting.
Tasks:
- continue to acquaint children with folk crafts;
- learn to make a pattern from the elements of Gorodets painting;
- improve drawing skills with a thin brush;
- develop a sense of composition;
- to cultivate interest and respect for folk art.
Before starting the master class, I suggest for a moment to remember the history of Gorodets painting, to feel its sunny, kind atmosphere.
Gorodets painting on wood- the famous folk craft of the Nizhny Novgorod region. It was developed in the second half of the 19th century in the Volga villages near the city of Gorodets. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages were known as skilled craftsmen, among whom were blacksmiths, weavers, dyers, carvers, carpenters and joiners. There were many forests in the Trans-Volga region, and it provided a lot of cheap material from which everything was made: from children's toys to furniture.
Gorodets spinning wheels were especially famous, which were sold in large quantities at the Nizhny Novgorod fair and dispersed throughout Russia. They were bought with pleasure thanks to funny painted pictures on the bottom of the spinning wheel. After finishing work with such donets, the hostesses decorated the walls instead of paintings.
Soon, such painting began to decorate not only spinning wheels, but also many household items: chairs, baskets, boxes, salt shakers and toys.
Gorodets painting is peculiar in its manner, so it is quite difficult to confuse it. Not a single Gorodets product is complete without lush garlands, bouquets of flowers resembling roses and daisies.
The plots of Gorodets products had a peculiar and unique plot. Masters depicted walks of gentlemen with ladies, riders on horseback, scenes of tea drinking in rich interiors.
Previously, Gorodets painting was done with egg paints, which lay on the product in large color spots, without a preliminary outline.
The drawing was applied in free strokes with a graphic stroke in black or white. Blue, red, white and black colors prevailed.
Today, craftsmen use oil paint, which has expanded the range of colors.
But the motives and technology of Gorodets painting remained the same.
Modern artists, as before, paint all kinds of wooden products: caskets, caskets, decorative panels, cabinets, shelves, bread bins, salt shakers, toys and furniture.
It has become a tradition for Nizhny Novgorod schoolchildren to visit Gorodets with excursions.
There they learn a lot of interesting things from the history of the Nizhny Novgorod region. They plunge into the atmosphere of the life of their ancestors. They can touch everything with their hands.
And, of course, they participate in master classes of local masters.
Children are delighted with such trips.
And now let me introduce my master class on drawing Gorodets painting.
Materials: paper plate, acrylic white primer, primer brush, drawing brushes No. 1, No. 2, No. 5, gouache (yellow, ruby, white), watercolors, simple pencil.
We cover the plate with primer (acrylic dries quickly).
Let's depict one of the elements - a camomile - in the center of the plate. In Gorodets painting, a camomile can be blue, purple, red, and orange (a multi-petal fantastic flower). We draw a drawing with a simple pencil.
Stage "underpainting". We make the background with yellow gouache (brush number 5).
We mix ruby and white gouache, we get a pink color. Making a pink background
Outline the flower with red watercolor and paint over the circle in the center (brush number 2).
Inside the red petals we make the second row, then draw the petals around the center with white watercolor.
Outline with white the large petals inside and the small ones outside (brush number 2), add three strokes (white and red), apply dots (brush number 1).
Now, draw the leaves with mustard color. The leaves in the Gorodets painting vary in size, but are always arranged in groups. At the same time, they never exceed the size of the central flower of the composition.
We draw green leaves.
We make veins on the leaves (brush number 1) - draw a line along the leaflet and a few short ones across.
Veins on green leaves are done differently.
Stage "revival". We emphasize mustard-colored leaves on all sides with a thin line (brush No. 1) with black paint, and green ones - on one side - with antennae.
Our plate is ready.
In the center of the plate, you can depict other variants of Gorodets flowers, for example, roses.
Gorodets painting is a wonderful drawing technique that was created in Russia. Often, even in kindergartens, there are lessons on the art of depicting objects and animals in unique bright colors with elements of a fairy tale.
History of Gorodets painting
Usually, wooden items were decorated with Gorodets painting. Since initially it was a folk craft of drawing on wood in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
It received its development in the second half of the 19th century, not far from the village of Gorodets, hence the name. There were many forests in that area, so the material came out cheap. And from it, in turn, children's toys, furniture, houses and much more were made. Paintings were used to decorate wooden objects, which could not do without bright garlands of flowers.
So gradually it was transferred to almost all household items of people. And images of various fairy-tale plots and colorful flowers gave the paintings a special memorable plot.
This technique is still popular today. You can easily find pieces of furniture, especially for children, decorated with lush flowers. And since the elements are quite large, teachers in kindergartens began to use phased drawing of Gorodets painting during creative classes.
Elements and technique of their execution in Gorodets painting
Real masters of Gorodets painting, first of all, pay attention to the position of the hand during work. The brush must be held only vertically so that it can rotate between the fingers (thumb, index and middle fingers) without obstacles. With the correct setting, all elements of the painting are given without much effort.
Painting is carried out in two stages:
- underpainting;
- animations.
For underpainting, large brushes are used, filling the entire figure at once. For example, all horses are completely covered with black paint, except for the harness. Performing such a technique is available even for a five-year-old child. The main thing in it is to smear the paints in an even and thin layer so that there are no gaps left.
Animation is a technique by which a sketch of a drawing turns into a picture. In this case, brushes are used thin (artistic). They work only with black and white paint, unlike underpainting, where any color is acceptable. Dip only the tip, and all the details are done carefully.
With animation, various dots and curls are applied, which help to revive the picture. But they have strict rules of execution. For example, you can apply only arcs, dots, strokes and droplets. The main thing is to touch only the end of the brush work, so that the strokes are even and beautiful.
Absolutely all elements of Gorodets painting are applied without a preliminary pencil sketch. That is why each work is individual.
How to depict flowers in Gorodets painting
To make the pictures especially good, consider the step-by-step drawing of Gorodets painting using flowers as an example. They are considered a symbol of health.
To master the technique of Gorodets painting well enough, it is enough to learn how to draw four flowers. The work is carried out in three stages, unlike the rest of the elements:
- underpainting;
- pointing petals;
- animations.
While you are studying, as well as if the kids are doing the work, you can use a pencil in the "Gorodets painting" drawing technique. Step-by-step drawing for children, and for adults, will look like this:
- Draw four circles on a sheet of paper with a pencil (three identical and one smaller)
- Take a thin brush and put round spots with cherry paint (in the first two - on the side, and in the remaining ones - in the middle)
- Using the same paint, on the first circle we draw an arc from the edge. To draw it correctly, hold the brush perpendicular to the sheet of paper. Barely touching, start drawing, then press, and finish again with a thin line.
- On the second circle, draw the same arc, but not along the edge, but inside. And place the petals on the edge. Make them the same as the previous element, only smaller.
- On the third circle, distribute the petals already around the circumference.
- In the fourth, draw droplets using the blotting method. They should be arranged along a radius around the central spot.
When you have learned how to draw elements separately, let's move on to making a flower:
- First, draw underpainting - large spots of paint in the form of a circle. We take any color, usually pink or blue.
- On these circles we apply one of the selected patterns that we learned to draw - this is the stage of pointing the petals.
- Now we complete the work with animations. They are performed on flowers with white paint. We make neat drawings or put dots to revive the pattern.
The image of flowers is the basis of the "Gorodets painting" style. Step-by-step drawing in kindergarten of such patterns will bring children a lot of joy and teach them accuracy, since everything must be done without a sketch, and arcs and animations must be done with extreme precision.
in the kindergarten group
As we have already said, Gorodets painting is perfect for children. Consider how to carry out a phased drawing of the Gorodets painting in the older group of the kindergarten.
To begin with, tell the children what Gorodets painting is in general and show the illustrations. To make it easier for them to do the work, do it together by drawing on a sheet attached to the board. Begin:
- Draw a body that looks like two drops that look in different directions and are connected with a stick.
- Next, draw the head. It is not necessary to complicate it, take an oval, add ears and an elongated muzzle.
- Now legs. Small triangles in the right places, sticks from them and also triangles (hooves) at the end.
- We depict the mane and tail with yellow paint, using semicircles in the work.
- We draw a saddle (children choose their own color).
- We draw eyes, a bridle and decorate a saddle.
It was a step by step drawing of a horse. Gorodets painting will help the children become more accurate and develop their creative abilities. And also you will be able to introduce young artists to geometric shapes.
We paint the board with Gorodets painting with children
Particularly interesting for children in kindergarten will be the phased drawing of Gorodets painting on a wooden board as a gift to their parents. You can ask pupils in advance to bring workpieces from home for work. And the lesson itself is built as follows:
- We tell a little about the history of Gorodets painting.
- We determine the center of each board, put a point there with a pencil.
- Draw a circle with the selected color.
- When it dries, we apply petals on top (we choose one flower option for everyone).
- After waiting a bit, take a thin brush and apply streaks in white.
- The remaining space is allowed to be supplemented with curls.
- We paint over the outline of the board with a continuous strip of the same color as the flower.
Such an activity will bring the children a lot of impressions, and the memory will remain for a lifetime. Recommend varnishing the board at home with your parents so that the paint does not peel off over time.
Tips for working with children in the implementation of Gorodets painting
If you plan to carry out a phased drawing of the Gorodets painting with your students, do not forget:
- First, do all the elements yourself.
- Choose the same pattern for everyone.
- If you see that someone is failing, help.
- Do not forget to praise the guys in the process of work.
- Remember that the basis of Gorodets patterns is underpainting, which is done in one color, and there should be no gaps, and animations are done with a thin brush.
Gorodets painting is a drawing of elements of a fairy tale, so children will definitely like this work.
Master class on drawing Gorodets painting using a template. Painting "Horses".
Bogatova Oksana Nikolaevna, educator of MKDOU "Kindergarten No. 94" of the city of Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Region.Description: work can be done by younger schoolchildren or preschoolers with the help of adults. The master class will be of interest to creative people, teachers of additional education.
Purpose: will serve as an example of drawing in the classroom for art activities, interior decoration.
Target: creation of the painting "Horses".
Tasks:- learn to draw Gorodets horses symmetrically using a template;
- to consolidate the skills of painting a floral Gorodets ornament;
- develop creative abilities:
- educate patriotic feelings, the desire to more often come into contact with folk traditions.
The image of a horse in the Gorodets painting symbolizes the sun and the wish of happiness.
The nature of the image of animals is always majestic, solemn. If a horse is depicted, then it is a horse proudly raising its head on a steeply curved swan neck, beating the ground with its hoof. He has thin legs of a horse, a rich harness, a mane flowing like a waterfall.
The Gorodets horse runs - the whole earth trembles under it ...
As in flower painting, pictures of Gorodets painting depicting a horse can be symmetrical. They can be located both on the sides of a flowering tree, and inside a flower garland. These are the horses with floral ornaments, we will draw with you!
Materials: sheet of A3 paper; gouache scarlet, ruby, ocher, green, white, black; watercolor paints; jar for water; simple pencil; a piece of sponge; brushes No. 1, No. 2, No. 5.
We cover, with the help of a sponge, a sheet with ocher-colored gouache.
Now we need to draw two symmetrical horses located on the sides of the picture. Having set such a task, I ran into the problem that I get one horse (located on the right), and the other (located on the left) does not turn out to be mirror symmetrical ... Then I cut out my pencil sketch and put the horse with another surface on the opposite side of the drawing.
Having little artistic ability it is difficult to draw a beautiful, proportional horse. Therefore, I suggest, to everyone, to use this template, according to my sketch.
We paint over the horses with black gouache.
For a more even execution of a floral ornament, namely, drawing a rose, cups and daisies, we will use the round shapes of a jar for water and a jar of gouache.
We paint over the drawn circles.
At the bottom of our floral ornament, we will write a rose and two daisies. In the center we will draw a cup.
Let's add a floral ornament with leaves.
To make the picture sparkle with new colors, we will supplement it with new colors for us - bells.
Now let's start drawing the harness of the horses.
Then we make our horses graceful with a white "animation" and give them volume.
On the leaves we draw veins of the corresponding colors
We paint blue bells, buds and cups with blue and white watercolors.
Now we apply a black "animation" on the leaves.
Our picture is almost ready, it remains to draw the bridles.
Frame the picture and hang it on the wall.
A similar picture can be drawn with roosters. It will bring warmth and comfort, unique originality to your home. Thank you for your attention!
Hello everyone! Today we have art on the agenda. Do you still have any painted wooden bowl or spoon in bright golden-red colors at home? Or maybe you inherited a joyful rocking horse in patterns? Then, perhaps, you already know what Gorodets painting is.
Well, if you still have a little meager idea of the Gorodets masters, then I suggest getting to know their interesting work better.
Lesson plan:
Where did Gorodets art come from?
The history of one of the highest achievements of folk art - Gorodets painting - began in the 19th century. Peasants lived on the two banks of the Volga River in villages with the names Kurtsevo, Savino, Koskovo and others, who made carved spinning wheels and sold them at fairs.
And they painted this carving so that their creations were brighter.
Later, decorative drawing completely replaced woodcarving from spinning wheels, and such painted art began to be called “Nizhny Novgorod painting”, and the masters themselves were called “Kurtsevo dyers”.
It is interesting! Not everyone knows that the development of wood carving in Gorodets is due to Peter I, who asked to decorate each ship with wooden carvings, showing the Russian power and talent of the Russian people. When in the 18th century construction moved closer to the shores of the seas, Russian craftsmen found another use for their talent - they began to make spoons and bowls, cups and spinning wheels from wood.
It is believed that Gorodets painting flourished with the appearance in the village of Kurtsevo in 1870 of an icon painter from Gorodets named Ogurechnikov, who was invited to revive the painting of the Kurtsevo church. It was he who taught local craftsmen to apply paint in layers, enliven the picture with white and give expressiveness to the picture.
Starting painting with spinning wheels, the Kurtsevo masters slowly began to hone their acquired skills on dishes, baskets, toys for children, and boxes. Lush bouquets, black horses, strange birds appeared in the houses, unlike anything else. On the tree they “drank tea” and “arranged festivities”.
Only in the 30s of the XX century did the name of this wood drawing, which today we know and hear - “Gorodets painting”, appear, and all thanks to the fact that such decorated household utensils were sold in the nearby town of Gorodets, and workshops worked.
Kohl on the board girl
Ile is a daring fellow,
Miracle horse and miracle bird, -
So this is Gorodets!
What is the difference between Gorodets painting?
It is difficult to confuse Gorodets craftsmanship with others, because it is this painting that is replete with bright garlands and lush bouquets. Only here you will see all the pomposity of the plots along with the sincerity of the common people.
One has only to look at the objects painted in the Gorodets style, and you will immediately find yourself:
- on a walk as a rider on a horse;
- at the table during a tea party, surrounded by rich decorations;
- together with the hunters in the forest;
- in the circle of cheerful and carefree city people;
- or behind a spinning wheel.
In addition to the painted life of peasants and merchants, Gorodets masters could depict mystical animals. But no matter what theme was present in the drawing, it was always decorated with garlands of flowers.
From the very beginning, Gorodets painting was applied with egg colors in the form of large spots, without contours. Masters could make strokes in free form, then circling the elements with a black or white line. Favorite background colors:
- green;
- bright red;
- the black;
- juicy blue.
Today, craftsmen in factories use oil paints, which gives them a greater variety of color, but the peculiarities of the motifs of Gorodets painting have been preserved. The technology of painting on wood has also remained the same.
Yellow evening, black horse,
And kupavki, like fire,
Birds look from the casket -
This is a painting of Gorodets!
How to draw in Gorodets
The Gorodets craftsmen have their own technology of painting on wood. Initially, with the help of a pencil, the artists draw a future drawing with a thin line, outlining the location of its elements, their sizes. The wooden base can be pre-coated with a ground paint of one of the shades - red, yellow or black. Professionals do not waste time on a sketch, but paint right away.
For Gorodets painting, a special paint is used - tempera, which is made from natural or artificial powders. Sometimes craftsmen take gouache as an assistant and add PVA glue there. But no matter what the paint is, the most important thing is its rich color, which is what distinguishes the painting from Gorodets.
The basis of all elements is drawn in white, this is called a scribble. Then, on a light tone, details are applied with thin strokes. They do this with dark shades, which is why this step is called a shadow. At the last stage of drawing, with the help of the thinnest brush, the so-called livening with black paint and livening with white paint in the form of dots and shading are done.
When the finished work is completely dry, it is varnished. In general, it's not that difficult. Want to try? Then read about what Gorodets masters usually draw.
Where are the buckets, rocking horses
Very happy colors
These are all the works of the beautiful
Gorodets masters.
Gorodets compositions
Gorodets painting has three types of drawings.
flower theme
The most simple and therefore often used. It can be a single flower with leaves or a floral ornament in the form of bouquets, flower garlands, rhombuses, stripes and wreaths. Bouquets are more often drawn on kitchen boards and table dishes, cups, bowls and salt shakers.
Garlands are found on bread bins, furniture for children and souvenir boxes. Rhombuses of flowers adorn cabinets and benches. Stripes are used for painting three-dimensional objects, for example, for decorating a round box, or as a piping in a plot. The edges of the product are often painted with wreaths.
Composition with a drawing of a bird or a horse
It is often used to paint large items - tableware, bread boxes, children's furniture, but sometimes this theme can also be seen on an ordinary spoon. Such images look very nice on a black or red background.
Plot
The most difficult painting, which can be dedicated to dates or a feast, fairy tales or modern life. Typically, such drawings are elongated along a horizontal line. The picture may consist of several parts, separated by columns, curtains or other interior items. Sometimes in one story you can see several characters in different rooms.
Gorodets masters always depict grooms on horseback, and brides standing near birches. In plots with a feast, the tables are necessarily full of dishes, and a samovar is an obligatory symbol on them. Sometimes Gorodets artists paint entire villages with houses, wells, streets, churches.
Today, the modern craftsmen of the Gorodets painting factory continue the old traditions, creating masterpieces of art in the form of caskets, bread boxes, toys and furniture.
Flowers are drawn
Unprecedented beauty.
That beauty has no end
It's all from Gorodets!
You can learn more about the history of painting, see how real masters work and admire their works by watching this video.
So you got to know Gorodets painting better. If you are interested, you can now try to make a beautiful gift for your mother for the holiday with your own hands by painting a cutting board or a box in the style of Gorodets.
Well, for your teacher and classmates, your interesting research project dedicated to the work of Gorodets masters will be the best gift.
Success in your studies!
Evgenia Klimkovich.
