home
Ayurveda
Functions of a social role. Concepts of social role and status

Functions of a social role. Concepts of social role and status

17.10.2019

[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The current version of the page has not yet been reviewed by experienced contributors and may differ significantly from the version reviewed on March 20, 2012; verification requires 1 edit.

Social role- a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social (public and personal) relations. In other words, a social role is "the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status". Modern society requires the individual to constantly change the model of behavior to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion in their works: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements have become widespread in modern society.

Irving Hoffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role instructions and passive adherence to them, but to the processes of active construction and maintenance of the “appearance” in the course of communication, to areas of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction , mistakes in the behavior of partners.

Types of social roles

The types of social roles are determined by the variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the individual is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are distinguished.

§ Social roles associated with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... Man and woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior, enshrined in social norms and customs.

§ Interpersonal Roles associated with interpersonal relationships that are regulated at an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer the group exists, the more familiar the dominant social roles of each member of the group become for others and the more difficult it is to change the stereotype of behavior familiar to others.

[edit] Characteristics of the social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

§ Scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.

§ By way of getting. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).

§ According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.

§ By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Role scale depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale. So, for example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationships is established between husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on a variety of feelings and emotions; on the other hand, relations are regulated by normative acts and in a certain sense are formal. The participants in this social interaction are interested in the most diverse aspects of each other's lives, their relationships are practically unlimited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly defined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case, purchases). Here the scope of the role is reduced to a narrow range of specific issues and is small.

How to get a role depends on how inevitable the given role is for the person. So, the roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are automatically determined by the age and sex of a person and do not require much effort to acquire them. There can only be a problem of matching one's role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even won in the course of a person's life and as a result of purposeful special efforts. For example, the role of a student, researcher, professor, etc. These are almost all roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of a social role is determined by the specifics of interpersonal relations of the bearer of this role. Some roles involve the establishment of only formal relations between people with strict regulation of the rules of conduct; others, on the contrary, are only informal; still others may combine both formal and informal relationships. Obviously, the relationship of a traffic police representative with a violator of traffic rules should be determined by formal rules, and relationships between close people should be determined by feelings. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal ones, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating another, shows sympathy or antipathy towards him. This happens when people interact for a while and the relationship becomes relatively stable.

Motivation depends on the needs and motives of the person. Different roles are due to different motives. Parents, caring for the welfare of their child, are guided primarily by a feeling of love and care; the leader works in the name of the cause, etc.

[edit] Role conflicts

Role conflicts arise when the duties of the role are not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (unwillingness, inability).

Motivation is divided into externally organized and internally organized (or, as Western psychologists write, external and internal). The first is connected with the influence on the formation of the motive of the action or act of other people by the subject (with the help of advice, suggestion, etc.). How this intervention will be perceived by the subject depends on the degree of his suggestibility, conformity and negativism.

Suggestibility- this is the tendency of the subject to uncritical (involuntary) compliance with the influences of other people, their advice, instructions, even if they contradict his own beliefs and interests.

This is an unconscious change in one's behavior under the influence of suggestion. Suggestible subjects are easily infected by the moods, attitudes and habits of other people. They are often imitative. Suggestibility depends both on the stable properties of a person - a high level of neuroticism, weakness of the nervous system (Yu. E. Ryzhkin, 1977), and on his situational states - anxiety, self-doubt, or emotional arousal.

Suggestibility is influenced by such personality traits as low self-esteem and a sense of inferiority, humility and devotion, an undeveloped sense of responsibility, timidity and shyness, gullibility, increased emotionality and impressionability, dreaminess, superstition and faith, a tendency to fantasize, unstable beliefs and uncritical thinking ( N. N. Obozov, 1997, etc.).

Increased suggestibility is typical for children, especially 10 years of age. This is explained by the fact that they still have poorly developed critical thinking, which reduces the degree of suggestibility. True, at the age of 5 and after 10, especially among older students, a decrease in suggestibility is noted (A.I. Zakharov (1998), see Fig. 9.1). By the way, the latter was noted in older adolescents at the end of the 19th century. A. Binet (1900) and A. Nechaev (1900).

The degree of suggestibility of women is higher than that of men (V. A. Petrik, 1977; L. Levenfeld, 1977).

Another stable characteristic of personality is conformity, the beginning of the study of which was laid by S. Asch (S. Asch, 1956).

Conformity- this is a person's tendency to voluntarily consciously (arbitrarily) change their expected reactions in order to get closer to the reaction of others due to the recognition of their greater rightness. At the same time, if the intention or social attitudes that a person had coincide with those of those around him, then there is no question of conformity.

The concept of "conformity" in Western psychological literature has many meanings. For example, R. Crutchfield (R. Crutchfield, 1967) speaks of "internal conformity", which is close to suggestibility by description.

Conformity is also called intragroup suggestion or suggestibility (note that some authors, for example, A. E. Lichko et al. (1970) do not equate suggestibility and conformity, noting the lack of dependence between them and the difference in the mechanisms of their manifestation). Other researchers distinguish two types of conformity: "acceptance", when the individual's views, attitudes, and corresponding behavior change, and "consent", when a person follows the group without sharing its opinion (in Russian science this is called conformism). If a person is inclined to constantly agree with the opinion of the group, he is a conformist; if he tends to disagree with the opinion imposed on him, then - to non-conformists (according to the data of foreign psychologists, about a third of people belong to the latter).

Distinguish between external and internal conformity. In the first case, a person returns to his former opinion as soon as the group pressure on him disappears. With internal conformity, he retains the accepted group opinion even after the pressure from outside has ceased.

The degree of subordination of a person to a group depends on many external (situational) and internal (personal) factors, which (mostly external) were systematized by A.P. Sopikov (1969). These include:

Age and sex differences: there are more conformists among children and young men than among adults (the maximum of conformity is noted at 12 years old, its noticeable decrease after 1-6 years of age); women are more susceptible to group pressure than men;

The difficulty of the problem being solved: the more difficult it is, the more the person submits to the group; the more complex the task and the more ambiguous the decisions made, the higher the conformity;

The status of a person in a group: the higher it is, the less this person shows conformity;

The nature of the group affiliation: the subject entered the group of his own free will or under duress; in the latter case, his psychological submission is often only superficial;

The attractiveness of the group for the individual: the subject lends itself more easily to the reference group;

Goals facing a person: if his group competes with another group, the conformity of the subject increases; if members of the group compete with each other, it decreases (the same is observed when defending a group or personal opinion);

The presence and effectiveness of a connection confirming the correctness or infidelity of a person's conforming actions: when an action is wrong, a person can return to his point of view.

With pronounced conformism, a person’s decisiveness increases when making a decision and forming intentions, but at the same time, the feeling of his individual responsibility for an act committed together with others weakens. This is especially noticeable in groups that are socially not mature enough.

Although the influence of situational factors often prevails over the role of individual differences, there are still people who are easily persuaded in any situation (S. Hovland, I. Janis, 1959; I. Janis, P. Field, 1956).

Such people have certain personality traits. It has been revealed, for example, that the most conforming children suffer from an "inferiority complex" and lack "ego strength" (Hartup, 1970). They tend to be more dependent and anxious than their peers and are sensitive to the opinions and hints of others. Children with such personality traits tend to constantly control their behavior and speech, that is, they have a high level of self-control. They care about how they look in the eyes of others, they often compare themselves with their peers.

According to F. Zimbardo (P. Zimbardo, 1977), shy people who have low self-esteem are easily persuaded. It is no coincidence, therefore, that a connection has been found between a person's low self-esteem and his easy susceptibility to persuasion from the outside (W. McGuiere, 1985). This happens due to the fact that they have little respect for their opinions and attitudes, therefore, they have a weakened motivation to defend their beliefs. They presume they are wrong.

R. Nurmi (R. Nurmi, 1970) cites data according to which rigidity and a weak nervous system are inherent in the conformal.

True, it should be borne in mind in what situation conformity manifests itself - in a normative or informational one. This may also affect her connections with other personality traits. In the information situation, there is a noticeable tendency to link conformity with extraversion (N. N. Obozov, 1997).

social role

Social role- a model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social, public and personal relations. A social role is not something outwardly associated with social status, but an expression in action of the agent's social position. In other words, a social role is "the behavior that is expected of a person holding a certain status".

History of the term

The concept of "social role" was proposed independently by American sociologists R. Linton and J. Mead in the 1930s, and the first interpreted the concept of "social role" as a unit of social structure, described in the form of a system of norms given to a person, the second - in terms of direct interaction between people, a “role-playing game”, during which, due to the fact that a person imagines himself in the role of another, social norms are assimilated and the social is formed in the individual. Linton's definition of "social role" as a "dynamic aspect of status" was entrenched in structural functionalism and was developed by T. Parsons, A. Radcliffe-Brown, R. Merton. Mead's ideas were developed in interactionist sociology and psychology. With all the differences, both of these approaches are united by the idea of a “social role” as a key point at which the individual and society merge, individual behavior turns into social, and the individual properties and inclinations of people are compared with the normative settings that exist in society, depending on what happens. selection of people for certain social roles. Of course, in reality, role expectations are never unambiguous. In addition, a person often finds himself in a situation of role conflict, when his different "social roles" turn out to be poorly compatible. Modern society requires the individual to constantly change the model of behavior to perform specific roles. In this regard, such neo-Marxists and neo-Freudians as T. Adorno, K. Horney and others made a paradoxical conclusion in their works: the “normal” personality of modern society is a neurotic. Moreover, role conflicts that arise in situations where an individual is required to simultaneously perform several roles with conflicting requirements have become widespread in modern society. Irving Hoffman, in his studies of interaction rituals, accepting and developing the basic theatrical metaphor, paid attention not so much to role instructions and passive adherence to them, but to the processes of active construction and maintenance of the “appearance” in the course of communication, to areas of uncertainty and ambiguity in interaction , mistakes in the behavior of partners.

Concept definition

social role- a dynamic characteristic of a social position, expressed in a set of behaviors that are consistent with social expectations (role expectations) and are set by special norms (social prescriptions) addressed from the corresponding group (or several groups) to the owner of a certain social position. The holders of a social position expect that the fulfillment of special prescriptions (norms) results in regular and therefore predictable behavior, on which the behavior of other people can be guided. Thanks to this, regular and continuously planned social interaction (communicative interaction) is possible.

Types of social roles

Characteristics of a social role

The main characteristics of the social role are highlighted by the American sociologist Talcott Parsons. He proposed the following four characteristics of any role:

Scale. Some roles may be strictly limited, while others may be blurred.
By way of getting. Roles are divided into prescribed and conquered (they are also called achieved).
According to the degree of formalization. Activities can proceed both within strictly established limits, and arbitrarily.
By type of motivation. The motivation can be personal profit, public good, etc.

Role conflicts

Role conflicts arise when the duties of the role are not fulfilled due to subjective reasons (unwillingness, inability).

Bibliography

"Games that people play" E. Bern

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Social role" is in other dictionaries:

A normatively approved, relatively stable pattern of behavior (including actions, thoughts and feelings) reproduced by an individual depending on social status or position in society. The concept of "role" was introduced independently of each other ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

A stereotypical model of human behavior, objectively set by the social position of the individual in the system of social or personal relations. The role is defined by: title; the position of the individual; the function performed in the system of social relations; and… … Glossary of business terms

social role- socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis švietimas apibrėžtis Žmogaus elgesio būdų visuma, būdinga kuriai nors veiklos sričiai. Visuomeninis individo statusas (užimama vieta, pareigos ir atsakomybė) sukelia lūkestį, kad vaidmuo bus atliktas pagal… … Enciklopedinis edukologijos žodynas

social role- socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Laikymasis normų, nustatančių, kaip turi elgtis tam tikros socialinės padėties žmogus. atitikmenys: engl. social role mode vok. sociale Rolle, f rus. Role; social role … Sporto terminų žodynas

social role- socialinis vaidmuo statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Socialinio elgesio modelis, tam tikras elgesio pavyzdys, kurio tikimasi iš atitinkamą socialinę padėtį užimančio žmogaus. atitikmenys: engl. social role mode vok. soziale… … Sporto terminų žodynas

social role- (see Social role) ... human ecology

social role- A normatively approved by society image of behavior expected from everyone occupying a given social position. Social roles typical for a given society are acquired by a person in the process of his socialization. S.r. directly related to... Dictionary of sociolinguistic terms

Ticket 8. The concept of social status. social role

The social status of a person- this is the social position that he occupies in the structure of society, the place that the individual occupies among other individuals.

Each person simultaneously has several social statuses in different social groups.

Types of social status:

natural status. Invariable, as a rule, the status received at birth: gender, race, nationality, belonging to a class or estate.

acquired status. The position in society achieved by the person himself. What a person achieves in the course of his life with the help of knowledge, skills and abilities: profession, position, title.

prescribed status. The status that a person acquires regardless of his desire (age, status in the family), it can change over the course of life.

The totality of all the statuses of a person that he possesses at the moment is called status set.

Natural status of the individual- essential and relatively stable characteristics of a person: a man, a woman, a child, a young man, an old man, etc.

Professional and official status is a social indicator that captures the social, economic and industrial position of a person in society. (engineer, chief technologist, shop manager, personnel manager, etc.)

social role is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform.

Moreover, each status involves the performance of not one, but several roles. The set of roles, the fulfillment of which is prescribed by one status, is called role set.

The systematization of social roles was first developed by Parsons, who identified five grounds for classifying a particular role:

1. Emotionality. Some roles (for example, nurse, doctor, or police officer) require emotional restraint in situations that are usually accompanied by a violent manifestation of feelings (we are talking about illness, suffering, death).

2. Receipt method. How to get a role:

prescribed (roles of a man and a woman, a young man, an old man, a child, etc.);

achieved (the role of a schoolchild, student, worker, employee, husband or wife, father or mother, etc.).

3. Scale. By the scale of the role (that is, by the range of possible actions):

wide (the roles of husband and wife imply a huge number of actions and diverse behavior);

narrow (the roles of the seller and the buyer: gave money, received goods and change, said “thank you”).

4. Formalization. By the level of formalization (formality):

formal (based on legal or administrative norms: police officer, civil servant, official);

informal (arising spontaneously: the role of a friend, "the soul of the company", a merry fellow).

5. Motivation. By motivation (according to the needs and interests of the individual):

economic (the role of the entrepreneur);

political (mayor, minister);

personal (husband, wife, friend);

spiritual (mentor, educator);

religious (preacher);

There are usually four elements in the normal structure of a social role:

1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanctions - the social consequences of a particular action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions by their nature can be moral, implemented directly by the social group through its behavior (contempt), or legal, political, environmental.

One and the same person performs many roles that may contradict each other, which leads to a role conflict.

Socio-role conflict - it is a contradiction either between the normative structures of social roles or between the structural elements of a social role.

The concept of a social role is closely connected with the function that a person performs in society, with his rights and obligations to others. Social science throughout its existence has been enriched by several definitions. Some correlate this concept with the social position, which brings it closer to the status. Others suggest that this is expected behavior.

Let's give examples of social roles, so it will be easier to understand what exactly we are talking about. Let's say there is a school. Who is in it? Teacher, students, director. In the public understanding, a teacher should know his subject well, be able to explain it, prepare for each lesson, and be demanding. He has certain tasks, and he performs his function. And how well he does it depends on the social status and social role of the individual.

At the same time, the teacher can be more demanding, tough or soft, good-natured. Some limit themselves exclusively to teaching their subject, others begin to participate more actively in the lives of their wards. Someone accepts gifts from parents, others - absolutely not. All these are shades of the same role.

What is meant by social role?

Social roles are necessary for society because they allow us to interact with a large number of people without receiving a huge amount of information about who they are. When we see a doctor, a postman, a policeman in front of us, we have certain expectations. And when they are justified, it contributes to order.

At the same time, the same person can have a large number of different roles: in the family - a father, a husband, in a friendly company - a shirt-guy, at work - the head of the security department, etc. Moreover, the more an individual has the opportunity to switch, the his life is richer and more varied.

The variety of social roles is especially noticeable in adolescence, when a person is trying to understand what is close to him. He can figure out for a long time how they are connected with each other, with status, prestige, with the reaction of society, with family comfort, etc. As the teenager develops a more mature and distinct awareness of what he needs he starts to grow up.

And at the same time, in adolescence, there is a transition from one role to another. And in a certain interval, it seems to freeze on the edge. A teenager manages to get out of the state of a child, but not yet fully enter the life of an adult. That is often perceived rather negatively.

Theory of social roles

A well-known researcher in sociology, the American Merton was the first to draw attention to the fact that any social status implies not one, but a whole set of social roles. This formed the basis of the corresponding theory.

Now in science such a set is called a role set. It is believed that the richer it is, the better for the realization of the person himself. But if that person has a small number of roles or only one, then in this case we are talking about pathology. Or, at least, about strong isolation from society.

How is a role set different from a set of roles? The fact that the first refers to only one social status. But the second is more disjointed. In general, sociological focus groups are still conducting research on how a change in one position affects the status in the family, how much, why.

Scientists are now actively checking whether the following judgments are correct: the social role of a man at work does not affect his position in the family in any way. As you might guess, the responses received are also carefully analyzed to understand the reasons.

Types of social roles

So, what types of social roles are there in general? There is a division associated with views. This is the expected role, that is, what they have tuned in to in the family, at work, etc. The second type is the subjective social role of the individual. Roughly speaking, what everyone expects from himself is internal attitudes. And, finally, the role played, a description of what happened.

However, the classification of social roles is not limited to this. They are divided into prescribed (woman, daughter, Russian) and achieved (student, lawyer, professor). There are also types of social formal and informal roles. In the first case, everything is strictly regulated: a military man, an official, a judge. In the second - the soul of the company, the lone wolf, the best friend - a lot of unspoken, and often arises spontaneously.

It should be borne in mind that each role is influenced by the social attitude and how the carrier understands the tasks assigned to him. A seller in the UK and in Iran on the market are two big differences.

The concept of social role in development

Keep in mind that a lot of things are changing quite actively today. Thus, the social role of women in modern society in the family, at work, etc. has become completely different compared to what it was 100 years ago. And the same applies to men, teenagers, representatives of various groups. What today is considered to be permitted behavior options, even a few decades ago, could have severely offended others.

Why is it important to track this trend? To understand what kind of world we live in, where we are moving, what types of social roles we will have to deal with in the future. Scientists are already collecting opinions, for example, whether the following judgments are correct: marriage as an institution has outlived its usefulness, children cannot be physically punished, animals have the right to criminal protection from violence.

What do these trends show? Analyzing the opinion of many, you can see the needs of society. And to understand exactly where we will come, because the existing social demand will be satisfied sooner or later. In the present, social scientists state the growing importance of law in the life of the majority.

For example, many newlyweds, filling out the questionnaire, whether the following judgments are correct, indicated that they really signed a marriage contract. What even 15 years ago seemed like a shocking detail from the world of oligarchs has now touched the representatives of the middle class.

Varieties of social statuses

Since the issue of social role is very closely related to status, it is necessary at least briefly to deal with this concept. And are the following judgments correct: are role and status the same thing or are they very close concepts? As you will see shortly, there are different concepts.

So, they consider the personal status, the one that a person receives in the primary group, and the social one, he acquires it later, achieving something with his mind, behavior, work. Sociologists also distinguish the main, basic status, with which many people associate themselves in the first place, and temporary, secondary ones. They occur for short periods of time.

It should be noted that the roles and statuses in society are unequal to each other. There is a certain hierarchy, determined by the value system and the significance of the owner of a particular status, how important he is for society, how much and what he can influence.

All this is directly related to the issue of prestige. And the more important this or that status is, the harder a person tries to perform a certain role, as a rule.

The social role is interpreted as an expectation, activity, representation, stereotype, social function, set of norms, etc.

In addition, there are two main role characteristics(aspect):

1) role expectation- what is expected of me

2) role performance- what I will actually perform.

A certain consistency of role expectation with role performance serves as a guarantee of optimal social interaction.

Types of social roles determined by the variability of social groups, types of activities and relationships in which the individual is included.

Classification of social roles according to Gerhard:

1. Status - changeable with the greatest difficulty, prescribed to us from birth.

Man Woman

age roles

The role of a citizen of one's country

2. Positional - are determined by the professional and qualification division of labor in society. (Physicists, chemists, journalists; senior and junior researchers; professors, categories of actors). More defined than status. Status, in turn, are superimposed on positional.

3. Situational - performed in a given situation. Pedestrian, shopper, etc. More degrees of freedom. The difference in their number can lead to conflict.

Classification of positional roles at work according to Brown:

1. Landmark.

2. Approver, emotional leader.

3. Unique roles due to the characteristics of the person. For example, a scapegoat.

T. Parsons. Approach to the problem of social roles. Characteristics of social role analysis:

1. Emotionality (the doctor and the cemetery attendant must be restrained).

2. Method of obtaining (methods are achieved (student) and prescribed).

3. Scale (optician, salesperson or friend, parent).

4. Formalization. Formalized roles contain a specific structure of actions. Librarian and friend - behavior regarding a borrowed book.

5. Motivation. The motive is always there, but we are not always aware of it.

T. Shibutani. Classification of social roles:

1. Conventional. People agree on the rules for their implementation (teacher and student).

2. Interpersonal. Informal, personalized. How to behave with this or that person.

Depending on social relations, there are social and interpersonal social roles.

Social roles are connected with social status, profession or type of activity (teacher, pupil, student, seller). In interactionist concepts, such roles are called conventional(convention - agreement). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who fills these roles. Allocate socio-demographic roles: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson... A man and a woman are also social roles (gender roles), biologically predetermined and involving specific ways of behavior.

Interpersonal roles are connected with interpersonal relationships that are regulated on an emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, family idol, loved one, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relations, each person acts in some dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image familiar to others. It is extremely difficult to change the habitual image both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him.

According to the degree of manifestation, they are distinguished active and latent roles.

Active roles are conditioned a specific social situation and are performed at a given time (teacher in the lesson).

Latent rollers manifest themselves in the actual situation, although the subject is potentially the bearer of this role (teacher at home).

Each of us is the carrier of a large number of latent social roles.

According to the way of assimilation, the roles are divided into:

prescribed(Determined by age, gender, nationality).

Acquired(which the subject learns in the process of socialization).

Highlighted the main characteristics of the social role American sociologist T. Parsons. These include:

- scale;

- method of obtaining;

- emotionality;

- formalization;

- motivation.

Scale roles depends on the range of interpersonal relationships. The larger the range, the larger the scale (for example, the social roles of the spouses are very large scale, the seller - the buyer: the interaction is carried out on a specific occasion - purchases - the scale is small).

How to get a role depends on how inevitable the given role is for the person.

The roles of a young man, an old man, a man, a woman are determined and do not require much effort to acquire them. Other roles are achieved in the process of a person's life and as a result of purposeful efforts: student, academician, writer, etc.

Emotion level: each role carries certain possibilities for the emotional manifestation of its subject.

There are roles that prescribe emotional restraint and control: investigator, surgeon, and so on. Conversely, actors are required to be more emotional.

(traffic inspector to the violator only formal).

There is no doubt that the influence of the social role on the development of the individual is quite large. The development of personality is facilitated by its interaction with persons playing a number of roles, as well as its participation in the largest possible role repertoire. The more social roles an individual is able to play, the more adapted to life he is. Thus, the process of personality development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

(additional information, off the record)

Learning a new role can go a long way in changing a person. In psychotherapy, there is even an appropriate method of behavior correction - imagotherapy (imago - image). The patient is offered to enter into a new image, to play a role as in a performance. At the same time, the function of responsibility is not borne by the person himself, but by his role, which sets new pattern behaviors. A person is forced to act differently, based on a new role. At the origins of imagotherapy is the method of psychodrama D. Moreno. He treated people for neurosis, giving them the opportunity to play those roles that they would like to, but could not play in life.

12. Social expectations of personality

EXPECTATIONS - a social psychology term used to denote the expectation of something in interpersonal relationships, for example, the assessment of an individual's actions by other people

Expectations are essentially determined by the individual characteristics of the individual, the objective activity and organizational structure of the group, group norms, standards of the totality of socio-psychological expectations, being internally accepted by the individual, form part of its value orientations.

Interpersonal communication gives psychological meaning to expectation - expectation acts as a motive for human behavior

Expectations play a regulatory role in the student group: on the one hand, they provide adaptation, adaptation of the student to his fellow students, and on the other hand, public opinion, the standards of behavior accepted in the student environment, through expectation, they appropriately project the consciousness and actions of each member of the student group, contribute to adaptation groups to individuals.