Thanks to everyone who took part in the game!
For some reason, I wanted to devote time to the last question (instead of traditional cats :))
So, Joseph Haydn "Farewell Symphony"
The peculiarity of this symphony is that it is performed by candlelight, fixed on the music consoles of the musicians; the finale, traditional in form, is followed by an additional slow part, during which the musicians stop playing one by one, extinguish the candles and leave the stage. First, all wind instruments are excluded. In the string group, double basses are turned off, then cellos, violas and second violins. The symphony is played out only by the first 2 violins (on one of which Haydn himself played at one time, since the first violinist was also the conductor of the orchestra), which, after the end of the music, extinguish the candles and leave after the others (from Wiki)
However, the history of its creation is not as unambiguous as it is written in school textbooks of musical literature.
One, according to Haydn himself, was preserved in the memoirs of his contemporaries. At the time of writing this symphony, Haydn served in the chapel of Prince Esterhazy, one of the Hungarian magnates, whose wealth and luxury rivaled those of the emperor. In January 1772, Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy ordered that during his stay on the estate, the families of the chapel musicians (there were 16 of them at that time) lived there. Only in the absence of the prince could the musicians leave Estergaz and visit their wives and children. An exception was made only for the bandmaster and the first violinist. That year, the prince stayed at the estate for an unusually long time, and the musicians, exhausted by the bachelor life, turned to their leader, the bandmaster, for help. Haydn wittily solved this problem and managed to convey the request of the musicians to the prince during the performance of his new, Forty-fifth Symphony.
According to another version, the request concerned a salary that the prince had not paid to the orchestra for a long time, and the symphony contained a hint that the musicians were ready to say goodbye to the chapel.
Another legend is just the opposite: the prince himself decided to dissolve the chapel, leaving the orchestra members without a livelihood.
And, finally, the last, dramatic, put forward by the romantics in the 19th century: The Farewell Symphony embodies farewell to life. However, the title is missing from the manuscript of the score. The inscription at the beginning - partly in Latin, partly in Italian - reads: “Symphony in F sharp minor. In the name of the Lord from me, Giuseppe Haydn. 772", and at the end in Latin: "Praise be to God!".
The first performance took place in Estergaz in the autumn of the same 1772 by the princely chapel under the direction of Haydn.
The material is taken from the website of the Murmansk Philharmonic Orchestra.
This is how Yuri Levitansky wrote about this work
Haydn's Farewell Symphony
The birch trees in the autumn forest are quietly dying out, the mountain ash is burning out.
And as the foliage flies from the autumn aspens,
The forest becomes more and more transparent, exposing such depths,
That the whole secret essence of nature becomes clear.
I love these days when the idea is clear and the theme is guessed,
And then faster and faster, obeying the key -
As in the "Farewell Symphony" - closer to the final you remember Haydn
The musician, having played his part, extinguishes the candle.
And he leaves - everything is more spacious in the forest now - the musicians leave, -
Foliage score burns line by line -
The candles in the orchestra go out one by one - the musicians leave -
Soon, soon in the orchestra, all the candles will go out one by one.
Everything is more spacious, everything is quieter in the autumn forest - the musicians are leaving.
Soon the last violin will fall silent in the violinist's hand.
And the last flute will freeze in silence - the musicians leave.
Soon, soon the last candle in our orchestra will go out ...
And here is a humorous interpretation of her ending - watch from the fourth minute
Prepared by Yulia Bederova
One of the few minor symphonies by Haydn and the only symphony of the 18th century, written in the key of F-sharp minor, which was uncomfortable at that time. In the finale, the musicians take turns leaving the stage, the parts of different instruments are gradually turned off from the music, and at the end only two violins remain to sound.
According to legend, the customer, Prince Esterhazy Haydn served as bandmaster for the prince, and the Esterhazy family actually owned the rights to all of his music and even disposed of the musicians' free time., owed the members a vacation (according to another version - a salary) - that is what they hinted at with such an unusual ending. It is not known whether justice was achieved by this witty device, but the slow finale of the Farewell Symphony, whose music was affected by the influence of the sturmerism "Sturm und Drang"(German: Sturm und Drang) is a pre-romantic literary and artistic movement that influenced many composers in music, from Haydn and Mozart to Beethoven and the Romantics. Representatives of the movement are called sturmers., in turn, influenced the further history of symphonies - from Beethoven to Tchaikovsky and Mahler. After the Farewell Steel, slow finals are possible, which the classical model did not foresee.
Joseph Haydn
Symphony No. 45 in F sharp minor (Farewell Symphony) is a symphony by Joseph Haydn (1772).
This symphony was written for the chapel and home theater of the Hungarian princes Esterházy. That year, the Esterhazy family lingered in their summer palace, where it was quite cool. The musicians suffered from cold and disease. Haydn decided to hint to the prince that it was time to leave with the help of music. The peculiarity of this symphony is that it is performed by candlelight, fixed on the music consoles of the musicians; the finale, traditional in form, is followed by an additional slow part, during which the musicians one by one stop playing, extinguish the candles and leave the stage. First, all wind instruments are excluded. In the string group, double basses are turned off, then cellos, violas and second violins. Only the first 2 violins finish the symphony (on one of which Haydn himself played at one time, since the first violinist was also the conductor of the orchestra), which, after the end of the music, extinguish the candles and leave after the others. Prince Esterhazy understood this elegant hint, and soon he and the musicians left the summer residence.
The composition of the orchestra: two oboes, bassoon, two horns, strings (1st and 2nd violins, violas, cellos and double basses).
Music
The symphony begins immediately with the introduction of the main part, without any introduction and is pathetic in nature. In general, all First part kept in the same spirit. Dancing and even quite graceful features of the main part set the general mood of the movement. Dynamic reprise only reinforces this image.
Exquisite and light The second part performed mainly by a string group (quartet). The themes are very subdued, the violins perform parts with mutes on pianissimo. In the reprise, Haydn uses the famous "golden move of the horns", which adorns the main part.
The third part- this is a minuet, but Haydn made it very unusual by comparing two effects: the melody performed by the violins on the piano and the sound of the entire orchestra on the forte. This movement also features the "golden horn move" that the composer used in the trio. At the end of the minuet, a minor appears suddenly. This is no coincidence, because with this technique Haydn anticipates the general mood of the finale.
Joseph Haydn
Fourth part at first echoes the first, its graceful theme. A gloomy atmosphere arises only in the reprise, which suddenly breaks off, moreover, on the very rise. After a short pause, an adagio with variations sounds. The theme itself is presented rather serenely, the feeling of anxiety begins to grow as soon as the sonority fades away. The instruments fall silent one by one, having played their part. The first to leave the orchestra are the musicians who play the wind instruments, after which the basses and violas leave the stage. Finally, two violins, who play the theme with mutes, touchingly and anxiously finish playing their parts, also leaving the hall.
Joseph Haydn Symphony No. 45 (Farewell)
Joseph Haydn Symphony No. 45 (Farewell)
Who does not have time to listen to the entire symphony can listen to the finale.
Joseph Haydn - Farewell Symphony. The final
Joseph Haydn - Farewell Symphony. The final
Artist: Slobodan Trpevski
Yuri Levitansky
I love these days when the whole idea is already clear and the theme is guessed ...
I love these days when the whole idea is already clear and the theme is guessed,
And then faster and faster, obeying the key -
As in the "Farewell Symphony" - closer to the finale - do you remember
at Haydn
The musician, having played his part, extinguishes the candle
And he leaves - everything is more spacious in the forest now - the musicians leave -
Foliage score burns line by line -
The candles in the orchestra go out one by one - the musicians leave -
Soon, soon all the candles in the orchestra will go out one by one -
Birches quietly go out in the autumn forest, mountain ash burns out,
And as the foliage flies from the autumn aspens,
The forest becomes more and more transparent, exposing such depths,
That the whole secret essence of nature becomes apparent, -
Everything is more spacious, everything is quieter in the autumn forest - the musicians are leaving -
Soon the last violin will fall silent in the violinist's hand -
And the last flute will freeze in silence - the musicians leave -
Soon, soon the last candle in our orchestra will go out ...
I love these days, in their cloudless, in their turquoise frame,
When everything is so clear in nature, so clear and quiet all around,
When you can easily and calmly think about life, death, glory
And there are many other things to think about, many other things.
Artist Jeff Rolland
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Portrait of J. Haydn (Thomas Hardy, 1792)
Composer Joseph Haydn was a very cheerful person. His music was just as cheerful and cheerful.
In almost every symphony - and he wrote more than a hundred - there is something unexpected, interesting, funny.
Either he will portray a clumsy bear in the symphony, then the clucking of a chicken - these symphonies are then called: "Bear", "Chicken", then he will buy various children's toys - whistles, rattles, horns and include them in the score of his "Children's" symphony. One of his symphonies is called "The Hours", the other - "Surprise" because there, in the middle of slow, quiet and calm music, a very loud blow is suddenly heard, and then again slowly, as if nothing had happened, the calm, even what some important music.
All these inventions, all these "surprises" were due not only to the cheerful nature of the composer. There were other, much more important reasons as well. Haydn began to write music when works in the form of a symphony were just beginning to appear. That is why this remarkable German composer invented so much when he wrote his music - he tried, searched, created a new kind of musical work.
It is now almost impossible for us to imagine that the "father of the symphony", the "great Haydn", as he was called already during his lifetime, was only the court bandmaster of the Austro-Hungarian prince Nicolò Esterhazy.
It is hard to believe that the composer, whom all of Europe knew, whose concerts were expected in Paris and London, like a holiday, this same composer every time had to ask "the master" for permission to leave the Esterhazy estate to arrange his concerts.
The prince loved music, but not enough to refuse such a "profitable" servant.
Kapellmeister Haydn's contract stipulated his numerous duties. Haydn was in charge of the Esterhazy home chapel - a choir, soloists and an orchestra. Haydn was responsible for all the problems, for all quarrels and deviations from the rules of behavior of the servants-musicians. He was also responsible for the quality of music performance, as he was a conductor. He had to compose any music at the request of the prince, without having any rights to his own compositions - they also belonged to the prince, like Haydn himself.
And he could not even dress according to his desire and taste. The form of clothing - from stockings to a wig - was established by the prince.
Haydn lived with Esterhazy for thirty years and remained a "serf servant" for thirty years. So he called himself, so did Prince Nicolò Esterhazy.
And yet the composer Haydn was a cheerful man!
One of his symphonies - "Farewell" - ends with music that can be called sad rather than cheerful. But it is this symphony that comes to mind when you want to talk about Haydn - a cheerful and kind person.
The musicians of Prince Esterhazy were not given a vacation for a long time and were not paid money. Their "father Haydn" could not achieve this with any pleas and requests. The musicians became sad, and then they began to grumble. How Haydn knew how to get along with his musicians, and then they stopped listening to him - it became difficult to work, rehearse. And the prince demanded the performance of a new symphony at the upcoming holiday.
And Haydn wrote a new symphony.
What kind of music this was, the prince did not know, and perhaps he was not very interested - in this he completely trusted his bandmaster. But only the musicians suddenly showed an extraordinary zeal for rehearsals...
The day of the holiday has come. The prince informed the guests about the new symphony in advance, and now they were looking forward to the start of the concert. 
Candles were lit on the music stands, notes were opened, instruments were prepared ... A thick, stocky "father Haydn" came out in full dress uniform and a freshly powdered wig. The symphony sounded...
Everyone listens to music with pleasure - one part, another ... the third ... finally, the fourth, the finale. But then it turned out that the new symphony has one more part - the fifth and, moreover, slow, sad. It was against the rules: a symphony was supposed to be written in four movements, and the last, fourth, should be the most lively, the fastest. But the music is beautiful, the orchestra plays very well, and the guests leaned back in their chairs again. Listen.
... The music is sad and seems to complain a little. Suddenly... What is it? The prince furrows his brows angrily. One of the horn players played some bars of his part; closed the notes, then carefully folded his instrument, put out the candle on the music stand... and left!
Haydn does not notice this, continues to conduct. 
Wonderful music flows, a flute enters. The flutist played his part, just like the horn player, closed the notes, put out the candle and also left.
And the music continues. No one in the orchestra pays attention to the fact that the second horn player, followed by the oboist, calmly leaves the stage without haste.
One by one, the candles on the music stands go out, the musicians leave one after another... What about Haydn? Doesn't he hear? Doesn't he see? To see Haydn, however, is quite difficult, since at the time in question, the conductor was sitting facing the audience, with his back to the orchestra. Well, he heard it, of course, perfectly.
Now it is almost completely dark on the stage - only two violinists remained. Two small candles illuminate their serious bowed faces.
What an amazing "musical strike" Haydn came up with! Of course, it was a protest, but so witty and elegant that the prince probably forgot to be indignant. And Haydn won.
Written on such a seemingly random occasion, the "Farewell" symphony lives on to this day. Until now, the orchestra players, one by one, leave the stage, and the orchestra sounds quieter and weaker: the lonely violins still freeze, and sadness creeps into the heart.
Yes, of course, he was a very cheerful person, the "great Haydn", and so was his music. And what the composer came up with to help his orchestra can be called a joke, a musical hint. But the music itself is no joke. She is sad.
Kapellmeister Haydn was not always happy.
Engravings by N. Kuznetsov.
Haydn's Farewell Symphony
"Haydn's Farewell Symphony"
Essay
Completed by a student of class 7 A Timofey O.
Introduction
A symphony is a piece of music for an orchestra. As a rule, symphonies are written for a large mixed orchestra, but there are also symphonies for string, chamber, wind and other orchestras; a choir and solo vocal voices can be introduced into the symphony.
About the composer
Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 (baptized on April 1, 1732) in the village of Rorau (Lower Austria).
At the age of six, Haydn was sent to school in Hainburg, where he learned to play various musical instruments and sing. Already in 1740, Haydn, thanks to his beautiful voice, became a chorister in St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. He sang in the cathedral choir until 1749. Living in extreme poverty and need, Haydn found consolation only in music lessons. In the Austrian capital, he met the Italian poet, playwright and librettist P. Metastasio, who in turn introduced Haydn to the composer and teacher N. Porpora.
From 1753 to 1756, Haydn worked as an accompanist for Porpora and at the same time studied the basics of composition. In 1759, he received a place as a chapel conductor from the Czech Count Morcin. Then he wrote the first symphony, which was a great success and won him the sympathy of Prince Esterhazy, who offered Haydn the place of bandmaster in his orchestra.
The musician accepted this offer in 1761 and served with the prince for 30 years. After the death of Esterhazy in 1790, Haydn was left without a certain position, but his name as a composer was already widely known. Haydn was especially famous for his symphonies. In total, he wrote 119 symphonies, including the 45th "Farewell" (1772), six Paris symphonies (1785-1786), the 92nd "Oxford" (1789), twelve London symphonies (1791- 1795), which were a response to trips to London in 1791-1792 and 1794-1795.
In addition to symphonies, the composer wrote 22 operas, 19 masses, 83 string quartets, 44 piano sonatas and many other works.
History of creation
"Farewell Symphony" It is also called "Symphony by Candlelight". Behind number 45. F sharp minor. Written by Josef presumably in 1772. As you know, Haydn served for thirty years as bandmaster under Prince Esterhazy. There were times when writing "to order" was considered the norm. And this "made to order" music was impeccable, inspirational, emotional, imbued with the creative spirit of the composer. So, Mr. Esterhazy, a passionate admirer of music, ordered it for numerous family holidays and not only.
And then one day it so happened that Prince Esterhazy did not let the musicians go on vacation for a long time, and according to another version, he stayed for a long time at his estate, delaying his return to Vienna. The musicians were bound by the harsh terms of the contract and could not leave the estate without permission. They were exhausted from work and the expectation of rest, many members of the choir despaired and asked Josef to write a work with a hint. Then Haydn, a wise leader and sensitive composer, wrote an extremely subtle emotional symphony with an unusual structure. The 4 movements that normally make up the standard structure of a symphony have been supplemented by a 5 movement. A surprise awaited the prince and his guests ..! And it was in part 5 that the musicians, one by one, put out the candles on the consoles, leaving the stage. The last to leave was the first violin, Haydn himself. Only after finishing the sad and quivering melody, the maestro left. The hall plunged into darkness. The legend says that Prince Esterhazy, a very educated person who sensitively understands music, understood everything and went to Vienna, leaving the chapel to rest.
Sound Description
The pathetic character of the first movement is already determined in the main part, which opens the symphony at once, without a slow introduction. The expressive theme of the violins falling over the tones of the minor triad is exacerbated by the characteristic syncopated rhythm of the accompaniment, juxtapositions of forte and piano, and sudden modulations into minor keys. In one of the minor keys, a side part sounds, which is unexpected for a classical symphony (the major of the same name is assumed). The secondary, as usual with Haydn, is not melodically independent and repeats the main one, only with a falling groaning motif of violins at the end. The short final part, also in minor key, with winding, as if imploring moves, further enhances the woeful pathos of the exposition, which is almost devoid of major foundations. On the other hand, the elaboration immediately affirms the major, and its second section forms a bright episode with a new theme - pacified, gallantly rounded. After a pause, the main theme is proclaimed with sudden force - the reprise begins. More dynamic, it is devoid of repetitions, full of active development.
The second part - adagio - is light and serene, refined and gallant. It sounds predominantly a string quartet (the part of double basses is not highlighted), and the violins - with mutes, the dynamics within the pianissimo. The sonata form is used with similar themes, with a development performed by only strings, and a compressed reprise in which the main part is decorated with the "golden move" of the horns.
The third movement, the minuet, resembles a village dance with constant juxtaposition of piano (only violins) and forte (entire orchestra) effects, with a clearly defined theme and an abundance of repetitions. The trio begins with the "golden move" of the horns, and at the end of it there is an unexpected darkening - the major gives way to the minor, anticipating the mood of the finale. The return of the first section makes you forget about this fleeting shadow.
The fourth part figuratively echoes the first. The side part is again not melodically independent, but, unlike the main minor part, it is painted in carefree major tones. Development, although small, is a truly classic example of the mastery of motivated development. The reprise is gloomy, does not repeat the exposure, but suddenly breaks off on the rise ...
After a general pause, a new adagio with variations begins. The tender theme, stated in thirds, seems serene, but the sonority gradually fades away, a feeling of anxiety arises. One by one, the instruments fall silent, the musicians, having finished their part, extinguish the candles burning in front of their consoles, and leave. After the first variations, the brass players leave the orchestra. The departure of the string band starts with the bass; the viola and two violins remain on the stage, and, finally, the duet of violins with mutes quietly finishes their touching passages.
Such an unprecedented finale always made an irresistible impression: “When the orchestra players began to extinguish the candles and quietly retire, everyone’s heart ached ... When, finally, the faint sounds of the last violin died away, the audience began to disperse hushed and touched ...” - wrote the Leipzig newspaper in 1799.
“And no one laughed, because it was not written for fun at all,” Schumann echoed her almost forty years later.
Conclusion
Written on such a seemingly random occasion, the "Farewell" symphony lives on to this day. Until now, the orchestra players, one after another, leave the stage, and the orchestra sounds quieter, weaker: the lonely violins still freeze in the same way .. It turned out to be a very pleasant and melodic work
We are waiting for *Farewell Symphony*.
Last minutes.
Suddenly the candles go out in the hall
For some reason.
For two hundred years the tradition has been like this:
All the musicians begin to play
When the candles burn before them,
The work will be performed.
Trembling, as if excited,
Flame of candles.
And the music is wonderful
Endlessly.
Take off so fast, anxious
Bows. And it's impossible to get away
From the sounds that penetrate your soul.
And I want to listen, listen, listen...
The melody is in a hurry (and not in vain)
Say everything until the fire goes out.
It sounds, and there is no doubt about it,
Which is in tune with my heartbeat.
And that musical monologue is called
The creator of his farewell symphony.
