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– these are its structural features that can be determined tactilely and visually.

Does the material have relief? How does it feel to the touch - smooth, fleecy, heterogeneous? How close are its fibers to each other? The answers to these questions will help determine the type of invoice. And it depends on the composition and method of manufacturing the fabric.

How materials of different textures are obtained

The creation of the texture of the fabric is inextricably linked with the manufacture of the fabric itself. All operations that are done with raw materials affect the final result and our aesthetic perception of the finished material.

The production of most demanded materials is based on the use of weaving technologies. They are called - "fabric" (from the word "weave"). These are materials created by weaving threads. However, not only they use sewing, but also some nonwoven fabrics. There are different ways to make them:

• adhesive;
• thermal;
• knitting and stitching;
• "water", "air" and other technologies.

So, for example, many well-known "warmers" for outerwear (shelter, sherspon, holofiber) are obtained through the use of high temperatures, rather than weaving techniques. Such a popular material as knitwear is completely done differently - it is knitted. And the finished "fabric" is called knitted fabric.

The production of fabric, textile and knitted fabrics usually ends with a finishing stage, which also greatly affects the final texture. The material will have a pronounced “patterned” structure, for example, after embossing (the image is “pressed” into the surface) or flocking (flocks are glued onto the prepared canvas in the form of a pattern - short fibers).

The most interesting textures of fabrics are obtained through additional manipulations. With the help of curly folds, sewn-on elements, stitching, embroidery and other "unusual" fabrics of the simplest structure can be decorated.

Invoice types

According to individual characteristics, fabrics can be divided into several groups:

• thin (chiffon, veil) and thick (boucle);
• soft (chiffon, velvet, crepe de chine) and tough (taffeta, organza, moire);
• matte (tweed, cloth, denim), transparent (gas, organza), shiny (satin, satin);
• lungs (batiste, chiffon) and heavy (coat fabrics).

These properties are easily determined by comparing different materials with each other.

There is another, more detailed classification that describes the structure of woven and non-woven fabrics. What types of fabric textures are distinguished according to it? There are seven of them. Let's consider everything in order in more detail.

No. 1 - smooth

It is characterized by a continuous even surface, has no relief, may have a glossy sheen.

Fabrics with this texture are obtained due to satin, satin weave of threads or special types of finishes - polishing, silvering. In the latter case, the canvases are passed through special roller machines. They are called "calenders", and the technique itself is called "calendering".

The features of this structure are most clearly seen in atlas, satin, crepe satin. Less often, twill weave materials are made smooth - silk twill, silk twill. To create a canvas in this case, special raw materials are required: silk, polyamide, viscose fibers with a glossy surface.

They like to achieve a smooth texture on leather surfaces. A striking example is patent leather. To obtain them, varnish is applied to the "base" material.

No. 2 - smooth

It is a non-relief, homogeneous, but not continuous surface. It is perceived almost as smooth, has no shine. Twill and plain weave are the leading weaving techniques that allow this texture to be achieved.

Many well-known fabrics have an even structure. Among them chintz, coarse calico, canvas and other matters. Even the simplest types of knitwear, without which no wardrobe can do, are even in texture. This cooler, interlock and canvases similar to them, knitted in the same columns and rows.

No. 3 - rough

The structure of fabrics with such a texture resembles small grains scattered on a flat surface. It is often called crepe. Do you immediately remember materials with the prefix "crepe"? Everything is correct! Crepe de chine, crepe satin, dresses and other crepes that's exactly what they look like. Even the basic way of weaving threads is called crepe.

Canvases that are made from shaped threads (they have a heterogeneous structure) or fibers of different thicknesses can become rough. And if you use weaves such as pique and fungo (in the form of small repeating patterns), then you can get knitwear with a fine-grained surface.

No. 4 - patterned-smooth

On the surface of fabrics of this texture, simple repeating patterns are clearly distinguishable: diagonal or straight stripes, herringbones, checks, jacquard patterns. They may be only slightly convex, but more often the images are not embossed.

Structure reps, tweed, dobby velor clearly reflects the features of a patterned-smooth texture. Many coat and suit fabrics, as well as a number of dress fabrics, look similar.

No. 5 - patterned-embossed

We got close to fabrics with a pronounced relief. In order for the texture of the material to be called patterned-relief, it must have three-dimensional patterns on its surface.

Simple geometric patterns and floral motifs are the most common decoration for such fabrics. In some cases, fibers of different shrinkage or shaped threads are used, but more often such a texture is achieved using waffle, diagonal, jacquard, pique weaves and other “embossed” weaving techniques.

There is another way to obtain the desired structure - finishing, after which the canvases look crumpled, creased or corrugated. Perhaps this is the most unusual texture of the fabric. You can achieve the desired effect using chemical or thermal printing.

Has a patterned relief texture jacquard, pique, a number of costume and "interior" fabrics.

No. 6 - pile

From the name it is immediately clear that the main feature of this texture is the villi. They can be of different lengths, thicknesses, can be arranged in different ways - horizontally or vertically, in the form of a smooth or "ruffled" surface.

The main method of production of these fabrics is pile weave. Moreover, the pile can be created in two ways:

1) cut the fibers;

2) bring rows of loops in the form of villi to the surface of the material.

In addition, it is possible to give a nap surface in two ways of finishing - napping (bouffant is made on a special machine) or flocking (villi are glued).

The most popular "representatives" among materials with a pile texture - plush, velvet, terry fabrics. And the most "fluffy" material - faux fur.

No. 7 - felted

This type of texture owes its name to a non-woven woolen material - felt. The surface of the felt-like material feels soft and warm. It can be seen that it is formed by fibers that seem to be entangled with each other without any system.

The main method for obtaining such fabrics is a roll on a special fuller.

The best way to demonstrate the features of the texture felt, felt and drape.

How fabrics of different textures are combined

Creating a spectacular combination of fabric textures is a little more difficult than choosing materials of different colors for sewing a little thing. And at the same time, this is a more interesting task.

Designers and needlewomen have been accumulating knowledge about the basic methods of selecting fabrics by structure and their basic combinations for centuries. However, every year the fashion for deviating from the rules intensifies - more and more bows appear with unexpected, daring "collisions" of textures.

Basic rules for combining

When choosing companion fabrics, do not forget to take into account their color and perception of different materials:

• if you want to experiment with the colors of the finished item, look for fabrics with the same texture but different colors;
• I liked the fabric of an interesting texture - pair it with a material of exactly the same shade, but with a simpler surface;
• when you want different colors and dissimilar textures, make sure that the fabrics contrast or harmonize with each other, and one of them plays a leading role (there should be more of it);
• try not to combine expensive fabrics with rich finishes and “everyday” materials - it’s so easy to make an outfit ridiculous;
• if the figure of your model has imperfections, be careful with shiny and especially textured canvases - they attract attention and thus emphasize the features of the physique.

It may also be difficult to determine the number of tissues of different structures. It is worth remembering that combinations of maximum are considered optimal. from three different textures. At the same time, there should be visually more materials with a smooth or even surface than “embossed” ones.

In order not to be mistaken, you can use fabrics with an interesting texture simply for finishing. Cuffs, collars, belts, inserts - these are the elements that are usually distinguished. To put it a little differently, it is most convenient to create “joints” of textures in those places where the silhouette of the product changes - at the waist, in the hips, armholes, on the neck.

Examples of a combination of materials of different textures

If we turn to specific examples of fabrics, we can identify some patterns when combining different textures with each other.

Paired with fabrics with a shiny smooth texture you can choose either a translucent light material, or a matte smooth or rough one (it should not be thick). So, a dress made of crepe satin and chiffon or a crepe de chine jacket with satin trim will look great. Do not forget that it is easier to successfully combine fabrics of about the same price category. A simple print dress with silk trim is unlikely to look good.

Patterned smooth textures they like to “neighbor” with each other, as well as with small-pile and even-structured materials. They make cozy warm things: a fitted tweed jacket with suede trim, a bouclé suit with short fur, a tweed jacket with denim.

Rich pile materials like plush and velvet go well with smooth, shiny and even translucent textures. For a special occasion, for example, you can sew a velvety dress with chiffon sleeves or a fluffy taffeta skirt. And if suede is your passion, try pairing it with some smooth or even texture. The simplest thing is to take a piece of smooth skin. A combination of suede and jersey, denim will be more fashionable.

Another interesting and very feminine option is a combination openwork materials with smooth glossy or even matte fabrics. A silk top with lace trim, a dress made of moire and guipure or a cambric blouse with lace on a beautiful figure will look chic.

Fabrics with patterned-embossed surfaces can be combined with some even or smooth materials. Jacquard, for example, looks good with taffeta and denim.

It is no less interesting to select companions for felt materials . A coat of drape, for example, can be trimmed with taffeta, fur, patent leather, knitwear.

What can be sewn from fabrics of different textures

The structural features of the fabric can tell you which thing is best sewn from it. First, let's look at the most common trends.

How denser and the more voluminous the material, the higher the likelihood that it is used to create warm outerwear. Light transparent and translucent fabrics are widely used for decoration - creating airy draperies, puffy sleeves and skirts.

Soft fabrics like velvet are malleable, but weakly hold a "strict" shape. Need flowing lines, wavy folds, graceful draperies? It is within their power. They make things that fit beautifully along the silhouette of the model.

For more "straight" styles fit tough taffeta type fabrics. From them you can achieve smooth lines and folds, more complex silhouettes.

Choosing a fabric texture

Smooth Surface Materials and shine (mainly silk fabrics) are used for tailoring cocktail and evening dresses, elegant blouses, sun skirts and models with a smell, pleats. Fantasy silhouettes with an interesting finish, complemented by lace and embroidery, look most spectacular. So you can emphasize the beauty of the fabric. If we talk about patent leathers, they are good for decoration and decoration.

Matte smooth fabrics (like cotton satin), smooth (like calico or non-embossed knitwear) and rough (crepes) are much more versatile. Casual, work, home clothes, elegant dresses for young and adult fashionistas, bedding sets, curtains - to create all this, these materials are often taken as the basis. And if you choose linen that is more "noble" in texture, you can safely sew even an office suit.

Fabrics with a patterned smooth texture allow you to make warm and demi-season coats, blazers, jackets, casual trousers and dresses, skirts of simple silhouettes. Light draperies, smooth leather trim are possible. Finished products look cozy, soft.

Patterned relief textures they use the same way and sew graceful A-line skirts, elegant knee-length dresses, summer coats with a straight cut. The main trick is a simple style. Folds, rich finishes, draperies for such fabrics are not very relevant. They are beautiful on their own.

Fabrics with pile no less versatile than materials with even textures. Pants, shirt dress or sheath dress, blazer or jacket, coat can be sewn from velveteen. Velvet is perfect for a chic evening dress. Velor makes fashionable tracksuits.

Terry cloth traditionally used to create towels of different sizes. And blankets-bedspreads are especially beautiful and cozy if they are made of plush. In addition, the pile texture is popular in the design of finishing elements.

Felt textures choose mainly for the manufacture of warm outerwear. So you can safely sew a coat or parka out of drape or felt. Finishing and decorating clothes with these materials is no less popular.

How to choose fabric according to texture for your body type

When sewing bed linen or towels, the structure of the material usually does not cause much trouble, another thing is the creation of wardrobe items. The texture of the fabric in clothes is more "insidious".

Textureless materials do not create additional volume of the finished product, therefore, even, rough, patterned-smooth and smooth materials without shine are relevant for owners of any figure.

More interesting textured fabrics on the contrary, they visually increase the volume of the model and draw attention to the features of the figure, so you need to be careful with them.

Materials with a pronounced texture should not be on problem areas of the figure- tummy, thick arms. Clothes made of textured fabrics are not suitable for people with small stature. But with their help, you can visually enlarge small breasts or very narrow hips, “expand” your shoulders. By the way, the decor of clothing items with transparent or shiny fabrics, which are collected in neat folds, will allow you to achieve the same effect.

Choosing between light and more dense fabrics, give preference to the first if you have to sew a thing for slender, well-built models. Heavy materials can look ridiculous on skinny girls. A plain-cut tweed coat, for example, is much more suited to a curvaceous person.

The same should be done with soft and tough invoices. The former will easily emphasize the dignity of slim women, the latter will not create unnecessary accents on the figure of full ladies.

Matte surfaces are good for everyone, and choose clothes from transparent and shiny fabrics are better for owners of a chiseled figure.

There are a lot of fabrics and textures, so feel free to experiment, look for your favorite combinations and methods of application!

Texture in music

(from lat. facere - to do) - the manner of technical and artistic work in musical presentation by composers, for example. F., or work, contrapuntal - in an essay that is distinguished by the independence and relief of each voice; F. harmonic - in which the chord sound combination prevails.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

See what "Texture in music" is in other dictionaries:

The Latin word "facturo" means processing, making, and in a figurative sense, a device. Perhaps this is the last word and will best define what texture is in music. This is the warehouse itself, the arrangement of the musical fabric, the totality of its elements ... Music dictionary

- (lat. factura doing, creation). 1) a detailed description of the sold goods with the designation of prices; invoice or invoice. 2) plan, processing of parts of a musical work. 3) among the French: register in the authorities. Dictionary of foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (from lat. factura processing) ..1) in music, a specific sound image of a work. The components of the texture are timbre, register position, voice leading, etc.2)] In the visual arts, the nature of the surface of a work ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

INVOICE, invoices, female. (lat. factura work). 1. only units The originality of artistic technique in poetry, music, painting or sculpture. It is very difficult to imitate the texture of Pushkin's verse. 2. Inventory of the sent ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

- (lat. factura manufacturing, processing, structure, from facio I make, carry out, form; German Faktur, Satz warehouse, Satzweise, Schreibweise manner of writing; French facture, structure, conformation device, addition; English facture, texture, ... … Music Encyclopedia

texture- uh. 1) only units. The originality of artistic technique in works of art. The texture of the painting. Symphony texture. [Lomonosov] was the first to establish the texture of the verse, introduced into the Russian poem the meters inherent in the spirit of the language (Belinsky). 2) only units ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

- (from Latin factūra processing, structure) the nature of the surface of a work of art, its processing in the visual arts, the originality of artistic technique in poetry, music, painting or sculpture. Also under the invoice ... ... Wikipedia

s; and. [from lat. factura processing, structure] 1. The nature of processing, the structure of which l. material that determines its appearance. Smooth, fleecy f. fabrics. Interesting f. tree. F. glass, granite. Reproduce the texture of marble. Handle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from lat. factura - processing, structure) in the visual arts, the nature of the surface of a work of art, its processing. In painting, F. is the nature of the paint layer: for example, “open” F. (wide stroke, uneven layer of paint) ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Warehouse (meanings). Warehouse (German Tonsatz, French écriture, English texture) in music, the principle of adding voices or / and consonances, refereed by their musically logical and technical compositional function. ... ... Wikipedia

Musical thought can be expressed in various ways. Music, like a fabric, is made up of various components, such as melody, accompanying voices, sustained sounds, etc. This whole complex of means is called an invoice.
Texture is a way of expressing musical fabric.
In artistic practice, the texture is different in density. It depends on the number of votes composing it (from one to several dozen).
Often the word texture is replaced by the word warehouse, which is similar in meaning. Currently, two main types of texture are known: homophony and polyphony. Mixed
type appears when the first two interact.

Monody (unison) (from the Greek “mono” - one) is the oldest monophonic texture, which is a monophonic melody, or holding a melody by several voices in unison, or in octave doubling.

heterophony- also an ancient type of texture (originated in the 9th century).

homophony- (from the Greek "homo" - a person, "background" - sound, voice). Homophony or homophonic-harmonic texture is one and the same.

Homophonic - harmonic texture consists of melody and accompaniment. It established itself in the music of the Viennese classics (second half of the 18
century) and is the most common texture to this day.

chord texture- is a chord presentation without a pronounced melody. Examples are church hymns - chorales
(quite often such a texture is called choral), it includes instrumental and choral works of a chordal warehouse.

Polyphony(from the Greek "poly" - a lot and "background" - sound, voice) - older than homophonic, it flourished in the Baroque era (XVII century -
first half of the 18th century). This is a type of polyphony in which two or more voices have an independent melodic meaning (“equality” of all voices).
in).

polyphonic texture There are three varieties: contrast, imitation, subvocal.

Contrasting (different-dark) polyphony o It is formed if the themes (melodies) in polyphony are different, contrasting.

Imitation (from lat. - imitation)- is formed in that case. When the melodies of a polyphonic warehouse are the same or similar, they enter into a relationship with a shift in time. Imitative polyphony reached its peak in the work of J.-S. Bach.

heterophony- also an ancient type of texture (it appeared in the 9th century), it is the most primitive kind of polyphony. In it, the voices move parallel to each other (tape movement - in fourths, fifths, thirds, sixths).

mixed invoice- arose as a result of the interaction of textures of different types, it can be polyphonic-harmonic, heterophonic-harmonic

In this article, we will get acquainted with the definition of musical texture and consider its basic types.

Any musical thought is abstract, unless it is fixed in some way.
It doesn't matter what is used for this: a music sheet, a recorder or a sequencer. In any case, even the simplest musical idea cannot exist without texture.
There are five main layers that make up music:

• Melody
• Texture

None of them can exist without texture. It may be absent, but the invoice never.

For music, texture is the body, and the idea is the soul.

Texture this is the structure of the musical fabric, taking into account the nature and ratio of its constituent voices. Synonyms for the word texture are: warehouse, presentation, musical fabric, letter.

It can be said that mastery is the ability to express one's abstract ideas in the form of texture that best suits the image. All ideas concerning form, melody and must be expressed in a certain way.

You can also say that the texture determines the style of music by 90%.

musical texture(lat. factura- device , structure) - a method of presentation, the structure of the musical fabric, musical warehouse.

Historically, music has developed three main types of invoice:

Polyphony (lat. polyphonia from the Greek πολυφωνία - polyphony) - melodic polyphony, consisting of the simultaneous sounding of relatively independent melodic lines. The polyphonic texture developed in the Middle Ages. There are three main types of polyphony: contrast, imitation (canon, motet, invention, fugue), subvocal (or variant heterophony, characteristic of folk polyphony).

homophony or homophonic-harmonic texture a originates in polyphony. Domestic musicologist Asafiev called it "cooled lava of Gothic polyphony". Within the framework of homophony, chord (Protestant chant) and homophonic-harmonic texture are distinguished, which consists of several layers (for example, from melody and accompaniment).

One of the methods of dynamization, coloring of the homophonic-harmonic texture is harmonic figuration - sequential rather than simultaneous presentation of chord sounds. There are many varieties of harmonic figuration. Here is some of them:

1) arpeggiated presentation of chords (J.S. Bach. Prelude C-dur, XTC, volume I)

2) waltz-like accompaniment (F. Schubert. Waltz op.77, №2)

3) Alberti basses, named after the Italian composer Domenico Alberti (1710-1740) in Sonata C-dur, K.545 by W. Mozart

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Notes on the elementary theory of music. Content
Texture in music(from lat. factura - device, structure, processing, warehouse) - a method of presentation, a musical warehouse, the structure of a musical fabric.

Historically three types of texture:

Exist three main types of polyphony : contrast, imitation (canon, motet, invention, fugue), heterophony (typical of folk polyphony).

3. Homophonic-harmonic texture originates in polyphony. Domestic musicologist Asafiev called it "cooled lava of Gothic polyphony". A distinction is made between the actual chord texture (Protestant chorale) and the homophonic-harmonic texture, which is divided into several layers (for example, melody and accompaniment).

May 15