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The formulas of speech etiquette are the main groups briefly. National features of etiquette

The formulas of speech etiquette are the main groups briefly. National features of etiquette

20.09.2019

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. In this regard, the speech etiquette formulas are divided into three main groups: 1) speech formulas related to the beginning of communication; 2) speech formulas used at the end of communication; 3) speech formulas characteristic of the main part of communication.

1. Start of communication. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

– Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

- I would like to meet you (you).

- Let (those) get to know you (with you).

- Let's get acquainted.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when there is a conversation with an official and it is necessary for him to introduce himself, the following formulas are used:

– Let me introduce myself.

– My surname is Kolesnikov.

- Anastasia Igorevna.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greetings – hello. Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common: Good morning!; Good afternoon!; Good evening! In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication: (I am very glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards.

2.End of communication. When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use the formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish (All the best (good) to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we part for a short time. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It is unlikely that we will be able to meet again. Do not remember dashingly).

3. After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings that are situational. Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, shop; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation: Allow (allow) to invite you ...;

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad to see you",

Congratulation: Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations ...; On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...; Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Formulas condolences, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of selling goods or participating in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Let's bring speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment: Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition; The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…

Note, warning: The firm (management, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark) ...; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand) ...

Often people, especially those endowed with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form; All (you) are obliged (should) ...; I categorically (persistently) advise (propose) to do ...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or order and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank.

The request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning: Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request…; Do not take it for work, please take ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

– (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

- I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

– (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

- I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

- I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

– You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

- You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

– You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, companion).

- FROM you are pleased (good, excellent) to deal (work, cooperate).

You- and You-Communication

As noted above, speech etiquette is nationally specific. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns in it - you and you, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official / informal situation.

According to the etiquette adopted in Russia, the pronoun You should be used: 1) when referring to an unfamiliar addressee; 2) in a formal setting of communication; 3) with an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the senior (by position, age) addressee. Pronoun you used: 1) when talking with a well-known person with whom friendly, friendly relations have been established; 2) in an informal setting of communication; 3) with a friendly, familiar, intimate attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the youngest (by position, age) addressee.

In an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends even with a well-known person with whom friendly relations and everyday communication are established. you, Go to you.

Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than their interlocutor, use the form when addressing you, deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, is perceived as a sign of disdain, an attack on human dignity, as an insult to a person.

Appeal

One of the important and necessary components of speech etiquette is appeal. It is used at any stage of communication, throughout its duration, serves as its integral part. At the same time, the norm of the use of the address and its form have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

The current appeal sir, madam is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, in television programs, at various symposiums and conferences. Among civil servants, businessmen, entrepreneurs, the appeal is becoming the norm. sir, madam in combination with the surname, title of position, rank.

Appeal comrade continue to be used by the military, members of communist parties, as well as in many factory teams. Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer words colleagues, friends. Appeal respected, respected found in the speech of the older generation. The words female Male, which have become widespread in the role of communication, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kind..., be kind..., sorry..., sorry...

The problem of common usage remains open. It will be solved only when everyone learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes a person, when it does not matter what position he holds, what his status is. It is important that he is a citizen of the Russian Federation.

In business communication, when addressing the addressee, his official position, field of activity, degree of personal acquaintance are taken into account. The most general conversion formula, which can be used regardless of these factors, is: Dear Sir…(surname)! Madam…(surname)! Dear Sirs!

When addressing officials of higher and central bodies of state power and administration, presidents (chairmen) of societies, companies, firms, it is possible to apply With indicating the position and without a surname, for example: Dear Mr. President! Dear Mr Chairman! Dear Mr. Mayor!

In invitation letters, notices, it is allowed to address by name and patronymic: Dear Vladimir Andreevich!

When addressing persons of the same professional circle, it is possible to address: Dear colleagues! The rules of business etiquette require: if the text of the document begins with a formula for a personal appeal to the addressee, then at the end of the text, before the signature, there must be a final courtesy formula Sincerely.

Ethical norms of speech culture

Purpose of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity. Along with this word, use the word "regulation" and the phrase "diplomatic protocol". Many of the subtleties of communication presented by the protocol are taken into account in other areas of business relations. In business circles, business etiquette is becoming more and more widespread, especially in recent times.

Business etiquette provides for the observance of norms of behavior and communication. Since communication is a human activity, a process in which he participates, when communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. Speech etiquette refers to the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication.

The degree of proficiency in speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. This primarily applies to civil servants, politicians, teachers, lawyers, doctors, managers, entrepreneurs, journalists, service workers, that is, to those who, by the nature of their work, constantly communicate with people.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease.

Speech etiquette is a system of stable communication formulas prescribed by society as the rules of speech behavior to establish speech contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen key according to their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual relations in official and informal settings.

Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions, in addition, has an educational value, contributes to the improvement of both speech and the general culture of society. Strict adherence to the rules of speech etiquette by members of the team of an institution, enterprise, etc. creates a favorable impression, maintains a positive reputation for the entire organization.

What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?

1. Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

2. Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a presentation, a conference, a symposium; a meeting at which the economic, financial situation of the company, enterprise is discussed; hiring or dismissal; consultation; company anniversaries, etc.

In addition, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns in it - "you" and " you", which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, and on the official (informal) situation.

According to the etiquette adopted in Russia, the pronoun "you" should be used: 1) when referring to an unfamiliar addressee; 2) in a formal setting of communication; 3) with an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the senior (by position, age) addressee. Pronoun "you" used: 1) when talking with a well-known person with whom friendly, friendly relations have been established; 2) in an informal setting of communication; 3) with a friendly, familiar, intimate attitude towards the addressee; 4) to the youngest (by position, age) addressee.

Let's pay attention to one more feature. Some persons, especially those occupying a higher position than the interlocutor, use the form when addressing "you", deliberately emphasizing, demonstrating their "democratic", "friendly", patronizing attitude. Most often, this puts the addressee in an awkward position, a sign of disdain, an infringement on human dignity, is perceived as an insult to the person.

So, taking into account the factors that form and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and observance of the norms of speech etiquette, creates a favorable climate for relationships, contributes to the efficiency and effectiveness of business relations.

Speech etiquette formulas: main groups

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

1. The beginning of communication. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

- allow) with you(With you) get to know.
- I would like to meet you (with you).

Let me (those) get to know you (you).

- Let's get acquainted.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when there is a conversation with an official and it is necessary for him to introduce himself, the following formulas are used:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Kolesnikov.

- Anastasia Igorevna.

Typical speech situations etiquette:

Appealing and attracting attention;

Acquaintance, greeting;
parting;

Apology, gratitude;

Congratulation, wish;

Approval-compliment;

Sympathy, condolences;

invitation, offer;

Advice, request;

Consent, refusal.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with greetings. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb hello, what does it mean to be healthy, i.e. healthy. Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common: Good morning!; Good afternoon!; Good evening!

In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication: (Very) glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards.

2. End of communication. When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use the formulas for parting, ending communication. They express a wish (All the best (good) to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we part for a short time. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It is unlikely that we will be able to meet again. Do not remember dashingly).

3. After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, shop; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation:

Allow (allow) to invite you ...; Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad to see you;

Congratulation:

Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations...; On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...; Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief.

In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief,
misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment:

Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition; The firm (management, administration) expresses gratitude to all employees for...

Note, warning:

The firm (management, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark) ...; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand) ...

Quite often people, especially those endowed with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form; All (you) are obliged (must) ...; I categorically (persistently) advise (propose) to do ...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to orders or orders and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank.

The request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning: Do me a favor, do (my) request...; Do not take it for work, please take ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

– (Now, immediately) will be done (done.)

- I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

_ (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

- I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

- I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, high morality, gives an overall positive assessment.
– You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).
- You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

- You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, businessman).

- It is pleasant (good, excellent) to deal with you (work, cooperate).

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GOOSPO

Kineshmamedicalschool

ESSAY

In Russian

topic: " Formulas of speech etiquette."

Introduction

1. Speech etiquette and communication culture

2. National features of speech etiquette

2.1 Starting a conversation

2.2 Main body

2.3 End of communication

3. National features of speech etiquette

Conclusion

Introduction

What is etiquette? The concept is philosophical, ethical. According to the dictionary: "Etiquette is a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners, clothing). This definition contains an indication of the external manifestation of attitude towards people. However, the external manifestation, as a rule, reflects the inner essence of the relationship, which ideally should be mutually benevolent.

Etiquette determines the behavior of any person. These are not only the rules that must be followed at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of human relationships. With the help of such rules learned from childhood, interactions with others are regulated.

1. Speech etiquette and communication culture

One of the greatest assets of mankind and the greatest pleasures of man is to communicate with his own kind. Speech etiquette helps a person achieve important goals in communication. Speech etiquette should be understood as the rules of speech behavior developed by society, mandatory for members of society, nationally specific, firmly fixed in speech formulas, but at the same time historically changeable.

Our society, which has not yet come to the norms of a hostel, has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. This is connected with the need for people to learn how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.

The broad concept of culture certainly includes what is called the culture of communication, the culture of speech behavior. To master it, it is important to understand the essence of Russian speech etiquette.

In communicative communication, people transmit this or that information to each other, communicate something, encourage something, ask about something, perform certain speech actions. However, before proceeding to the exchange of logical and meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into speech contact, and this is done according to certain rules. We hardly notice them, because they are familiar. It is just the violation of the unwritten rules that becomes noticeable: the seller addressed the buyer with “you”, the acquaintance did not say hello at the meeting, they did not thank someone for the service, they did not apologize for the misconduct. As a rule, such non-fulfillment of the norms of speech behavior turns into an insult, and even a quarrel, a conflict in the team. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the rules for entering into speech contact, because without this business relations are impossible. It is clear that awareness of the norms of communication and speech behavior is useful to everyone, and especially to people of those professions that are associated with speech. These are teachers, doctors, lawyers, service workers and businessmen, and, of course, parents.

The rules of speech behavior are regulated by speech etiquette - a system of set expressions that has developed in language and speech, used in situations of establishing and maintaining contact. These are situations of address, greeting, farewell, apology, gratitude, congratulations, wishes, sympathy and condolences, approval and compliment, invitations suggestions, requests for advice and many others. Speech etiquette covers everything that expresses a friendly attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable climate for communication. A rich set of language tools makes it possible to choose appropriate for the speech situation and favorable for the addressee. you or in s form of communication, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, the official tone of the conversation.

Speech etiquette conveys social information about the speaker and his addressee, about whether they know each other or not, about the relationship of equality / inequality by age, official position, about their personal relationships (if they are familiar), about the environment (official or informal) communication takes place, etc. So, if someone says to another: Good health!- then there is no doubt that this is an elderly resident of the village or a native of it. If someone throws: " Hello!" , - it means that the atmosphere is informal, people are in equal, unconstrained, friendly relations.

Using the expressions of speech etiquette, we perform relatively simple speech actions - we address, greet, thank ... But why are there so many ways to do this in the language? After all, we have up to forty expressions used in greetings (the Japanese have more than fifty!), Many forms of farewell, gratitude, etc. And how many opportunities to fulfill the request: I ask you to do this; Please do not make noise; Do it please; If it's not difficult for you, move over please; Could you move over?; Is it difficult for you to move?; Don't have something to write down? -- and so on up to forty models. And the thing is that we choose each expression taking into account who - to whom - about what - where - when - why - why he says. So it turns out that complex linguistic social information is embedded just in speech etiquette to the greatest extent.

Why do the expressions of speech etiquette have "magic power", why does their correct use bring satisfaction to people, and why does their failure in the right situation lead to resentment? There are several essential features of speech etiquette that explain its social severity.

The first sign is associated with the unwritten requirement of society for the use of signs of etiquette. If you want to be "one's own" in a given group - large or small, national, social - perform the appropriate rituals of behavior and communication. An example of such a ritual:

The social purpose of ritual signs of etiquette is brought up in people from early childhood.

The second sign is related to the fact that the performance of signs of etiquette is perceived by the addressee as a social "stroking".

Psychologists, teachers know how important it is to approve, stroke a child and an adult in time! Linguists thought about this and found that the language responded to such a need and created a system of verbal "strokes" - speech etiquette: Hello- be healthy; Thanks to- thank you. Thanks- God save you for a good deed; Sorry- I confess my guilt and ask to remove my sin, etc. Here is a typical dialogue that friends exchange when they meet:

Hi, how are you?

It's all right, and you?

Too. Well everything!

There is no other information, except for the one that “I notice you, I recognize you, I recognize you, I want contacts with you, I wish you well”, there is no other information in such an exchange of remarks, and nevertheless, this is a very important ritual of “strokes”. This should be taken precisely as a sign of social contacts, and it should be understood that the question " How is your health?" does not imply a story about diseases. This is not a meaningful question from a doctor or an interested relative, this is a sign of social "stroking", contact on the go ...

The third important feature of speech etiquette is that the pronunciation of an etiquette expression is a speech action, or a speech act, that is, the performance of a specific task with the help of speech. It is known that for the implementation of many actions, states, speech is not needed. A person can sit, walk, do some physical work, and for this he does not need to say anything. But there are some actions that can be performed only with the help of one tool - language, speech. How to carry out actions: "advice" or "promise" or "gratitude"? For this you have to say I advise, I promise, I thank ... Studies have revealed that there are up to a thousand names of speech actions recorded in dictionaries, while there are a great many ways of direct expression. As mentioned above, some greetings we have up to forty.

The fourth sign is connected with the third and concerns the very structure of statements in which " I" and " you": Thank you; Excuse me, but maybe hidden, as in gratitude Thanks or an apology Guilty which, due to synonymy, functional equivalence with those presented earlier, contain in the deep structure the "I" of the speaker and the "you" of the addressee: (I tell you) thank you. Since the communicants are open in the structure of the expressions of speech etiquette, the power of its influence is clearly manifested.

The fifth important feature of speech etiquette can be considered its connection with the category of politeness. On the one hand, politeness is a moral quality that characterizes a person for whom showing respect for people has become a familiar way of communicating with others, a daily norm of behavior. On the other hand, it is an ethical category abstracted from specific people, which is also reflected in the language. Politeness needs to be expressed, demonstrated in communication (like love), because if I respect someone in my soul, but I don’t show it in any way, respect for the person will be clearly unrealized. This is especially important in an official speech situation or when communicating with strangers. Coming into contact with relatives, friends, acquaintances, we, knowing in advance the "measure" of love and respect for each other, have many ways to emphasize this, but with strangers, the measure of a good relationship is politeness, and here speech etiquette is indispensable.

A correct, and under an hour and emphatically polite response, even to an insult, as a rule, puts a rude person in his place. Speech etiquette serves as an effective means of removing speech aggression.

2. National features of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette -- an important element of the culture of the people, a product of human cultural activity and an instrument of such activity. Speech etiquette is an integral part of the culture of human behavior and communication. In the expressions of speech etiquette, social relations of a particular era are fixed. The formulas of speech etiquette are fixed in proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions: Welcome; You are welcome to our hut; Enjoy Your Bath; Long time no see! etc. Being an element of national culture, speech etiquette is distinguished by bright national specifics.

Speech etiquette formulas: main groups

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. In this regard, the speech etiquette formulas are divided into three main groups: 1) speech formulas related to the beginning of communication; 2) speech formulas characteristic of the main part of communication; 3) speech formulas used at the end of communication.

2.1 Starting a conversation

One of the most commonly used politeness formulas is greeting formulas. Greeting formulas play a big role in our communication. Greeting acquaintances, we confirm our acquaintance and express our desire to continue it. Greeting is one of the most important signs of speech etiquette. With its help, contact is established communicating, relationships between people are determined.

When they meet acquaintances, they say "Hello!" or "Hello!", sometimes - "Greetings!". And of course, never combine different greetings together like "Greetings, great!" or "My respects, hello!". This would be completely impossible, because each greeting formula has its own use, expresses a special relationship, is associated with a specific situation.

So, the formula "Hi!" expresses close, laid-back relationships and is widespread among young people. Very polite and full of dignity are the greetings "My respect!", "Good health!", But they are used most often by older people.

For many peoples, the choice of greeting depends not only on the age, gender and degree of closeness of those communicating. It is also influenced by something else, the time of day, for example, and especially by who the person being welcomed is and what he is doing at the moment. They greet the shepherd and the blacksmith in different ways, the hunter who goes hunting and the hunter returning with prey, the guest and the fellow traveler, those who are busy with work and those who dine. In each case, there is a greeting, a special wish. It is from wishes that most of the greeting formulas arise, so initially they had to be very diverse.

With the help of verbal formulas of etiquette, we express relationships when meeting and parting, when we thank someone or apologize, in a situation of acquaintance and in many other cases. Each language has its own fund of etiquette formulas. Their composition in the Russian language is most fully described by A. A. Akishina and N. I. Formanovskaya - the authors of numerous works on modern Russian speech etiquette.

Appeal is the most massive and most striking etiquette sign. Which is used at any stage of communication, throughout its duration, serves as its integral part. At the same time, the norm of the use of the address and its form have not been finally established, cause controversy, and are a sore spot in Russian speech etiquette.

2.2 Main body

After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings, which are determined by the situation. The most typical are 3 situations: solemn, working, mournful. The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees, receiving awards, birthdays, name days, significant dates for the family or its members, presentation, conclusion of an agreement, creation of a new organization.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation : Allow (allow) to invite you ...;

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad to see you",

Congratulation : Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations ...; On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...; Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief.

In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Condolence formulas, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: Allow (let me) express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune)

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

Here are the speech clichés that are used in these situations.

Expression of gratitude: Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition; The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…

Remark, warning: The firm (management, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark) ...; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand) ...

Often people, especially those endowed with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form; All (you) are obliged (should) ...; I categorically (persistently) advise (propose) to do ...

The request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning: Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request ...; Do not take it for work, please take ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

- (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, companion).

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

2.3 End of communication

When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use the formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish (All the best (good) to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday); I hope we part for a short time. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It is unlikely that we will see each other again. Do not remember dashingly!)

In addition to the usual forms of farewells, there is a long-established ritual of a compliment. A tactfully and timely compliment, it cheers up the addressee, sets up a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

It almost never happens that the farewell formula sounds suddenly, completely unexpectedly for the interlocutor. In this case, he may think that he has greatly upset or even offended the departing person. Usually it is preceded by some indication of the end of communication. Although they are not as standard as formulas, they are also quite stable.

All formulas of politeness (Hello! Please! Thank you! etc.) are independent special etiquette products. Independent, because each formula forms a whole etiquette statement. Special, as these funds serve primarily etiquette purposes.

The most general principle of the use of signs of etiquette is politeness, goodwill. Therefore, perhaps, nothing in human behavior is combined with them as often as a benevolent smile.

3. National features of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a universal phenomenon, but at the same time, each nation has formed its own, nationally specific system of rules for speech behavior. In Russian everyday life, speech etiquette also has its own national specificity, which foreigners who study Russian face. Addressing the interlocutor is the brightest and most common etiquette sign. It can be general, impersonal - citizen, and can be individual and personal in informal intimate communication.

A particularly interesting, nationally specific form of naming a familiar person and addressing him is the name and patronymic. Foreigners confirm: Russians have a custom - to be polite, you need to know the name of the interlocutor's father. Calling by name and patronymic - evidence of a certain degree of respect for an adult, comes into use when a person reaches social maturity, most likely, at the beginning of independent work.

The presence in the Russian language of forms of address on " you"and on" you"gives us an effective means of being polite. Personal pronouns are directly related to speech etiquette. They are associated with self-naming and naming the interlocutor, with a sense of what is "decent" and "indecent" in such a naming. For example, when a person corrects the interlocutor: " talk to me" you" , " Please don't poke" , he expresses dissatisfaction with the " disrespectful " pronouns. So "you" is not always empty, and "you" is not always cordial? Usually" you " used when referring to a loved one, in an informal setting and when the treatment is rudely familiar; "you" - in a polite manner, in a formal setting, in an appeal to a stranger, unfamiliar. Although there are many nuances here.

It is not customary for Russians to call the third person present during the conversation with the pronoun he (she). Russian speech etiquette provides for naming a third person present during a conversation by name (and patronymic), if you already have to speak with him and for him. Apparently, the Russians clearly feel that I and You, We and You are, as it were, inclusive pronouns, that is, those that distinguish interlocutors from all the others, and He, She, They are exclusive pronouns, indicating not the one with whom this time communicate, but on something third. Meanwhile, the etiquette of many countries does not prohibit such a speech action - the "exclusion" of the present.

In the book of the American linguist Mario Pei "A Tale of Language" it is noted: "In different languages there are many variants of polite address, sometimes very strange in our opinion. " - all these nouns are also feminine in Italian. After a while, for brevity, they simply began to say "she", and now it is "She", which is capitalized in writing, usually replaces "you" when referring to one person - as to to a woman, and to a man.If an Italian says "she writes", often he means "you write" - this can only be understood from the context.

In Polish, the appeal is used, so to speak, on "he": " Anything sir?" The transfer of a personal pronoun from the first person to the third or its complete replacement with the address "pan, pani" allows, as it were, not to affect the personality of the interlocutor. Moreover, this appeal is combined in a peculiar way: both with the surname and with the name, including the abbreviated one, and with the title of the position, profession, occupation: pan Votruba, pani Monika, pan Yurek, pan director, pan sportsman ...

Even more refined politeness is possible: the Japanese generally discard direct address, replacing it with an impersonal construction. So, the question "Where are you going?" sounds like Japanese "Where is there going?" There are personal pronouns in Japanese, but they are used mainly by foreigners who have not yet fully mastered the language.

In English, there is practically no appeal "to you", there is no such pronoun itself. It began to fall into disuse in the 16th century and was completely replaced by the polite "you" in the early 18th century. In English-speaking countries, a person refers to "you" even to his own dog.

The rules of speech etiquette are also different in relation to the special designations of the addressee - men and women. In Russian, appeals are used: citizen - citizen, young man - girl, sometimes sir - madam and others. But the Russian language is still not rich in etiquette forms that reflect the differences between people by gender.

In Japanese speech etiquette, there is a clear (and mandatory) division of etiquette rules into male and female. And if someone mixed up such rules, it would be the height of indecency. At least in this case: "As befits a true Japanese woman, Onishi idolized her husband. Although he always told her "you", she invariably addressed him only as "you". When the spouses went out into the street, he walked in front, and she timidly minced after."

In Polish speech etiquette, there is a special expression of greeting sent by a man to a woman: "Kiss the hands, lady," pronounced even when the corresponding gesture may not follow.

The formulas of speech etiquette are very ancient, they are associated with folk customs, reflect rituals and established habits that express the peculiarities of everyday life.

In Armenia, they rarely say "lunch", "supper", although these words are in the lexicon. They say "eat bread". And when they are invited to the table, they say: "Eat bread", although at the moment it may not be at all.

In Russia, gratitude for food: "Thank you for the bread and salt!" And the greeting of the visitor "Bread and salt!". The eminent guest is greeted with bread and salt.

People hear in these phrases only a stable formula of speech etiquette, meaning a greeting, an invitation to the table, expressing gratitude. In such expressions there is a unique national flavor.

Russians ask: How is your health?"But the ancient Egyptians believed that when meeting for a short time there was no time, and there was no need to analyze their health. They asked specifically:" How do you sweat?

(N.A. Agadzhanyan, A.Yu. Katkov. Reserves of our body).

The ancient Greeks greeted each other: "Rejoice!", And modern - "Be healthy!" The Arabs say: "Peace be with you!", and the Navajo Indians: "All is well!"

In speech etiquette there are situations when a very large body language matters. Here is how Franklin Folsom describes the national specifics of the gesture:

- Russians, British, Americans shake hands as a greeting gesture.

The Chinese in the old days, meeting a friend, shook hands with himself.

The Laplanders rub their noses.

A young American greets a friend by patting him on the back.

Latinos embrace.

The French kiss each other on the cheek.

The military salute (these are already professional, not national features).

Samoans sniff each other."

Without knowing the national characteristics of gestures, you can get into an awkward position. For example, in Bulgaria, the signs "yes" and "no" are the opposite of the common European form, and representatives of the indigenous population may misinterpret the answer to the question asked.

The ritual of greeting the Japanese is described in V. Ovchinnikov's book "Sakura Branch" as follows: "Noticing a friend, a Japanese considers it his duty to freeze in place first of all, even if it happens in the middle of the street and a tram is moving right at him. Then he, as it were, breaks in the lower back , so that the palms of his outstretched hands slide down his knees, and, having frozen for a few more seconds in a bent position, we carefully raise only our eyes upwards.

What should a Japanese think if a European, entering into a business conversation, does not shake hands with him? He may assume that the interlocutor respects his national customs - in Japan it is not customary to shake hands. But, on the other hand, he may consider this disrespectful to him personally - the Japanese know that in the society to which the partner belongs, the handshake gesture is accepted.

Even similar gestures can be used differently in different national cultures. For example, in Hungary, a man always raises his hat when greeting, but in our country this is not at all necessary and is more common for older people.

The handshake gesture when greeting in Bulgaria is used much more often than it is customary in our country. There, when greeting a group of interlocutors, it is advisable to shake hands with everyone. It's optional for us.

Thus, a gesture can say a lot. In particular, to characterize the person making the gesture in terms of national characteristics. For example, in Czechoslovakia, when listing something, the fingers are not bent into a fist, starting with the little finger, as is customary with us, but, on the contrary, from the clenched fist they “open”, starting with the thumb, finger after finger. In a Russian environment, such a gesture immediately betrays a foreigner.

In some situations, speech etiquette shows more gestures, in others less. In some situations, complete substitution of replicas is acceptable, in others it is not, and of course, each gesture is different in its own way. " style " , and each time a person chooses the most appropriate in a given situation.

There are many examples of the national specificity of speech and non-speech behavior of different peoples. In China, even when talking about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk to you about you more than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, shading themselves very delicately. But at the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, still being able to insist on your interest in him.

In Japan, in conversations, people in every possible way avoid the words “no”, “I can’t”, “I don’t know”, as if these are some kind of curses, something that cannot be said directly, but only allegorically, in general terms. Even refusing a second cup of tea, the guest instead of "no, thank you" uses an expression that literally means "I already feel great."

If a Tokyo acquaintance says: " Before responding to your proposal, I must consult my wife" - then you should not think that he is a champion of women's equality. This is just one way to not say the word "no".

In the speech etiquette of different nations there are many completely dissimilar, peculiar expressions, but even similar ones (like please and please) are still not completely identical. From an American point of view, our please has forty thousand different shades of meaning and is as similar to the English please as, for example, the phrase "I love you, dear" to the phrase "Let's get married."

In essence, each language is a unique national system of signs. In speech etiquette, the specifics of the habits and customs of the people are superimposed on the national specifics of the language. Therefore, in the forms of speech etiquette, a peculiar phraseology is formed.

In general, speech etiquette is the area of expressions - phraseological units, proverbs, sayings associated with the customs, habits, beliefs of the people. Break a leg!- wish good luck to those who are going to a difficult task. And there was an expression in the speech of hunters to deceive the evil forces so that the hunt was successful.

And here is how, among the northern peoples, a mother accompanies her son to the sea to hunt a sea animal: "Only his mother saw him off, and then, without saying a word aloud about the upcoming voyage and before reaching the bay, she said goodbye. "Well, go to the forest!" - she deliberately distinctly said to her son, while not stroking the sea, but looking towards the forest: “Look that the firewood is dry, and don’t get lost in the forest yourself.” ethical relationship stylistic language

She said this in order to confuse the tracks, to protect her son from evil spirits. (Ch. Aitmatov. "Piebald dog running along the edge of the sea").

Since we live among people, the very way of life, habits, customs, rituals constantly "talk" to others. In our national speech etiquette, there are a great many expressions to reflect our cordiality and goodwill. You are welcome to our hut; What are rich, so happy etc. And, of course, not only to dear foreign guests, but, above all, to each other, as they say, in their own home and in their own nationally unique form. The "magic power" of speech etiquette is that it reflects a special level of information that we exchange in communication.

Conclusion

So what is speech etiquette in all its variety of stylistic options? In a narrow sense, these are formulas that provide accepted in a given environment, among these people, and in this case, inclusion in speech contact, maintaining communication in the chosen key. And in a broad sense, these are all the rules of speech behavior, all speech permissions and prohibitions associated with the social characteristics of the speakers and the situation, on the one hand, and the stylistic resources of the language, on the other. Speech etiquette sets the framework of speech rules within which meaningful communication should take place. However, even the use of generally accepted formulas requires sincere, benevolent attention to the interlocutor. Speech etiquette is an important element of any national culture. In the language, speech behavior, stable formulas of communication, a rich folk experience has developed, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyle, living conditions of each people. Speech etiquette is a set of verbal forms of courtesy, without which it is simply impossible to do.

As we play a complex musical instrument, addressing our acquaintances, friends, relatives, colleagues, passers-by. We turn on one or another register of communication, choose one or another key in the diverse conditions of complex speech interactions. We use the inexhaustible wealth of the Russian language.

The national specificity of speech etiquette in each country is extremely bright, because the unique features of the language here are superimposed by the features of rituals, habits, everything accepted and not accepted in behavior, permitted and prohibited in social etiquette.

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The concept of speech etiquette

Etiquette is a set of norms and rules of conduct, usually an unwritten code that each person learns along with culture. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette is usually not required by anyone to be executed in order or in writing, but they are mandatory for anyone who wants to establish relationships with other people. Speech etiquette prescribes the desired verbal design of typical communication situations. Nobody invented these rules intentionally, they were formed in the course of human communication over millennia. Each etiquette formula has its roots, functions and variants. Speech etiquette, etiquette rules are a sign of a well-mannered and polite person and subconsciously tune in to a positive perception of the person using them.

History of occurrence

The word "etiquette" in French came from Greece. Etymologically, it goes back to the root, meaning order, rule. In France, the word was used to refer to a special card on which the rules of seating and behavior at the royal table were written. But in the time of Louis the Fourteenth, the very phenomenon of etiquette, of course, does not arise, it has a much more ancient origin. The rules of speech etiquette, a summary of which can be described by the phrase "successful communication", begin to take shape when people had to learn to build relationships and negotiate with each other. Already in ancient times, there were rules of conduct that helped interlocutors overcome mutual distrust and establish interaction. So, the code of good behavior is described in the texts of the ancient Greeks, Egyptians. Etiquette rules in ancient times were a kind of ritual that prompted interlocutors that they were “of the same blood”, that they did not pose a threat. Each ritual had a verbal and non-verbal component. Gradually, the original meaning of many actions is lost, but the ritual and its verbal design are preserved and continue to be reproduced.

Functions of speech etiquette

A modern person often has a question about why the rules of speech etiquette are needed? Briefly, you can answer - to please other people. The main function of speech etiquette is to establish contact. When the interlocutor follows the general rules, this makes him more understandable and predictable, we subconsciously trust what is familiar to us more. This has been going on since primitive times, when the world around was very unguaranteed and danger threatened from everywhere, the observance of rituals was then extremely important. And when a communication partner performed a familiar set of actions, said the right words, this removed some of the distrust and facilitated contact. Today, our genetic memory also tells us that a person who follows the rules can be more trusted. The rules and norms of speech etiquette perform the function of forming a positive emotional atmosphere, helping to have a beneficial effect on the interlocutor. Speech etiquette also acts as a means of demonstrating respect for the interlocutor, helps to emphasize the status distribution of roles between communicants and the status of the communication situation itself - business, informal, friendly. Thus, the rules of speech etiquette are a tool Part of the tension is removed by simple etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette as a formal part of ethics performs a regulatory function, it helps to establish contacts, influences people's behavior in typical situations.

Types of speech etiquette

Like any speech, etiquette speech behavior is very different in its written and oral form. The written variety has more stringent rules, and in this form, etiquette formulas are more mandatory for use. The oral form is more democratic, some omissions or replacement of words with actions are allowed here. For example, sometimes instead of the word “Hello”, you can get by with a nod of your head or a slight bow.

Etiquette dictates the rules of behavior in certain areas and situations. It is customary to distinguish several different types of speech etiquette. Official, business or professional speech etiquette defines the rules of speech behavior in the performance of official duties, in negotiations, in the preparation of documents. This view is rather highly formalized, especially in its written form. The rules of Russian speech etiquette in formal and informal settings can be very different, the first signal of the transition from one type of etiquette to another may be the change of appeal to “you” to the appeal to “you”. Everyday speech etiquette is more free than official, there is a large variability in key etiquette formulas. There are also such varieties of speech etiquette as diplomatic, military and religious.

Principles of modern speech etiquette

Any rules of conduct come from the universal principles of morality, and speech etiquette is no exception. The golden rule of speech etiquette is based on the main moral principle formulated by I. Kant: act towards others as you would like to be treated towards you. Thus, polite speech should also include such formulas that the person himself would be pleased to hear. The basic principles of speech etiquette are relevance, accuracy, brevity and correctness. The speaker must select speech formulas in accordance with the situation, the status of the interlocutor, the degree of acquaintance with him. In any case, you should speak as briefly as possible, but do not lose the meaning of what was said. And, of course, the speaker must respect his communication partner and try to build his statement in accordance with the rules of the Russian language. Speech etiquette is based on two more important principles: goodwill and cooperation. A polite person treats other people with an initial attitude of kindness, he must be sincere and friendly. Communicators on both sides should do everything to make communication productive, mutually beneficial and enjoyable for all participants.

Etiquette situations

Etiquette regulates behavior in various situations. Traditionally, speech differs significantly in official settings and in everyday life, as well as in different forms of its existence: in written or oral. However, there are general rules of speech etiquette in various speech situations. The list of such cases is the same for any spheres, cultures and forms. Standard etiquette situations include:

Greetings;

Attracting attention and appeal;

introduction and introduction;

Invitation;

Sentence;

Request;

Gratitude;

Refusal and consent;

Congratulations;

condolences;

Sympathy and consolation;

Compliment.

Each etiquette situation has a stable set of speech formulas that are recommended for use.

National features of etiquette

Speech etiquette is based on universal, universal moral principles. Therefore, its basis is the same in all cultures. Such universal principles, characteristic of all countries, include restraint in the manifestation of emotions, politeness, literacy and the ability to use standard speech formulas appropriate to the situation, and a positive attitude towards the interlocutor. But the private implementation of universal norms can vary significantly in different national cultures. Variation usually manifests itself in the speech design of a standard situation. The general culture of communication affects the national speech etiquette. The rules of etiquette, for example, in Russian, involve maintaining a conversation even with strangers if you happened to be with them in a confined space (in a train compartment), while the Japanese and the British will try to remain silent in the same circumstances or speak on the most neutral topics. In order not to get into trouble in communicating with foreigners, you should, in preparation for the meeting, familiarize yourself with their etiquette rules.

Contact situation

The basic rules of speech etiquette at the beginning of a conversation are related to the speech design of greetings and appeals. For the Russian language, the main greeting formula is the word "hello". Its synonyms can be the phrases “greeting you” with an archaic connotation and “good afternoon, morning, evening” are more sincere compared to the main wording. The stage of greeting is one of the most important in establishing contact, the words should be pronounced with sincere intonation, with notes of positive emotionality.

The means of attracting attention are the words: “let / allow me to turn”, “forgive”, “sorry” and adding an explanatory phrase to them: representations, requests, suggestions.

Treatment situation

Appeal is one of the difficult etiquette situations, as it can be difficult to find the right name for the person you need to address. In the Russian language today, the address “mister / madam” is considered universal, but in speech they still do not always take root well due to negative connotations in Soviet times. The best treatment is by name, patronymic or by name, but it is not always possible. Worst option: handling the words "girl", "woman", "man". In a situation of professional communication, you can refer to the name of the position of a person, for example, “Mr. Director”. The general rules of speech etiquette can be briefly described as the desire for the comfort of communicants. In no case should the appeal indicate any personal characteristics (age, nationality, faith).

Contact termination situation

The final stage in communication is also very important, the interlocutors will remember it and you need to try to leave a positive impression. The usual rules of speech etiquette, examples of which we know from childhood, recommend using traditional phrases for parting: “goodbye”, “see you”, “goodbye”. However, the final stage should also include words of gratitude for the time spent on communication, perhaps for joint work. You can also additionally express hopes for continued cooperation, say parting words. Speech etiquette, rules of etiquette recommend maintaining a favorable impression at the end of contact, creating an emotional atmosphere of sincerity and warmth. This is helped by more stable formulas: “It was very pleasant to talk with you, I hope for further cooperation.” But formulaic phrases must be pronounced as sincerely and with feeling as possible, so that they acquire a true meaning. Otherwise, farewell will not leave the desired emotional response in the memory of the interlocutor.

Introduction and dating rules

The situation of acquaintance requires a solution to the issue of treatment. Business communication, contacts with unfamiliar people imply an appeal to “you”. According to the rules of speech etiquette, “you” is only possible within the framework of friendly and everyday communication. The presentation is made out with such phrases as “let me introduce you”, “get acquainted, please”, “let me introduce you”. The presenter also gives a brief description of the represented: “position, full name, place of work, or some particularly noteworthy detail.” Acquaintances must, in addition to voicing their name, say positive words: “pleased to meet you”, “very nice”.

Rules for congratulations and thanks

Modern rules of speech etiquette in Russian offer a fairly large range of formulas for From simple "thank you" and "thank you" to "infinitely grateful" and "much grateful." It is customary for a great service or gift to add an additional positive phrase to the words of gratitude, for example, “very nice”, “I am touched”, “you are so kind”. There are a lot of formulas for congratulations. When composing a congratulation on any occasion, it is worth considering individual words, in addition to the usual “congratulations”, which would emphasize the peculiarity of the occasion and the personality of the person being honored. The text of the congratulations necessarily includes any wishes, it is desirable that they are not stereotyped, but correspond to the personality of the hero of the occasion. Congratulation should be pronounced with a special feeling that will give the words great value.

Rules for invitation, offer, request, consent and refusal

When inviting someone to take part in something, you should also follow the rules of speech etiquette. The situations of invitations, offers and requests are somewhat similar, in which the speaker always slightly lowers the status of his role in communication and emphasizes the importance of the interlocutor. The stable expressions of the invitation is the phrase “we have the honor to invite”, which notes the special importance of the invitee. For invitation, offer and request, the words “please”, “be kind”, “please” are used. In the invitation and the proposal, you can additionally say about your feelings for the invitee: “we will be glad / happy to see you”, “we are happy to offer you”. Request - a situation in which the speaker deliberately lowers his position in communication, but you should not overdo it, the traditional design of the request is the words: “please”, “could you”. Consent and refusal require different speech behavior. If consent can be extremely concise, then the refusal must be accompanied by mitigating and motivating wording, for example, “unfortunately, we are forced to refuse your offer, because at the moment ...”.

Rules of condolence, sympathy and apology

In dramatic and tragic etiquette, the rules of etiquette recommend expressing only sincere feelings. Usually regret and sympathy should be accompanied by encouraging words, for example, "we sympathize with you in connection ... and sincerely hope that ...". Condolences are brought only on truly tragic occasions, it is also appropriate to tell about your feelings in them, it is worth offering help. For example, “I bring you my sincere condolences in connection with ... this loss caused me bitter feelings. If necessary, you can count on me."

Rules of approval and praise

Compliments are an important part of establishing a good relationship, these social strokes are an effective tool for establishing a good relationship. But giving compliments is an art. What distinguishes them from flattery is the degree of exaggeration. A compliment is just a slight exaggeration of the truth. The rules of speech etiquette in Russian say that a compliment and praise should always refer to a person, not to things, so the words: “how does this dress suit you” is a violation of the rules of etiquette, and the real compliment will be the phrase: “how beautiful you are in this dress". It is possible and necessary to praise people for everything: for skills, character traits, for the results of their activities, for feelings.

Any communication is based on the use of certain rules that help it (communication) acquire the color of literacy, coherence, culture and intelligence. These rules include speech etiquette with its various formulas.

There are predetermined words, phrases or expressions that are constantly used in conversation. Such "blanks" are called formulas of speech etiquette. Regardless of the status of the interlocutor (boss or neighbor) and the duration of the conversation (just find out the way or chat for another hour), the conversation consists of three parts:

Starting a conversation (greeting/acquaintance). A banal beginning is expected to be followed by a primitive conversation, and, on the contrary, an interesting beginning suggests an interesting conversation. Which formulas (phrases) you will choose for greeting depends on the interlocutor (his gender, age, status) and the situation. Speech etiquette does not strictly regulate greetings or introductions. In this case, examples of speech etiquette are quite diverse. When meeting, you can focus on the emotional side: “Hello, how glad I am to see you!”, Or you can say hello quite restrained and politely - an elementary “Good afternoon / evening!”. The greeting should be adequate to the situation, in the evening no one says: "Good morning." An appropriate greeting should be used depending on the gender or social status of the interlocutor. The most universal greeting is the neutral expression "Hello!" or "Greetings!". It is a polite and democratic form of greeting suitable for everyone.
The main part (the very essence of the conversation). To gain a reputation as a good conversationalist, stick to the golden rule. It consists in a clear presentation of the topic: "He who thinks clearly, he clearly states." Which speech etiquette formulas you use depends on the goals of this conversation (request, offer, notification, order ...).
The final part of the conversation (farewell). When saying goodbye, according to the rules of speech etiquette, you can either just say goodbye or arrange the next meeting. When saying goodbye, wishing health or “All the best” works great. But to say "Let's call!" not worth it if the interlocutors are more than sure that this will not happen. In this case, it would be better to just say "Goodbye."

The specifics of speech etiquette formulas

The forms of speech etiquette include words or phrases that are used by people in communication, taking into account the specific situation and national characteristics. It is known that each country has its own etiquette of communication, behavior and lifestyle in general. Therefore, if you are going on a trip, you should at least get a little acquainted with the culture of the country you are going to visit. Greeting, farewell, request, invitation, as well as other forms of speech etiquette, have many options. For example, when meeting a friend, you can easily say “Hello!”, And with an unfamiliar person, familiarity should not be allowed in any way.

Russian speech etiquette has specific communication formulas, since national traditions and cultural heritage are of great importance and influence among Russians. For example, Russians shake hands when greeting each other (but it is customary for the French to kiss on the cheek). Also, it is not customary for Russians to talk about those present in the third person (he, she) - this is considered bad form, and sometimes an insult. There are few personal pronouns in our language, but their importance in Russian speech etiquette is very high. The choice between "you" or "you" is critical. Have you ever heard corrections like: “Refer to me on “You!”, Or “Don't “poke” me, please!”? With this remark, the interlocutor expresses dissatisfaction with the disrespectful attitude towards him. On "you" it is customary to refer to a loved one, in an informal setting or when communication is familiar. But “You” is ideal in a formal setting, with strangers, with those who are older than you, when referring to the opposite sex. "You" is the simplest, easiest, and arguably most effective way to show respect.

Examples of speech etiquette formulas

Let's look at some examples of well-known forms of speech etiquette. For example, the speech etiquette of a request. The request, as a form of appeal, has its own requirements. It should be clearly stated in a delicate and affirmative way. For example: "It will not make it difficult for you to help me ...", "Do me a favor, ...", "I want to ask you about ...". Remember that you are asking the interlocutor, not he you. If you want to get a response to your request, state it as politely but confidently as possible. Believe me, the answer to the request, voiced in a simple accessible form, will not keep you waiting.

In conclusion, I would like to say that speech etiquette in our country is simply replete with a variety of words. There is only one rule - you need to clearly understand where, how and under what circumstances you can use certain words. There is a proverb: "Keep silent and pass for a smart one." If there is no complete confidence in the correctness of the use of certain words or phrases (especially in other countries), it is better to use generally accepted, often used universal phrases. This way you will always be on top.

We live in a beautiful country, among educated and intelligent people. To feel among them "one's own", you need to study the culture of communication and rules of conduct. Well, in society it’s clear, but do we need to apply the rules of speech etiquette, say at home? You know, yes! Even double! Being a literate, cultured, highly educated person is a way of life, not a mask put on for a couple of hours.