Ethnos, people, nation. Correlation of concepts

The concept of "ethnos" includes a historically established set of people who have a certain number of common subjective or objective characteristics. These features include origin, language, cultural and economic characteristics, mentality and self-awareness, phenotypic and genotypic data, as well as the territory of long-term residence.

The word "ethnos" Greek roots and literally translates as "the people". The word "nationality" can be considered a synonym for this definition in Russian. The term "ethnos" was introduced into scientific terminology in 1923 by the Russian scientist S.M. Shirokogorov. He gave the first definition of this word.

How is the formation of an ethnic group

Among the ancient Greeks, the word "ethnos" was adopted refer to other nations who were not Greeks. For a long time in the Russian language, the word “people” was used as an analogue. Definition of S.M. Shirokogorov made it possible to emphasize the commonality of culture, relationships, traditions, way of life and language.

Modern science allows us to interpret this concept from 2 points of view:

The origin and formation of any ethnic group implies a large length in time. Most often, this formation occurs around a specific language or religious beliefs. Based on this, we often pronounce such phrases as "Christian culture", "Islamic world", "Romance group of languages".

The main conditions for the emergence of an ethnic group are the presence common territory and language. These same factors are further supporting factors and the main distinguishing features of a particular ethnic group.

Among the additional factors influencing the formation of an ethnic group, one can note:

1. shared religious beliefs.
2. Proximity from a racial point of view.
3. The presence of transitional interracial groups (mestizo).

The factors that unite an ethnic group include:

1. Specific features of material and spiritual culture.
2. Community of life.
3. Group psychological characteristics.
4. A common awareness of oneself and an idea of ​​a common origin.
5. The presence of an ethnonym - a self-name.

Ethnos is essentially a complex dynamic system that is constantly undergoing transformation processes and at the same time maintains its stability.

The culture of each ethnic group retains a certain constancy and simultaneously changes over time from one era to another. Features of national culture and self-knowledge, religious and spiritual and moral values ​​leave an imprint on the nature of the biological self-reproduction of the ethnos.

Features of the existence of ethnic groups and their patterns

The historically formed ethnos acts as an integral social organism and has the following ethnic relations:

1. Self-reproduction occurs through repeated homogeneous marriages and the transmission from generation to generation of traditions, self-consciousness, cultural values, language and religious characteristics.
2. In the course of their existence, all ethnic groups undergo a number of processes within themselves - assimilation, consolidation, etc.
3. In order to strengthen their existence, most ethnic groups strive to create their own state, which allows them to regulate relations both within themselves and with other groups of peoples.

The patterns of peoples can be considered behavioral models of relationships, which are typical for individual representatives. This also includes behavioral models that characterize individual social groups that are formed within the nation.

Ethnos can be simultaneously considered as a natural-territorial and socio-cultural phenomenon. As a kind of link that supports the existence of a particular ethnic group, some researchers propose to consider the hereditary factor and endogamy. However, one cannot but admit that the quality of the nation's gene pool is significantly influenced by conquests, the standard of living, and historical and cultural traditions.

The hereditary factor is tracked primarily in anthropometric and phenotypic data. However, anthropometric indicators do not always completely coincide with ethnicity. According to another group of researchers, the constancy of the ethnic group is due to national identity. However, such self-consciousness can simultaneously act as an indicator of collective activity.

The unique self-awareness and perception of the world of one or another ethnic group may directly depend on what its activity in the development of the environment is. The same type of activity can be perceived and evaluated differently in the minds of different ethnic groups.

The most stable mechanism that allows to preserve the uniqueness, integrity and stability of an ethnic group is its culture and common historical destiny.

Ethnos and its types

Traditionally, ethnicity is considered primarily as a generic concept. Based on this idea, it is customary to distinguish three types of ethnic groups:

1. Genus-tribe (species characteristic of primitive society).
2. Nationality (a characteristic type in the slave and feudal centuries).
3. The notion of a nation is characteristic of a capitalist society.

There are basic factors that unite representatives of one nation:

Clans and tribes were historically the very first types of ethnic groups. Their existence lasted several tens of thousands of years. As the way of life and the structure of mankind developed and became more complex, the concept of nationality appeared. Their appearance is associated with the formation of tribal unions in the common territory of residence.

Factors in the development of peoples

Today in the world there are several thousand ethnic groups. All of them differ in the level of development, mentality, population, culture and language. There may be significant differences in racial and external criteria.

For example, the number of ethnic groups such as Chinese, Russians, Brazilians exceeds 100 million people. Along with such gigantic peoples, there are varieties in the world, the number of which does not always reach ten people. The level of development of different groups can also vary from the most highly developed to those living according to primitive communal principles. Every nation has own language, however, there are ethnic groups that simultaneously use several languages.

In the process of interethnic interactions, processes of assimilation and consolidation are launched, as a result of which a new ethnic group may gradually form. The socialization of an ethnic group proceeds due to the development of such social institutions as the family, religion, school, etc.

The following factors can be attributed to unfavorable factors for the development of the nation:

1. High mortality rate among the population, especially in childhood.
2. High prevalence of respiratory infections.
3. Alcohol and drug addiction.
4. The destruction of the institution of the family - a high number of single-parent families, divorces, abortions, parents abandoning children.
5. Low quality of life.
6. High unemployment.
7. High crime rate.
8. Social passivity of the population.

Classification and examples of ethnos

Classification is carried out according to a variety of parameters, the simplest of them is the number. This indicator not only characterizes the state of the ethnos at the current moment, but also reflects the nature of its historical development. Usually, formation of large and small ethnic groups proceeds in completely different ways. The level and nature of interethnic interactions depend on the number of one or another ethnic group.

Examples of the largest ethnic groups include the following (according to data from 1993):

The total number of these peoples is 40% of the total population of the globe. There is also a group of ethnic groups with a population of 1 to 5 million people. They make up about 8% of the total population.

Most small ethnic groups may number several hundred people. An example is the Yukagiru, an ethnic group living in Yakutia, and the Izhors, a Finnish ethnic group inhabiting territories in the Leningrad region.

Another classification criterion is the population dynamics in ethnic groups. The minimum population growth is observed in Western European ethnic groups. The maximum growth is noted in the countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America.

The word inhabited (-th, -th) in everyday speech, we characterize a place or territory where many people live, for example, a densely populated country, and the word "population" - people living in a given place, in a given territory. In demography, the term "population" is close to the interpretation of this word in everyday language. The concept of "population" has long been associated with the concept of "territory": population is primarily understood as the totality of people living simultaneously in any territory. Thus, the population can be considered the population of the whole Earth or part of the world, any state or geographical area. From the point of view of demographic studies, the population of a particular country is of greatest importance.

The concept of the population of the state coincides in form with the concept of the people of the state, but in content they are different categories. One of the criteria for referring to a particular people is residence in the corresponding area (or, at least, origin from that area), however, the people are historically linked together not only by the territory, but also by a common history, language, material and spiritual culture.

The globe is inhabited by many peoples ( ethnic groups) at various stages of socio-economic and cultural development. Ethnic groups are historically established in certain territories stable populations of people who have a single language, common relatively stable features of culture.

Historically, the earliest type of ethnic groups is a tribe. In the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system, a new form of ethnos was born - nationality. The first nationalities were formed in the slave era. The process of the formation of nationalities developed especially widely during the period of feudalism. With the development of capitalist relations and the strengthening of economic and cultural ties, the disunity characteristic of nationalities is eliminated, and they cease in the nation.

Nations are distinguished by a stable community of territory, economy and culture, a common language, common features of the national character, and a clear ethnic identity.

But the trinomial division of ethnic groups (tribe - nationality - nation) with the subdivision of nations does not reflect the entire diversity of forms of ethnic communities existing on Earth. The picture is complicated by the transitional ethnic groups that exist in many countries (especially in countries of immigration) - immigrants, as well as their descendants, partially subjected to assimilation by the main nation. They have not yet completely broken away from the people of their native country and have not completely merged into the ethnic group of the country that adopted them (such groups include, for example, Germans, Swedes, Italians, etc. in the USA and Canada). Peculiar "border" groups are also formed in the zone of ethnic borders, where two or more peoples come into contact. A characteristic feature of all these groups is the presence of a dual ethnic identity.

Among the processes of ethnic unification, there are consolidation, assimilation, interethnic integration and ethnogenetic mixing. Sometimes ethnic development is complex, and these processes occur simultaneously.

Consolidation is the merging of several related ethnic groups (tribes, nationalities) into a larger people or the further rallying of the formed people as its socio-economic and cultural development. In the first case, we are talking about inter-ethnic consolidation, in the second - intra-ethnic. Interethnic consolidation is accelerated in the case of a close relationship of peoples, the similarity of their languages ​​and cultures. This process has taken place or is taking place in many countries of the world.

As part of any peoples, there are groups that retain some differences from the main ethnic array. Such groups, called ethnographic(now often referred to as sub-ethnic groups), represent separate parts of a nationality or nation, the culture and way of life of which retain some features (they have their own dialects or dialects, have specifics in material and spiritual culture, may differ in religious terms, etc.). Ethnographic groups are often formed during the assimilation of an ethnic group by a nationality or nation.

Groups are distinguished that differ from the main part of the ethnic group in confessional terms. For example, within the many consolidating peoples of Asia and Africa.

There are also communities that cover a whole group of peoples, the so-called meta-ethnic or supra-ethnic communities. They unite several peoples who have elements of a common self-consciousness based on ethno-genetic proximity or long-term cultural interaction, and in a class society, on political ties. Such communities include, for example, Slavic, Romanesque, Mongolian and other peoples, close not only in languages, but also to a certain extent in culture and way of life.

Ethno-confessional meta-ethnic communities took shape mainly in the feudal era. For example, Hinduism had a huge impact on the entire social and cultural life of the multilingual peoples of South Asia.

Determination of the national composition of the population in various countries of the world, as noted by S.I. Brook, the matter is complicated: because in connection with the development of the processes of assimilation and consolidation in many countries there are quite large groups of the population with transitional forms of culture and national identity. In addition, it is necessary to establish what a particular population group is: whether it is a people (ethnos), part of a people (sub-ethnos, ethnographic group), a group of peoples (a meta-ethnic community) or some other community (political, racial, confessional etc.).

Population records, as we have already noted, are conducted in most countries of the world. However, in many censuses (which in some countries have been regularly conducted since the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries), the national composition of the population is either not determined at all, or is determined insufficiently reliably.

At first, when the concept of “nationality” had not yet been formulated, the tasks of censuses were reduced to taking into account the languages ​​of the population. Before the First World War, the question of language was included in the census programs of a number of multinational countries in Europe (Belgium, Switzerland, Austria-Hungary), the USA, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The question of mother tongue was also raised in the first Russian census of 1897. The direct question of ethnicity (“nationality”) was included only in 1920 in the program of the first Soviet population census.

How many peoples are there on earth? Researchers usually count three to four thousand different peoples in the modern world - from the smallest tribes, the number of which is measured in hundreds or even tens of people (Toda in India, Botokuds in Brazil, Alakalufs and Yamanas in Argentina, etc.), to largest nations, numbering hundreds of millions of people.

According to the UN, by the end of the 20th century. the number of peoples, each of which exceeds 1 million people, amounted to over 350 (in 1961 there were 226 such peoples, in 1987 -310). These peoples account for more than 97% of the total population of the Earth.

As a result of uneven natural population growth in different countries of the world and among different peoples, their numbers change significantly. For example, the number of such large peoples as the Colombian, Mexican, Algerian, Peruvian, Moroccan, Azerbaijani and others doubled from 1960 to 1990, while the Hindustani, Bengali, Brazilian increased by half. At the same time, the number of Germans, Englishmen, Russians and representatives of a number of other peoples decreased.

The largest nations of the world, whose number exceeded 100 million people. are: Chinese (more than 1 billion people), Hin-Dustanians (India), Bengalis (India, Bangladesh), Americans, Brazilians, Russians, Japanese, Punjabis (Pakistan, India), Biharis (India). The Mexicans, Javanese (Indonesia), Telugu (India) are close to this milestone in terms of numbers.

It is important to single out the classification of peoples by language. All languages ​​are combined into language families, which are divided into language groups. The largest of them is Indo-European, the languages ​​of which are spoken by more than 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America, Australia, constituting 1/3 of the entire population of the Earth.

The peoples inhabiting the globe live in their majority compactly. An ethnically mixed population is characteristic of areas located along ethnic borders. A particularly variegated ethnic composition is observed in the large cities of countries of the resettlement type, in states with increased immigration.

According to the diversity of the ethnic composition, the countries of the world can be divided into three groups: multinational states (USA, Russia, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.); binational (Belgium, Cyprus, Iran, Turkey, etc.); single-national (Germany, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Austria, Greece, Iceland, Portugal, etc.).

The main principles of the state national policy in the Russian Federation are:

equality of human rights and freedoms regardless of their nationality, language, religion, membership in social groups and public associations;

equality of peoples;

preservation of the historically established state unity of the Russian Federation;

equality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in their relations with each other and with federal government bodies;

guarantee of the rights of indigenous small and dispersed peoples in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the principles and norms of international law recognized by the Russian Federation;

the right of every citizen to determine and indicate his national identity without any coercion from outside;

promoting the development of national cultures and languages ​​of the peoples of the Russian Federation;

the prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the grounds of national, linguistic, social and religious affiliation;

timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts through the development and implementation of conciliation procedures;

the prohibition of public associations and organizations, as well as propaganda, agitation aimed at undermining the security of the state, at inciting ethnic and religious hatred;

protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders in accordance with the norms of international law;

support for compatriots living in foreign countries in the preservation and development of their native language, culture and national traditions, strengthening their ties with the motherland.

2. DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS REGION

Among the regions of Russia, the North Caucasus stands out both in absolute numbers and in the proportion of the population within the Russian Federation. On 01.01.1998 the region has 17.7 million inhabitants, or a little over 12% of the population of the Russian Federation. In terms of the absolute number of inhabitants, it is second only to the Urals (20.4 million people) and Central (29.7 million people) regions (Table 1).

Table 1

The actual population of the Russian Federation by economic regions as of January 1, 199K, million people

The North Caucasus is the only major region in the Russian Federation where the overall population continues to grow. Among other regions, only the Volga region continued to “increase” the number of inhabitants, but only until 1995, and then natural losses began to exceed natural and mechanical growth in the Volga region as well.

Within the North Caucasus region, the increase in the number of inhabitants in the first half of the 1990s. took place in almost all subjects of the region, but with the beginning of the second half, the total increase sharply decreased and for 1995-1998. amounted to only 0.2%.

The absolute number of residents in the Chechen Republic has especially decreased (by almost 20%) due to reasons not related to the fall in the birth rate, but to the flight of residents in connection with the hostilities of 1995-1996, the “squeezing out” of the Russian-speaking population as a result of the aggravation of interethnic relations, and the deterioration of the crime rate. environment and the rise of separatist tendencies.

table 2

Change in the actual population of the SCER for 1991-1998, thousand people

In 1999, and in connection with the start of new hostilities in Chechnya, the flow of refugees to the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories sharply increased, which contributed to the growth in the number of their inhabitants and as a result of intra-regional redistribution of the population (but not its absolute growth in the North Caucasus.

The republics of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardino-Balkaria entered the period of stabilization of population reproduction, where for more than a decade a transition to a modern and rational type of reproduction has been made and conditions have arisen for a new demographic revolution - the revolution of a post-industrial society.

There are some peculiarities in the distribution of the population of the region between the city and the countryside:

Slow growth of the urban population in comparison with other regions of the country and Russia and in general;

Ruralization - a decrease in the proportion of the urban population by the end of the 1990s. compared to the end of the 1980s. (56.2 and 56.5% respectively).

A large number of small towns with weakly expressed urban functions (“undivided unity of the city and the countryside”) both in terms of the functions performed, reflected in the structure of employment of the population, and in terms of the level of improvement, the provision of urban forms of service, and the quality of life.

Ruralization of the population to a certain extent affected all regions of the country, although on a lesser scale than in the North Caucasus. In general, in Russia, there is a certain unstable balance in the distribution of the urban and rural population in the 1990s.

Unevenly, the processes of urbanization also covered individual republics, territories and regions of the North Caucasus.

In this way. four subjects of the region (Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Dagestan, Chechen, Ingush) have urban populations of less than half of the total population. North Ossetia-Llania is characterized by the highest level of urbanization. Rostov region and Kabardino-Balkaria. The maximum decrease in the share of urban residents in the total population falls on the Chechen Republic, the Rostov Region and Kabardino-Balkaria. Lost urban residents and Adygea and Karachay-Cherkessia, although to a lesser extent than the named three subjects of the region. In the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alaiia, the proportion of the urban population stabilized at the level of 1986, and even slightly increased towards the Stavropol Territory, which is primarily due to migration processes, which ensured a significant mechanical increase in urban residents.

The natural movement of the population in the region has the same trends as in Russia as a whole. Differences are observed within the region itself: in the Rostov region. In the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in the Republic of Adygea, the birth rate is lower than the average for the region, and in the Rostov Region it is even lower than the average for the Russian Federation. Moreover, the decline in the birth rate in the region began much earlier than in Russia as a whole.

However, there are also leaders in the region in terms of the total birth rate) and - Dagestan and Ingushetia - those only within the region, but throughout Russia. The third place belongs to the Republic of Tuva, which, in sports language, is far behind (15.8 ppm) from the first two. In the region, the third place is occupied by Kabardino-Balkaria (sixth in the Russian Federation).

In other subjects of the North Caucasian region, the main reason for the decline in the level of urbanization is associated with the departure of part of the city dwellers and the countryside, where it is easier to solve problems.

The decline in the total fertility rate, as in Russia as a whole, in the region began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although it proceeded more smoothly and from equal initial levels. Therefore, only in two subjects of the region - the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region - by the beginning of the 1990s. completed the demographic transition from modern to post-industrial mud of population reproduction. The Stavropol Territory is approaching them today. The republics of Adygea and Karachay-Cherkess, in which either the majority or a significant proportion is the Slavic population, are more than others covered by depopulation processes.

The crude death rate in the region, with the exception of Dagestan and Ingushetia, either approaches the crude birth rate or significantly exceeds it. This figure is especially dramatic in the Rostov region. Krasnodar Territory. Republic of Adygea and partly in the Republic of North Osstia-Alapnya and the Stavropol Territory. In the first two, the mortality rates are higher than the average for Russia, in the last two they are approaching it. Practically only two of the subjects of the SCER have indicators of the traditional type of mortality (Dagestan and Ingushetia), in the rest the demographic transition to a new type of population reproduction has already been completed.

It should be noted that the increase in the overall mortality rate occurs without such sharp drops as the birth rate. In general, in the region for 1985-1998. it increased by 14%, while the birth rate over the same period of time decreased by 1.7 times! Therefore, the main reason for the depopulation of the 1990s. - a rapid decline in the birth rate, an increase in the death rate only "complements" it. The undulating nature of both coefficients reflects the "waves" of previous reproduction rates (the difference in the number of individuals entering the critical age).

Of particular concern are the high rates of infant mortality and mortality of the population of working age, especially men.

On average for the region in 1997, all subjects of the SCER had a very high infant mortality rate (except for the Krasnodar Territory and Kabardino-Balkaria, above the average for the Russian Federation as a whole). Noteworthy is the spasmodic nature of changes in this indicator. It can hardly be explained by the level of medical care for the population, especially prenatal and postnatal care for women in labor and babies. Apparently, the reasons lie in another area. Although it is impossible to discount the state of medical care. In any case, infant mortality is 2.0-2.5 times higher than in the industrialized countries of the world and 1/3 higher than in St. Petersburg (11.00) and the Leningrad Region (11.1).

The second problem of the 1980-1990s. - high mortality rate of the population of working age, and the mortality rate of men is 3-4 times higher than that of women.

The natural increase in the region's population, as well as in Russia as a whole, had a negative balance in 1996 (0.2%), but already in the following year it turned out to be positive, although with a slight excess of births over deaths (0.3%). In the territorial context, the overall positive result is deeply differentiated: in the Krasnodar Territory, there has been an increase in absolute population losses since 1990, in the Rostov Region - since 1991, in the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea - since 1992.

By 1997 a stable negative total fertility rate covered half of the subjects of the region, concentrating 3/4 of its inhabitants. In this regard, it can be said with certainty that with the nerve to increase business activity, especially material production of the most economically developed subjects of the region, there will be a problem of shortage of labor resources. Migration will be the main source of replenishment of such resources. However, even today it provides not only compensation for the natural decline, but also the general increase in the population. And since the vast majority of Russian regions will experience a shortage of labor resources, the import of labor will become inevitable. In this regard, today the most important goal of demographic policy is to create such a system of measures that would help reduce the overall mortality rate, primarily for infants and men of working age; the death rate of women at this age deviates little from the rate of normal extinction of generations and can be reduced with a corresponding increase in the level of medical care).

The entire population policy in the country also requires improvement: the improvement of the family, the choice of new values ​​of moral and aesthetic education, and so on.

Population migrations in the region were determined by the nature of population reproduction and the level of economic development of each subject. So, for the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, the Republic of Adygea, the migration increase, starting from the 1960s. up to this day. was and remains the most important source of population growth. In the Chechen, Ingush and Dagestan Republics, after the return of the deported peoples, the seasonal migration of labor resources (the so-called otkhodnichestvo) to all regions of the former Soviet Union, which often ended in resettlement to labor-scarce areas, was widely developed.

In the 1990s among the regions of the Russian Federation that lost their inhabitants during the migration exchange, the following stood out: Northern (especially Karelia and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The Republic of Kalmykia in the Volga region, the East Siberian region with the exception of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (especially the national autonomous regions - Taimyr, Evenki and Chita regions) and the Far East region, primarily the Sakhalin, Magadan, Kamchatka regions. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The rest of the regions, including the North Caucasus (with the exception of the Chechen and Dagestan Republics), have a positive coefficient of migration growth. This should also include Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia.

Thus, areas of intensive migration outflow of the population were clearly identified within the country. On the one hand, these are areas with extreme natural, climatic and socio-economic conditions, on the other - areas of interethnic conflicts and outright separatism.

Within the North Caucasus region, like natural growth, mechanical growth divides the subjects into two unequal parts. Subjects with a positive migration growth rate generally have a negative coefficient of natural movement and, conversely, a positive balance of natural growth is accompanied by a negative indicator of mechanical growth. The exception is Ingushetia, where both indicators are positive. There are no coincidences in the combination of indicators in either group.

Only three subjects had a permanently positive coefficient of migration movement of the population: the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories and the Rostov Region. Moreover, the balance of migration growth of the latter is an order of magnitude smaller than the balance of the first two.

According to the absolute number of migrants in 1997. The Stavropol Territory took the first place - 61 thousand people, or 5.1% of the all-Russian indicator. Then Ingushetia (55 thousand people). Krasnodar Territory (44.3 thousand people) and Rostov Region (38.2 thousand people). However, according to SV Ryazantsev, these data reflect no more than 35-45% of the total number of actually arriving migrants.

The composition of migrants arriving in the North Caucasus from other regions of the country and neighboring countries is dominated by refugees and internally displaced persons. Their massive influx into the three main centers of attraction in the region (Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region) began in the second half of the 1980s. in connection with a number of tragic events (the Spitak earthquake, the Karabakh, Sumgait, South Ossetian, Abkhaz, Ossetian-Ingush, Chechen, Chechen-Dagestan conflicts both in the former Soviet republics and intra-regional).

Among the migrants of this period are mainly persons who have lost housing, property, jobs, pensions in their places of former residence, fleeing persecution and possible physical destruction. Without significant material assistance from local and all-Russian migration services, they could become an explosive social burden. Their accommodation, providing them with work and housing was extremely important, and at the same time, in the conditions of the general collapse of the economy, it was an extremely difficult task. Nevertheless, the local authorities coped with this task, although not without certain difficulties.

Migrants from the northern territories had a slightly different social status. Eastern Siberia and the Far East. These are either relatively wealthy migrants who were forced to leave as a result of a reduction in production volumes or the liquidation of mining enterprises, or young people who left the North due to liquidation. a number of benefits, or pensioners for whom exposure to extreme natural conditions was contraindicated for health reasons. All these categories of migrants made the decision to migrate either on the basis of their own financial capabilities or with the support of the relevant ministries (for example, the miners of the coal mines of Vorkuta), which undertook to provide the settlers with housing. Finally, a special category of migrants was made up of demobilized military personnel of the Western Group of Forces stationed in the Warsaw Pact countries and especially Germany. All of them were provided with housing built at the expense of the FRG, which was more interested than others in the liquidation of the military bases of the former USSR within Central and Eastern Europe.

Consider the structure of the population of the North Caucasus region. In the North Caucasus in 1989, persons aged 65 and over accounted for 12.7% of the total number of permanent residents. At the same time, in the Krasnodar Territory, their share reached the level of modern Japan (14.5%), in the Stavropol Territory - 13.3%, in the Rostov Region - 13.2%. By the beginning of 1998 the situation has changed little due to the massive influx of migrants and the decline in the average life expectancy of the population.

There are problems and regions with a traditional or transitional type of population reproduction. In the Russian Federation, despite the completion of the demographic transition from the traditional to the industrial (rational) type of reproduction, some subjects have retained the features of the traditional in the current socio-economic situation. A characteristic feature of their population structure by age and sex is a significant proportion of people of working age with a relatively low mortality rate. As a result, some regions have a reduced proportion of people of retirement age (for example, the Far East region - 14.1% of all residents, East Siberian - 16.1%. Western - 17.3%). A relatively high proportion of the young population has autonomous entities (Yamal-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk, Taimyr, Koryak, Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs. Republics of Tuva and Sakha-Yakutia, Magadan Region), where people of retirement age make up 5-10% of the total number residents. This category of the population is slightly higher (from 10.2 to 15%) in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Republics of Komi, and Ingushetia. Dagestan. Chechen, Buryatia and the Sakhalin region. Tyumen, Amur.

The nature of the “youth” of their inhabitants is somewhat different. In Ingushetia, the Chechen Republic, Dagestan, and partly Buryatia, the main factor in rejuvenation is a high mortality rate in all age groups of the population and short life expectancy as a result of extreme socio-economic and climatic conditions.

The problems associated with the “young” population of the region are essentially characteristic of only two republics: Dagestan and Ingushetia, but in the near future they will be compensated by the economic recovery of the country and the acute need for young labor resources in labor-sufficient regions. In the meantime, the high proportion of people of working age with limited economic opportunities makes it difficult to overcome the depressive trends in the economic development of these republics.

The Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories have a somewhat different nature of the problem of the age structure of the working-age population. Rostov region, the republics of Adygea and North Ossetia-Llania. Of concern is the sharp decline in the number of children aged 0-7 years, which by 2001 threatens a new wave of decline in the working-age population. So, for example, in the Rostov region on 01.01.1998 the number of children aged 0-7 years was 131.7 thousand (37.5%) less than in 1989. Although in general for the SCER from 1989 to 1995 the total number of people of working age increased by 58 thousand people. by increasing the number of children aged 8-15 years. Consequently, a particularly sharp decline in the birth rate has taken place since the early 1990s, more precisely since 1992.

Thus, we list the following demographic problems of the North Caucasus economic region, which includes the Krasnodar Territory:
DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY IN RUSSIA: TASKS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION ESSENCE, CONCEPT AND TYPES OF DEMOGRAPHIC FORECASTING

An ethnos is a stable, historically established group of people, united by long-term cohabitation in a certain territory, a common language, culture, and self-consciousness. Under the influence of socio-economic factors, features of the natural environment, the material and spiritual culture, life, customs, mores characteristic of the ethnos were formed, ethnic self-awareness was formed - a sense of common origin and historical destinies of people included in the ethnos, ideas about the difference of their ethnos from other ethnic transformations. The formation of ethnic groups is influenced by the geographical environment, traditions inherited from ancestors, habitual enmity or friendship with neighbors (ethnic environment), cultural influences, religion. In addition, there are laws of development relating to ethnic groups as to any natural phenomena. Their manifestation in the diverse processes of the emergence and disappearance of peoples we call ethnogenesis. Each ethnic group has its own structure and its own unique stereotype of behavior. The structure of an ethnic stereotype of behavior is a strictly defined norm of relations between: a team and an individual; individuals; intra-ethnic groups; ethnos and intra-ethnic groups. The structure of the ethnos. An ethnic group is made up of sub-ethnic groups. The presence of various sub-ethnoi in an ethnos generally strengthens the ethnos and gives it stability. Sub-ethnic groups are ethnic systems that are elements of the structure of an ethnos (a kind of part of a whole). The stereotypes of the behavior of representatives of the subethnos differ in manners, manners, ways of expressing feelings, etc. Sometimes sub-ethnic transformations took the form of estates (in Russia in the 14th-15th centuries - Cossacks, Pomors, and later explorers). Superethnos - an ethnic system consisting of several ethnic groups that arose simultaneously, in one landscape region, manifested in history as a mosaic integrity. Ethnic picture of the world. The life span of an ethnic group, as a rule, is 1200-1500 years. It is extremely important to know in what phase of ethnogenesis a particular ethnos (superethnos) is. It is believed that the Russian superethnos is already about 700 years old. Ethnocentrism is the property of an individual, social groups and communities (as carriers of ethnic self-consciousness) to perceive and evaluate life phenomena. A distinction is made between benevolent ethnocentrism, which is tolerant of existing differences, and militant ethnocentrism, which imposes its values ​​on others. The latter undoubtedly includes the ethnocentrism of Americans, Christian missionaries, and some conquerors. Nation. The primary forms of community of people were clan and tribe. Genus - an association of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal), having a common place of settlement, a common language, common customs and beliefs. Members of the genus, as a rule, perceived themselves as descendants of a common ancestor (real or mythical) and bore a common generic name. The genus was not only an ethnic unit, but also an industrial and social one, determined by communal ownership of land, hunting and fishing grounds. A tribe arises as a result of the union of people who have common goods, belonging to different clans. This means that blood ties also serve as the basis of the tribe. However, the tribe ceased to be an economic unit, it remained the community of the clan. Examples of a tribal form of community are modern Australian Aborigines and North American Indians. With the emergence of a paired family, involving the relationship of only one man with one woman, there is a tendency to weaken the blood ties of people. Nationality. The mixing and consolidation of tribal communities led to the formation of a type of community based on territorial, neighborly, and not consanguineous ties between people. Thus, a nationality is “a historically established community of people, having its own language, territory, a certain common culture, the beginnings of economic ties”93. In the process of the formation of a nationality, an economic and cultural community arises, the language or dialect of the predominant ethnic community spreads. Nation is a concept used to characterize large sociocultural communities. The emergence of a nation is historically associated with the emergence of capitalism, the elimination of feudal fragmentation, the strengthening of economic and other ties, the spread of literacy and literature in the native language, and the strengthening of ethnic (national) self-consciousness. A nation has long been understood as a historically established, stable community of people that arose on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and mental makeup. However, since the 1960s this definition began to be supplemented with a sign of national (ethnic) self-consciousness, associated with the general concept of ethnos. Signs of a nation. People who do not live on the territory of a nation for a long time (or permanently) cannot belong to it, despite the common nationality (common language and culture). Such is the meaning of the first sign of a nation - the community of territory. The second sign of a nation is the common language. The national language is the common spoken language, understandable to all members of the nation and firmly entrenched in literature. The third sign of a nation is the community of economic life. It consists in deepening the division of labor between different regions of the country and increasing the dependence of people on each other. The fourth sign of a nation - the general features of the mental make-up - is formed in the course of a long process of action of the previous three signs. The mental warehouse of the nation reflects the features of the formation and development of the main spheres of society, as well as the geographical place of residence. The peculiarities of the professed religion, the specifics of the cultural tradition are also of considerable importance. The fifth sign of a nation - national self-consciousness - consists in the self-assignment of a person to one or another nation. This feature, subjective by its nature, has recently actually made adjustments to the seemingly "hard" first and third features in the definition of a nation - a common territory and economic life. And people are already referred to as a nation, "most often" associated with a common territory and economic life. This is explained by the fact that people can fall under the influence of the first four signs, not really live the life of their nation, i.e. it is really not enough to belong to it and not to be aware of oneself as a member of it. There are more such cases in modern life (sometimes this is manifested in expressions like “this country”). Indicators of the level and degree of national self-consciousness are: knowledge of the history of one's people (historical memory), attitude to national traditions, holidays and customs, attitude to the language of one's ethnic group, a sense of national dignity, etc. For the cohesion and unity of the nation, it is important to recognize the differences between the representatives of nations and the feeling of the inextricable connection of one's life with the life and fate of one's country (usually observed in years of trials and tribulations - wars, natural disasters, etc.). Nationalism. Under certain conditions, the recognition of the differences that exist between national communities develops into opposing one's community to others ("we - they") based on the awareness of one's group as special. This leads to the emergence of nationalism - an ideology, the essence of which is to preach the specialness and / or exclusivity of one's people, the priority of national values, etc. The extreme form of nationalism is chauvinism, preaching the exclusivity of one's own nation, opposing the interests of one's own nation to the interests of other nations, inciting national enmity and hatred. Nationalism arises as a reaction of an ethnos to the destructive actions of the external environment. As a political principle, nationalism was formed in the processes of the formation of states, the collapse of empires, the separation of colonies from metropolises. At the present stage, the nationalism of many ethnic communities is a kind of response to the intensifying global process of internationalization. Key words and concepts Ethnos. Ethnocentrism. Nation. national identity. Nationalism. Control questions and tasks 1. How does an ethnos differ from a nation? 2. What are the main features of the nation? 3. What role does national identity play in the process of nation formation? 4. Compare benevolent and militant ethnocentrism. 5. Prove that nationalism is an ideological and political reaction to the destructive impact on the nation of the external environment. eight.

In the biological sciences, race refers to the commonality populations. A population is a group of individuals characterized by a certain stable set of features; its individuals interbreed, give productive offspring and live in a common area.

In relation to a person, there are several definitions of race and population, although their meaning is very close. The most common in domestic science is the following: race- this is a set of people who have a common physical type, the origin of which is associated with a certain territory. Under population is understood as a set of individuals belonging to the same species, able to mix indefinitely with each other and having one territory. The difference between race and population, which are, in fact, very close definitions, is that the size of the population is much smaller, it occupies less space; a race, on the other hand, consists of many populations that have the possibility of intermingling without limit. The limitation of mixing is associated only with the presence of insulating barriers (including those with large distances). Ethnos(people, nationality) refers to social departments of humanity. An ethnos is a stable set of people historically formed in a certain territory, characterized by a common culture, language, psyche and self-consciousness, reflected in the self-name (ethnonym). All three phenomena - population, race and ethnos - have a very important common feature: each of them has a specific habitat. This commonality contributes to the unity of the gene pool1, culture and language. Therefore, coincidences of the physical type with certain characteristics of the ethnos are sometimes possible. There is a certain correspondence between the great races and

large linguistic divisions. For example, most representatives caucasian race speaks in tongues Indo-European and Semitic-Hamitic families, and most Mongoloids- in languages Sino-Tibetan family. However, there is no causal, regular connection between the physical features of the population, on the one hand, and language and culture, on the other. Most ethnic groups have a complex anthropological (racial) composition, many ethnic groups are anthropologically polymorphic, and along with this, different peoples can belong to the same anthropological type. As the interdisciplinary study of many peoples of the world shows, the coincidence of cultural, linguistic and physical traits is a very rare phenomenon. It may arise as a result of some historical or natural causes, primarily social or geographical isolation. The formation, development and functioning of races and ethnic groups are subject to different laws: races - natural (biological), and ethnic groups - social (historical, etc.).

There are two main approaches to understanding the nation. In the first case, it is a political community of citizens of a state, in the second, an ethnic community with a single identity and language. An ethnos is a group of people with common characteristics, which include origin, culture, language, self-consciousness, territory of residence, etc.

Nation, unlike ethnos, it has a broader concept, and is also considered a more complex and late formation. This is the highest form of ethnos, which replaced the nationality. If the existence of ethnic groups can be traced in the course of the entire world history, then the period of the formation of nations was the New and even the Newest Time. A nation, as a rule, includes several ethnic groups at once, brought together by historical fate. For example, the Russian, French, Swiss nations are multi-ethnic, while the Americans do not have a pronounced ethnicity at all.

According to numerous researchers, the origin of the concepts of "nation" and "ethnos" has a different nature. If the ethnos is characterized by the stability and repetition of cultural patterns, then the process of self-awareness through the combination of new and traditional elements is important for the nation. Thus, the main value of an ethnos is belonging to a stable group, while the nation strives to reach a new level of development.

The difference between a nation and an ethnic group

The nation is the highest form of an ethnos that has come to replace the nationality.

If the existence of ethnic groups can be traced in the course of the entire world history, then the period of the formation of nations was the New and even the Newest Time.

A nation, as a rule, includes several ethnic groups at once, brought together by historical fate.

The main value of an ethnic group is belonging to a stable group, while the nation strives to reach a new level of development.

The essence of the concept people lies in spontaneous ethnic processes, which do not always depend on the consciousness and will of people. Nation it is closely connected with national movements that have a specific program, with the activities of a group of individuals aimed at achieving certain goals (most often political). The nation in this case acts as a social (political) force that must be reckoned with.

A people is a collection of people whose commonality is based on a single, bloodline origin, special traditions and customs, and way of life. The nation is based on common market, economic ties, follows the same civil laws. Common language, common culture - heritage people, and the common territory and the unity of economic life are closer to the concept nation. The nation manifests itself through a system of public institutions, in particular through the state.

What are the similarities and differences between nation and nationality

Nation and nationality have similarities in only one thing - both of these categories denote large (great in number) communities of people who, as a rule, live in the same territory. They seem to denote a lot of people who have a lot in common - language, culture, history, name (self-name). The same concept also applies to "people". All these are “related”, “similar” people, and this is the similarity of these concepts.

As a rule, peoples and nationalities were formed a long time ago. It is believed that at first there were tribes (nationalities), which later developed into larger social formations - peoples. It turns out, as it were, that the people unite several nationalities, integrate them into a new human community.

What is the difference between nation, nationality and ethnicity

In Western terminology, "nationality" is citizenship. If they say "French nation" - this means belonging to France as a state. In the West, ethnicity is distinguished from nationality. There are also Arabs within the French nation, they will be French by citizenship.

And in Russia there is a previous tradition, where nationality meant ethnicity and citizenship, and even in the census materials there was a question about nationality. Now there is an attempt to switch to Western terminology, and when the concept of “Russian nation” is introduced, this means belonging to a country and Russian citizenship.

The difference between a people and a nation

It can be dangerous to fight stereotypes with prohibitive measures. For example, the former dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg State University, scientist Yuri Solonin, translated and commented on the works of the German nationalist Ernst Junger, who had a difficult and difficult relationship with Hitlerism. He and many prominent minds of the German people subsequently broke sharply with Nazism because they did not accept anti-Semitism. Ernst Jünger fought against stereotypes, and he was also their source. The Germans had a stereotype that the Jews were robbing their nation, hindering the development of the German people.

- I'm just talking about the Russian nation, not using the word "people". In my opinion, the term "people" is somewhat ambiguous politically. In general, I would replace the phrase “we are a multinational people” in the Constitution with “we are the Russian nation”. This would introduce specificity and remove ambiguity. I would call National Unity Day the Day of the Russian Nation, which would also give it a clear political meaning.

How does a nation differ from a people: features and differences between concepts

Let us consider the concepts of "nation" and "people" more specifically. There is no single understanding of the term “nation” today.
But in the sciences that deal with the development of human society, two main formulations of the word "nation" are accepted.
The first says that it is a community of people that happened historically based on the unity of land, economy, politics, language, culture and mentality. All this together is expressed in a single civic consciousness.

It should be noted that the Constitution of the Russian Federation begins with words that reflect the essence of the life principles of Russians: "We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation ...". And in Chapter 1 of the “Fundamentals of the Constitutional System”, Article 3 explains that “the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people».

Fundamental differences between a people and a nation

Imagine a world where writing does not exist. If there is no written language, then there are no countries that rely on writing. And if there are no such countries, then there are no nations. A nation can exist only if there is a country based on writing (and with it - passports and other documents that determine the nationality of a person). On the other hand, the nationality not only exists in the absence of written language, but it is under such conditions that it is reborn. After all, there is always a need to establish a person's belonging to one or another group. And the nationality is established on external signs - language, appearance, belonging to a particular family, etc.

It may seem that in modern circumstances, when writing dominates, the role of the nationality is decreasing. But this is far from true. There are many examples where countries cease to exist, and with that, nations. For example, there is no longer such a nation as the Yugoslavs. Or there is no such nation as the Czechoslovaks. In the Soviet Union, Latvians, Estonians and Lithuanians ceased to be nations, they became, as before, nationalities. This is still felt in the Baltic States. Latvians or Estonians are precisely a nationality, not a nation. This is a big difference from Finland, where Finns are not strictly a people, but there is also a nation, which also refers to Swedish-speaking local people, etc.

What is the difference between nationality and nationality

People in a nation should, ideally, feel "together". This unity consists of a common history, race, language, culture and religion. People also need to "feel" like a nation, otherwise they are "just" people, not a nation. People who become a nation experience a national awakening.

can define “the state as a kind of political community with its own set of rules and practices, more or less separate from other communities. For the specific purposes of IR [International Relations], "state" refers to a modern sovereign state that has "legal personality" and is recognized as having certain rights and obligations. [. ]

Outline of a lesson in social studies (grade 8) on the topic: Lesson summary in social studies grade 8 - Ethnos: nations and nationalities

1. To know what an “ethnos” is and what characterizes various stable intergenerational communities of people;
2. Be able to analyze various ethno-forming factors, illustrating their positions with specific historical facts;
3. Determine the similarities and differences between the nation and the nationality;
4. To be able to competently analyze the traditions and customs of different peoples and respect their culture and life.

1. Activity motivation. Ensuring students' interest in studying this topic by involving them in active activities in the lesson.
2. What is "Ethnos"? Let's get acquainted with the concept.
3. Factors affecting the formation of ethnic groups and their role in the development of societies.
4. Peoples and nations.

populists and nationalists

Remaining only a people, it is difficult to see in another people something close to you in spirit and mentality. Therefore, the expression "friendship of peoples" is not entirely correct. Peoples are not friends, but people representing different peoples, identifying themselves not only by blood and biological kinship. Ethnic groups in which the individual has not yet separated from the collective, having structural similarities, as a rule, are deprived of the gift of communication, are more inclined to see other ethnic groups, if not an enemy, then a stranger (this, it seems to us, is the source of all interethnic conflicts). And only nations formed by the free individual choice of its members acquire the ability to communicate with other nations, to exchange their discoveries and inventions with each other. When their interests clash, peoples prefer to solve their problems by force, nations - to negotiate and conclude agreements.

A thin line separates the concept of " nation"(a word of Latin origin that does not have a Russian translation) from the concept of" people". It is recorded in all European dictionaries, but is often not taken into account in Russian word usage. Both concepts are extremely close in our speech and consciousness, testifying to the fact that, being, undoubtedly, a people (and even a great people), Russians do not always and not in their entire mass recognize themselves as one nation. Until now, in our appeals and appeals, we appeal not so much to the nation as to the people (the authorities and the people, the intelligentsia and the people), apparently believing that it is enough to be a people to consider ourselves a nation. We oppose ourselves to the established European nations as not a nation, but a people, thus blocking the path to any kind of mutual understanding and communication.

To the concepts of "ethnos" and "nation"

The human desire for social integration requires a certain mechanism of coherence in the form of certain cultural institutions shared by representatives of all structural segments of society. It is a single culture that ultimately determines the boundaries of the social community, while at the same time forming in its individuals ideas of unity based on common cultural characteristics. Such integrative mechanisms are characteristic of all known types of ethno-cultural formations: tribe, ethnic group and nation.

Thus, the emergence of nations is due to a rather high industrial and cultural level of development of society, enlightenment of the people, the development of mass media and communications, the training of qualified personnel, and the pace of formation of the national elite. Only under such circumstances does the maturation of an ethnic community into a nation become a necessary condition for the further progress of society.