It is very difficult to briefly describe Dostoevsky's work. After all, this writer made a real revolution in literature, making it the subject of knowledge of the human soul, all its secret nooks and crannies.
The main themes in the work of Dostoevsky
The main theme of all the works of the writer was the fate of man, namely the fate of his soul, his path to God, the knowledge of Truth.
Already in the first of his published works - in the story "Poor People" the writer tells about the tragic fate of his heroes - a middle-aged petty official and a girl with whom he is in love, but cannot marry her because of his poverty. This story makes the reader think about how hard it is for a person with a living soul to survive in a cold world where injustice reigns.
In his other novels, he describes the fate of no less unfortunate people, however, they already have a place for the light of Christ's truth, which gives hope to both the heroes themselves and the readers, comforting them. In addition, the work of the great writer contains several more main themes.
Let's briefly list these topics:
- the path of man to the knowledge of God;
- history of apostasy;
- using the theme of doubles of heroes;
- the fate of a woman from a poor environment;
- mission of Russia in the history of mankind.
the fate of a small and unfortunate person;
The results of Dostoevsky's work
Dostoevsky's work briefly allows us to understand how great was the influence of the writer on the worldview of his contemporaries. Dostoevsky from an ordinary author, published in thick magazines, has become a symbol of the era, expressing the search for a certain number of intelligent people of their way in the world and understanding of Russia's place in world history and culture.
The writer forced many of his contemporaries to abandon the ideas of nihilism and revolutionary rebellion. In many ways, he foresaw the pitiless flame of general turmoil that engulfed our country 40 years after his death. Therefore, the role of Dostoevsky in Russian literature is very great.
We will try to briefly summarize his work in each of his great stories and novels.
1. "Poor people" - the fate of a small and useless person, a continuation of the reflections expressed in Gogol's "Overcoat".
2. "Humiliated and insulted" - a continuation of the theme of poor people.
3. "Crime and Punishment" - a story about the spiritual death and resurrection of one human soul that has gone through all the trials and found the meaning of being in faith and hope.
4. "" - a story about a wonderful man who could not withstand the blows of fate.
5. "Demons" - criticism of the ideas of nihilism, which lead their carriers to spiritual death.
6. "Teenager" - a story about shower throwing and growing up of a young man.
7. "" - the central work of Dostoevsky's work, in which he tells about the history of one family.
In 1821, a popular Russian writer, Fyodor Dostoevsky, was born. He spent his youth in a large noble family. His father was a rough and short-tempered man. Everything in the house was adjusted to the father. In 1837, Dostoevsky's mother and Alexander Pushkin, who meant a lot to young Fyodor, suddenly passed away.
After that, Fyodor Dostoevsky begins to live in St. Petersburg. There he entered the engineering school. At that time it was considered one of the best educational institutions in Russia. This was also indicated by the fact that among Dostoevsky's classmates there were many talented people who became famous in the future. During his studies, he also read numerous works, including foreign authors. He preferred reading to the noisy company of classmates. It was one of his favorite activities. Many contemporaries were surprised at the erudition of Fyodor Mikhailovich.
In 1844 Dostoevsky begins his long career as a writer. One of his first serious creations were - Poor people. This novel was positively evaluated by critics and brings glory to its creator. After 5 years, a turning point occurs in the life of the writer. He is sentenced to death, but at the last moment it is replaced with hard labor. The writer makes a lot of sense in a new way.
Around 1860, Dostoevsky began to write a huge number of works. He published a two-volume collected of his writings. Contemporaries did not appreciate the works of Dostoevsky, although modern critics highly appreciated his work.
Dostoevsky's texts literally stunned readers who had never personally encountered the horrors of hard labor.
In 1861. The Dostoevsky brothers set about creating their own magazine, which was called "Vremya".
Dostoyevsky died in 1881 from bronchitis and tuberculosis. The great writer passed away at the age of 59.
Option 2
November 11, 1821 was born the great classic, writer and thinker Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich. From childhood, the future writer suffered from epilepsy. The family had 7 children, Fedor was born the second, he had 3 brothers and 3 sisters. Mother Maria Fedorovna in 1837 dies of tuberculosis. After her death, his father sent his two children Fedor and Mikhail to study at the St. Petersburg School with a military engineering profile. In 1839 his father died.
From a young age, the future classic was interested in writing, constantly reading works: Pushkin, Shakespeare, Lermontov, Schiller, Corneille, Gogol, Balzac, Gogol. In 1843, Fyodor Mikhailovich was so impressed with O. Balzac's Eugene Grande that he undertook to translate it.
The years 1844-1845 are considered the beginning of the writer's creative path. The work "Poor People" is the very first work of the writer. After the publication of the novel, the writer gained fame and popularity. Belinsky V.G. and Nekrasov N.A. highly appreciated the work of a novice writer.
The second work of Fyodor Mikhailovich, work on which lasted from 1845 to 1846, is the story "The Double", which was severely criticized by many writers, as well as readers of a literary magazine. At the beginning of his career, all the works of the writer were published only in the magazine of his brother.
The year 1849 becomes a crisis for the writer, he was sentenced to death by the court for participating in a circle with a revolutionary mood. Soon the punishment was replaced by hard labor for a period of 4 years in the Omsk fortress. After the end of the punishment, the writer goes to military service as a soldier. After the events experienced in hard labor and during the service, the outlook of the young writer completely changed, he becomes more pious. During his service, the writer meets Maria Isaeva, the wife of a former official, and a romance is born between them. After the death of her husband, Maria marries Fyodor Mikhailovich in 1857. Soon the young family moved to live in the city of St. Petersburg to work with his brother Mikhail in the magazines "Time" and "Epoch".
1864 becomes very tragic for the classic, his wife and brother die. After these losses, Fedor Mikhailovich begins to play roulette, accumulates numerous debts for himself. During this difficult period of his life, he worked on the novel Crime and Punishment, then on the novel The Gambler, for which he hires stenographer Anna Sinitkina, who soon becomes his wife.
The second wife, Anna, was 25 years younger than her husband. After the wedding, he instructed her to manage all his financial affairs. In marriage, they had 4 children. In 1869, the writer finishes work on the novel The Idiot, in one of Prince Myshkin's monologues, previously experienced emotions are displayed before the death penalty. The period from 1871 to 1881 is considered the most fruitful for the writer's work, he writes works: "Demons", "The Writer's Diary", "Bobok", "Teenager", "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man", "The Collapse of Baimakov's Office", "The Brothers Karamazov" and other.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great writer, classic of literature, philosopher, innovator, thinker, publicist, translator, representative of personalism and romanticism.
He was born on 10/30/1821 in Moscow at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor of the Moscow Orphanage. Father is a writer, mother Maria Nechaeva is the daughter of a merchant. They lived in the said hospital.
The family had a patriarchal life, everything according to the will and order of the father. The boy was raised by the nanny Alena Frolova, whom he loved and mentioned in the novel "Demons".
Parents from childhood taught the writer to literature. By the age of 10 he knew history, at the age of 4 he was already reading. Father put a lot of effort into Fedor's education.
1834 entered one of the best educational institutions in Moscow. At the age of 16 he moved to St. Petersburg to enter the Main Engineering School. During this period, he decided to become a writer.
1843 becomes a second lieutenant engineer, but soon resigns and goes into literature.
During his studies (1840-1842) he begins his dramas "Maria Steward" and "Boris Godunov", in 1844 he finishes the drama "Jew Yankel" and at the same time translates foreign novels and writes "Poor People". Thanks to his works, Dostoevsky becomes famous and enters the circle of other popular writers.
He delves into various genres: the humorous "Novel in 9 Letters", the essay "Petersburg Chronicles", the tragedies "Another's Wife" and "Jealous Husband", the Christmas tree poem "Firs and the Wedding", the stories "The Mistress", "Weak Heart" and many others .
On 11/13/1849, they were sentenced to death for maintaining Belinsky's literature, after which they were changed to 4 years and military service, while he survived a mock execution. In hard labor he continued to secretly create his masterpieces.
1854 sent to the service, where he met Isaeva Maria Dmitrievna and 1957 got married. In the same year he was pardoned.
The marriage with Isaeva lasted 7 years, there were no children. With his second wife Anna Grigorievna, 4 children were born.
01/28/1881 died of pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis. Buried in St. Petersburg.
Biography of Dostoevsky by dates and interesting facts
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in 1821 in Moscow. In the family of the doctor of the clinic for the poor, Mikhail Andreevich, and later received the title of nobleman. Mother's name was Maria Fedorovna. They had six children. At the age of 16, Fedor and his older brother entered the preparatory boarding house in St. Petersburg.
At the end of 1843, he served as a sub-lieutenant in the engineering team, and a year later he resigned and devoted his time entirely to literature.
The first novel, The Poor People, was written in 1845 and was a significant success.
After Dostoevsky participated in the underground printing house. Arrested in 1849, all his archives were destroyed. Dostoevsky expected to be executed, but Nicholas I replaced the punishment with a 4-year hard labor.
In 1857, Fedor married the widow Isaeva.
He released comedy stories: "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants."
1863, dramatic novels "Player", "Idiot" were published.
1864 his wife died.
In 1866 he worked on the love story "Crime and Punishment" and Dostoevsky's second wedding.
In the last years of his life, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences.
In 1878, Dostoevsky's beloved son died.
The last work is The Brothers Karamazov.
The famous writer died in early 1881.
Biography by dates and interesting facts. The most important.
Bulat OkudzhavaBulat Shalvovich Okudzhava is a musical and literary figure of the Soviet period. He was born on May 9, 1924 in Moscow and died on June 12, 1997 in Clamart (France).
“All his novels, almost without exception, deal with people in difficult circumstances. Such material is in itself a guarantee of an exciting reading. However, Dostoevsky became a great writer not because of the inevitable plot intricacies and not even because of a unique gift for psychological analysis and compassion, but because of the tool, or, more precisely, the physical composition of the material, which he used, i.e., thanks to the Russian language. Joseph Brodsky.
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
(1821-1881)
Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky born October 30 (November 11) 1821 year in Moscow. He was the second son of eight children in the family. His father Mikhail worked as a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, where he spent his childhood F.M. Dostoevsky. After completing homeschooling Fedor Dostoevsky together with his older brother Mikhail, he studied French for a year in half board, a teacher of the Catherine and Alexander schools, N. I. Drashusov.
FROM 1834 -th by 1837 th year Michael and Fyodor Dostoyevsky studied at the prestigious Moscow boarding school L. I. Chermak. The brothers were very close, their spiritual connection was preserved even in their mature years.
Mikhail and Maria Dostoyevsky
AT 1837 th year a number of important events in life take place Dostoevsky: mother Fedora died of consumption, Pushkin died, whose work he (like his brother) read from childhood, also this year Fedor moved to St. Petersburg and entered the Main Engineering School. In "A Writer's Diary" Dostoevsky he recalled how, on the way to St. Petersburg, he and his brother “we dreamed only of poetry and poets,” “and I constantly composed a novel from Venetian life in my mind.” Despite their dreams, the brothers could not realize their humanitarian inclinations and enter Moscow University. At the insistence of his father and because of the difficulties with finances.
AT 1839 th year, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky dies.
The young man did not feel any vocation for the future service. All your free time Dostoevsky devoted to reading, and composed at night. After graduating from school in 1843 year Dostoevsky was enlisted as a field engineer-second lieutenant in the St. Petersburg engineering team, but the following year, he resigned and received a dismissal from military service with the rank of lieutenant. Fedor decided to devote himself entirely to literature
While still at school Dostoevsky worked on the dramas "Mary Stuart" and "Boris Godunov". In January 1844 of the year Dostoevsky wrote to his brother that he had finished the drama "The Jew Yankel". He also translated foreign novels.
At the end of May 1845 year, the novice writer completed his first novel, Poor People, which was commendably received by N. Nekrasov and V. Belinsky. The work brought the author popularity. Everyone started talking about the "new Gogol". Dostoevsky was cordially accepted into Belinsky's circle. There was an acquaintance with I. Turgenev. But his following works: the psychological story "Double" (1846), "The Mistress" (1847), "White Nights" (1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1849) - were coolly received by critics, who did not accept his innovations, the desire to penetrate into the mysteries of human nature. Dostoevsky he experienced negative reviews very painfully, began to move away from I. Turgenev and N. Nekrasov.
autumn 1848 of the year Dostoevsky met N. A. Speshnev, around whom the seven most radical Petrashevists soon rallied, forming a special secret society. Dostoevsky became a member of this society, the purpose of which was to create an illegal printing house and carry out a coup in Russia.
Shortly after the publication of "White Nights" in the early morning of April 23 1849 year, the writer, among many Petrashevites, was arrested and spent 8 months in custody in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Although Dostoevsky denied the charges against him, the court recognized him as "one of the most important criminals." Trial and harsh sentence of death on 22 December 1849 year on Semyonovsky parade ground was furnished as a mock execution. Feelings that he could experience before the execution, Dostoevsky conveyed the words of Prince Myshkin in one of the monologues in the novel The Idiot.
This was followed by four years of hard labor in Omsk, soldiers in Semipalatinsk. The only book that the prisoners were allowed to read was the Gospel given by the wives of the Decembrists. Here he passionately fell in love with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, who, in his words, was "a woman of the soul of the most exalted and enthusiastic ... An idealist was in the full sense of the word ... and pure, and moreover, she was just like a child."
In November 1855 of the year Dostoevsky promoted to non-commissioned officer, and then to warrant officer; spring 1857 The writer was returned hereditary nobility and the right to publish. Police supervision over it was maintained until 1875.
February 6 1857 of the year Dostoevsky married Maria Isaeva in the Russian Orthodox Church in Kuznetsk. In the end of December 1859 year Dostoevsky with his wife and adopted son Pavel returned to St. Petersburg.
During this period, the novels "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" (both 1859), as well as the first novel "The Humiliated and Insulted" (1861) were published. Time spent in prison Dostoevsky described in his book Notes from the House of the Dead (1861-1862), which was a huge success.
AT 1862-1863 gg. the writer traveled abroad. Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863) and Notes from the Underground (1864) were published. Fyodor Dostoevsky and his brother organized the magazine "Time" (1861-1863) and "Epoch" (1864-1865) in which the works of the authors of that time were printed and published.
AT 1864 th year, the wife and elder brother of the writer passed away.
The novel "The Gambler" (1866) contained the experiences Dostoevsky associated with the loss of his wife, as well as with passionate love for A. Suslova.
Literary critics refer to the most significant works of the writer as the so-called "great five-book book", which includes the mature novels "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot", "Demons", "Teenager" and "The Brothers Karamazov".
So, in January 1866, the novel Crime and Punishment began to be published in the Russian Messenger. The long-awaited world fame and recognition is coming. During this period, the writer invites a stenographer to work - a young girl Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina, who, in 1867 year becomes his wife. But due to large debts and pressure from creditors Dostoevsky forced to leave Russia and go to Europe, where he was with 1867 on 1871 gg. During this period, the novels "Idiot" and "Demons" were written.
Upon the return of the writer to Russia, the most favorable period in the material and family terms of the writer's life begins.
At that time, "Demons" (1872) were being created, in 1873 work began on the "Diary of a Writer", "The Teenager" (1875) and "The Meek" (1876) were written.
FROM 1872 th year, the writer's family spent the summer in the city of Staraya Russa, Novgorod province. To improve his health, Dostoevsky often traveled to Germany on the Ems.
AT 1873 th year begins to work on the "Diary of a Writer", with 1876 th year it comes out as an independent work. AT 1875 th year the novel "The Teenager" saw the world.
AT 1880 year in Moscow, in the Noble Assembly, Dostoevsky made a famous speech dedicated to the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In it, the writer, in particular, said:
“Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon, and perhaps the only manifestation of the Russian spirit,” said Gogol. I will add from myself: and prophetic ... And never before, not a single Russian writer, neither before nor after him, has united so sincerely and kindly with his people as Pushkin ... Pushkin died in the full development of his powers and undoubtedly took some great secret. And now we are solving this mystery without him.”
From October 1878 year Dostoevsky settled with his family in an apartment at 5/2 in Kuznechny Lane, where he lived until the day of his death on January 28 (February 9) 1881 of the year. Right here in 1880 In the year he finished writing his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov. Today the apartment houses the Literary and Memorial Museum. F.M. Dostoevsky.
F. M. Dostoevsky He was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg.
In Moscow.
He was the second child of six in the family of a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor, the son of the Uniate priest Mikhail Dostoevsky, who in 1828 received the title of hereditary nobleman. The mother of the future writer came from a merchant family.
Since 1832, Fedor and his older brother Mikhail began to study with teachers who came to the house, from 1833 they studied at the boarding school of Nikolai Drashusov (Sushara), then at the boarding school of Leonty Chermak. After the death of their mother in 1837, their father took them with their brother to St. Petersburg to continue their education. In 1839 he died of apoplexy (according to family legend, he was killed by serfs).
In 1838, Fyodor Dostoevsky entered the Engineering School in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1843.
After graduating from college, he served in the St. Petersburg engineering team, was seconded to the drawing room of the Engineering Department.
In 1844 he retired to devote himself to literature. In 1846 he published his first work - the story "Poor People", enthusiastically received by the critic Vissarion Belinsky.
In the years 1847-1849, Dostoevsky wrote the novels "The Mistress" (1847), "Weak Heart" and "White Nights" (both - 1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1849, not finished).
During this period, the writer became close to the circle of the Beketov brothers (among the participants were Alexey Pleshcheev, Apollon and Valerian Maikov, Dmitry Grigorovich), in which not only literary, but also social problems were discussed. In the spring of 1847, Dostoevsky began attending the "Fridays" of Mikhail Petrashevsky, in the winter of 1848-1849 - the circle of the poet Sergei Durov, which also consisted mainly of Petrashevites. At the meetings, the problems of the liberation of the peasants, reforms of the court and censorship were discussed, treatises of the French socialists, articles by Alexander Herzen were read. In 1848, Dostoevsky joined a special secret society organized by the most radical Petrashovist Nikolai Speshnev, which aimed to "make a revolution in Russia."
In the spring of 1849, along with other Petrashevites, the writer was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. After eight months of imprisonment, where Dostoevsky behaved courageously and even wrote the story "The Little Hero" (published in 1857), he was found guilty "of intent to overthrow ... the state order" and initially sentenced to death. Already on the scaffold, he was told that the execution was replaced by four years of hard labor with the deprivation of "all rights of the state" and subsequent surrender to the soldiers. Dostoevsky served penal servitude in the Omsk fortress, among criminals.
From January 1854 he served as a private in Semipalatinsk, in 1855 he was promoted to non-commissioned officer, in 1856 - to ensign. In 1857 he was returned to the nobility and the right to publish. Then he married the widow Maria Isaeva, who took part in his fate even before marriage.
In Siberia, Dostoevsky wrote the stories Uncle's Dream and The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants (both 1859).
In 1859 he retired and received permission to live in Tver. At the end of the year, the writer moved to St. Petersburg and, together with his brother Mikhail, began to publish the magazines Vremya and Epoch. On the pages of Vremya, in an effort to strengthen his reputation, Dostoevsky published his novel The Humiliated and Insulted (1861).
In 1863, during a second trip abroad, the writer met Apollinaria Suslova, their complex relationship, as well as gambling at roulette in Baden-Baden, provided material for the future novel The Gambler.
After the death of his first wife in 1864, and then the death of his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky assumed all the debts for the publication of the Epoch magazine, but soon stopped it due to a drop in the subscription. After traveling abroad, the writer spent the summer of 1866 in Moscow and at a dacha near Moscow, working on the novel Crime and Punishment. In parallel, Dostoevsky worked on the novel The Gambler, which he dictated to the stenographer Anna Snitkina, who became the writer's wife in the winter of 1867.
In 1867-1868, Dostoevsky wrote the novel The Idiot, the task of which he saw in "the portrayal of a positively beautiful person."
The next novel "Demons" (1871-1872) was created by him under the impression of the terrorist activities of Sergei Nechaev and the secret society "People's Reprisal" organized by him. In 1875, the novel "Teenager" was published, written in the form of a confession of a young man, whose consciousness is being formed in an environment of "general decay". The theme of the disintegration of family ties was continued in Dostoevsky's final novel The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880), conceived as an image of "our intellectual Russia" and at the same time as a novel-life of the protagonist Alyosha Karamazov.
In 1873, Dostoevsky began editing the newspaper-magazine Grazhdanin. In 1874, he gave up editing the magazine due to disagreements with the publisher and deteriorating health, and at the end of 1875 he resumed work on The Writer's Diary, begun in 1873, which he continued intermittently until the end of his life.
On February 7 (January 26, old style), 1881, the writer began bleeding from his throat, doctors diagnosed a ruptured pulmonary artery.
On February 9 (January 28, old style), 1881, Fyodor Dostoevsky died in St. Petersburg. The writer was buried at the Tikhvin cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
On November 11, 1928, on the writer's birthday, the world's first museum of Dostoevsky was opened in Moscow in the northern wing of the former Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.
On November 12, 1971, in St. Petersburg, in the house where the writer spent the last years of his life, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.
In the same year, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the birth of the writer, the Semipalatinsk Literary and Memorial Museum of F. M. Dostoevsky was opened in the house where he lived in 1857-1859 while serving in the line battalion.
Since 1974, the status of a museum of republican significance has been acquired by the Dostoevsky's estate, Darovoye, in the Zaraisk district of the Tula region, where the writer spent his holidays in the 1830s.
In May 1980, in Novokuznetsk, in the house rented by the first wife of the writer Maria Isaeva in 1855-1857, the Literary and Memorial Museum of F.M. Dostoevsky.
In May 1981, the House Museum of the writer was opened in Staraya Russa, where the Dostoevsky family spent their summers.
In January 1983, the Literary Museum named after A.I. F.M. Dostoevsky in Omsk.
Among the monuments to the writer, the most famous sculpture of Dostoevsky at the State Library named after V.I. Lenin on the corner of Mokhovaya and Vozdvizhenka in Moscow, a monument to Dostoevsky in the square of the Mariinsky hospital near the memorial museum of the writer in the capital, a monument to Dostoevsky in St. Petersburg on Bolshaya Moskovskaya street.
In October 2006, a monument to Fyodor Dostoevsky in Dresden, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel.
Streets are named after the writer in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in other Russian cities. In December 1991, the metro station "Dostoevskaya" was opened in St. Petersburg, in 2010 - in Moscow.
The writer's widow, Anna Dostoevskaya (1846-1918), after his death, devoted herself to republishing her husband's books and perpetuating his memory. She died in 1918 in Yalta, in 1968 her ashes, according to her last wish, were reburied in Dostoevsky's grave.
In this article we will describe the life and work of Dostoevsky: we will briefly tell you about the most important events. Fedor Mikhailovich was born on October 30 (according to the old style - 11), 1821. An essay on Dostoevsky's work will introduce you to the main works, achievements of this person in the literary field. But we will start from the very beginning - from the origin of the future writer, from his biography.
The problems of Dostoevsky's work can be deeply understood only by becoming acquainted with the life of this man. After all, fiction always somehow reflects the features of the biography of the creator of works. In the case of Dostoevsky, this is especially noticeable.
Origin of Dostoevsky
Fyodor Mikhailovich's father was from a branch of the Rtishchevs, descendants of Daniil Ivanovich Rtishchev, a defender of the Orthodox faith in Southwestern Russia. He was given the village of Dostoevo, located in the Podolsk province, for special successes. The surname Dostoevsky originates from there.
However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the Dostoevsky family had become impoverished. Andrei Mikhailovich, the writer's grandfather, served in the Podolsk province, in the town of Bratslav, as an archpriest. Mikhail Andreevich, the father of the author of interest to us, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in his time. During the Patriotic War, in 1812, he fought with others against the French, after which, in 1819, he married Maria Fedorovna Nechaeva, the daughter of a merchant from Moscow. Mikhail Andreevich, having retired, received the position of a doctor in an open for poor people, which was nicknamed Bozhedomka among the people.
Where was Fyodor Mikhailovich born?
The apartment of the family of the future writer was in the right wing of this hospital. In it, allotted for the government apartment of the doctor, Fyodor Mikhailovich was born in 1821. His mother, as we have already mentioned, came from a family of merchants. Pictures of premature deaths, poverty, illness, disorder - the first impressions of the boy, under the influence of which a very unusual view of the world of the future writer took shape. Dostoevsky's work reflects this.
The situation in the family of the future writer
The family, which grew over time to 9 people, was forced to huddle in just two rooms. Mikhail Andreevich was a suspicious and quick-tempered person.
Maria Feodorovna was of a completely different disposition: economic, cheerful, kind. Relations between the boy's parents were based on submission to the whims and will of the father. The nanny and mother of the future writer honored the sacred religious traditions of the country, educating the future generation in respect for the faith of the fathers. Maria Fedorovna died early - at the age of 36. She was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery.
First encounter with literature
A lot of time was devoted to education and sciences in the Dostoevsky family. Even at an early age, Fedor Mikhailovich discovered the joy of communicating with a book. The very first works that he met were the folk tales of Arina Arkhipovna, the nanny. After that there were Pushkin and Zhukovsky, Maria Feodorovna's favorite writers.
Fyodor Mikhailovich at an early age got acquainted with the main classics of foreign literature: Hugo, Cervantes and Homer. His father in the evenings arranged a family reading of the work of N. M. Karamzin "History of the Russian State." All this instilled in the future writer an early interest in literature. The life and work of F. Dostoevsky were largely formed under the influence of the environment from which this writer came.
Mikhail Andreevich achieves hereditary nobility
Mikhail Andreevich in 1827 was awarded the Order of the 3rd degree for diligent and excellent service, and a year later he was also awarded the rank of collegiate assessor, which at that time gave a person the right to hereditary nobility. The father of the future writer was well aware of the value of higher education and therefore sought to seriously prepare his children for admission to educational institutions.
Tragedy from the childhood of Dostoevsky
The future writer in his youth experienced a tragedy that left an indelible mark on his soul for the rest of his life. He fell in love with the childish sincere feeling of the cook's daughter, a nine-year-old girl. One summer day there was a cry in the garden. Fyodor ran out into the street and noticed her lying in a white tattered dress on the ground. Women leaned over the girl. From their conversation, Fedor realized that a drunken tramp was the culprit of the tragedy. After that, they went for their father, but his help was not needed, since the girl had already died.
Writer's education
Fedor Mikhailovich received his initial education in a private boarding school in Moscow. In 1838 he entered the Main Engineering School located in St. Petersburg. He graduated in 1843, becoming a military engineer.
In those years, this school was considered one of the best educational institutions in the country. It is no coincidence that many famous people came out of there. Among Dostoevsky's comrades at the school there were many talents who later turned into famous personalities. These are Dmitry Grigorovich (writer), Konstantin Trutovsky (artist), Ilya Sechenov (physiologist), Eduard Totleben (organizer of the defense of Sevastopol), Fyodor Radetsky (Shipka hero). Both humanitarian and special disciplines were taught here. For example, world and national history, Russian literature, drawing and civil architecture.
Tragedy of the "little man"
Dostoevsky preferred solitude to a noisy society of students. Reading was his favorite pastime. The erudition of the future writer amazed his comrades. But the desire for solitude and solitude in his character was not an innate trait. In the school, Fyodor Mikhailovich had to endure the tragedy of the soul of the so-called "little man". Indeed, in this educational institution, the students were mainly children of the bureaucratic and military bureaucracy. Their parents gave gifts to teachers, sparing no expense. In this environment, Dostoevsky looked like a stranger, often subjected to insults and ridicule. During these years, a feeling of wounded pride flared up in his soul, which was reflected in the future work of Dostoevsky.
But, despite these difficulties, Fyodor Mikhailovich managed to achieve recognition from his comrades and teachers. Everyone was convinced over time that this is a man of extraordinary intelligence and outstanding abilities.
Father's death
In 1839, Fyodor Mikhailovich's father died suddenly from an apoplexy. There were rumors that it was not a natural death - he was killed for his tough temper by the men. This news shocked Dostoevsky, and for the first time he had a seizure, a harbinger of future epilepsy, from which Fyodor Mikhailovich suffered all his life.
Service as an engineer, first works
Dostoevsky in 1843, having completed the course, was enlisted in the engineering corps to serve with the engineering team of St. Petersburg, but did not serve there for long. A year later, he decided to engage in literary work, a passion for which he had long felt. At first he began to translate the classics, such as Balzac. After some time, the idea of a novel in letters called "Poor people" arose. It was the first independent work from which Dostoevsky's work begins. Then followed stories and novels: "Mr. Prokharchin", "Double", "Netochka Nezvanova", "White Nights".
Rapprochement with the circle of Petrashevists, tragic consequences
The year 1847 was marked by a rapprochement with Butashevich-Petrashevsky, who spent the famous "Fridays". It was a propagandist and admirer of Fourier. At these evenings, the writer met the poets Alexei Pleshcheev, Alexander Palm, Sergei Durov, as well as the prose writer Saltykov and the scientists Vladimir Milyutin and Nikolai Mordvinov. At meetings of the Petrashevites, socialist doctrines and plans for revolutionary upheavals were discussed. Dostoevsky was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.
However, the government found out about the circle, and in 1849 37 members, including Dostoevsky, were imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death, but the emperor commuted the sentence, and the writer was exiled to hard labor in Siberia.
In Tobolsk, in hard labor
He went to Tobolsk through the terrible frost on an open sleigh. Here Annenkova and Fonvizina visited the Petrashevites. The whole country admired the feat of these women. They gave each condemned person a gospel in which the money had been invested. The fact is that the prisoners were not allowed to have their own savings, so this softened the harsh living conditions for a while.
During hard labor, the writer realized how far the rationalistic, speculative ideas of the "new Christianity" are from the feeling of Christ, the bearer of which is the people. Fyodor Mikhailovich took out a new one from here. Its basis is the folk type of Christianity. Subsequently, this reflected the further work of Dostoevsky, which we will tell you about a little later.
Military service in Omsk
For the writer, a four-year hard labor was replaced after some time by military service. He was escorted from Omsk under escort to the city of Semipalatinsk. Here the life and work of Dostoevsky continued. The writer served as a private, then received the rank of officer. He returned to Petersburg only at the end of 1859.
Magazine publishing
At this time, Fyodor Mikhailovich's spiritual search began, which in the 60s culminated in the formation of the writer's soil convictions. The biography and work of Dostoevsky at this time are marked by the following events. Since 1861, the writer, together with Mikhail, his brother, began to publish a magazine called "Time", and after its prohibition - "Epoch". Working on new books and magazines, Fyodor Mikhailovich developed his own view of the tasks of a public figure and writer in our country - a Russian, peculiar version of Christian socialism.
The first works of the writer after hard labor
The life and work of Dostoevsky after Tobolsk changed a lot. In 1861, the first novel of this writer appeared, which he created after hard labor. This work ("Humiliated and Insulted") reflected Fyodor Mikhailovich's sympathy for the "little people" who are subjected to incessant humiliation by the powerful of this world. The "Notes from the Dead House" (years of creation - 1861-1863), which were started by the writer while still in hard labor, also acquired great social significance. In the journal Vremya in 1863, Winter Notes on Summer Impressions appeared. In them, Fyodor Mikhailovich criticized the systems of Western European political beliefs. In 1864, Notes from the Underground were published. This is a kind of confession of Fyodor Mikhailovich. In the work, he renounced his former ideals.
Further work of Dostoevsky
Let us briefly describe other works of this writer. In 1866, a novel called "Crime and Punishment" appeared, which is considered one of the most significant in his work. In 1868, The Idiot was published, a novel where an attempt was made to create a good character who confronts a predatory, cruel world. In the 70s, the work of F.M. Dostoevsky continues. Such novels as "Demons" (published in 1871) and "Teenager", which appeared in 1879, gained wide popularity. "The Brothers Karamazov" is a novel that became the last work. He summed up the work of Dostoevsky. The years of publication of the novel are 1879-1880. In this work, the main character, Alyosha Karamazov, helping others in trouble and alleviating suffering, is convinced that the most important thing in our life is a feeling of forgiveness and love. In 1881, on February 9, Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich died in St. Petersburg.
The life and work of Dostoevsky were briefly described in our article. It cannot be said that the writer has always been interested more than anyone else in the problem of man. Let us write briefly about this important feature that Dostoevsky's work had.
Man in the work of the writer
Fedor Mikhailovich, throughout his entire career, reflected on the main problem of mankind - how to overcome pride, which is the main source of separation of people. Of course, there are other themes in Dostoevsky's work, but it is largely based on this one. The writer believed that any of us has the ability to create. And he must do this while he lives, it is necessary to express himself. The writer devoted his whole life to the theme of Man. The biography and work of Dostoevsky confirm this.
