Creativity Griboyedov briefly hardly be able to describe, because this man wrote more than one fascinating and interesting work. A. S. Griboedov was even at some time called the smartest person.
But most of all, he was remembered by people after writing his humorous comedy "Woe from Wit".
His life was filled with pleasant and positive emotions. Whatever he took on, he did well.
Features of Griboyedov's work
He began to write while studying at Moscow University, but his works were not presented to the public. At that time he regularly issued correspondence. Most of Griboedov's works were written in the comedy genre.
One of the distinguishing moments of creativity can be called the fact that Alexander Sergeevich completely abandoned romanticism, according to which his predecessors were fans. He liked realism. After his main comedy, Griboedov did not manage to finish a single work, although he had many plans for his future.
In general, his personality and literary destiny is unique, he remained in the memory of the people as the author of one large-scale work. All those works that were written by Griboyedov could not be compared with a comedy.
Other comedies of Griboyedov include the following:
- feigned infidelity
- young spouses
- Student
- married bride
- Your family.
Generalization of Griboedov's work
"Woe from Wit" is a unique work where the writer was able to show himself as an individual. If all his works did not differ in the least from the works of other writers, then this cannot be said about Griboedov's main comedy. That is why this work can be called one of the last. Here he destroyed my idea of classical comedy and wrote as he saw fit, without listening to anyone.
Despite the fact that after the release of the comedy she collected a lot of criticism, this work is one of the most successful among those that were created in the nineteenth century. In Woe from Wit, two generations collide, and Griboyedov truthfully describes how people of different times lived. He selects words that can correctly describe the state of the characters and the author himself. On this comedy you can see how the world is moving from classicism to realism.
The phrases that Griboedov's heroes uttered have found application in the modern world. Pushkin still spoke about this after reading the comedy, and indeed they have long become popular expressions. All comedies, with the exception of "Woe from Wit", were written according to the rules, and maybe that's why they turned out to be not so exciting and exciting.
In his works, he described such moments:
- love affairs
- The poverty of the people
- Life of the nobles of the nineteenth century.
This is the characteristic of a great poet, to whom many exciting works belong.
Biography and episodes of life Alexandra Griboyedov. When born and died Alexander Griboedov, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. playwright quotes, images and videos.
Years of life of Alexander Griboyedov:
born January 4, 1795, died January 30, 1829
Epitaph
“Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”
The inscription made by the wife of A. Griboyedov on his tombstone
Biography
Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov left a mark in Russian literature as the author of one work - the famous play "Woe from Wit". Everything he wrote before this thing was still youthfully immature, and the author did not have time to finish what he wrote after. Meanwhile, Griboyedov was a man of brilliant mind and versatile talents: he composed music, played the piano beautifully, wrote critical articles and essays, and advanced in the diplomatic service. Perhaps, if his life had not ended so tragically, today Griboyedov's descendants would have inherited a much more extensive legacy.
Griboedov was born in Moscow, into a wealthy family, and from childhood he was distinguished by a lively and sharp mind and learning abilities. At the age of 6, Griboyedov was fluent in three foreign languages, and later learned three more.
After graduating from the university, Griboyedov gave some time to military service, but soon left it for the sake of writing exercises, life in the capital and, subsequently, a diplomatic career. Griboedov was sent to the east, then to the Caucasus, learned four more languages and continued to work on translations, poems and things in prose.
There, in Tiflis, Griboyedov married a beautiful and noble girl, Princess Nina Chavchavadze. Alas, the young managed to live together for only a few months.
Griboedov's death in the prime of his life was sudden and tragic. A mob of religious fanatics destroyed the Russian embassy in Tehran and killed everyone who was there. Griboyedov's body was so mutilated that he could only be identified by the trace of a duel wound on his arm.
Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis, near the Church of St. David on the slope of Mount Mtatsminda. On the centenary of his death in 1929, a pantheon was opened at the burial place of the playwright and his wife, where the remains of many prominent public figures of Georgia rested.
life line
January 4, 1795 Date of birth of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov.
1803 Admission to the Moscow University noble boarding school.
1805 Work on the first poems.
1806 Admission to the verbal department of Moscow University.
1808 Obtaining the title of candidate of verbal sciences, continuing education in the moral and political, and then in the physics and mathematics departments.
1812 Entry into the Volunteer Moscow Hussar Regiment of Count Saltykov.
1814 The first literary experiences (articles, essays, translations) while serving as a cornet.
1815 Moving to Petersburg. Publication of the comedy "The Young Spouses".
1816 Retirement from military service. Entry into the Masonic lodge. The appearance of the idea of comedy in the verses "Woe from Wit".
1817 Entering the diplomatic service (provincial secretary, later - translator of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs).
1818 Appointment to the position of secretary in Tehran (in Persia).
1821 Transfer to Georgia.
1822 Appointment to the post of secretary under General Yermolov, commander of the Russian army in Tiflis.
1823 Return to the homeland, life in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
1824 Completion of the comedy "Woe from Wit".
1825 Return to the Caucasus.
1826 Arrest on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists, investigation in St. Petersburg, release and return to Tiflis.
1828 Appointment as resident minister in Iran, marriage to Princess Nina Chavchavadze.
January 30, 1829 Date of death of Alexander Griboyedov.
June 18, 1829 The funeral of Griboyedov in Tiflis, near the church of St. David.
Memorable places
1. House number 17 on Novinsky Boulevard in Moscow, where Griboyedov was born and raised (a replica of the original building).
2. Moscow University, where Griboyedov studied.
3. House No. 104 (Valkha apartment building) on nab. Griboyedov Canal (formerly the Catherine Canal) in St. Petersburg, where the playwright lived in 1816-1818.
4. House number 25 on Kirov Ave. (former hotel "Afinskaya") in Simferopol, where Griboedov lived in 1825.
5. House number 22 on the street. Chubinashvili in Tbilisi (formerly Tiflis), now the house-museum of Ilya Chavchavadze, where the wedding of his granddaughter Nina and Griboyedov took place.
6. Pantheon Mtatsminda in Tbilisi, where Griboyedov is buried.
Episodes of life
In 1817, the famous quadruple duel took place with the participation of Griboyedov, the cause of which was the famous ballerina Istomina. Griboyedov and his opponent Yakubovich fired a year later than the first pair of duelists, and in this duel Griboedov was wounded in the arm.
The famous E-minor waltz written by Griboedov is considered the first Russian waltz whose score has survived to this day.
By the time of her wedding with Griboyedov, Nina Chavchavadze was only 15 years old, but after the death of her husband, she remained faithful to him and mourned him until her own death at the age of 45, rejecting all courtship. Loyalty to her deceased husband earned his widow respect and fame among the people of Tiflis.
Testaments
"Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world."
"Happy hours are not observed."
"The pleasure of life is not the goal,
Our life is not a consolation."
Two waltzes by A. Griboyedov
condolences
“I never happened in my life to see in any nation a person who would so ardently, so passionately love his fatherland, as Griboyedov loved Russia.”
Faddey Bulgarin, writer and critic
“The blood of the heart always played on his face. No one will boast of his flattery; no one dares to say that he heard a lie from him. He could deceive himself, but never deceive.
Alexander Bestuzhev, writer and critic
“There is something wild in Griboedov, de farouche, de sauvage, in self-esteem: it rears up at the slightest irritation, but he is smart, fiery, it is always fun to be with him”
Pyotr Vyazemsky, poet and critic
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Name:
Date of Birth: January 15, 1795
Place of Birth: Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death: February 11, 1829
A place of death: Tehran, Persia
Biography of Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich
Alexander Griboedov is known only for one of his plays "Woe from Wit", but he was also an excellent playwright, musician and poet. The comedy "Woe from Wit" is still very popular in the theaters of Russia, and many statements from it have become winged.
Griboedov was born into a very wealthy family and is a descendant of an old noble family. Parents took the education of the boy very seriously, who from an early age showed many of his 
versatile talents. He received excellent home education and training. This greatly influenced his future life.
In 1803, the future writer entered the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. At only 11 years old, Griboyedov began to study at Moscow University in the verbal department. At the age of 13, he received a Ph.D. in verbal sciences. Also, he enters and finishes the other two departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical.
Griboyedov was very versatile and educated, and this is what distinguished him from his contemporaries. He spoke more than ten foreign languages, showed himself as a talented specialist in writing and music.
Griboyedov volunteered in 1812 during World War II. However, he was in the reserve regiment, so he never took part in combat battles. At this time, he first tries to write and creates the comedy "The Young Spouses".
In 1816, Griboyedov went to live in St. Petersburg, where he began working in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, actively mastered and actively developed in the field of literature, and constantly visited theatrical and literary circles. It was here that he managed to get acquainted with Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. He tries himself as a playwright and writes the comedies "His Family" and "Student".
In 1818, the fate of Alexander Griboedov changed dramatically, as he was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran. This was a punishment to the writer for participating in a duel as a second, which ended in the death of one of the duelists. The young novice writer missed his native places very much, it was very hard for him to be in a foreign land.
Then, in 1822, he traveled to Georgia, to the city of Tiflis (today Tbilisi), where he wrote the first two parts of his great comedy Woe from Wit. In 1823, Griboyedov returned to his homeland in connection with a vacation, and there he wrote the third and fourth parts. Already in 1824 in St. Petersburg the play was completed. Nobody published it, as it was prohibited by the supervision. Pushkin read the comedy and declared that it was very well written.
Griboedov wanted to travel around Europe, but he had to urgently return to service in Tiflis in 1825. In 1826 he was arrested because of the Decembrist case. Many 
about once his name was heard during interrogations, however, due to insufficient evidence, the writer was released.
Griboyedov played an important role in the signing of the Turkmanchay peace treaty in 1828, as he delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. At the same time, he received a new title - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. He believed that all plans for the development of the literary sphere were collapsing because of this.
Griboedov returns to Tiflis, where he marries Nina Chavchavadze, who is only 16 years old. Then they travel together to Persia. There were organizations in the country that were against the peace treaty and that believed that Russia had too much influence on their country. On January 30, 1829, a brutal mob attacked the Russian embassy in Tehran, and Alexander Griboyedov fell victim to it. He was so badly disfigured that the writer was recognized only by the scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount St. David.
Documentary
Your attention is a documentary film, a biography of Griboedov Alexander Sergeevich.
Bibliography Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich
Dramaturgy
year unknown
1812 (plan and scene from drama)
1824
Woe from Wit (comedy in four acts in verse)
1826 or 1827
Georgian night (excerpts from the tragedy)
not earlier than 1825
Dialogue of Polovtsian husbands (excerpt)
1823
Who is brother, who is sister, or deception after deception (new vaudeville opera in 1 act)
1814
Young Spouses (comedy in one act, in verse)
1818
Feigned Infidelity (comedy in one act in verse)
1818
Interlude test (interlude in one act)
year unknown
Rodamist and Zenobia (the plan of the tragedy)
1817
Your family, or a married bride (an excerpt from a comedy)
1825
Serchak and Itlyar
1817
Student (comedy in three acts, written together with P. A. Katenin)
1823
The youth of the prophetic (sketch)
The beginning of the creative biography of Griboyedov
The famous Russian playwright, author of Woe from Wit, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 4, 1795 (the year of birth, however, is debatable) into a Moscow noble family. His father, a retired second-major Sergei Ivanovich, a man of little education and modest origin, rarely visited the family, preferring to live in the countryside or indulge in a card game that drained his funds. Mother, Nastasya Fedorovna, who came from a different branch of the Griboyedovs, richer and nobler, was a domineering, impulsive woman, known in Moscow for her intelligence and harshness of tone. She loved her son and daughter, Maria Sergeevna (two years younger than her brother), surrounded them with all kinds of cares, gave them an excellent home education.
Portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Artist I. Kramskoy, 1875
Maria Sergeevna was famous in Moscow and far beyond its borders as a pianist (she also played the harp beautifully). Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov spoke French, German, English and Italian from childhood and played the piano perfectly. Prominent teachers were chosen as his educators: first Petrozilius, the compiler of the catalogs of the library of Moscow University, later Bogdan Ivanovich Ion, a pupil of Goettingen University, then he studied in Moscow and was the first to receive a doctorate in law at Kazan University. Griboyedov's further upbringing and education, at home, school and university, went under the general guidance of the well-known professor of philosopher and philologist I. T. Bule. From early childhood, the poet moved in a very cultural environment; together with his mother and sister, he often spent the summer with his wealthy uncle, Alexei Fedorovich Griboedov, at the famous Khmelity estate in the Smolensk province, where he could meet with the families of the Yakushkins, Pestels and other later public figures. In Moscow, the Griboedovs were related by family ties to the Odoevskys, Paskeviches, Rimsky-Korsakovs, Naryshkins and were familiar with a huge circle of the capital's nobility.
In 1802 or 1803, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov entered the Moscow university noble boarding school; On December 22, 1803, he received "one prize" there at a "lesser age". Three years later, on January 30, 1806, Griboyedov was admitted to Moscow University at the age of about eleven. On June 3, 1808, he was already promoted to candidate of verbal sciences and continued his education at the Faculty of Law; June 15, 1810 received the degree of Candidate of Laws. Later, he still studied mathematics and natural sciences, and in 1812 he was already "ready for the test for admission to the rank of doctor." Patriotism attracted the poet to military service, and the field of science was abandoned forever.
On July 26, 1812, Griboedov was enrolled as a cornet in the Moscow hussar regiment of Count P. I. Saltykov. However, the regiment did not get into the active army; all autumn and December 1812 he stood in the Kazan province; in December, Count Saltykov died, and the Moscow regiment was attached to the Irkutsk hussar regiment as part of the cavalry reserves under the command of General Kologrivov. For some time in 1813, Griboyedov lived on vacation in Vladimir, then came to the service and ended up as adjutant to Kologrivov himself. In this rank, he took part in the recruitment of reserves in Belarus, about which he published an article in Vestnik Evropy in 1814. In Belarus, Griboyedov became friends - for life - with Stepan Nikitich Begichev, also Kologrivov's adjutant.
Having not been in a single battle and bored with service in the provinces, Griboyedov submitted a letter of resignation on December 20, 1815 "to determine the state affairs"; On March 20, 1816, he received it, and on June 9, 1817, he was accepted into the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs, where he was listed along with Pushkin and Kuchelbecker. He arrived in St. Petersburg as early as 1815, and here he quickly entered social, literary and theatrical circles. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov moved among the members of the emerging secret organizations, participated in two Masonic lodges (“United Friends” and “Good”), got acquainted with many writers, for example, Grechem, Khmelnitsky, Katenin, actors and actresses, for example, Sosnitsky, Semyonovs, Valberkhovs and others. Soon Griboyedov also appeared in journalism (with the epigram "From Apollo" and anti-criticism against N. I. Gnedich in defense of Katenin), and in dramatic literature - with the plays The Young Spouses (1815), The Own Family (1817; in collaboration with Shakhovsky and Khmelnitsky), Feigned Infidelity (1818), Intermedia Test (1818).
Theatrical hobbies and intrigues involved Griboyedov in a difficult story. Because of the dancer Istomina, a quarrel arose and then a duel between V. A. Sheremetev and gr. A.P. Zavadovsky, which ended in the death of Sheremetev. Griboedov was closely involved in this case, he was even accused as an instigator, and A.I. Yakubovich, a friend of Sheremetev, challenged him to a duel, which did not take place then only because Yakubovich was exiled to the Caucasus. Sheremetev's death had a strong effect on Griboyedov; He wrote to Begichev that "a terrible longing came over him, he constantly sees Sheremetev before his eyes, and his stay in St. Petersburg became unbearable for him."
Griboyedov in the Caucasus
It happened that around the same time, Griboyedov's mother's funds were greatly shaken, and he had to seriously think about the service. At the beginning of 1818, a Russian representation was organized at the Persian court in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. S. I. Mazarovich was appointed Russian attorney under the Shah, Griboedov was appointed secretary under him, and Amburger was appointed clerk. At first, Griboedov hesitated and refused, but then he accepted the appointment. Immediately, with his characteristic energy, he began to study Persian and Arabic with prof. Demange and sat down to study literature about the East. At the very end of August 1818, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov left Petersburg; on the way, he stopped by Moscow to say goodbye to his mother and sister.
Griboyedov and Amburger arrived in Tiflis on October 21st, and here Yakubovich immediately again challenged Griboedov to a duel. It took place on the morning of the 23rd; the seconds were Amburger and H. H. Muraviev, a famous Caucasian figure. Yakubovich fired first and wounded Griboyedov in the left hand; then Griboyedov fired and missed. Opponents immediately reconciled; Griboyedov's duel went off safely, but Yakubovich was expelled from the city. The diplomatic mission stayed in Tiflis until the end of January 1819, and during this time Griboedov became very close to A.P. Yermolov. Conversations with the "Proconsul of the Caucasus" left a deep impression in Griboyedov's soul, and Yermolov himself fell in love with the poet.
In mid-February, Mazarovich and his retinue were already in Tabriz, the residence of the heir to the throne, Abbas Mirza. Here Griboyedov first met the British diplomatic mission, with whom he was always on friendly terms. Around March 8, the Russian mission arrived in Tehran and was solemnly received by Feth Ali Shah. In August of the same 1819, she returned to Tabriz, her permanent residence. Here Griboyedov continued his studies in oriental languages and history, and here for the first time he laid down on paper the first plans for Woe from Wit. According to the Gulistan Treaty of 1813, the Russian mission had the right to demand from the Persian government the return to Russia of Russian soldiers - prisoners and deserters who served in the Persian troops. Griboyedov warmly took up this matter, found up to 70 such soldiers (Sarbaz) and decided to bring them to Russian borders. The Persians were embittered about this, in every possible way prevented Griboedov, but he insisted on his own and in the fall of 1819 led his detachment to Tiflis. Yermolov greeted him kindly and presented him for an award.
In Tiflis, Griboyedov spent Christmas time and on January 10, 1820, set off on his return journey. Having visited Etchmiadzin on the way, he established friendly relations with the Armenian clergy there; in early February he returned to Tabriz. At the end of 1821, a war broke out between Persia and Turkey. Griboedov was sent by Mazarovich to Yermolov with a report on Persian affairs, and on the way he broke his arm. Referring to the need for prolonged treatment in Tiflis, he asked his ministry through Yermolov to appoint him under Alexei Petrovich as secretary for foreign affairs, and the request was respected. From November 1821 to February 1823, Griboyedov lived in Tiflis, often traveling with Yermolov around the Caucasus. With H. H. Muravyov, Griboyedov studied oriental languages, and shared his poetic experiences with V. K. Kuchelbeker, who arrived in Tiflis in December 1821 and lived until May 1822. The poet read Woe from Wit to him, scene after scene, as they gradually built up.
Griboyedov's return to Russia
After Kuchelbecker left for Russia, Griboedov became very homesick for his homeland and, through Yermolov, applied for a vacation to Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the end of March 1823, he was already in Moscow, in his own family. Here he met with S. N. Begichev and read to him the first two acts of Woe from Wit, written in the Caucasus. The second two acts were written in the summer of 1823 on the estate of Begichev, in the Tula province, where a friend invited Griboedov to stay. In September, Griboedov returned to Moscow with Begichev and lived in his house until the next summer. Here he continued to work on the text of the comedy, but already read it in literary circles. Together with the book P. A. Vyazemsky Griboedov wrote the vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or deception after deception”, with music by A. N. Verstovsky.
From Moscow, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov moved to St. Petersburg (at the beginning of June 1824) in order to achieve censorship permission for Woe from Wit. In the northern capital, Griboedov received a brilliant reception. He met here with ministers Lansky and Shishkov, a member of the State Council, Count Mordvinov, Governor General Earl Miloradovich, Paskevich, was introduced to Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich. In literary and artistic circles, he read his comedy, and soon the author and the play became the center of everyone's attention. It was not possible to carry out the play on the stage, despite influential connections and efforts. The censors let only excerpts go to print (7-10 events of the first act and the third act, with large cuts). But when they appeared in the almanac F. V. Bulgarina"Russian Thalia for 1825", this caused a whole stream of critical articles in St. Petersburg and Moscow magazines.
The bright success of the comedy brought Griboyedov much joy; this was also joined by a passion for the dancer Teleshova. But in general the poet was gloomy; he was visited by fits of melancholy, and then everything seemed to him in a gloomy light. To get rid of this mood, Griboedov decided to go on a trip. It was impossible, as he thought at first, to go abroad: the official leave was already overdue; then Griboedov went to Kyiv and the Crimea to return to the Caucasus from there. At the end of May 1825, Griboyedov arrived in Kyiv. Here he eagerly studied antiquities and admired nature; from acquaintances met with members of the secret Decembrist society: Prince Trubetskoy, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Sergey and Artamon Muravyov. Among them, the idea arose to involve Griboyedov in a secret society, but the poet was then too far from political interests and hobbies. After Kyiv, Griboyedov went to the Crimea. Within three months he traveled all over the peninsula, enjoyed the beauty of the valleys and mountains and studied historical monuments.
Griboyedov and the Decembrists
The gloomy mood, however, did not leave him. At the end of September, Griboedov traveled through Kerch and Taman to the Caucasus. Here he joined the detachment of Gen. Velyaminov. In the fortification of the Stone Bridge, on the Malka River, he wrote the poem "Predators on Chegem", inspired by the recent attack of the highlanders on the village of Soldiers. By the end of January 1826, Yermolov, Velyaminov, Griboyedov, Mazarovich gathered from different parts of the Grozny fortress (now Grozny). Here Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was arrested. In the commission of inquiry on the case of the Decembrists, Prince. Trubetskoy testified on December 23: “I know from the words Ryleeva that he received Griboedov, who is with General Yermolov”; then book. Obolensky named him on the list of members of the secret society. Uklonsky, a courier, was sent for Griboyedov; he arrived in Groznaya on January 22 and presented Yermolov with an order for the arrest of Griboyedov. It is said that Yermolov warned Griboedov so that he could destroy some of the papers in time.
On January 23, Uklonsky and Griboedov left Grozny, on February 7 or 8 they were in Moscow, where Griboedov managed to see Begichev (they tried to hide the arrest from his mother). On February 11, Griboyedov was already sitting in the guardhouse of the General Staff in St. Petersburg, together with Zavalishin, the Raevsky brothers and others. Both at the preliminary interrogation by General Levashov, and later at the Investigative Commission, Griboedov resolutely denied belonging to a secret society and even assured that he knew absolutely nothing about the plans of the Decembrists. Ryleev's testimony, A. A. Bestuzheva, Pestel and others were in favor of the poet, and the commission decided to release him. On June 4, 1826, Griboyedov was released from arrest, then he received a "cleansing certificate" and running money (for returning to Georgia) and was promoted to court advisers.
Thoughts about the fate of the motherland also constantly worried Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. During the investigation, he denied belonging to secret societies, and indeed, knowing him, it is difficult to admit this. But he was close to many of the most prominent Decembrists, no doubt, he knew perfectly well the organization of secret societies, their composition, action plans and projects of state reforms. Ryleev testified during the investigation: “I had several general conversations with Griboyedov about the situation in Russia and gave him hints about the existence of a society aimed at changing the form of government in Russia and introducing a constitutional monarchy”; Bestuzhev wrote the same thing, and Griboedov himself said about the Decembrists: “in their conversations I often saw bold judgments about the government, in which I myself took part: I condemned what seemed harmful, and wished for the best.” Griboyedov spoke out for freedom of printing, for a public court, against administrative arbitrariness, abuses of serfdom, reactionary measures in the field of education, and in such views he coincided with the Decembrists. But it is difficult to say how far these coincidences went, and we do not know exactly how Aleksandr Sergeevich Griboedov felt about the constitutional projects of the Decembrists. There is no doubt, however, that he was skeptical about the feasibility of a conspiratorial movement and saw many weaknesses in Decembrism. In this, however, he agreed with many others, even among the Decembrists themselves.
Let us also note that Griboyedov was strongly inclined towards nationalism. He loved Russian folk life, customs, language, poetry, even dress. When asked by the Commission of Inquiry about this, he answered: “I wanted Russian dress because it is more beautiful and calmer than tailcoats and uniforms, and at the same time I believed that it would again bring us closer to the simplicity of domestic customs, extremely dear to my heart.” Thus, Chatsky's philippics against imitation in customs and against the European costume are the cherished thoughts of Griboyedov himself. At the same time, Griboyedov constantly showed dislike for the Germans and the French, and in this he drew close to the Shishkovists. But, in general, he stood closer to the group of Decembrists; Chatsky is a typical representative of the progressive youth of that time; It was not for nothing that the Decembrists intensively distributed lists of "Woe from Wit".
Griboedov in the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828
June and July 1826 Griboyedov still lived in St. Petersburg, at Bulgarin's dacha. It was a very difficult time for him. The joy of liberation dimmed at the thought of friends and acquaintances executed or exiled to Siberia. To this was added anxiety for his talent, from which the poet demanded new high inspirations, but they, however, did not come. By the end of July, Griboyedov arrived in Moscow, where the entire court and troops had already gathered for the coronation of the new emperor; I. F. Paskevich, a relative of Griboyedov, was also here. Unexpectedly, the news came here that the Persians had violated the peace and attacked the Russian border post. Nicholas I was extremely angry about this, blamed Yermolov for inaction and, in derogation of his power, sent Paskevich (with great authority) to the Caucasus. When Paskevich arrived in the Caucasus and took command of the troops, Griboedov's position turned out to be extremely difficult between the two warring generals. Yermolov was not formally dismissed, but he felt the disgrace of the sovereign in everything, constantly clashed with Paskevich and, finally, resigned, and Griboedov was forced to go to the service of Paskevich (which his mother asked him to do back in Moscow). The troubles of his official position were joined by another physical ailment: with the return to Tiflis, Griboedov began to have frequent fevers and nervous attacks.
Having assumed control of the Caucasus, Paskevich entrusted Griboyedov with foreign relations with Turkey and Persia, and Griboedov was drawn into all the worries and difficulties of the Persian campaign of 1826-1828. He conducted a huge correspondence with Paskevich, participated in the development of military operations, endured all the hardships of a marching life, and most importantly, he took upon himself the actual conduct of diplomatic negotiations with Persia in Deykargan and Turkmanchay. When, after the victories of Paskevich, the capture of Erivan and the occupation of Tabriz, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was concluded (February 10, 1828), which was very beneficial for Russia, Paskevich sent Griboyedov to present a treatise to the emperor in St. Petersburg, where he arrived on March 14. The next day, Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was received by Nicholas I in an audience; Paskevich received the title of Count of Erivan and a million rubles of reward, and Griboyedov received the rank of State Councilor, an order and four thousand chervonets.
Griboyedov in Persia. Griboedov's death
Again Griboyedov lived in St. Petersburg for three months, moving in government, public and literary circles. He complained to his friends about being very tired, dreamed of rest and office work, and was about to retire. Fate decided otherwise. With the departure of Griboedov to Petersburg, there was no Russian diplomatic representative left in Persia; meanwhile, Russia had a war with Turkey, and the East needed an energetic and experienced diplomat. There was no choice: of course, Griboyedov was supposed to go. He tried to refuse, but it did not work, and on April 25, 1828, Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov was appointed Minister-Resident in Persia by the highest decree, while Amburger was appointed Consul General in Tabriz.
From the moment of his appointment as envoy, Griboyedov became gloomy and experienced severe forebodings of death. He constantly told his friends: “There is my grave. I feel that I will never see Russia again.” On June 6, Griboedov left Petersburg forever; a month later he arrived in Tiflis. Here an important event took place in his life: he married Princess Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze, whom he knew as a girl, gave her music lessons, followed her education. The wedding took place in the Zion Cathedral on August 22, 1828, and on September 9, the departure of the Russian mission to Persia took place. The young wife accompanied Griboedov, and the poet wrote enthusiastic letters about her to his friends from the road.
The mission arrived in Tabriz on October 7, and Griboyedov immediately fell upon heavy worries. Of these, two were the main ones: firstly, Griboedov had to insist on paying indemnities for the last campaign; secondly, to search for and send to Russia Russian subjects who fell into the hands of the Persians. Both that, and another was extremely difficult and caused bitterness both in the people, and in the Persian government. To settle things, Griboyedov went to the Shah in Tehran. Griboyedov arrived in Tehran with his retinue by the New Year, was well received by the Shah, and at first everything went well. But soon clashes began again because of the prisoners. Two Armenian women from the harem of the Shah's son-in-law, Alayar Khan, turned to the patronage of the Russian mission, wishing to return to the Caucasus. Griboyedov received them into the mission building, and this excited the people; then Mirza Yakub, the eunuch of the Shah's harem, was accepted into the mission at his own insistence, which overflowed the cup. The mob, incited by the Muslim clergy and agents of Alayar Khan and the government itself, attacked the premises of the embassy on January 30, 1829 and killed Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov along with many others ...
Monument to Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov on Chistoprudny Boulevard, Moscow
The personality of A. S. Griboyedov
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov lived a short but rich life. From a passion for science at Moscow University, he moved on to a carefree living through life in military service and then in St. Petersburg; Sheremetev's death caused an acute crisis in his soul and prompted him, in the words of Pushkin, to "a sharp turn", and in the East he inclined towards self-deepening and isolation; when he returned from there to Russia in 1823, he was already a mature man, strict with himself and people, and a great skeptic, even a pessimist. The social drama of December 14, bitter thoughts about people and the homeland, as well as anxiety for his talent caused Griboyedov a new spiritual crisis, which threatened to resolve itself in suicide. But late love brightened up the last days of the poet's life.
Many facts testify how passionately he could love - his wife, mother, sister, friends, how rich he was in strong will, courage, hot temperament. A. A. Bestuzhev describes him in this way in 1824: “A man of noble appearance, of medium height, in a black tailcoat, with glasses over his eyes, entered ... In his face one could see as much sincere participation as in his methods of the ability to live in good company, but without any affectation, without any formality; it can even be said that his movements were somehow strange and jerky, and with all that, decent as much as possible... society. The bonds of petty propriety were unbearable to him, even because they are bonds. He could not and did not want to hide his mockery at the gilded and self-satisfied stupidity, neither contempt for low search, nor indignation at the sight of a happy vice. The blood of the heart always played in his face. No one will boast of his flattery, no one will dare to say that he has heard lies from him. He could deceive himself, but never deceive. Contemporaries mention his impetuosity, sharpness in address, biliousness along with softness and tenderness and a special gift to please. Even people who were prejudiced against him succumbed to Griboyedov's charm. His friends loved him selflessly, just as he knew how to love them passionately. When the Decembrists got into trouble, he did his best to alleviate the plight of anyone he could: Prince. A. I. Odoevsky, A. A. Bestuzhev, Dobrinsky.
Literary creativity of Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"
Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov began to publish in 1814 and since then did not leave literary studies until the end of his life. However, his creative heritage is small. There is absolutely no epic in it, and almost no lyrics. Most of all in the work of Griboyedov are dramatic works, but all of them, with the exception of the famous comedy, are of low dignity. The early plays are interesting only because Griboyedov's language and verse were gradually developed in them. In form they are quite ordinary, like hundreds of plays in the genre of light comedy and vaudeville of that time. The content is much more significant than the plays written after Woe from Wit, such as: 1812, Radamist and Zenobia, Georgian Night. But they have come down to us only in plans and fragments, from which it is difficult to judge the whole; it is only noticeable that the dignity of the verse in them is greatly reduced and that their scenarios are too complex and extensive to fit into the framework of a harmonious stage play.
Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov entered the history of literature only with "Woe from Wit"; he was a literary one-thinker, homo unius libri (“a man of one book”), and put into his comedy “all the best dreams, all the bold aspirations” of his work. But he worked on it for several years. The play was completed in rough form in the village of Begichev in 1823. Before leaving for St. Petersburg, Griboedov presented Begichev with a manuscript of the comedy, a precious autograph, which was then kept in the Historical Museum in Moscow (“Museum Autograph”). In St. Petersburg, the poet again reworked the play, for example, he inserted a scene of Molchalin's flirting with Lisa in the fourth act. A new list, corrected by Griboedov's hand, was presented to him in 1824 by A. A. Gendru ("The Gendre Manuscript"). In 1825 excerpts from the comedy were published in Bulgarin's Russkaya Talia, and in 1828 Griboedov presented Bulgarin with a new copy of Woe from Wit, revised again (the Bulgarin List). These four texts form the chain of the poet's creative efforts.
Their comparative study shows that Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov made especially many changes in the text in 1823-1824, in the Museum autograph and the Zhandrovskaya manuscript; only minor changes were made to later texts. In the first two manuscripts we see, firstly, a stubborn and happy struggle with the difficulties of language and verse; secondly, the author abbreviated the text in several cases; Thus, Sophia's story about a dream in Act I, which took 42 verses in the Museum's autograph, was later reduced to 22 verses and greatly benefited from this; the monologues of Chatsky, Repetilov, the characterization of Tatiana Yuryevna were shortened. There are fewer inserts, but among them there is such an important one as the dialogue between Molchalin and Lisa in the 4th act. As for the composition of the characters and their characters, they remained the same in all four texts (according to legend, Griboyedov at first wanted to bring out several more people, including Famusov's wife, a sentimental fashionista and a Moscow aristocrat). The ideological content of the comedy also remained unchanged, and this is very remarkable: all the elements of social satire were already in the text of the play before Griboyedov got acquainted with the social movement in St. Petersburg in 1825 - such was the maturity of the poet's thought.
Ever since "Woe from Wit" appeared on the stage and in print, history has begun for him in posterity. For many decades it exerted its strong influence on Russian drama, literary criticism and stage figures; but so far it has remained the only play where everyday pictures were harmoniously combined with social satire.
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829)
Russian writer and diplomat.
Belonged to a noble family. Received an excellent education. Griboedov's many-sided talent was revealed very early, in addition to literary, he also showed a bright composer's talent (two waltzes for piano are known). He studied at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, then entered Moscow University. After graduating from the verbal department, Griboedov continued to study at the ethical and political department.
One of the most educated people of his time, Griboedov spoke French, English, German, Italian, Greek, Latin, and later mastered Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.
With the outbreak of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov stopped his academic studies and entered the Moscow Hussar Regiment as a cornet. Military service (as part of reserve units) brought him together with D.N. Begichev and his brother S.N. Begichev, who became a close friend of Griboyedov. After retiring (early 1816), Griboyedov settled in St. Petersburg, determined to serve in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
He leads a secular lifestyle, rotates in the theatrical and literary circles of St. Petersburg (gets closer to the circle of A. A. Shakhovsky), writes and translates for the theater himself (the comedies "Young Spouses" (1815), "His Family, or Married Bride" (1817 d.) together with Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky, and others).
As a result of "ardent, passionate and powerful circumstances" (A.S. Pushkin), there were drastic changes in his fate - in 1818 Griboyedov was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission to Persia (not the last role in this kind of exile was played by his participation as a second in duel between A.P. Zavadsky and V.V. Sheremetev, which ended in the death of the latter) After three years of service in Tabriz, Griboyedov was transferred to Tiflis to the head of Georgia A.P. Yermolov (February 1822).
The first and second acts of "Woe from Wit" were written there, their first listener was the author's Tiflis colleague V.K. Küchelbecker. In the spring of 1823, Griboyedov went on vacation in Moscow, as well as in the estate of S.N. Begichev near Tula, where he spends the summer, the third and fourth acts of Woe from Wit are being created.
By the autumn of 1824, the comedy was completed. Griboedov travels to St. Petersburg, intending to use his connections in the capital to obtain permission for its publication and theatrical production. However, he soon becomes convinced that comedy is “no pass”. Only excerpts published in 1825 by F.V. Bulgarin in the almanac "Russian Thalia" (the first complete publication in Russia -1862, the first production on the professional stage -1831) were able to pass through censorship. Nevertheless, Griboyedov's creation immediately became an event in Russian culture, spreading among the reading public in handwritten lists, the number of which approached the book circulations of that time (the Decembrists, who considered comedy as a mouthpiece of their ideas, contributed to the distribution of the lists;
I. I. Pushchin brought A.S. Pushkin to Mikhailovskoe the list “Woe from Wit”) The success of Griboedov’s comedy, which has taken a firm place among Russian classics, is largely determined by the harmonious combination of acute and timeless in it.
Through the brilliantly drawn picture of Russian society of the pre-Decembrist era (disturbing the minds of disputes about serfdom, political freedoms, problems of national self-determination of culture, education, etc., masterfully outlined colorful figures of that time, recognizable by contemporaries, etc.), “eternal” themes are guessed: the conflict of generations , the drama of a love triangle, the antagonism of the individual and society, etc.
At the same time, “Woe from Wit” is an example of an artistic synthesis of the traditional and the innovative: paying tribute to the canons of the aesthetics of classicism (the unity of time, place, actions, conditional roles, names-masks, etc.), Griboyedov “revives” the scheme with conflicts and characters taken from life, freely introduces lyrical, satirical and journalistic lines into comedy.
The accuracy and aphoristic accuracy of the language, the successful use of the free (variegated) iambic, which conveys the elements of colloquial speech, allowed the text of the comedy to retain sharpness and expressiveness; as Pushkin predicted; many lines of “Woe from Wit” have become proverbs and sayings (“Fresh legend, but hard to believe”, “Happy hours do not watch”, etc.). In the autumn of 1825, Griboedov returned to the Caucasus, but already in February 1826 he again found himself in St. Petersburg as a suspect in the Decembrist case (there were many reasons for arrest: during interrogations, four Decembrists, including S.P. Trubetskoy and E.P. Obolensky, named Griboyedov among the members of the secret society; lists of "Woe from Wit" were found in the papers of many of those arrested, etc.).
Warned by Yermolov about his impending arrest, Griboedov managed to destroy part of his archive. During the investigation, he categorically denies any involvement in the conspiracy. In early June, Griboyedov was released from arrest with a "cleansing certificate." Upon returning to the Caucasus (autumn 1826), Griboyedov takes part in several battles of the Russian-Persian war that has begun. Achieves significant success in the diplomatic field (according to N.N. Muravyov-Karsky, Griboyedov “replaced .. a twenty-thousandth army with his single face”), prepares, among other things, the Turkmenchay peace that is beneficial for Russia.
Having brought the documents of the peace treaty to St. Petersburg (March 1828), he received awards and a new appointment as a plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) to Persia. Instead of literary pursuits, to which he dreamed of devoting himself (in his papers, plans, sketches - poems, the tragedies "Rodamist and Zenobia", "Georgian Night", the drama "1812"), Griboedov is forced to accept a high position. His last departure from the capital (June 1828) was colored by gloomy forebodings.
On the way to Persia, he stopped for a while in Tiflis. Nurturing plans for economic transformations in Transcaucasia. In August, he marries the 16-year-old daughter of L. Chavchavadze, Nina, and goes to Persia with her. Among other things, the Russian minister is engaged in sending captive Russian subjects home. The appeal to him for help by two Armenian women who fell into the harem of a noble Persian was the reason for the reprisal against a talented diplomat. On January 30, 1829, a mob, instigated by Muslim fanatics, defeated the Russian mission in Tehran. The Russian envoy was killed. Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis on Mount St. David. The words of Nina Griboyedova-Chavchavadze are carved on the tombstone: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.
