Artistic techniques and their examples. Literary devices

What distinguishes fiction from other types of texts? If you think that this is a plot, then you are mistaken, because lyrics are a fundamentally “plotless” area of ​​literature, and prose is often plotless (for example, a poem in prose). The original “entertainment” is also not a criterion, since in different eras fiction performed functions very far from entertainment (and even opposite to it).

“Artistic techniques in literature are, perhaps, the main attribute that characterizes fiction.”

What are art supplies for?

Techniques in literature are designed to give the text

• various expressive qualities,
• originality,
• reveal the attitude of the author to the written,
• and also to convey some hidden meanings and connections between parts of the text.

At the same time, apparently no new information is introduced into the text, because the main role is played by various ways of combining words and parts of a phrase.

Artistic techniques in literature are usually divided into two categories:

• trails,
• figures.

A trope is the use of a word in an allegorical, figurative sense. The most common trails:

• metaphor,
• metonymy,
• synecdoche.

Figures are methods of syntactic organization of sentences that differ from the standard arrangement of words and give the text one or another additional meaning. Examples of figures are

• antithesis (opposition),
• inner rhyme,
• isocolon (rhythmic and syntactic similarity of parts of the text).

But there is no clear boundary between figures and paths. Techniques such as

• comparison,
• hyperbola,
• litho, etc.

Literary devices and the emergence of literature

Most artistic techniques in general originate from primitive

• religious performances,
• will accept
• superstition.

The same can be said about literary devices. And here the distinction between paths and figures acquires a new meaning.

The paths are directly related to ancient magical ideas and rituals. First of all, this is a taboo on

• item name,
• animal,
• pronouncing a person's name.

It was believed that when designating a bear by its direct name, you can bring it on to the one who pronounces this word. So there were

• metonymy,
• synecdoche

(bear - "brown", "muzzle", wolf - "gray", etc.). Such are euphemisms (“decent” replacement for an obscene concept) and dysphemisms (“obscene” designation of a neutral concept). The first is also associated with a system of taboos on certain concepts (for example, the designation of the genitals), and the prototypes of the second were originally used to avoid the evil eye (according to the ancients) or to etiquette belittle the called object (for example, oneself in front of a deity or a representative of a higher class). Over time, religious and social ideas were “debunked” and subjected to a kind of profanation (that is, the removal of sacred status), and the paths began to play an exclusively aesthetic role.

The figures seem to be of a more "mundane" origin. They could serve the purpose of memorizing complex speech formulas:

• rules
• laws,
• scientific definitions.

Until now, such techniques are used in children's educational literature, as well as in advertising. And their most important function is rhetorical: to draw the public's attention to the content of the text by deliberately "violating" strict speech norms. These are

• rhetorical questions,
• rhetorical exclamations,
• rhetorical addresses.

"The prototype of fiction in the modern sense of the word was prayers and incantations, ritual chants, as well as speeches by ancient orators."

Many centuries have passed, the "magic" formulas have lost their power, however, on a subconscious and emotional level, they continue to influence a person, using our inner understanding of harmony and order.

Video: Figurative and expressive means in literature

Writing, as mentioned in this is an interesting creative process with its own characteristics, tricks and subtleties. And one of the most effective ways to highlight the text from the general mass, giving it uniqueness, unusualness and the ability to arouse genuine interest and a desire to read in full are literary writing techniques. They have been in use at all times. First, directly by poets, thinkers, writers, authors of novels, short stories and other works of art. Nowadays, they are actively used by marketers, journalists, copywriters, and indeed all those people who from time to time need to write a bright and memorable text. But with the help of literary techniques, you can not only decorate the text, but also give the reader the opportunity to more accurately feel what exactly the author wanted to convey, look at things with.

It doesn’t matter if you are a professional writer, taking your first steps in writing, or creating a good text just appears on your list of duties from time to time, in any case, it is necessary and important to know what literary techniques a writer has. The ability to use them is a very useful skill that can be useful to everyone, not only in writing texts, but also in ordinary speech.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the most common and effective literary techniques. Each of them will be provided with a vivid example for a more accurate understanding.

Literary devices

Aphorism

• “To flatter is to tell a person exactly what he thinks of himself” (Dale Carnegie)
• "Immortality costs us our lives" (Ramon de Campoamor)
• "Optimism is the religion of revolutions" (Jean Banvill)

Irony

Irony is a mockery in which the true meaning is opposed to the real meaning. This creates the impression that the subject of the conversation is not what it seems at first glance.

• The phrase said to the loafer: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today”
• A phrase said about rainy weather: "The weather is whispering"
• The phrase said to a man in a business suit: "Hi, are you jogging?"

Epithet

An epithet is a word that defines an object or action and at the same time emphasizes its feature. With the help of an epithet, you can give an expression or phrase a new shade, make it more colorful and bright.

• Proud warrior, stay strong
• suit fantastic colors
• beauty girl unprecedented

Metaphor

A metaphor is an expression or word based on the comparison of one object with another on the basis of their common features, but used in a figurative sense.

• Nerves of steel
• The rain is drumming
• Eyes on the forehead climbed

Comparison

Comparison is a figurative expression that connects various objects or phenomena with the help of some common features.

• From the bright light of the sun, Eugene was blind for a minute. like mole
• My friend's voice was like creak rusty door loops
• The mare was frisky how blazing the fire campfire

allusion

An allusion is a special figure of speech that contains an indication or hint of another fact: political, mythological, historical, literary, etc.

• You are just a great schemer (a reference to the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov "The Twelve Chairs")
• They made the same impression on these people that the Spaniards had on the Indians of South America (a reference to the historical fact of the conquest of South America by the conquistadors)
• Our trip could be called "The Incredible Movements of Russians in Europe" (a reference to the film by E. Ryazanov "The Incredible Adventures of Italians in Russia")

Repeat

Repetition is a word or phrase that is repeated several times in one sentence, giving additional semantic and emotional expressiveness.

• Poor, poor little boy!
• Scary, how scared she was!
• Go, my friend, go ahead boldly! Go boldly, don't be shy!

personification

Personification is an expression or word used in a figurative sense, by means of which the properties of animate are attributed to inanimate objects.

• Winter storm howls
• Finance sing romances
• Freezing painted window patterns

Parallel designs

Parallel constructions are voluminous sentences that allow the reader to create an associative link between two or three objects.

• “The waves are splashing in the blue sea, the stars are shining in the blue sea” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “A diamond is polished by a diamond, a line is dictated by a line” (S.A. Podelkov)
• “What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Pun

A pun is a special literary technique in which different meanings of the same word (phrases, phrases) that are similar in sound are used in one context.

• The parrot says to the parrot: "Parrot, I will parrot you"
• It was raining and my father and I
• “Gold is valued by weight, and by pranks - by a rake” (D.D. Minaev)

Contamination

Contamination is the appearance of one new word by combining two others.

• Pizza boy - pizza delivery boy (Pizza (pizza) + Boy (boy))
• Pivoner - beer lover (Beer + Pioneer)
• Batmobile - Batman's car (Batman + Car)

Streamlined Expressions

Streamlined expressions are phrases that do not express anything specific and hide the personal attitude of the author, veil the meaning or make it difficult to understand.

• We will change the world for the better
• Permissible losses
• It's neither good nor bad

Gradations

Gradations are a way of constructing sentences in such a way that homogeneous words in them increase or decrease the semantic meaning and emotional coloring.

• “Higher, faster, stronger” (J. Caesar)
• Drop, drop, rain, downpour, that's pouring like a bucket
• “He was worried, worried, went crazy” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Antithesis

Antithesis is a figure of speech that uses a rhetorical opposition of images, states or concepts that are interconnected by a common semantic meaning.

• “Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter” (A.S. Pushkin)
• “Who was nobody, he will become everything” (I.A. Akhmetiev)
• “Where the table was food, there is a coffin” (G.R. Derzhavin)

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is a stylistic figure that is considered a stylistic mistake - it combines incompatible (opposite in meaning) words.

• Living Dead
• Hot Ice
• Beginning of the End

So what do we see as a result? The amount of literary devices is amazing. In addition to those listed by us, one can name such as parcellation, inversion, ellipsis, epiphora, hyperbole, litote, periphrase, synecdoche, metonymy and others. And it is this diversity that allows any person to apply these techniques everywhere. As already mentioned, the “sphere” of the application of literary techniques is not only writing, but also oral speech. Supplemented with epithets, aphorisms, antitheses, gradations and other techniques, it will become much brighter and more expressive, which is very useful in mastering and developing. However, we must not forget that the abuse of literary techniques can make your text or speech pompous and by no means as beautiful as you would like. Therefore, you should be restrained and careful when applying these techniques so that the presentation of information is concise and smooth.

For a more complete assimilation of the material, we recommend that you, firstly, familiarize yourself with our lesson on, and secondly, pay attention to the writing style or speech of prominent personalities. There are a huge number of examples: from ancient Greek philosophers and poets to the great writers and orators of our time.

We will be very grateful if you take the initiative and write in the comments about what other literary techniques of writers you know, but which we did not mention.

We would also like to know if reading this material was useful for you?

Antithesis is such a means of expressiveness that is often used in the Russian language and in Russian literature because of its powerful expressive capabilities. So, the antithesis of definition is such a technique in artistic language when one phenomenon is opposed to another. Those who want to read about the antithesis of Wikipedia will certainly find various examples from poems there.

I would like to define the concept of “antithesis”, meaning. It is of great importance in the language, because it is such a technique that allows compare two opposites, for example, "black" and "white", "good" and "evil". The concept of this technique is defined as a means of expressiveness, which allows you to very vividly describe any object or phenomenon in poetry.

What is antithesis in literature

Antithesis is such an artistic pictorial and expressive means that allows you to compare one object with another on the basis of opposition. Usually, as an artistic medium, it is very popular with many contemporary writers and poets. But even in the classics you can find a huge number of examples. As part of the antithesis can be opposed in meaning or in their properties:

• Two characters. This most often happens in cases where a positive character is opposed to a negative one;
• Two phenomena or objects;
• Different qualities of the same object (viewing the object from several aspects);
• The qualities of one object are opposed to the qualities of another object.

Lexical meaning of trope

The technique is very popular in literature, because it allows you to most clearly express the essence of a particular subject with the help of opposition. Usually, such oppositions always look lively and figuratively, so poetry and prose that use the antithesis are quite interesting to read. She is one of the most popular and well-known means of artistic expression of a literary text, whether it be poetry or prose.

The technique was actively used by the classics of Russian literature, and modern poets and prose writers are no less actively using it. Most often, the antithesis underlies opposition of two heroes of a work of art when a positive character is opposed to a negative one. At the same time, their qualities are deliberately demonstrated in an exaggerated, sometimes grotesque form.

The skillful use of this artistic technique allows you to create a vivid, figurative description of the characters, objects or phenomena found in a particular work of art (novel, story, story, poem or fairy tale). It is often used in folklore works (fairy tales, epics, songs and other genres of oral folk art). During the literary analysis of the text, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence or absence of this technique in the work.

Where can I find examples of antithesis

Antithesis examples from literature can be found almost everywhere, in various genres of fiction, ranging from folk art (fairy tales, epics, tales, legends and other oral folklore) to the works of contemporary poets and writers of the twenty-first century. In connection with its peculiarities of artistic expressiveness, the technique is most often found in the following genres of fiction:

• Poems;
• Stories:
• Fairy tales and legends (folk and author's);
• Novels and stories. In which there are long descriptions of objects, phenomena or characters.

Antithesis as an artistic technique

As a means of artistic expression, it is built on the opposition of one phenomenon to another. The writer, who uses the antithesis in his work, chooses the most characteristic features of two characters (objects, phenomena) and tries to fully reveal them by opposing each other. The word itself, translated from ancient Greek, also means nothing more than “opposition”.

Active and appropriate use makes the literary text more expressive, lively, interesting, helps to most fully reveal the characters of the characters, the essence of specific phenomena or objects. This is the reason for the popularity of the antithesis in the Russian language and in Russian literature. However, in other European languages ​​this means of artistic imagery is also used very actively, especially in classical literature.

In order to find examples of antithesis during the analysis of a literary text, one must first of all examine those fragments of the text where two characters (phenomena, objects) are not considered in isolation, but are opposed to each other from different points of view. And then it will be quite easy to find a reception. Sometimes the whole meaning of the work is built on this artistic device. It should also be borne in mind that the antithesis can be explicit, but it may also be hidden, veiled.

Finding a hidden antithesis in an artistic literary text is quite simple if you read and analyze the text thoughtfully, carefully. In order to teach how to correctly use the technique in your own literary text, you need to familiarize yourself with the most striking examples from Russian classical literature. However, it is not recommended to abuse it so that it does not lose its expressiveness.

Antithesis is one of the main means of artistic expression, widely used in the Russian language and in Russian literature. Reception can be easily found in many works of Russian classics. Modern writers also actively use it. Antithesis enjoys well-deserved popularity, because it helps to most clearly express the essence of individual heroes, objects or phenomena by contrasting one hero (object, phenomenon) with another. Russian literature without this artistic device is almost unthinkable.

The arsenal of techniques is quite large: metaphor, oxymoron, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, allegory, comparison, epithet, allusion, paraphrase, anaphora, epiphora, anticipation, antithesis, paronym, permutation, gradation, etc.

A metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another on the basis of a feature common to both compared members (“talk of waves”, “bronze of muscles”, “Keeping money at home means freezing it!”, etc.)

Personification is a kind of metaphor, the transfer of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones (“her nurse is silence”).

Oxymoron (oxymoron) - a ratio in contrast, a combination of words opposite in meaning, a connection of concepts that is logically excluded ("a living corpse", "avant-garde tradition", "a small big car", etc.).

Metonymy is the replacement of one word with another based on the connection of their meanings by contiguity (“the theater applauded” - instead of “the audience applauded”).

Synecdoche is a type of metonymy, the name of a part (smaller) instead of a whole (large) or vice versa (“my little head is gone” - instead of “I am gone”).

Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration (“rivers of blood”, “mountains of money”, “ocean of love”, etc.).

Litota is a deliberate understatement (“a man with a fingernail”).

An allegory is an image of an abstract idea (concept) through an image. At the same time, the connection between meaning and image is established by analogy or contiguity (“love is the heart”, “justice is a woman with scales”, etc.).

Comparison is the likening of one object to another (“huge, like an elephant”). When comparing objects, a stronger one (explaining) transfers part of its positive and already known characteristics to an unknown object (explained). Thus, it is easier to explain the unfamiliar through the familiar, the complex through the simple. With the help of comparisons, you can achieve greater clarity and originality.

However, comparisons are often lame and can be misinterpreted. A person will begin to think about an explanatory subject and will be distracted from the main idea.

It would be useful to evaluate whether the object is being compared with an object worse than itself, whether the comparison will bring negative results. If in doubt, it is best to refrain from using comparison.

An epithet is a figurative definition that gives an additional artistic characteristic of an object (phenomenon) in the form of a hidden comparison (“clear field”, “lonely sail”, etc.) It should be borne in mind that small epithets weaken the text (“very”, “ too", "a little", "enough", etc.).

Allusion - a hint through a similar-sounding word or mention of a well-known real fact, historical event, literary work, etc. ("Secrets of the Madrid Court").

Paraphrase - an abbreviated presentation, a descriptive transfer of the meaning of another expression or word (“Writing these lines” - instead of “I”).

Anaphora is the repetition of the same letters, the same parts of a word, whole words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence (“Out of politics! Out of competition!”).

Epiphora is the repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of a sentence.

Anticipation is a deviation from the usual linear sequence of elements, in which the sign necessary for understanding the other precedes it instead of following it, resulting in the effect of expectation ("It's not so new, this phenomenon called patriotism" or " And what were those conversations – historical!”)

Antithesis is opposition in meaning, contrast. ("Small computers - for big people" Company "White Wind"). For example, I. Ehrenburg often resorted to the antithesis: “The workers continue to stand at the levers: cold, heat, screeching, darkness. Mr. Eastman eats an ostrich egg away from the worldly bustle.

Paronyms are words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning (“base” and “basis”, “hot” and “hot”. V. Vysotsky: “And whoever does not honor quotes is a renegade and a reptile”).

Permutation is a change in the places occupied by words. ("Heart of the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea in the Heart").

Gradation is a consistent intensification or weakening of the power of homogeneous expressive means of artistic speech (“I do not regret, I do not call, I do not cry ...”).

A rhetorical question is a question that does not require an answer, a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers (“Who are the judges?”)

Phraseologisms (idioms) are often effectively used in the text - stable combinations of words that are metaphors, figurative expressions of a certain concept or phenomenon (“A mosquito will not undermine the nose”, “Seven troubles - one answer”, etc.)

Phraseological units are easily recognized by the reader. With their help, the memorability of individual phrases, the perception of the entire text is improved.

Proverbs and sayings also “work” for the figurativeness and conciseness of the text. M. Gorky spoke about them:

“It is proverbs and sayings that express the thinking of the masses in a particularly instructive fullness, and it is extremely useful for novice writers to get acquainted with this material, not only because it excellently teaches the economy of words, speech conciseness and imagery, but here is why: the quantitatively predominant population of the Land of Soviets is the peasantry , the clay from which history created workers, philistines, merchants, priests, officials, nobles, scientists and artists ...

I learned a lot from proverbs, in other words, from thinking in aphorisms.

Winged words are also effective. These are well-aimed expressions, quotations, aphorisms that have become widespread in lively speech as proverbs and sayings (“To be or not to be!”, “From a dead donkey’s ears”, “And in the end I will say”, etc.).

The use of phraseological units, proverbs, sayings and winged words in the texts of various types of copywriting is based on the preservation of semantic and evaluative associations evoked in a stable way. This image is not destroyed even when freely arranged by the author. At the same time, there is often a formal, superficial use of phraseological units and winged words. In such cases, either the meaning is completely distorted, or semantic contradictions arise.

Often the authors resort to reminiscence - a reference to well-known literary facts or works. Reminiscence can be in the form of an exact or inaccurate quote, "quoted" or remaining implicit, subtext. Reminiscences link the text with a common cultural and social context and also allow the authors not to repeat themselves, to manage with a more concise description of events or facts. One of the most frequently used reminiscences is a reference to one or another fragment of the text of the Bible. Reminiscence is one of the favorite techniques of postmodernists.

(It is curious that, by and large, each text is a set of explicit or implicit quotations, references to other texts.)

Incomplete sentences, indicated in the text by ellipsis, are successfully applied. Human beings have a desire for perfection. In this regard, he tries to complete the sentence and is thus drawn into the active reading of the text.

Very often, well-known sayings, popular expressions, quotations from literary works are taken as the basis of unfinished sentences (“Fisherman of the fisherman ...”, “Without labor ...”, “I gave birth to you ...”, etc.) Naturally that the reader must complete the sentence exclusively with the copywriter's variant of the words.

One of the most common techniques is repetition (complementing and clarifying reminders of what has already been said). With the help of repetitions, the most important, especially significant moments of the text are highlighted and emphasized.

A pun is also used in various texts - a play on words based on the sound similarity of dissonant words or phrases (“Osip is hoarse, and Arkhip is osip”).

Wordplay can be based not only on sound content, but also on spelling.

Examples of the use of written puns in advertising:

even haute couture

(Sign on the store)

THIS IS HE!

(Trading house "Oton")

A connotation is an additional, accompanying meaning that can inspire the desired relationship to the object. For example, Putinka vodka, President vodka, Kremlin vodka.

An additional value may change its strength over time. For example, in Soviet times, the word "imported" gave the product an additional appeal, but over time it lost it.

Often, striving for novelty, originality, copywriters create neologisms - their own words and expressions, the unusualness of which is clearly felt by native speakers. So, for example, the words “substance” and “thermometer” were invented by M. Lomonosov, “industry” - by N. Karamzin, “bungling” - by M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, “shuffle” - by F. Dostoevsky, “mediocrity” - by I. Severyanin , "exhausted" - V. Khlebnikov, "hulk" - V. Mayakovsky, etc.

Curiously, the first person in history to use the word “gay” in literature was Gertrude Stein. She gave the world the definition of "lost generation". This lesbian writer hated punctuation. Her most famous quote is "A rose is a rose is a rose is a rose".

Sometimes, in pursuit of originality, words are created that, without a special explanation, are not understood by a significant part of the audience or no one at all.

In cases where it is necessary to replace a rude, aggressive or too direct expression with a softer one, a euphemism is used. It is necessary to ensure that the reception does not impede perception, does not lead to misunderstanding. After all, under one word for different people can be different.

Used in copywriting and such a "tool" as kakofemizm - reduced, replacing the normative, decent. For example, instead of "die" in some cases, you can write "glue flippers", "throw skates", "play box", etc.

A very interesting technique is estrangement (from the word "strange"). This term was introduced by V. Shklovsky:

“Estrangement is seeing the world with different eyes.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his own way, estranged the world, he seemed to live outside the state.

The world of poetry includes the world of estrangements.

Gogol's troika, which rushes over Russia, it is a Russian troika, because it is sudden. But at the same time it is the world's troika, it rushes over Russia, and over Italy, and over Spain.

This is the movement of a new, self-asserting literature.

New vision of the world.

Removal is a matter of time.

Detachment is not only a new vision, it is a dream of a new and only therefore sunny world. And a colored shirt without a Mayakovsky belt is the festive clothes of a person who firmly believes in tomorrow.

In an effort to originality, estrangement, copywriters sometimes use techniques that are more like tricks. For example, the writer Ernest Vincent Wright has a novel called Gadsby, which is over 50,000 words long. There is not a letter E in the whole novel, the most common letter in the English language.

More detailed information on this topic can be found in the books of A. Nazaikin

Everyone is well aware that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer's personality. The “baggage” of a writing person consists of a vocabulary, speech techniques, skills in using these techniques. The richer the artist's palette, the more opportunities he has when creating a canvas. The same is with the writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter the images, the deeper and more interesting the statements, the stronger the emotional impact on the reader will be able to have his works.

Among the means of speech expressiveness, often called "artistic devices" (or otherwise figures, tropes) in literary work, metaphor is in the first place in terms of frequency of use.

Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in a figurative sense. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is a metaphor that creates an artistic image.

There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:

metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes involving the imposition of one meaning on another

(examples: "Let's take another plate!"; "Van Gogh hangs on the third floor");

(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”, “bitter bread”);

comparison - a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one with another

(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a flute is tender”);

personification - "revival" of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature

(examples: “ominous haze”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);

hyperbole and litote - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described subject

(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of ​​\u200b\u200btears”; “there was no poppy dew in his mouth”);

sarcasm - an evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in rap battles that have become widespread recently);

irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

humor - a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);

grotesque - a figure of speech that deliberately violates the proportions and true sizes of objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is Gulliver's Travels by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);

pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their ambiguity

(examples can be found in anecdotes, as well as in the work of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov and others);

oxymoron - a combination in one expression of incongruous, two contradictory concepts

(examples: "terribly beautiful", "original copy", "flock of comrades").

However, speech expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures. In particular, we can also mention sound writing, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order of construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitation of the sounds of the real world. The reader will often meet sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.

If you look at the sky, you will see the sun. Without the sun, life on Earth is impossible. The sun has attracted the attention of people for thousands of years. In ancient times, he was worshiped and sacrificed.

• Red wolf - a message about a rare animal

  Among the known species of animals in the world of fauna, there are those that have features due to which they can be classified as rare. It can be an unusual appearance, warm skin or nutritious animal meat.

• Soap - message in chemistry grade 10

  Any self-respecting person will not be able to provide his life without soap. It symbolizes cleanliness and personal hygiene. Scientifically speaking, soap is a solid or liquid substance.

• Laws of Hammurabi - report message

  The code of laws of Hammurabi is the oldest monument of written laws. It was created by one of the rulers of Babylon of the Hammurabi dynasty. The text of the laws was carved on basalt tablets. Subsequently, at the beginning of the twentieth

• How to teach a child to work and work?

  Today, the younger generation often, instead of doing housework or helping relatives in any other field of activity, simply choose to walk along the street or play computer games.