Bright, joyful colors of Gorodets painting can never be confused with any other.

Gorodets painting- one of the traditional decorative crafts of Russia, or rather, the Volga region.

Story

The birthplace of Gorodets painting is the Volga region - villages and villages of the Nizhny Novgorod region. At first, spinning wheels were painted there. Now some people don't know what it is. Let's tell. A spinning wheel is a device on which threads were spun in ancient times. The hand spinning wheel consisted of a vertical part (comb), where the tow is tied, and a horizontal part, the bottom, where the spinner sits.

This is what the hand spinning wheel looked like

At first, spinning wheels were decorated with carvings, because it is always more pleasant to work on a beautiful instrument. Then they began to tint the thread, and even later the thread was abolished, and the spinning wheel was simply painted.

And such painted spinning wheels were sold at the Nizhny Novgorod fair. Therefore, the painting was first called Nizhny Novgorod.

But why then is the painting called "Gorodets"?

This name appeared around the 1930s, because. Gradually, it was Gorodets that became the main market for the sale of painted utensils from the surrounding villages. In addition, Gorodets has long been famous for woodcarving, where most craftsmen who worked with wood lived. The forest in these parts was always at hand. An ax and a chisel were enough to make beautiful carved things.

Even in those days when Peter I created the Russian fleet, each ship was necessarily decorated with wooden carvings. It was important not only to declare the military power of Russia, but also the artistic talents of its inhabitants.

But when the construction of ships moved closer to the shores of the seas, the craftsmen had to look for a new application for their talent. They began to carve spoons, bowls and cups, to make tools, including bottoms for spinning wheels. The bottom of the spinning wheel is a seat, during work it is not visible, but when after work the spinner hung it on the wall, it became an ornament. That is why this part of the spinning wheel was so carefully painted.

Spinning wheel in the museum

The spinning wheel can now be seen in the museum. And there you can also trace the path of changes and complication of jewelry: simple carving was replaced by inlay, and then painting.

In 1879, the icon painter Ogurechnikov was invited to the village of Kurtsevo from Gorodets - he was supposed to renew the painting of the local church. It was he who helped local craftsmen to master the pictorial techniques of icon painting: he taught them how to apply layers of paint, “enliven” with white – everything that gives painting completeness and expressiveness. This is how Gorodets painting of donets, combs, spindles developed, until factories for the production of manufactory appeared. And now all these devices are no longer needed.

N.N. Noskov. Icon of the Mother of God "Fadeless Color" (2005)

An icon-painting workshop is still operating at the Gorodets painting factory. This icon was created using the Gorodets ornament.

Masters of artistic painting found applications for their creativity: they painted icons, painted utensils. But the industry gradually declined. By the beginning of the XX century. he ceased to exist.

How about now?

Since the 1930s, Gorodets painting began to gradually recover. The painters' workshop was opened. An artel was formed in the 1950s. In 1960, the Gorodets Painting factory was established, which has been operating to this day. Five artists (Bespalova L.F., Kubatkina L.A., Kasatova F.N., Rukina T.M., Sokolova A.V.) are laureates of the Repin Prize. In the art workshop of Gorodets, experienced craftsmen teach students.

How Gorodets painting is created

Gorodets painting is wood painting. Gorodets masters paint their works with oil paints. For painting, a large number of brushes are used (squirrel, kolinsky, flat soft hair for underpainting and others) of different sizes - for different types of work, and work on a complex Gorodets product can last several days. Brushes for work are placed on special wooden stands.

The artist holds the brush strictly vertically, resting his little finger on the surface of the product.

Gorodets painting has its own special techniques for depicting flowers, garlands, bouquets, flowerpots, animals and birds, human figures, etc. The Gorodets artist usually paints without a preliminary drawing, his stroke is always accurate.

Painting is done in two stages: "underpainting" and "revival". Flowers - in three stages.

First, a background is applied to the product (it is also a primer at the same time). Then large color spots are applied on it - “underpainting”. For "underpainting" wide flat brushes - flutes are used. The flute is dipped in paint and all the figures of the product being painted are painted over at once (usually in 5-6 colors). For example, all horses are completely painted over with black paint, except for the harness, which is dyed with cinnabar. The bodies of birds are painted with black paint, kraplak (dark red paint) - tails of birds, blue and pink - underpainting of flowers, green - wings of birds and leaves.

Performing underpainting is a simple technique, it is available to any person, even without experience. The main thing in this process is to smear the paints in a thin, even layer so that there are no gaps or influxes of paint anywhere. For this, wide brushes are used.

After that, the necessary strokes are applied with a thinner brush.

The second stage is "revival". This is a technique in which a drawing is combined into a single composition using black and white paint.

Artistic brushes are used for animations. "Animations" are performed by the master. This technique immediately transforms the painting: birds, horses and flowers come to life. There is a canon in this process: certain “animations” are made on horses, on flowers, etc., and this canon cannot be violated.

There are several types of white strokes in "animations": arcs, droplets, strokes and dots. The whole beauty of Gorodets work depends on the “animation”.

"Animations"

Products with Gorodets painting

Painted Gorodets products are not only decoration, they are used for their intended purpose. But they are still a decor, because cutting boards, salt shakers, bread bins will decorate any kitchen. Furniture with Gorodets painting will decorate any room. Only here you need to know the measure - such furniture should not be intrusive.

L.F. Bespalov. Casket "On a walk" (1995)

Gorodets ornamental outline

In the Gorodets painting art, the stroke is of great importance - a frame with an ornament, into which the painting plot is inserted, as it were. Gorodetsky ornament is a combination of runners, ropes, rows of brackets, etc. Adopted in Gorodets and black stroke, where a straight line alternates with a light wavy pattern. When performing a reception, the master sequentially alternates a thin line and a line with pressure.

Gorodets painting is special and unique. Black horses, birds with outlandish tails, luxurious flower garlands - this is all Gorodets painting.

Grebenkina Irina Nikolaevna
Getting acquainted with Gorodets painting

To accomplish the tasks of aesthetic education of preschool children, the Childhood program recommends referring to these wonderful examples of Russian applied art. Decorative and applied art enriches the creative aspirations of children to transform the world, develops in children non-standard thinking, freedom, emancipation, individuality, the ability to peer and observe, as well as to see novelty and elements of fabulousness in real objects of decorative and applied art. In the process of creating objects of arts and crafts, children consolidate their knowledge of the standards of form and color, form clear and fairly complete ideas about objects of arts and crafts in life.

But in order to meet children with different types of Russian applied art, the teacher should have an idea about the history of occurrence, features murals, have a selection of practical material - poems, games, albums with product samples.

I present practical material on familiarization of children with Gorodets painting.

History and features Gorodets painting.

Gorodets - a city in the Nizhny Novgorod Zavolzhye, on the left bank of the Volga. He belongs to the oldest Russian fortress cities. Gorodets- the birthplace of a wide variety of crafts. Gorodets painting as such arises approximately in the middle of the nineteenth century, when there is a transition from inlaid donets (the wide part of the spinning wheel that served as a seat) to their murals. At the same time, a tradition arose to sign proverbs and sayings on the works. (which is typical for lubok) or indicate their authorship.

He was famous for woodcarving ( "deaf" house carving, the manufacture of donets inlaid with bog oak (a board on which a spinner sits) spinning wheel, gorodets painting, carved gingerbread boards.

Dominant color Gorodets murals or bright yellow chrome or cinnabar. They are usually the dominant color, the background of the whole paintings in general; blue, green and sometimes "whitewashed" tones (pink, blue) used to write a pattern, black and white - to work out the details. Bright, concise Gorodets painting(genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns, made with a free stroke with white and black graphic outline, decorated spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Peculiarities Gorodets painting - clean, bright colors, a clear contour, white strokes that create a conditional volume and picturesqueness. Gorodetsky masters depict not only floral ornaments, fairy-tale characters, but also genre scenes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the fishery was revived. An artel has been operating since 1938, a factory has been operating since 1960 " Gorodets painting".

TECHNIQUE OF PERFORMANCE GORODETSK PAINTING

materials: Tempera. You can use gouache with the addition of PVA glue.

Each primary color is made up of two shade: one is whitened, the other is more saturated.

Order of execution murals:

BUT) painting performed directly on a wooden base or the base is primed with yellow, red, black colors.

B) On the selected for murals on a cutting board or the surface of another object, the composition of the future pattern is outlined with thin lines with a pencil. The main thing is to outline the location and size of the main, brightest spots - for example, flowers. These are the nodes of the composition. Medium details - unblown buds - connect large details to each other; small ones - twigs, leaves - complement the theme and have little effect on the overall composition.

C) At the nodes of the composition, as a rule, spots of regular round shape are applied with a wide brush - the base of the flower.

D) Thin strokes are applied over light spots with a second, darker color scheme of the same shade, for example, blue on blue - a stroke. Outline stroke - drawing, depicts the contours of the flower petals. At the same stage, leaflets are depicted between large elements, the shape of which is obtained with two or three brush strokes.

All painting comprises elements: underpainting circles, brackets, drops, dots, arcs, spirals, strokes.

D) The final stage murals- drawing strokes and dots with black and white paint. This approach is called "quickly" and gives the work a finished look. It is carried out with the thinnest brush.

E) After the tempera has dried, the product can be coated with a colorless varnish.

MOTIVES GORODETSK PAINTING.

The most common motives are:

flowers - roses, cupavki with symmetrical leaves:

animals - horse, bird.

"Tree of Life"- a traditional story that personifies nature. On both sides "tree", horses or birds can be depicted.

Riders, carriages, ladies, soldiers, cavaliers, dogs are traditional for the plot. Gorodets painting.

COMPOSITION

There are three types of composition Gorodets painting:

floral painting;

floral painting with the inclusion of a motive "horse" and "bird";

plot painting.

Such a division is conditional, since the plot painting does not do without floral motifs, it is diverse in terms of construction schemes. And even if the products gorodets painting made on the basis of the same composition, but in different colors, you can not immediately catch the similarity.

Floral painting

This type is most often used, it is the easiest to perform. In a less complex version, a single flower with leaves diverging from it can be depicted at work. In a more complex version, for example, a strip of floral ornament is often depicted on the side walls, and the lid is decorated with flowers inscribed in a circle. On the lids of bread bins, flowers are usually arranged in a rectangle or rhombus.

In floral ornament, the following most common types can be distinguished ornament:

"Bouquet"- shown symmetrically. Usually written on cutting boards or dishes.

"Garland"- is a variety "bouquet" when one or two large flowers are located in the center, smaller flowers with leaves diverge from them to the sides. They can fit into a circle, stripe, crescent (on corner screensavers). This type of floral ornament composition is most often used when cutting board painting, bread bins, caskets, dishes, children's furniture.

"Rhombus"- one of the options "fairy lights" when one or more flowers are written in the center, forming the center, and the buds and leaves, gradually decreasing towards the tops of the rhombus, are located along its imaginary edges. This floral arrangement can most often be seen on rectangular cutting boards, chests, benches, cabinet doors, and bread boxes.

"Flower Stripe"- preserved in Gorodetsky fishing from painted spinning wheels, where she shared the upper and lower tiers. Depending on what product it is written on, it can be a repeating ribbon composition of flowers of the same size, separated by pairs of leaves, or the same composition in which alternate: flowers of the same size, but different in pattern; flowers of the same size, but different in color; flowers, different in pattern, color and size. Such ornamental stripes are usually used for murals of bulk products such as round boxes. Narrative compositions encircle the narrow ornamental strip. The wider stripe is the middle tier in the three tier composition.

"Wreath"- reminds "flower band", but only closed along the edge of the dish or the lid of the box. Floral arrangements are usually symmetrical in the arrangement of motifs and color distribution.

Floral arrangement with motif included "horse" and "bird".

Just like in flower murals, in products with the image of a horse and a bird, motifs can be symmetrical. They are located on the sides of a flowering tree or inside a flower garland. Sometimes, among the symmetrically written floral ornament, there are two birds, asymmetrical in pattern, sometimes different in color. Sometimes, when a master performs a composition of several objects (for example, cutting boards), symmetry manifests itself in the composition of the two extreme ones. Different flower motifs can be depicted on the extreme boards, or two motive: "rooster" and "hen".

Note: Images "rooster" and "horse" are symbols of the sun, wishes of happiness. Images "rooster" and "hens" symbolizes family well-being, wishing the family many children.

Storyline painting

performed on large products: panels, chests and large boxes, cutting boards and dishes. The composition is similar to the composition of gift spinning wheels, as then: painting in two or three tiers (in the upper part the main plot is written with a feast, date, walk, departure, etc., in the lower part - the plots help to reveal this topic). The middle part separating the tiers is presented in the form of a flower strip. Another is possible option: Shows the main story with a flower band around it.

Interior: scenes of a feast, tea drinking, weddings are performed against the background of a window with the obligatory inclusion of a table. The table is filled with cups, a samovar or a vase of flowers (symbol of wealth and prosperity). Curtains and clocks can be included in the composition.

People's faces are always turned towards the viewer. Very rarely there are images deployed in three quarters.

Exterior: houses with carved shutters and architraves, with chimneys decorated with carved roosters, wells with roofs decorated with horses' heads. Most often, the scenes of festivities, trips and dates are not divided into parts. Entire streets with houses, fences, churches, plant motifs in the form of trees are reproduced on the panel.

Often, next to the main characters, you can find images of animals - dogs, cats, roosters, chickens. With this construction of the plot, the main characters are depicted in the foreground, larger than the secondary ones, they are often highlighted in color.

Chastushki about gorodets

Oh, Russia, you, Russia.

Glory has not diminished

Gorodets, you, Gorodets

She became famous all over the world.

Our Russia is great

And our people are talented.

About Russia native craftsmen

The whole world is talking

Have fun our kindergarten,

No more fun guys!

We are with a smile on our face

We will sing to you about gorodets.

Gorodets patterns,

What a joy for the eyes.

Craftsmen grow up

Maybe among us.

Who draws Gorodets -

Oh, what a fine fellow he is!

And leaves and flowers

It's all about beauty!

Leaves, turtledoves and horses,

Roosters, starlings, flowers...

Gorodets patterns

Unprecedented beauty.

Where are the buckets, rocking horses

Very joyful tones

These are all the works of the beautiful

Gorodets masters.

We painted flowers

Unprecedented beauty

That beauty has no end

It's all from gorodets!

Gorodets horses,

Well done horses.

turned the leg.

Proudly bent the neck

Gorodets flowers

Wonder how good.

They delight the soul

And they are looking at you and me.

And I'm good too

I also go to Gorodets.

And when I get back -

I will decorate the kindergarten!

Gorodets, Yes, Gorodets,

Who from there - well done!

Welcome to Kindergarten

To teach children to draw.

Artistic word about gorodets.

Gorodets painting How can we not know her.

Here and hot horses, valiant to become.

There are bouquets here that cannot be described.

Here such plots, what can not be said in a fairy tale.

Yellow evening, black horse,

And kupavki, like fire,

Birds look from the casket -

Miracle- painting of Gorodets!

L. Kulikova.

Our painted boards

Look at these.

We all want to show you

And describe in detail.

By roses and cups

Gorodetsky galloping horse,

And all painted with flowers,

How handsome he is.

Three young girls

They stand under the roses.

“Where are the daring boys?”

They look in all directions.

Here on Petrushka street

He rides on a horse.

Faithful dog his obedient

Runs after the groom.

I. V. Kadukhina

"Happy Gorodets»

Is on the Volga ancient city,

By name - Gorodets.

Famous throughout Russia

His painted, creator.

Bouquets open up

Bright colors of grief.

Miracle - the birds flutter there,

As if in a fairy tale calling us.

If you look at the boards

You will see miracles!

Gorodetsky patterns subtly brought out by hand!

Gorodetsky horse runs -

The whole earth beneath him trembles!

Miracle - the birds flutter there,

And the water lilies are blooming!

As if calling us into a fairy tale!

Gorodets flowers

Wonder how good.

They delight the soul

And they are looking at you and me.

The boards are made of linden,

And spinning wheels, and horses ...

painted with flowers,

It's like they're half-assed.

Riders gallop there,

Firebirds are flying high.

And black and white dots

Glitter in the sun.

Oh, Russia, you, Russia,

Glory has not diminished

Gorodets, you, Gorodets

She became famous all over the world.

Didactic game « Gorodets patterns»

Target: Strengthen children's ability to compose Gorodets patterns, recognize elements murals, remember the order of the pattern, choose your own color and shade for it, develop imagination, the ability to use the knowledge gained to compose a composition.

Material and equipment. stencils Gorodets yellow paper products (cutting boards, dishes, etc., a set of elements Gorodets painting(paper stencils)

Game rule. Children are offered a set of plant elements and figures of a horse and a bird. They must lay out the pattern on the stencil using the applique method.

Sources: http://demiart.ru/forum/index.php?showtopic=22220 http://festival.1september.ru/articles/

[email protected] 410122/

http://www.1-kvazar.ru/u_gorodets.htm

Moran A. History of arts and crafts. - M., 1986.

Utkin P. I., Koroleva N. S. "Folk art crafts"

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

Higher professional education

"Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov"

Faculty:

Institute of Arts and Art Education

Abstract on the topic:

Gorodets painting on wood.

Work completed

Student group Hgg-112

Illarionova Natalia.

scientific adviser

Vartsava R.M.

G. Vladimir 2012

History of Gorodets painting.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Elements, plots and techniques of Gorodets painting

Composition in Gorodets painting

Bibliography

Illustrations.

History of Gorodets painting

The painting, which is now called Gorodets, was born in the Volga region, in villages located on the banks of the clear and bright river Uzora. In the villages of Koskovo, Kurtsevo, Khlebaikha, Repino, Savino, Boyarskoye and others. In the 18th century. there is a center for the production of spinning donets and toys. Peasants took their products to sell at the fair in the village of Gorodets. Therefore, the painting made on these products was called Gorodetsaya. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dalia explains that the word "bottom" means "a plank on which a spinner sits, sticking a comb into it." Having finished the work, she took out the comb, and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, craftsmen paid special attention to decorating boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the life of a peasant woman. It often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father gave it to his daughter, the husband gave it to his wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen elegant, colorful, to everyone's joy and surprise. The spinning wheel was inherited, it was protected and kept. To decorate the boards, the craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay, which is very rare in folk art. The figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into recesses corresponding in shape. These inserts, made of dark bog oak, stood out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having wood of two shades and using the simplest tool, craftsmen turned the bottom into a work of art. In the future, the masters also began to use the tint of the bottom. A bright combination of a yellow background with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made it elegant and colorful. From the second half of the XIX century. the complex and labor-intensive technique of inlay was replaced by tinted bracket carving, and then the pictorial style of decoration began to predominate. The plots of the ancient Gorodets painting were images of birds, flowers, horse riders, young ladies and gentlemen, scenes from folk life. Nowadays, the traditions of the old masters are being revived and enriched by folk craftsmen working at the Gorodets painting factory of art products in the city of Gorodets. Among them are award winners. I.E. Repin. This is L.F. Bespalova, F.N. Kasatova, A.E. Konovalov, L.A. Kubatkina, T.M. Rukina, A.V. Sokolov.

Technique of Gorodets masters

Tools and materials. For painting, it is desirable to have three brushes: squirrel art (No. 2 or No. 3), kolinsky art (No. 1 or No. 2) and flute (No. 2 or No. 3). A flute is a flat, soft hair brush used for underpainting and framing. Nowadays, Gorodets artists paint products with oil and tempera paints. Requires eight: black, white, scarlet, speckled red (cherry), cobalt blue light (bright blue), yellow, chromium oxide and red iron oxide. Another paint is also needed - cinnabar (bright red). To get the color scheme of the Gorodets painting, you need to mix paints. In addition to those that are in the gouache set, you need to get four new colors: light blue, light pink, light ocher and green Gorodets (Fig. 1). To get light blue, a little cobalt blue light (bright blue paint) is added to white paint (zinc white). Light pink is obtained by mixing white paint with cinnabar or white with scarlet. For light ocher, they take light yellow and a little red iron oxide.

Elements, plots and techniques of Gorodets painting

At the beginning of training, it is very important to learn how to hold the brush correctly. It must be in a strictly vertical position relative to the work (Fig. 2). The elbow is fixed, and the hand is completely free to perform inextricable plastic strokes, both on smooth planes and on spherical or cylindrical surfaces. In the process of work, you can lean on the protruding little finger, lightly touching the product with it. Ornament occupies a significant place in wood painting. Ornament is a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration from a combination of geometric, plant or animal elements. The main elements of the Gorodets painting are circles, brackets, dots, drops, arcs, strokes, spirals (Fig. 3). It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of "pattern" and "ornament". A pattern is a drawing that is a combination of lines, colors, shadows. They, given in a certain system, rhythmically ordered, will make up an ornament. Mastering the painting of the pictorial type, to which Gorodetskaya also belongs, they are performed without first drawing the outline of the drawing. Gorodets painting is carried out in three stages. The first is underpainting, i.e. circular motion with a brush, applying one color spot. Underpainting is done with a wide flat brush - a flute or squirrel No. 3. If there is not enough paint, then the underpainting will turn out to be pale, inexpressive; If there is too much, then the paint will peel off when it dries. The second stage is shade (or shade), i.e. applying a bracket. To correctly draw a bracket, at first you just need to lightly touch the tip of the brush and draw a thin line; to the middle, press the brush hard, and complete the bracket again with a thin line. Make sure that the brush is perpendicular. The third stage is revival (or revival), i.e. fine cutting of ornamental forms with whitewash. Animations are always applied to monochrome silhouettes, which gives them some volume. Mastering Gorodets painting begins with writing flowers, which are depicted mainly in a circle. Gorodets flowers are diverse in color and shape. Flowers in Gorodets painting are a symbol of health and prosperity. Buds (Fig. 7) - a variety of Gorodets flowers. First, the main color spot (underpainting) is applied in a circular motion with a brush. Then they proceed to the detailed development of the ornament (shade). Perform it in black, burgundy or kraplak red. The development of the bud movement with a brush, applying one color spot.

The shape of the bud depends on how the brackets are located. It can have one or more brackets. If there are a lot of brackets, you need to start drawing with the smallest one, gradually increasing them in size and bringing them closer to the edge of the underpainting. It must be remembered that the buds are always small in size. At the end, revival is applied with whitewash. Kupavka is the most common flower in the Gorodets ornament. Her underpainting is larger in size than that of the bud. They begin to paint with a small circle along its edge, then make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the shape is the same as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - animation is usually done with whitewash. Applying animation requires very careful and precise execution, so it must be done with a confident stroke of a thin brush. Rosan reflects the main features of a flower, i.e. has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the form of a circle. The size may be larger than the bathing suit. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Rosan in the painting of Gorodets is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique of painting the brackets is the same as that of the kupavka. Variants of development with animation are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, spirals. Chamomile flower is not complicated in technique. Lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the surface, quickly attach and lift the brush. The result is a smear-drop - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it. The rose is the most complex flower. The painting begins with an underpainting - the main volume of a flower-circle, a central rounded petal is added to it below, smaller petals are placed in a circle around it to the very core, which occupies the center of the upper part of the flower.

After the silhouette of the flower is created, they begin to develop it: the elements of the central part are limited by a large bracket and turned to the core. The bracket arc and the core in the upper part of the flower are drawn in black, burgundy and red kraplak. The edges of the petals can be circled with the same paint as the core. The most difficult thing in a rose is the animation. Inside the bracket arc, first draw a small bracket with a linear cut. Then, two to four drops are drawn on both sides of the arc, depending on the free space inside the arc. Small brackets are drawn outside the arc. Inside the bracket arc, you can draw dots-stamens. Gorodets leaves are very diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

A simple Gorodets leaf is depicted as a pumpkin seed. A more complex one is written like this: draw a smooth arc with a brush and connect it with a curved line, making sure that the sheet at one end remains wide. The leaves are always wide, rounded and splayed. Leaves are depicted in two stages: with underpainting and animation. If the underpainting is done with Gorodets green paint, then the revival is done with black paint, if with Gorodets dark green paint, then white is added to the revival of black color. Gorodets bird is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various versions: this is a proud peacock, and a frowning turkey, and a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the curve of the neck and chest, then they draw a line that defines the shape of the head and back, then they define the line of the wing, the filiform beak and legs. Most often, the body is made in black, the wing is painted over with Gorodets green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette and painted over. This is best done in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is drawn in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. Animations are made with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

The Gorodetsky horse is a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict him in several ways. Some free fly strokes write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with color spots, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane bounded by the harness and saddle lines remains light in this variant. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made in white.

gorodets bird

The Russian land has always been rich in talents. The Nizhny Novgorod region was no exception. It was there that a folk craft arose - Gorodets painting. The history of the craft begins in the middle of the 19th century. At first, this type of art craft was used to decorate the bottoms of spinning wheels. In Gorodets, spinning wheels were distinguished by an unusual shape. They consisted of two elements - a comb (the spinning wheel itself) and a bottom (a bench on which the craftswoman sat). When spinning, the parts were gathered together, and at the end of the work, the bottom served as a wall decoration in the house. The combination of these qualities: usefulness in the economy and ease of use determined the popularity and demand for such goods at Nizhny Novgorod fairs. Gorodets spinning wheels began to disperse throughout the country.

Development of a special style

Initially, spinning wheels were made using inlay elements, and the Gorodets painting served only as an addition to the created masterpiece, as a finishing touch. The inlay was a combination of two tree species, different in color. Carvings were made in the main board, where various figures made of bog oak were inserted. Later, craftsmen began to decorate such inserts with paints, applying fabulous, beautiful flowers. So they replaced the labor-intensive work with carving and became the basis for the development of a separate craft - Gorodets painting. She began to decorate not only spinning wheels, but also chairs, caskets, salt shakers, sledges, rocker arms and many other household items. The style and manner of drawing in this painting was finally established at the end of the 19th century and remains unchanged to this day.

Fishing technology

The method of applying paint is much simpler than in the products of Khokhloma masters. The drawing is applied directly to the tree itself, without any preliminary priming of the base. Gorodets painting allows you to use yellow, red or black colors as a background if you wish. Previously, masters painted with egg-based paints. In our time, they began to use oil, which allows you to expand the palette of colors and add color to the depicted scene or drawing. Dry-based paints made from natural and artificial pigments are popular, they are called temperas.

To draw the outline of the drawing, the student can use a simple pencil to clearly draw the flowers and patterns that are so characteristic of this art craft - Gorodets painting. The elements of the picture are so varied and ornate that it is difficult for an inexperienced person to cope with drawing details, but the masters believe that the whole picture should be painted only with a brush. She also designate the outline of the picture in black and white.

Motives of art craft

Gorodets painting won the hearts of Russian people with its uncomplicated plots of drawings, their immediacy and lack of restrictions in the flight of thought. This painting is characterized by solemnity, fabulousness, pomp of forms, floral motifs, bouquets and garlands of them. Scenes from the life of ordinary peasants and the merchant class. Tea drinking at the table, outdoor recreation, a conversation between a couple in love, pigeons cooing to each other. In the drawings one can see idealized figures of overseas animals and birds. All these playful, unsophisticated motifs made the products of Nizhny Novgorod artisans sweet, touching and favorite things for the Russian soul.

Many of us in drawing lessons learned about the existence of this naive, but so sunny and kind - Gorodets painting. Young ladies walk on painted boards, thin-legged horses gallop, unprecedented flowers grow...

Gorodets is a city in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, on the left bank of the Volga. It is one of the most ancient Russian cities-fortresses. Gorodets is the birthplace of a wide variety of crafts. He was famous for wood carving (“deaf” house carving), the manufacture of donets (a board on which the spin sits) inlaid with bog oak, spinning wheels, Gorodets painting, and carved gingerbread boards.

The emergence of Gorodets painting is associated with the production of wooden spinning donets in the villages located near Gorodets. The production of donets contributed to the emergence of the original local pictorial style.

Riders, carriages, ladies, soldiers, cavaliers, dogs - this is the pantheon of images created using the technique and style of carved Gorodets Donets, which is nowhere else to be found. Details and accompanying motifs – tree trunks and branches, silhouettes of birds sitting on them – were cut to the inserted figurines of horses and people made of bog oak. Compositionally, the surface of the inlaid bottom was divided into two or three tiers. In the upper tier, two horsemen were depicted on the sides of a flowering tree with a bird on the branches, and dogs were depicted at the roots of the tree. The second tier was occupied by an ornamental strip, genre plot motifs were placed in the lower tier.

Compositions with horses, riders, trees and dogs still live in Gorodets murals. Fantasies on the theme of walks of gentlemen and ladies are varied, but horses are firmly preserved from traditional motifs. The image of a horse embodies the idea of ​​beauty and strength.

In the middle of the 19th century, a transition was made from donets inlay to their painting. This process begins with the highlighting of the carved bottoms. Craftsmen begin to enliven the light tone of wood and black oak inserts with color.

A freer painting technique made it possible to create new plots, taught the beauty of a free pictorial stroke, which allows you to write without first drawing a contour.

Each master had his favorite shades of color and their combination. At the same time, they used common techniques to create a competent color. Gorodets masters were able to create a balance of colorful spots on the surface of an object, achieving unity of color and completeness of painting.

The time of addition of Gorodets painting takes about 50 years. The style of this painting is taking shape, the Gorodets ornament is born, in which large color forms and spots, stingy and laconic, become decisive.

In addition to the donets, children's wheelchairs and high chairs were painted. Close to the style of the painted donets were the paintings of urinals - bast boxes in which skeins of yarn were put. They wrote wedding stories with horses, grooms, gatherings: “a spinner and a gentleman in conversation”, “a bird on a tree”, “a dog near a tree”.

The period of 1870-1900, associated with the general rapid development of the fishing activity of the inhabitants of the forest Trans-Volga region, is marked by the final addition of the style of Gorodets painting.

After the decline experienced by the crafts at the beginning of the 20th century and the almost complete cessation of their activities during the First World War, the revival was a difficult matter. In the 1930s, public art workshops were organized.

In 1951, a trade carpentry, furniture and art artel was established in the village of Kurtsevo, and Aristarkh Konovalov, a hereditary master of Gorodets painting, was elected chairman. His mother and uncle, grandfather and great-grandfather worked in the industry.

Since 1954, the production of children's furniture with Gorodets painting begins. In 1957, a class of Gorodets painting was opened at the Semyonov vocational school. The assortment of manufactured things is expanding very slowly, the famous rocking horse from Gorodets appears, and plot paintings begin to revive. In 1960, the artel was transformed into the Gorodetskaya painting factory, and in December 1965 the Kurtsevskaya factory merged with the Gorodets furniture factory into one enterprise, which received the general name Gorodets painting. In 1969, an experimental and creative laboratory was created at the factory, in which Faina Nikiforovna Kasatova began to work, in 1970 A.V. Sokolov and L.F. Bespalova, N.A. Stolesnikov. Beautiful craftswomen L.A. appear. Kubatkina, T.N. Rukina, P.F. Sorina, G.N. Timofeeva, N.N. Noskov. It is with the work of the experimental laboratory that searches in the field of new plot compositions are connected.

The choice of the first works fell on the themes and compositions of feasts with tea drinking at the samovar. All searches were based initially on diligent adherence to the methods of the old masters. At the same time, there was a search for the type of products in the paintings of which it is advisable to place plots. This work was carried out with the help of the Institute of Art Industry. The most original work of these years was the rectangular panel "Artistic Council" by Lilia Fedorovna Bespalova. In this composition, instead of dishes and a samovar, the scheme of the traditional Gorodets feast includes art products from Gorodets. Under the guidance of the artists of the laboratory, the quality of the work of Gorodets craftswomen is gradually improving, 60 of which begin to work in the author's group. They paint bread bins, decorative wall plates, shelves with sets of supplies or cutting boards, cake boards, supplies, chests, etc.

In 1985, six artists of Gorodets became laureates of the State Prize of the RSFSR. I.E. Repin.

The dominant color of Gorodets murals is either bright yellow chrome or cinnabar. They are usually the dominant color, the background of the entire painting as a whole; blue, green and sometimes "whitened" tones (pink, blue) are used to write a pattern, black and white - to work out the details.

Materials: Tempera. You can use gouache with the addition of PVA glue.

Two shades are made from each primary color: one is bleached, the other is more saturated.

Painting procedure:

BUT) The painting is done directly on a wooden base or the base is primed with yellow, red, black colors.

B) On the cutting board or surface of another object chosen for painting, the composition of the future pattern is outlined with thin lines in pencil. The main thing is to outline the location and size of the main, brightest spots - for example, flowers. These are the nodes of the composition. Medium details - unblown buds - connect large details to each other; small ones - twigs, leaves - complement the theme and have little effect on the overall composition.

AT) In the nodes of the composition, as a rule, spots of regular round shape are applied with a wide brush - the base of the flower.

G) On top of the light spots, thin strokes are applied with a second, darker color scheme of the same shade, for example, blue on blue - a stroke. Outline stroke - drawing, depicts the contours of the flower petals. At the same stage, leaflets are depicted between large elements, the shape of which is obtained with two or three brush strokes.

The whole painting consists of elements: circles - underpainting, brackets, drops, dots, arcs, spirals, strokes.

D) The final stage of the painting is the application of strokes and dots with black and white paint. This technique is called "animation" and gives the work a finished look. It is carried out with the thinnest brush.

E) After the tempera has dried, the product can be coated with a colorless varnish.

The most common motives are:

flowers - roses, cupavki with symmetrical leaves;

animals - horse, bird

The "Tree of Life" is a traditional story that personifies nature. On both sides of the "tree", horses or birds can be depicted.

Riders, carriages, ladies, soldiers, cavaliers, dogs are traditional for the plot Gorodets painting.

There are three types of composition in the Gorodets painting:

flower painting;
flower painting with the inclusion of the motif "horse" and "bird";
plot painting.

Such a division is conditional, since the plot painting is not complete without floral motifs, it is diverse in terms of construction schemes. And even if products with Gorodets painting are made on the basis of the same composition, but in different colors, you can not immediately catch the similarity.
So,

flower painting

This type is most often used, it is the easiest to perform. In a less complex version, a single flower with leaves diverging from it can be depicted at work. In a more complex version, for example, a strip of floral ornament is often depicted on the side walls, and the lid is decorated with flowers inscribed in a circle. On the lids of bread bins, flowers are usually arranged in a rectangle or rhombus.

In floral ornament, the following most common types of ornament can be distinguished:

"Bouquet" - depicted symmetrically. Usually written on cutting boards or dishes.

"Garland" is a kind of "bouquet", when one or two large flowers are located in the center, smaller flowers with leaves diverge from them to the sides. They can fit into a circle, a strip, or be placed crescent-shaped (on corner screensavers). This type of floral ornament composition is most often used when painting cutting boards, bread boxes, caskets, dishes, and children's furniture.

“Rhombus” is one of the variants of the “garland”, when one or more flowers are written in the center, forming the center, and the buds and leaves, gradually decreasing towards the tops of the rhombus, are located along its imaginary edges. This floral arrangement can most often be seen on rectangular cutting boards, chests, benches, cabinet doors, and bread boxes.

"Flower stripe" - has been preserved in the Gorodets craft from painted spinning wheels, where it separated the upper and lower tiers. Depending on what product it is written on, it can be a repeating ribbon composition of flowers of the same size, separated by pairs of leaves, or the same composition in which the following alternate: flowers of the same size, but different in pattern; flowers of the same size, but different in color; flowers, different in pattern, color and size. Such ornamental stripes are usually used when painting bulky items, such as round boxes. Narrative compositions encircle the narrow ornamental strip. The wider stripe is the middle tier in the three tier composition.

"Wreath" - resembles a "flower strip", but only closed along the edge of the dish or the lid of the box. Floral arrangements are usually symmetrical in the arrangement of motifs and color distribution.

Floral composition with the inclusion of the motif "horse" and "bird"

Just as in flower painting, motifs can be symmetrical in products depicting a horse and a bird. They are located on the sides of a flowering tree or inside a flower garland. Sometimes, among the symmetrically written floral ornament, there are two birds, asymmetrical in pattern, sometimes different in color. Sometimes, when a master performs a composition of several objects (for example, cutting boards), symmetry appears in the composition of the two extreme ones. On the extreme boards, various motifs of flowers can be depicted, or when writing birds, two motifs will be used: “rooster” and “hen”.

Note: The images of "rooster" and "horse" are symbols of the sun, wishes of happiness. The images of "rooster" and "hen" symbolize family well-being, wishing the family many children.