The protagonist of a brilliant novel F.M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov asks himself whether it is allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of a great good, does a noble goal justify a criminal means? The author portrays him as a generous dreamer, a humanist, eager to make all mankind happy, who comes to the realization of his own impotence in the face of world evil and in despair decides to "break" the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to do evil for the sake of good. However, a normal person, who undoubtedly is the hero of the novel, is alien to bloodshed and murder. To understand this, Raskolnikov needed to go through all the circles of moral hell and go to hard labor. Only at the end of the novel do we see that the hero realizes the absurdity of his crazy idea and gains peace of mind.
In contrast to the doubting and rushing Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky draws in his novel the image of Svidrigailov, a man who does not think about the means to achieve his goals. Falling into the abyss of debauchery, losing faith, Svidrigailov commits suicide, thereby showing the dead end of Raskolnikov's theory.
Based on a true story, the novel "An American Tragedy" by the American writer T. Dreiser tells about the fate of an ambitious young manClyde Griffiths, who dreams of breaking out of the framework of his environment, rapidly and stubbornly walking up the steps of his career, up to the world of money and luxury. Having seduced an honest girl and being sure of his love for her, the hero soon realizes that this connection is the main obstacle on the way to high society. A classic love triangle is formed, the third "corner" of which is a girl from high society, who opens up all sorts of ways to material wealth for Clyde. Unable to resist such a temptation, the young man carefully considers the possibility of getting rid of his first love, which interferes not only with ambitious plans, but simply prevents him from living for his own pleasure. This is how a crime is committed - thought out, seriously prepared and cowardly. After the death of the girl, the police go on the trail of Clyde and accuse him of premeditated murder. The jury sentences him to capital punishment and Clyde spends the rest of his life in prison. As a result, he confesses, admits his guilt. He is executed in the electric chair.
A good, kind, talented person, Ilya Oblomov, did not manage to overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. The absence of a high goal in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.
In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maughamdraws the life path of a young American Larry, who spent half of his life with books, and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image clearly stands out against the background of young people of his circle, who spend their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, ignoring the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, searched for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He completely surrendered himself to the spiritual principle in order to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, and discover the meaning of the universe.
The protagonist of the novel of the same name by the American writer Jack London, Martin Eden, is a working guy, sailor, from the bottom, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse, a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach the semi-literate Martin the correct pronunciation of English words and awakens in him an interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him to the goal. In the end, having gone a long and thorny path, after numerous failures and disappointments, he becomes a famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that the fulfillment of a dream does not always bring happiness)
A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. Similarly, a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable stagnation.
I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.
The novel by the famous English writer W.S. Maugham "The Burden of Human Passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The protagonist of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses to explain further. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is aimless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still find satisfaction by choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, produces children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - perhaps some disturbing beauty is hidden in them.
During the existence of mankind, many historical eras have passed. The stormy winds of change swept away the sand castles of the ancient foundations and the story of life began a new round of the spiral. Each time formed its own ideal of a person, who was glorified for centuries by his contemporaries. Since today our eyes have turned towards those years that historians called the Middle Ages, we will first try to define what the Middle Ages is.
According to the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, the Middle Ages is the millennium 476 - 1492, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the discovery of America. Development of feudalism and Catholicism. On the one hand, the kings, in alliance with the townspeople, go to war with the feudal lords and win, on the other hand, Renaissance humanism puts forward ideas about the rights of the individual against the Catholic spiritual tyranny, the principles of free thought against the principles of the authority of blind faith, ancient cheerfulness against Christian asceticism. Science is developing - printing has been invented, gunpowder has been discovered, ships are sailing towards the American mainland. A controversial and romantic time, isn't it?
What should be the ideal of a person - a person at such a moment, as the servants of the lyre and ordinary people see him? Of course, first of all free. Free physically and spiritually. Heroes go on long journeys, looking for glory, good luck, happiness. The musty world of the feudal farmstead is alien to them, even if they themselves are feudal lords. Prince Igor goes to the Polovtsian lands. Who is he - the conqueror, the liberator? This is almost unimportant to a contemporary, the main thing is that the prince is a great Warrior, ready to challenge any formidable enemy.
Fearless Tristan travels to distant Ireland, despite the dangers that threaten him. Of course, the medieval hero is brave and easy-going. If earlier the lives of the saints were supposed to serve as an example to follow, now the boys' eyes burn at the mention of living people of flesh and blood.
It is not a fanatical faith in some non-material and abstract ideals that leads to the goal. In the image of the hero, a new distinctive feature appeared, which again is inherent in a living person - love. Love, as the most sublime and strong of all feelings, pushes to even more daring and desperate deeds than the thirst for adventure.
Consider Romeo and Juliet. Love makes you forget the many years of bloody feud between the two clans. And, paradoxically, although it is difficult to imagine a more tragic end for this amazing story, in the reader, in addition to sadness, by the last page some kind of huge bright feeling is born, ready to take a person on its mighty wings and make a hundred times stronger.
The honor of the title, uniform, clan, name means a lot to our hero. Any careless word and even a glance can become the basis for a bloody duel. There is a rather strange contradiction here. On the one hand, the power of love, on the other hand, the power of strength. It is no secret that not everyone who owns a sword better than others, in fact, often turns out to be right. But the contradiction is only apparent. In fact, this is why literary works often end with a happy ending, because the author puts an all-damaging sword into the hands of the right with the sole purpose of punishing the guilty.
Witch hunts are going on all over Europe, disease and ignorance are rampant, the fires of the Inquisition are burning. In such a situation, people need a life-saving straw, grasping which one can escape from the madness of the surrounding world. And here comes the hero. Strong, brave, honest, kind, fair, all-conquering. And everything immediately falls into place. The defeated villain trembles, order and justice reign in the world. Many examples of such a miraculous escape from all adversity can be found in the stories of the time of the war of the Scarlet and White Roses.
Don't you think that this situation is very reminiscent of our present day? At the moment when people lose their moral guidelines, they definitely need a hero - a savior. However, bitter historical experience shows that the longer you wait for a miraculous deliverance, the harder it will be to get it later with your own hands. This is exactly what would not hurt to understand as early as possible. Otherwise, it may turn out that for six centuries the fires of the Inquisition have not cooled down as much as it might seem at first glance.
The fate of the working class, of which they were a part. In the 1920s, attention gradually increased to the fate and psychology of the individual, despite the fact that romantic adventures often obscured the inner characterization of the hero. And further literature was greatly influenced by the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, adopted on April 23, 1932. It noted that “Soviet literature has achieved ...
Ancient Russian literature. There is no need to consider all the monuments that existed in Ancient Rus'. On the example of several works, let us consider how the theme of man and his deeds developed in ancient Russian literature. 2. Man in the Literature of Ancient Rus' One of the first, most important genres of emerging Russian literature was the chronicle genre. The oldest chronicle that has actually come down to us ...
The ethical essence of man, his main ethical orientation is not a preconceived idea in Dostoevsky, but a conclusion from his observations of people. The “idea of man” pervades and centers Russian philosophy of the 19th century. In all the various currents of Russian thought, the main thing is the assertion that “a person in his individuality is a moral value of the highest hierarchical level” / Berdyaev /. ...
The development of its content and methods at every stage of the development of society and the school with a gem, so as not to get ahead of ourselves and take into account the measure of the possible in its implementation. It is necessary to say about the features of the pedagogical ideal of a person that existed in ancient Russian pedagogy. The ancient Slavic culture was united through the adoption of Christianity with the mature Eastern Christianity of Byzantium, the goal ...
During the existence of mankind, many historical eras have passed. The stormy winds of change swept away the sand castles of the ancient foundations and the story of life began a new round of the spiral. Each time formed its own ideal of a person, who was glorified for centuries by his contemporaries. Since today our eyes have turned towards those years that historians called the Middle Ages, we will first try to define what the Middle Ages is.
According to the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, the millennium is called the Middle Ages.
476 - 1492, from the fall of the western Roman Empire to the discovery of America.
Development of feudalism and Catholicism. On the one hand, the kings, in alliance with the townspeople, go to war with the feudal lords and win, on the other hand, Renaissance humanism puts forward ideas about the rights of the individual against the Catholic spiritual tyranny, the principles of free thought against the principles of the authority of blind faith, ancient cheerfulness against Christian asceticism. Science is developing - printing has been invented, gunpowder has been discovered, ships are sailing towards the American mainland. A controversial and romantic time, isn't it?
What should be the ideal of a person - a person at such a moment, as the servants of the lyre and ordinary people see him? Of course, first of all free.
Free physically and spiritually. Heroes go on long journeys, looking for glory, good luck, happiness. The musty world of the feudal farmstead is alien to them, even if they themselves are feudal lords. Prince Igor goes to the Polovtsian lands. Who is he - the conqueror, the liberator? This is almost unimportant to a contemporary, the main thing is that the prince is a great Warrior, ready to challenge any formidable enemy.
Fearless Tristan travels to distant Ireland, despite the dangers that threaten him. Of course, the medieval hero is brave and easy-going. If earlier the lives of the saints were supposed to serve as an example to follow, now the boys' eyes burn at the mention of living people of flesh and blood.
It is not a fanatical faith in some non-material and abstract ideals that leads to the goal. In the image of the hero, a new distinctive feature appeared, which again is inherent in a living person - love. Love, as the most sublime and strong of all feelings, pushes to even more daring and desperate deeds than the thirst for adventure.
Consider Romeo and Juliet. Love makes you forget the many years of bloody feud between the two clans. And, paradoxically, although it is difficult to imagine a more tragic end for this amazing story, in the reader, in addition to sadness, by the last page some kind of huge bright feeling is born, ready to take a person on its mighty wings and make a hundred times stronger.
The honor of the title, uniform, clan, name means a lot to our hero. Any careless word and even a glance can become the basis for a bloody duel. There is a rather strange contradiction here. On the one hand, the power of love, on the other hand, the power of strength. It is no secret that not everyone who owns a sword better than others, in fact, often turns out to be right. But the contradiction is only apparent. In fact, this is why literary works often end with a happy ending, because the author puts an all-destroying sword into the hands of the right with the sole purpose
- to punish the guilty.
Witch hunts are going on all over Europe, disease and ignorance are rampant, the fires of the Inquisition are burning. In such a situation, people need a life-saving straw, grasping which one can escape from the madness of the surrounding world. And here comes the hero. Strong, brave, honest, kind, fair, all-conquering. And everything immediately falls into place. The defeated villain trembles, order and justice reign in the world. Many examples of such a miraculous escape from all adversity can be found in the stories of the time of the war of the Scarlet and White Roses.
Don't you think that this situation is very reminiscent of our present day? At the moment when people lose their moral guidelines, they definitely need a hero - a savior. However, bitter historical experience shows that the longer you wait for a miraculous deliverance, the harder it will be to get it later with your own hands. This is exactly what would not hurt to understand as early as possible. Otherwise, it may turn out that for six centuries the fires of the Inquisition have not cooled down as much as it might seem at first glance.
The theme of the relationship between man and the community of people is one of the most relevant, both in classical Russian literature and in the modern world. Society is a part of the world that lives, develops, has certain time frames, values and traditions. And the unit of society is none other than man. He cannot choose to unite people specifically for himself: he becomes part of society from birth. It is he who subsequently forms the personality, its interests and way of thinking. But is a person capable of turning the lives of those around him? Can it develop outside its structure? How does social pressure affect individuals? In this selection, we have collected arguments from the literature for the final essay in the direction "Man and Society", which can help answer these questions.
- In his epic novel "War and Peace" Leo Tolstoy reveals the duality of the nature of Russian high society in the early 19th century. On the one hand, the reader observes the life of the high society of St. Petersburg and sees the whole world, with its own laws and moral principles, oriented towards Europe. However, in all high relationships, Tolstoy emphasizes one striking detail - unnaturalness. Luscious strained smiles, ladies in the most beautiful dresses, but cold and deathly pale, as if made of marble, and behind all this imaginary splendor, emptiness and indifference are hidden. The discussion of foreign news at high-society receptions quickly bored a thinking person, and he soon became disillusioned with the outward splendor of pompous gentlemen. On the other hand, Tolstoy paints portraits of such noble and sensitive representatives of the upper class as Pierre Bezukhov, Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova and others. A lively mind glimmers in them, there is an interest in the world and people, they are opposed to the dead from St. Petersburg salons. However, they all felt like strangers in high society, and were even deceived and disgraced by it more than once. Their individuality, which favorably differed from the dullness and hypocrisy of society, was able to form only at a distance from it, thanks to exceptional families or education abroad.
- M. Gorky sang his romantic ideal in the work "Old Woman Izergil". He was embodied in the beautiful young man Danko, to whom the author contrasted the image of the young man Larra. Larra, the son of an eagle and a woman, incapable of true love, pity, self-sacrifice. Life, a great value kept by a person, becomes a living hell for him. He is not able to understand its fragility and transience. Selfish Larra can only receive, but not give in return. And Gorky emphasizes that Larra will never find freedom, since true freedom must be shared with other people in order to establish harmony. Danko, on the contrary, spares nothing for society. He is open to the world and, without hesitation, sacrifices his life to save his native tribe. He obviously does not expect gratitude, because his entire existence is aimed at the human good. Gorky saw the meaning of life in serving society.
- M.A. Bulgakov in the novel "Master and Margarita" sharply raises the question of the relationship between society and an individual person. His hero is a true genius who wrote an amazing novel. However, after the publication, the Master does not gain popular love, but, on the contrary, is subjected to persecution in the press. And from whom does he get these infuriated reviews and pamphlets? From a society of miserable graphomaniacs from MASSOLIT, pseudo-writers and envious people. The author presents a group of “artists” as caustic and insidious, knowing himself firsthand about him. And in the end, this very society, with endless attacks and harassment, forces the Master to destroy his beautiful creation and brings him to a madhouse. He is no longer a part of this nasty gathering, and his beloved Margarita becomes his entire society, and his soul finds eternal peace.
- Any society must develop. In comedy A.S. Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" demonstrates the ossified Famus society - a gathering of noble people, miserable and ignorant. Famusov's guests, like exaggerated Westerners, go dumb with delight when Frenchmen from Bordeaux, Parisian milliners and rootless foreign crooks call in. Chatsky is opposed to them, denouncing their pernicious worship of the Western world and rejection of their own path. He is bright, hot, eager to learn something new, impatient and passionate. It is he who stands up for freedom, art, mind and brings a new high morality to the Famusov world, however, the prim world of Famusov does not accept change and cuts any rudiments of the new, bright and beautiful in the bud. Such is the age-old conflict between the progressive individual and the crowd, which gravitates towards conservatism.
- The main character of the novel, M.Yu., is also filled with a rebellious spirit. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin does not accept many established social rules, but still tries to find a common language with the world around him. His personality, like the personalities of many others, is formed under the action of several forces: the first is his will, the second is the society and the era in which he exists. Internal torment makes Pechorin seek harmony among other people. He rips off their masks, gives them inner freedom, but invariably each of them fails. That is why the hero remains alone every time, immersed in deep introspection and the search for his own "I". In such a society, he simply cannot find himself and realize his inner potential.
- In the novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin's "Lord Golovlev" on the example of one prosperous family shows the life of the nobility. The Golovlev family, as a direct cell of high society, reflects all of its most monstrous vices: greed, idleness, ignorance, laziness, hypocrisy, stupidity, inability to work. Arina Petrovna Golovleva managed the estate all her life, thoughtlessly accumulated wealth, and at the same time morally and morally corrupted her offspring. She constantly used the word “family” in her speech, but when she saw how all the property she had acquired was snatched up by her insidious children, Arina Petrovna realized that she lived for the sake of a ghost, and there had never been a real family in her life. So the "higher" society, greedy, helpless and lazy, will certainly find its death in its own sins, as history has shown.
- The world of A. And Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" is bleak, stingy with colors, hopeless. Here people no longer have names, the main determinant is the camp number. Human life has lost its value, and the habits of the inhabitants of the camp are more like animals: all they think about is satisfying their biological needs in order not to die. Among them, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov himself should have gone berserk long ago, lost his human qualities. However, despite all the difficulties of fate, he rejoices at every day he lives on Earth. His small fortunes turn into big ones on the scale of the enclosed space of the camp. Prisoner number eight hundred and fifty-four did not sour or squint. He is still capable of sympathy and pity for his neighbor. In contrast to Ivan Denisovich, camp guards were placed, who ensured a wonderful life for themselves by turning prisoners into slaves. They put themselves above the inhabitants of the camp, thereby violating human laws, excluding themselves from human society.
- Contrasts the hero with society and A.P. Chekhov in the story "Ionych". At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Ionych Startsev appears before us, a zemstvo doctor, who is opposed to the heroes of the city of S., gray and ignorant people. This is especially evident in the example of the Turkin family, whom Startsev visits. The whole family strives to show off their imaginary "talents", which actually do not exist, and each of them revels in their stupidity. Turkins are static, there is no development in their images. But Startsev is not trying to change anything, but on the contrary, he slowly begins to adapt to the world around him. Under the influence of external forces, he also degrades, sinks to the moral bottom, is carried away by hoarding, grows fat, becomes stupid, ceases to be interested in anything. And at the end we see simply Ionych, a man without a name and without a core, reshaped to fit the low standards of the society of the city of S.
- In the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's Quiet Flows the Don, the protagonist goes a long way in search of his place in the troubled society of revolutionary times. Grigory Melekhov rushes about, trying to figure out which camp he should join and whom to support in a brutal fratricidal war. "Mad World" frightens the hero, internal torments torment him. In addition to this, there are also love ups and downs. His feelings for Aksinya, forbidden, but deep, push Melekhov to serious actions - he leaves his family, goes against generally accepted norms, in order to finally solve all the troubles and storms of the soul. He, tired of constant thoughts and discord, wants peace and tranquility. That is why, returning home, Melekhov throws the gun into the water. However, a short-sighted society does not accept his search, sticks the yoke of a "traitor" and persecutes an already unarmed and broken person, not knowing compassion.
- F. M. Dostoevsky in his novel "Crime and Punishment" shows what the decline of society is pushing ordinary citizens to. There are several reasons why Rodion Raskolnikov decided to kill the old pawnbroker. One of them, of course, has roots in the personality of Rodion. But society, mired in poverty and sins, also played a significant role in the student's decision. Raskolnikov himself was choked by lousy poverty, and he, susceptible to other people's suffering, went to a terrible crime. Nothing else makes sense in a society where money, simple pieces of paper have become the main value, and everyone has long forgotten about high morality. A simple girl Sonya Marmeladova takes the path of a prostitute in order to earn money for her family. And her father, without thinking about his relatives, drinks everything in taverns that stink of rotten human souls, while weighty moneybags revel in their wealth earned on the lives of ordinary people. So the author shows that it is impossible to live in society and be free from it: its problems automatically become yours.
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