The great Spanish artists in their works touched on topics that excite every person, so their names have remained for centuries. Starting with El Greco, there are nine such masters who lived from the 16th to the 20th centuries. The highest flourishing is the 17th century. Otherwise, it is also called Golden. This is the baroque period.

sixteenth century

The first to glorify the Spanish school was the Greek Domenico Theotokopoulos (1541-1614), who was nicknamed El Greco in Spain. In those days, bonfires were often lit over heretics. Therefore, secular topics were practically not touched upon. Easel and fresco painting are varieties of illustrations for Holy Scripture. But even here great caution had to be exercised. Traditional interpretations were required.

El Greco combines religious themes with an amazingly beautiful and opulent color scheme that anticipates the advent of the Baroque. One of his masterpieces, The Apostles Peter and Paul (1582-592), is kept in Russia. It depicts a simple illiterate fisherman Peter and the creator of the entire Christian doctrine, the highly educated Paul, of course, with the Bible. Christianity in the first centuries won all hearts with its love for people, mercy and simplicity - it was enough just to believe, and any person, educated or not, poor or rich, became a Christian. Spanish artists learned a lot from the painter, who had a unique style associated with eye disease. However, for a long period his painting was forgotten and rediscovered three centuries later.

Baroque - Golden Age

Like nowhere else, Catholicism is still strong, moreover, it represents a powerful and formidable force that requires a person to mortify carnal desires and joys and complete immersion in religious rituals. Spanish artists such as José Ribera (1591-1652), (1598-1664), Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) and Bartolomeo Murillo (1617-1682) are the brightest representatives of this period. They are familiar with the works of Caravaggio, who has a great influence on them, not for their still lifes, but for their understanding of what death is and how closely it comes into contact with life.

Spanish artists Ribera and Zurbaran

This association is somewhat arbitrary. The painting of José Ribera (1591-1652) is distinguished by the themes associated with martyrdom and naturalism in the depiction of the suffering of saints and heroes from mythology, as well as the sharp contrast of light and shadow. Francisco Zurbaran (1598-1664) creates his best paintings, colored with lyricism, in the 30s of the 16th century. In 1662, with tenderness, he will write "Madonna and Child with John the Baptist."

The light image of the baby, which is in the center of a simple and natural composition, immediately attracts attention, like the gentle face of the Madonna, and the golden clothes of John kneeling, at whose feet a symbolic white sheep is located. The grown-up Christ will be the shepherd of the vast flock of those who believe in him. Zurbaran paints only from nature - this is his principle, using the contrast of deep shadows and strong light. Zurbaran was friends with the brilliant artist Diego Velasquez, who helped him with orders. Spanish artists sought to support each other.

Velazquez (1599-1660)

Initially, the Spanish artist Diego Velasquez, living in Seville, works a lot on genre scenes, as well as on allegorical paintings. But his acquaintance with Italian paintings from the royal collection changed his aesthetic views greatly. It changes color to soft silver and moves to transparent tones. With great difficulty, he manages to get a job as a court painter. But King Philip IV immediately appreciated the gift of the young artist, and he later created portraits of members of the royal family. The pinnacle in his work were two paintings, unsolved until now, so many meanings were laid in them by the artist. These are Meniny (1656), that is, a retinue of courtiers with the heirs to the royal throne, and Spinners (1658).

In "Meniny" at first glance, everything seems simple. In the large room are a young infanta surrounded by ladies-in-waiting, a bodyguard, two dwarfs, a dog and an artist. But behind the painter, a mirror hangs on the wall, in which the king and queen are reflected. Whether the royal couple is in the room or not is one of the mysteries. There are many more, for a huge article. And not a single riddle is given a definite answer.

From Francisco Goya to Salvador Dali

Born in Zaragoza, Goya (1746-1828) becomes the official court painter, but then loses this place and receives the position of vice director of the Academy of Arts. In any capacity, Goya works hard and quickly, creating tapestries, portraits, painting churches, painting for the cathedral in Valencia. He works hard and hard all his life, changing like a master, moving from light festive compositions with rich colors to fast-paced and sharp graphics, and if this is painting, then dark and gloomy.

The drawing school in Spain is not dying, but the next artist of Spanish painting, a great master, will appear in 1881. This is Picasso. What is not marked by his work. These are the "blue" and "pink" periods, and cubism, and surrealism, and pacifism. Behind all his works is a subtle irony and a desire to sell. And he could draw. Creating portraits of his beloved during the cubist period, which were sold like hot cakes, he paints her for himself in the style of realism. And only after becoming a wealthy person, he began to allow himself to draw as he wants.

Laconic is his work Don Quixote (1955). The knight himself, his squire, a horse, a donkey and several Don Quixote are depicted light, weightless, and Rosinante is almost a bag of bones. In contrast, Sancho on the left is a black heavy mass. And although both figures are standing still, the drawing is full of movement. The lines are energetic, catchy, full of humor.

The famous Spanish artist Salvador Dali is eccentric. This man had everything for sale. And pictures, and diaries, and books. He made a fortune for himself thanks to the energetic help of his wife, better known as Gala. She was both his muse and manager. Their union was very successful commercially.

Concluding this article on the topic of famous Spanish artists, it must be said that they all had a personality as bright as the sun of Spain.

Spanish artists are known to all art lovers. Their paintings are in many museums around the world. Spain has given us a large number of people surprising with their talent in all areas of art. We will talk about several outstanding painters, because it is difficult to compile a complete list.

Prado Museum

The collection of this royal collection is surprising in that it contains almost all the outstanding Spanish artists, and there are no foreign ones. This can be explained by the fact that, from the 16th century to the 19th century, they all served at the court of kings. Another very large customer was the Church. Therefore, in the paintings we often see religious subjects. Private orders were quite rare, and painting was the property of a narrow circle of its connoisseurs. Let us now turn our attention to some outstanding representatives of this school.

Renaissance era

Great, brilliant painters gave us the time of the late Renaissance. The Spanish Renaissance artists are undoubtedly El Greco, de Ribera, Zurbaran and Velasquez. We will focus on a brief biography of the latter. He was born in Seville and quickly became a well-known painter in his native land. He went to Madrid, but he did not manage to get to the royal court right away. Pretty soon he became a court painter.

This happened in 1623, when the artist painted a portrait of King Philip IV. To improve, Diego Velasquez went to Italy, visited Genoa, Milan, Venice and Rome. After that, his palette sparkled with bright colors. Only after 1630 his work can be called mature. He paints a lot of portraits of jesters and dwarfs, penetrating deeply into the innermost world of people offended by nature. After the second trip to Italy, from 1651, the late, most perfect period of this master begins. He uses new techniques, and portraits of infants, ladies of the royal family, a deeply psychological portrait of Philip IV, as well as large-scale paintings of Spinners and Las Meninas come out from under his brush. He died in 1660. He is 61 years old. D. Velasquez had a huge impact on the development of world painting, and many, not only Spanish, artists studied at his works.

Painter, draftsman and engraver

We begin a brief conversation about F. Goya. His work defies any one definition. It is free from conventions, filled with passion, unbridled fantasy. We will present the canvas, which is made in a light elegant rococo style.

For us, this is an unusual Goya. The picture is called "Autumn. Vintage". She captivates with her cheerfulness. This work is entirely decorative and pleasing to the eye. In general, Spanish artists learned from the painter a different, more satirical depiction of life.

Other genre

Still lifes were painted in imitation of the Flemings in the 17th century, when the Spaniards discovered them. The background of these paintings is usually dark. The paintings of Spanish artists are characterized by carefully calibrated composition, fine drawing of each flower and petal, bug or butterfly. They also depict moments of food preparation. The works are so believable that, looking at them, you want to eat heartily.

Shown here is a still life by Luis Meléndez. He was an outstanding master who knew how to show mouth-watering food. All products are prepared. We are only waiting for a chef who will turn them into delicious dishes.

famous spanish artist

In the 20th century it is difficult to choose who is more known to the general public - P. Picasso or S. Dali. Picasso created over twenty thousand works. His pre-war canvases are usually divided into four periods, when he experimented with color and form. Later, he felt that painting had a greater range of influence on the viewer, and this was reflected in his canvases. His works are most expensively valued at auctions. The creator himself said that he wanted to live like a poor person, but at the same time be rich. The eccentric S. Dali amazed his contemporaries not only with his mustache and fantastic canvases that came to him from dreams, but also with antics that actively worked for advertising.

Commercial activity, thanks to his wife, was very successful, and only very wealthy people could buy his work.

Not all of the listed Spanish painters represent their homeland here. Modern Spanish artists work mostly in a realistic or romantic style. There is a place for fantasy, but it occupies a small part. Their paintings include landscapes, portraits, animalistic works, and still lifes.

Picture - A dream caused by the flight of a bee around a pomegranate, a second before awakening.
Year of creation - 1944,
Oil on canvas 51×40.5 cm
Tisenna-Barnemisza Museum, Madrid

If you believe the stories of Dali, he dozed at the easel, holding a key, brush or spoon in his hand. When the object fell out and hit a plate that had been placed on the floor in advance, the roar woke the artist. And he immediately set to work until the state between sleep and reality disappeared.

Dali said about the painting as follows: “The goal was for the first time to depict the type of long connected sleep discovered by Freud, caused by an instantaneous impact, from which awakening occurs.”
Freud described it as a dream, the plot of which is caused by some kind of stimulus from the outside: the subconscious of a sleeping person identifies this stimulus and turns it into images that have a certain resemblance to the source of irritation. If the irritant carries a threat in reality, then in a dream it will take on a threatening appearance that will provoke awakening.

At the bottom of the picture is a sleeping naked woman, as if hovering over a stone slab, which is washed by the sea. The sea in Dali's work means eternity. Freud compared the human psyche to an iceberg, nine-tenths submerged in the sea of ​​the unconscious.
The woman in the picture is Gala, whom the artist considered his inspiration and second self. She sees a dream depicted in the picture, and is on the border of two worlds - the real and the illusory, being simultaneously present in both.
A woman hears in a dream the buzzing of a bee over a pomegranate. The image of a pomegranate in ancient and Christian symbolism means rebirth and fertility.
“All life-giving biology arises from a burst pomegranate,” the artist himself commented on the picture.
The subconscious signals that the insect might be dangerous, and the brain reacts by bringing up images of snarling tigers. One animal jumps out of the mouth of another, and then in turn arises from the open mouth of a fish emerging from a huge pomegranate that hung over the sleeping one. Sharp claws and teeth are a symbol of fear of the sting of an insect, as is a gun with a bayonet that is about to pierce a woman’s hand.

“Bernini’s elephant in the background carries an obelisk and attributes of the pope,” the artist hinted at a dream about the funeral of the pope, which Freud had a dream because of the bell ringing and cited by a psychiatrist as an example of a bizarre connection between the plot and an external irritant.
The elephant from Piazza Minerva in Rome, created by the baroque master Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini as a pedestal for an ancient Egyptian obelisk, was subsequently depicted by Dali more than once in paintings and in sculpture. Thin jointed legs are a symbol of the unsteadiness and unreality inherent in sleep.

Pablo Picasso, Guernica

Painting - Guernica
Year of creation - 1937.
Canvas, oil. 349 x 776 cm
Reina Sofia Art Center, Madrid

The painting was painted in May 1937 by order of the government of the Spanish Republic for the Spanish pavilion at the World Exhibition in Paris.
Picasso's expressive canvas became a public protest against the Nazi bombing of the Basque city of Guernica, when several thousand bombs were dropped on the city in three hours; as a result, the six thousandth Guernica was destroyed, about two thousand inhabitants were under the rubble.

Picasso's painting is full of personal feelings of suffering and violence.
On the right side of the picture, the figures run away from the burning building, from the window of which a woman falls; on the left, a sobbing mother holds her child in her arms, and a triumphant bull tramples a fallen warrior.
The broken sword, the crushed flower and dove, the skull (hidden inside the horse's body), and the crucifixion-like posture of the fallen warrior are all generalized symbols of war and death.
On the hands of a dead soldier, stigmata are visible (painful bleeding wounds that open on the body of some deeply religious people - those who "suffered like Jesus" The bull symbolizes evil and cruelty, and the horse symbolizes the suffering of the innocent.
Some Spaniards interpret the bull, a symbol of traditional Spanish bullfighting, as Spain itself, which turned away from what is happening in Guernica (a reference to Franco allowing the bombing of his city).
Together, these violent figures form a semblance of a collage, silhouetted against a dark background, brightly lit by a woman with a lamp and an eye with an electric light bulb instead of a pupil. Monochrome painting, reminiscent of newspaper illustrations, and a sharp contrast of light and dark enhance the powerful emotional impact.

Francisco de Goya, Nude Maja

Painting - Nude Maha
Year of creation - 1795-1800.
Canvas, oil. 98x191cm
Prado Museum, Madrid

In the image of mahi, a Spanish townswoman of the 18th-19th centuries, the artist, contrary to strict academic canons, embodied a type of attractive, natural beauty. Maha is a woman whose meaning of life is love. Seductive, temperamental swings personified the Spanish understanding of attractiveness.
Goya created the image of the new Venus of his contemporary society, skillfully showing youth, lively charm, the mysterious sensuality of a seductive model.
The young woman is depicted against a dark background, so all the viewer's attention is drawn to the defiant nakedness of her silky skin, which, in fact, becomes the main and only theme of the picture.

In the words of the French writer and art historian Andre Malraux, this work is “not so much voluptuous as erotic, therefore it cannot leave indifferent any more or less sensual person.”

The painting was commissioned by Manuel Godoy, the first minister of Spain, a favorite of Queen Maria Luisa, wife of Charles IV. For a long time he hid it in his office. She was also paired with a second canvas - Macha dressed, which Godoy hung over the Nude.
Obviously, one of the shocked guests denounced the voluptuary, and in 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both paintings from Godoy, simultaneously accusing Goya of immorality and demanding that the artist immediately give the name of the model who posed for him. Goya, despite any threats, flatly refused to give the name of this woman.
With the light hand of the writer Lion Feuchtwanger, the author of the novel "Goya, or the Hard Way of Knowledge", the legend went around the world that the naked maha is Maria Cayetana de Silva, the 13th Duchess of Alba, with whom the artist allegedly had a love affair .
In 1945, in order to refute this version, the Alba family opened the tomb to measure the bones of the duchess and prove that its proportions did not match those of Macha, but since the grave had already been opened and the body of the duchess was thrown out by Napoleonic soldiers, then in its current state measurement failed.
Currently, most art historians are inclined to believe that the paintings depict Pepita Tudo, Godoy's mistress.

Diego Velazquez, Las Meninas

Picture - Las Meninas
Year of creation - 1656.
Canvas, oil. 318 x 276 cm
Prado Museum, Madrid

Probably Las Meninas is the most famous and recognizable painting by the artist, which is known to almost everyone. This large canvas is one of the best works of the artist. The picture impresses with its scale and versatility.

To expand the space, several masterful artistic techniques were used at once. The artist placed the characters in a spacious room, in the background of which there is a door with a gentleman in black clothes standing on the illuminated steps. This immediately indicates the presence of another space outside the room, visually expanding its dimensions, depriving it of two-dimensionality.

The whole image is slightly shifted to the side due to the canvas facing us with the back side. The artist stands in front of the canvas - this is Velasquez himself. He paints a picture, but not the one that we see in front of us, since the main characters are facing us. These are three different plans. But even this seemed not enough to the master and he added a mirror, which reflects the royal couple - King Philip IV of Spain and his wife Marianna. They lovingly look at their only child at that time - Infanta Margarita.

Although the painting is called Las Meninas, that is, ladies-in-waiting at the Spanish royal court, the center of the image is a little princess, the hope of the whole family of the Spanish Habsburgs at that time. Five-year-old Margarita is calm, self-confident and even arrogant beyond her age. She, without the slightest excitement and change in facial expression, looks at those around her, and her tiny baby body is literally shackled in the hard shell of a magnificent court toilet. She is not embarrassed by noble ladies - her meninas - who squat before her in a deep bow in accordance with the severe etiquette adopted at the Spanish court. She is not even interested in the palace dwarf and the jester who put his foot on a large dog lying in the foreground. This little girl carries herself with all possible grandeur, personifying the centuries-old Spanish monarchy.

The background of the room seems to dissolve in a light grayish haze, but all the details of the complex outfit of little Margarita are written out with the smallest details. The artist did not forget himself. Before us appears an imposing middle-aged man, with lush curly locks, in black silk clothes and with a cross of Sant'Iago on his chest. Because of this distinction, which only a full-blooded Spaniard could receive without a drop of Jewish or Moorish blood, a little legend arose. Since the artist received the cross only three years after painting the canvas, it is believed that the king of Spain himself completed it.

El Greco, Burial of the Count of Orgaz

Painting - Burial of Count Orgas
Year of creation - 1586-1588.
Canvas, oil. 480 x 360 cm.
Church of Sao Tome, Toledo

The most famous painting of the great and mysterious El Greco belongs to the heyday of his work. By this time, the artist had already developed his own style of writing, which cannot be confused with the styles of other painters.
In 1586, the master began to decorate the church of Sao Tome in Toledo. The legend of the Toledo saint, Don Gonzal Ruiz, aka Count Orgaz, who lived in the 13th-14th centuries, was chosen as the central plot. A pious devout Christian, he became famous for his charitable activities, and when he died in 1312, Saint Stephen himself and Blessed Augustine descended from heaven to give the earth a worthy deceased.
The picture is visually divided into two parts: "earthly" and "heavenly". The strict rhythm of the lower "floor" is opposed to the baroque "top". And there, at different heavenly levels, the soul of the count is met by John the Baptist, the Virgin Mary, angels and cherubs. Christ sits in the center. The flying angel is highlighted in white - it is he who elevates the count's soul to heaven.
Christ, an angel with a departed soul and a nobleman below form a vertical axis. Geometric lines in the construction of the composition were very characteristic of El Greco.
The expositional climax is shifted to the bottom of the work, to where Stefan and Augustine, bowing down, lower Orgaz into the ground. The saints are dressed in golden outfits, which echo the figure of an angel and the clothes of Peter in the upper zone. Thus, with golden color, the artist connected the heroes of the work, related to the world of heaven, the other world.

The painting was a huge success in Spain at the time of the artist. El Greco was later forgotten and rediscovered by the Impressionists. Expressive emotional work has a huge impact on the viewer. According to eyewitnesses, Salvador Dali even lost consciousness near the canvas. Perhaps this characterization is exhaustive.

Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists)

Spain (Spanish: España).
Spain The country of Spain.
Spain State of Spain.

SPAIN!
In ancient times, this country was called Iberia!
The Greeks called Spain Hesperia - the country of the evening star, and the Romans called it Hispania.!
But no matter how they call Spain, this is a country that has always aroused and continues to arouse admiration and surprise!

The official name of the state of Spain is the Kingdom of Spain.
The Kingdom of Spain is a state in southwestern Europe. The Kingdom of Spain occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula.
Spain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north and west, as well as the Mediterranean Sea in the south and east.
Spain It is believed that the name of the country comes from the Phoenician expression "i-spanim", which means "coast of rabbits".
Spain The capital of the Kingdom of Spain the city of Madrid
Spain The largest cities in Spain are: Madrid, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Malaga
Spain The Kingdom of Spain borders:
in the west of the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal;
in the south of the Iberian Peninsula with the British possession of Gibraltar;
in northern Africa with Morocco (enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla);
in the north with France and Andorra.
Spain Today, more than 45 million people live in the Kingdom of Spain.
Spain The main national holiday in the Kingdom of Spain is the Day of the Spanish Nation, which is celebrated annually on October 12 (the day of the discovery of America by the most famous Spaniard Christopher Columbus is chosen as the Day of the Spanish Nation!).

Spain History of Spain
Spain Ancient history of Spain Primitive society
Spain Primitive society The first traces of the appearance of man in the north of the Iberian Peninsula date back to the end of the Paleolithic. Stylized drawings of animals on the walls of caves appeared about 15 thousand years BC. e. The best preserved paintings are in Altamira and in Puente Viesgo near Santander.
Spain Primitive society In the south and east of the territory of modern Spain in the III millennium BC. e. Iberian tribes appeared. Some hypotheses suggest that the Iberian tribes came here from the territory of North Africa. From these tribes comes the ancient name of the peninsula - Iberian. In the middle of the II millennium BC. e. Iberians began to settle in fortified villages on the territory of modern Castile. And five centuries later they were joined by the Celtic and Germanic tribes.
Spain Primitive society The Iberians were mainly engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and hunting, they knew how to make tools from copper and bronze. The Iberians had their own script. The Celts and Iberians lived side by side, sometimes uniting, but more often fighting with each other, and, in the end, created the Celtiberian culture, becoming famous as warriors. It was here that the double-edged sword was invented, which later became the standard weapon of the Roman army.

Spain History of Spain Ancient Spain
Spain History of ancient Spain The first colonies on the territory of modern Spain belonged to the Phoenicians. Around 1100 B.C. e. The Phoenicians settled on the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, where their colonies of Malaka, Gadir (Cadiz), Cordoba and many others were founded.
Spain History of ancient Spain On the east coast of modern Spain (modern Costa Brava), the colonies were founded by the ancient Greeks. After 680 B.C. e. the city of Carthage became the main center of Phoenician civilization, and the Carthaginians established a trading monopoly in the Strait of Gibraltar. On the east coast, Iberian cities were founded, reminiscent of the Greek city-states.
Spain The history of ancient Spain In Andalusia, from the first half to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. there was a state of Tartessos. The origin of the inhabitants of Tartessos - the Turdetans, obviously close to the Iberians, but standing at a higher stage of development, still does not have a sufficiently indisputable version.
Spain History of ancient Spain In the V-IV centuries BC. e. the influence of Carthage is increasing, the empire of Carthogen at that time occupied most of Andalusia and the Mediterranean coast. The largest colony of the Carthaginians on the Iberian Peninsula was New Carthage (modern Cartagena).
Spain History of ancient Spain At the end of the First Punic War, Hamilcar and Hannibal subjugated the south and east of the peninsula to the Carthaginians (237-219 BC). The defeat of the Carthaginians (whose troops were led by Hannibal) in the Second Punic War in 210 BC. e. paved the way for the establishment of Roman domination in the Iberian Peninsula. The Carthaginians finally lost their possessions after the victories of Scipio the Elder (206 BC).
Spain The history of ancient Spain The Romans tried to bring the entire territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their citizenship, but they succeeded only after 200 years of bloody wars. The Celtiberians and Lusitanians (under the leadership of Viriatus) resisted especially stubbornly, and the Cantabri only in 19 BC. e. were conquered by Emperor Augustus, who divided Spain instead of the previous two provinces (Hispania citerior and Hispania ulterior) into three - Lusitania, Batica and Tarraconian Spain. From the latter, the emperor Hadrian separated Gallaecia, from Asturias.
Spain The history of ancient Spain and the Roman Empire gave a powerful new impetus to the development of Spain. Roman influence was strongest in Andalusia, southern Portugal and the Catalan coast near Tarragona. The Basques were never fully Romanized, while the other pre-Roman peoples of Iberia were already assimilated by the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. e.
Spain The history of ancient Spain and the Roman Empire During their reign, the Romans spent many military roads in Spain and set up numerous military settlements (colonies). Spain in that period was quickly Romanized, even becoming one of the centers of Roman culture and one of the most flourishing parts of the Roman Empire, to which Spain gave its best emperors (Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Theodosius) and remarkable writers (both Senek, Lucan, Pomponius Melu, Martial, Quintilian and many others).
Spain The history of ancient Spain and the Roman Empire Trade flourished on the territory of Spain, industry and agriculture were at a high level of development, the population was very numerous (according to Pliny the Elder, under Vespasian there were 360 ​​cities).
Spain History of ancient Spain For the first two centuries of our era, gold from Spanish mines served as a source of wealth for the country. Villas and public buildings were built in Mérida and Cordoba, and the inhabitants used roads, bridges and aqueducts for many centuries. Several bridges in Segovia and Tarragona have survived to this day.
Spain The history of ancient Spain The three living Spanish languages ​​are rooted in Latin, and Roman law became the foundation of the Spanish legal system. Christianity appeared on the peninsula very early, for some time Christian communities were subjected to severe persecution.
Spain History of ancient Spain In the V century AD. e. barbarians poured into the Iberian Peninsula - the Germanic tribes of the Sueves, Vandals, Visigoths and the Sarmatian tribe of the Alans, which accelerated the collapse of the already declining Roman Empire.
Spain History of ancient Spain In 415, the Visigoths appeared in Spain, first as allies of the Romans. Gradually, the Visigoths drove the Vandals and Alans into northern Africa and created a kingdom with its capital in Barcelona, ​​and then in Toledo. The Sueves settled in the northwest in Galicia, creating the Suevian kingdom.
Spain History of ancient Spain The state of the Visigoths suffered from many shortcomings that undermined its existence; huge social inequality was inherited from Roman times between a few owners of huge latifundia and the mass of the population, ruined by taxes and oppressed; the Catholic clergy acquired excessive power and, in alliance with the nobility, prevented the consolidation of a firm order of succession to the throne, in order to narrow the limits of royal power as far as possible in the election of each new king; a new class of disaffected arose as a result of the forced conversion of Jews (according to Gibbon, the number of forcibly converted reached 30,000).
Spain The history of ancient Spain Despite all the difficulties, the Visigoths, making up only about 4% of the population, in the VI century AD. e. they annexed the Suebi to their kingdom, and by the 8th century they also ousted the Byzantines (who settled in the south and southeast of the peninsula in the middle of the 6th century).
Spain History of ancient Spain The three-hundred-year rule of the Visigoths on the territory of the Iberian (Perinean) peninsula left a significant mark on the culture of the peninsula, but did not lead to the creation of a single nation. The Visigothic system of electing a monarch created a fertile ground for conspiracies and intrigues. Although in 589 the Visigothic king Reccared I converted to Catholicism, this did not remove all the contradictions, religious strife only intensified. By the 7th century, all non-Christians, especially Jews, were faced with a choice: exile or conversion to Christianity.

Spain History of Spain Byzantine Spain
Spain Byzantine Spain was conquered from the Visigothic kingdom by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. The springboard for the invasion of Visigothic Spain was the lands of the Vandal kingdom defeated by the Byzantines in North Africa, including the fortress of Ceuta. The Byzantine army managed to advance deep into the Iberian Peninsula for 150-200 km, subjugating the Guadalquivir valley, Andalusia and the southern coastal strip from the Algarve to Valencia. Byzantine Spain also included the Balearic Islands, in which, due to their more eastern geographical position, the influences of Byzantine culture proper were most strongly felt.
Spain Byzantine Spain The provincial capital was probably Cordoba, then Cartagena and/or Malaga. The overwhelming majority of the population of Byzantine Spain, as well as Spain as a whole, were Romano-speaking Hispano-Romans (Ibero-Romans). Representatives of German Arianism, Western (Roman) and Eastern (Constantinople) Orthodox Christianity (including Orthodoxy) coexisted in the region. Relations between representatives of the three faiths were rather cool, although not as antagonistic as in Visigothic Spain.
Spain Byzantine Spain Until now, the boundaries of the territory occupied by the Byzantines in Spain are not exactly known, although a formal agreement on the existence of a border between the Byzantine and Visigothic possessions was drawn up around 555. It provided for the free crossing of the border in any direction, which was soon taken advantage of by the strengthened Visigothic kings. Very soon, the Visigoths began to make predatory raids in the countryside, and only isolated fortified cities recognized the power of the Byzantine emperor or his governor.
Spain Byzantine Spain In 568 - 586, Leovigild captured almost all of Byzantium's inland possessions in Spain. After that, Byzantium controlled only a narrow coastal strip south of the Sierra Nevada mountains. By 624, the Visigoths captured the last Byzantine cities, but already in 711, Spain was covered by a wave of Arab invasion under the banner of Islam.

Spain History of Spain Muslim domination Moors
Spain History of Spain In 711, one of the Visigothic clans called for help from the Arabs and Berbers from North Africa, who were later called the Moors. The Mauritanian corps was led by Tariq ibn Ziyad (the name Gibraltar comes from his name - the distorted "Jabal Tariq" - "Tariq's Rock"). The Arabs crossed from Africa to Spain and, with a victory near Jerez de la Frontera, on the river called Wadi Becca by the Arabs, they put an end to the Visigothic state that had existed for almost 300 years. Almost all of Spain was quickly conquered by the Arabs and formed part of the great Umayyad Caliphate.
Spain History of Spain The rapid conquest of the peninsula by the Moors in just a few years is an amazing example of the rapid spread of Islam. Despite the desperate resistance of the Visigoths, ten years later only the mountainous regions of Asturias remained unconquered.
Spain History of Spain Until the middle of the VIII century, the Mauritanian territories were part of the Umayyad Caliphate, the origin of the name of the Mauritanian state Al-Andalus dates back to the same time, the territory of which either increased or decreased, depending on the success of the Reconquista.
Spain History of Spain The Arabs (Moors) at first treated the population of conquered Spain very mercifully and spared their property, language and religion. Their domination eased the position of the lower classes and the Jews, and the transition to Islam provided slaves and forced laborers with freedom. Many of the free and noble also accepted the new faith, and soon most of the Arab subjects belonged to it. At the same time, the Moors were very tolerant of Christians and Jews, granted autonomy to various areas and made a huge contribution to the development of Spanish culture, creating a unique style in architecture and fine arts.

Spain History of Spain Reconquista
Spain History of Spain The Christian Reconquista (in translation - "reconquest") is a continuous centuries-old war against the Moors, started by part of the Visigothic nobility led by Pelayo. In 718, the advance of the expeditionary force of the Moors at Covadonga was stopped.
Spain History of Spain Pelayo's grandson Alfonso I (739-757), son of the first Cantabrian duke Pedro and Pelayo's daughter, connected Cantabria with Asturias. In the middle of the VIII century, the Asturian Christians under the leadership of King Alfonso I, taking advantage of the Berber uprising, occupied neighboring Galicia. In Galicia, the tomb of Saint James (Santiago) was claimed to have been discovered, and Santiago de Compostela becomes a center of pilgrimage.
Spain History of Spain Alfonso II (791-842) undertook devastating raids against the Arabs up to the Tajo River and conquered the Basque country and Galicia up to the Minho River. At the same time, in the north-west of Spain, the Franks, under Charlemagne, stopped the advance of Muslims into Europe and created the Spanish March in the north-east of the peninsula (the border area between the possessions of the Franks and the Arabs), which broke up in the 9th-11th centuries into the counties of Navarre, Aragon and Barcelona (in 1137 Aragon and Barcelona united to form the Kingdom of Aragon) and ensured, by numerous migrations, the dominance of Christianity in Catalonia. In the almost unceasing wars with the infidels, a brave feudal nobility developed. To the north of the Duero and the Ebro, four groups of Christian possessions gradually formed, with legislative assemblies and rights recognized by the estates (fueros):
1) in the north-west of Asturias, Leon and Galicia, which in the tenth century under Ordoño II and Ramiro II were united into the kingdom of Leon, and in 1057, after a short subjugation of Navarre, the son of Sancho the Great, Fernando, were united into the kingdom of Castile;
2) the Basque country, together with the neighboring region, Garcia, was proclaimed the kingdom of Navarre, which, under Sancho the Great (970-1035), extended its power to the whole of Christian Spain, in 1076-1134 it was united with Aragon, but then liberated again;
3) a country on the left bank of the Ebro, Aragon, since 1035 an independent kingdom;
4) the hereditary margraviate of Barcelona, ​​or Catalonia, which arose from the Spanish brand. Despite this fragmentation, the Christian states were not inferior in strength to the Arabs.
Spain The history of Spain, the Reconquista, led to the fact that the Spanish peasants and residents of the cities who fought along with the knights received significant benefits. Most of the peasants did not experience serfdom, free peasant communities arose on the liberated lands of Castile, and cities (especially in the XII-XIII centuries) received greater rights.
Spain History of Spain When, after the fall of the Umayyad dynasty (1031), the Arab state fell apart, the county of Leon-Asturias, under the rule of Ferdinad I, received the status of a kingdom and became the main stronghold of the Reconquista. In the north, at the same time, the Basques founded Navarre, and Aragon merged with Catalonia as a result of a dynastic marriage. In 1085, the Christians captured Toledo, and then Talavera, Madrid and other cities fell under the power of the Christians. Summoned by the Emir of Seville from Africa, the Almoravids gave new strength to Islam with victories at Sallak (1086) and Ucles (1108) and again united Arab Spain; but the religious fervor and military courage of the Christians at the same time received a new impetus from the crusades.
Spain History of Spain The Almoravides (1090-1145) briefly stopped the spread of the Reconquista. The period of their reign includes the exploits of the legendary knight Cid Campeador, who conquered the lands in Valencia in 1095 and became a national hero of Spain.
Spain History of Spain In 1147, the African Almoravides, overthrown by the Almohads, turned to the Christians for help, who took possession of Almeria and Tortosa on this occasion. The Spanish knightly orders (Calatrava from 1158, San Yago de Compostella from 1175, Alcantara from 1176) fought especially successfully against the Almohads, who subjugated southern Spain, who made up for the defeat at Alarcos (1195) with a victory at Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16, 1212). It was the most impressive victory over the Almohads, which was won by the united kings of León, Castile, Aragon and Navarre. This was soon followed by the fall of the power of the Almogads.
Spain History of Spain Battle of Merida (1230) Extremadura was taken from the Arabs; after the battle of Jerez de Guadiana (1233), Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236 led his army to Cordoba, and twelve years later to Seville. The Portuguese kingdom expanded almost to its present size, and the king of Aragon conquered Valencia, Alicante, and the Balearic Islands. Muslims moved in thousands to Africa and to Grenada or Murcia, but these states also had to recognize the supremacy of Castile. The Muslims who remained under Castilian rule more and more adopted the religion and customs of the conquerors; many rich and noble Arabs, having been baptized, passed into the ranks of the Spanish aristocracy. By the end of the 13th century, only the Emirate of Grenada remained on the peninsula, forced to pay tribute.
Spain History of Spain While the external power of Castile, thanks to the victories of Ferdinand III, greatly increased, turmoil raged inside the country, which, especially during the reign of the patron of science and art, Alphonse X the Wise (1252-1284) and his immediate successors, served as a source of unrest and increased power nobility. Crown lands were plundered by private individuals; communities, unions and powerful nobles resorted to lynching and were freed from all power.
Spain History of Spain In Aragon, James I (Jaime, 1213-1276) subdued the Balearic Islands and Valencia and penetrated as far as Murcia. The son of James I - Pedro III (1276-1285) successfully continued the work begun by his father. Pedro III took Sicily from the house of Anjou. Later, James II (1291-1327) conquered Sardinia and in 1319, at the Diet in Tarragona, established the indivisibility of the state.
Spain History of Spain These conquests cost the Aragonese kings many concessions to the estates, of which the Zaragoza "general privilege" of 1283 is especially important. In 1287, Alphonse III added to it the "privilege of the union", which recognized the right of subjects to revolt in case of violation of their freedom. In both states the clergy were the most powerful class; victories over the infidels increased his rights and wealth, and his influence on the lower classes of the people aroused in them a spirit of persecution and fanaticism. The higher nobility included among its rights the right to refuse obedience to the king. All nobles were free from taxes. Cities and rural communities had their own special rights (fueros), recognized for them by special treaties. In both states, the estates gathered at the Diets (Cortes), conferring on the welfare and security of the country, on laws and taxes. Trade and industry were protected by provident laws. The royal court patronized the poetry of the troubadours. Most of all, the internal improvement of the state advanced in Aragon under Pedro IV (1336-1387), who eliminated some of the burdensome aspects of noble privileges, among other things, the right to war. Thanks to these measures, when the old dynasty died out (1410), the Castilian in the person of Ferdinand I (1414-1416) came to the throne, who retained power over the Baleares, Sardinia and Sicily and for a short time took possession of Navarre as well.
Spain History of Spain In Castile, on the contrary, the higher nobility and orders of chivalry dominated. The desire of cities for independence from the feudal aristocracy was not crowned with success due to the tyranny of Pedro the Cruel (1350-1369). The French and the British intervened in the strife caused by it. By the 14th century, the temporary alliances of the Christian kingdoms had disintegrated, and each began to pursue its own personal interests. Henry II (1369-1379), who took possession of Biscay, and Juan (John) I (1379-1390) weakened the kingdom with fruitless attempts to conquer Portugal, but the two-year war ended with the defeat of the Castilian army in 1385, when Portugal victoriously defended its independence at the Battle of Alhubarrota.
Spain History of Spain However, victories over the Arabs went on as usual: in 1340, Alfonso XI won a brilliant victory at Salado, and four years later, Grenada was cut off from Africa by the conquest of Algeziras.
Spain History of Spain Henry III (1390-1406) restored order and took possession of the Canary Islands. Again Castile was thrown into disarray by the long and feeble reign of Juan II (1406-1454). The unrest that grew under Henry IV ended with the accession to the throne of his sister Isabella. She defeated King Alfonso of Portugal and subdued her recalcitrant subjects with weapons.

Spain History of Spain Unification of Spain into the Kingdom of Spain
Spain History of Spain In 1469, a significant event for the future of Spain took place: the marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, whom Pope Alexander VI called "Catholic kings." Ferdinand II of Aragon, after the death of his father, John II of Aragon, in 1479 inherited the Kingdom of Aragon, the union of the Castilian and Aragonese crowns marked the beginning of the Kingdom of Spain. Nevertheless, the political unification of Spain was completed only by the end of the 15th century; Navarre was annexed in 1512.
Spain History of Spain In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella approved the church court - the Inquisition, designed to protect the purity of the Catholic faith. The persecution of Jews, Muslims, and later Protestants began. Several thousand suspects of heresy went through torture and ended their lives at the stake (auto-da-fe - initially the announcement, and then the execution of the sentence, in particular, public burning at the stake). In 1492, the head of the Inquisition, the Dominican priest Tomaso Torquemada, convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to persecute non-Christian people throughout the country. Torquemada burned in the fires of the Inquisition anusim - (en: Anusim - "forced"), Jews who were forced to convert to another religion, but in one way or another they observed the prescriptions of Judaism. Many Jews fled from Spain, but the Jews still lived better than other Catholics and held high positions, for example, Don Yitzhak Abarbanel was the Minister of Finance at the court of the Spanish king.
Spain History of Spain To put an end to wrongdoing by the nobility, the ancient Hermandad brotherhood was restored. The highest positions were transferred to the king. The higher Catholic clergy were subject to royal jurisdiction. Ferdinand was elected Grand Master of the three orders of chivalry, which made them obedient instruments of the crown. The Inquisition helped the government keep the nobility and people in obedience. The administration was reorganized, the royal revenues increased, some of them went to the promotion of sciences and arts. In 1492, numerous Jews (160,000 thousand) were expelled from the state.
Spain History of Spain With the conquest of Grenada by Spain (January 2, 1492), the time of the Reconquista ends. And in the same year, Christopher Columbus reaches America and establishes Spanish colonies there. The discovery of America gave Spain a wide field of activity on the other side of the ocean.

Spain History of Spain Golden Age of Spain
Spain Golden Age of Spain The end of the Reconquista and the beginning of the conquest of America allowed Spain to become for a short time the strongest political power in Europe. The ambitions of the numerous Spanish nobility (hidalgo) and the inspiration from the success of the centuries-old “holy war” under the banner of the Catholic faith made the Spanish army one of the strongest in the world and demanded new military victories.
Spain The golden age of Spain Already in the wars for Italy in 1504 Naples was conquered by Spain. The heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella was their eldest daughter Juana, who married Philip I, son of Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg. When Philip died young in 1506, and Juana went mad, Ferdinand was appointed guardian of her son Charles by the Castilian estates, who conquered Oran in 1509 and annexed Navarre to Spain in 1512. After the death of Ferdinand (1516), Cardinal Jimenez assumed the regency until the arrival of the young king Charles I, who in 1517 took over personally. Charles of the House of Habsburg in 1519 becomes, under the name of Charles V, also Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
Spain Golden Age of Spain When Charles was elected German emperor in 1519 (as Charles V) and therefore left Spain again (1520), the Communeros revolted against the absolutism of Charles and his Dutch advisers in the name of the national institutions of Iberia. But with the victory of the noble militia at Villalar (April 21, 1521) and the execution of Padilla, the uprising was pacified.
Spain The golden age of Spain After the suppression of the uprising, Charles V issued a full amnesty. But at the same time, he took advantage of the fear that the Communero movement had caught up with the nobility in order to narrow down the old privileges and liberties. The Cortes turned out to be incapable of resisting the government, the nobility began to look at loyalty as their main duty, and the people patiently submitted to the royal power and its conquest plans. The Cortes unquestioningly began to supply Charles V with money for the war with France, enterprises against the Moors in Africa, and the suppression of the Schmalkaldic League in Germany. For the Habsburgs and for the spread of the Roman Catholic faith, Spanish troops fought on the banks of the Po and Elbe, in Mexico and Peru.
Spain The golden age of Spain Meanwhile, in Spain itself, the industrious Moriscos were oppressed and expelled, thousands of Spaniards were sent to the fires by the Inquisition, every attempt to freedom was suppressed. The industry, trade and agriculture of the Spanish kingdom perished from an arbitrary system of taxes. Not only the nobility, but also peasants and townspeople, sought to go to war and public service. This policy has led most people to view other urban and rural pursuits with contempt. The Church owned large areas of land that came to her at the expense of direct heirs. These were deserted or turned into pastures, and the amount of cultivated land decreased more and more. Trade passed into the hands of foreigners who benefited both from Spain and from its colonies. When Charles V resigned the crown in 1556, the Austrian possessions of the Habsburgs and Spain again separated from each other. Spain retained in Europe only the Netherlands, Franche-Comte, Milan, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. The goals of Spanish policy remained the same. Spain became the center of Catholic reactionary politics.
Spain The Golden Age of Spain At the beginning of the 16th century, the Spanish colonial empire was formed (based on colonial conquests in America). The Spanish Empire reached its peak in the 16th century with the expansion of the colonies in South and Central America and the capture of Portugal in 1580.

Spain History of Spain The Spanish kingdom became the owner of vast colonies. The proceeds from the colonization of the New World were directed by the Spanish crown mainly to achieve political goals, which were the restoration of the dominance of the Catholic Church in Europe and the dominance of the Habsburgs in European politics.
Spain History of Spain In parallel with this, in Spain there is a rapid stratification of property of the nobility, the elite of which discovers a taste for luxury. However, the influx of gold from across the ocean did not contribute to the development of the country's economy; numerous Spanish cities remained predominantly political, but not trade and craft centers.
Spain History of Spain Trade and craft were concentrated in the hands of the descendants of the Muslim population, the Moriscos.
Spain History of Spain Ultimately, the financing of wars and the needs of the court and the Spanish nobility occurred through a constant increase in the tax burden, confiscation of the property of "unreliable" sections of society, primarily Moriscos, as well as internal and external loans, often forced (damage to coins, "donatives" ). All this worsened the situation of the population and even more suppressed the development of trade and crafts, exacerbating the economic and then political backwardness of Spain from the Protestant countries of Northwestern Europe.

Spain History of Spain Economic decline of Spain
Spain History of Spain From the middle of the 16th century, economic decline began in Spain. Rigid ill-conceived foreign and domestic policy. Incessant wars, exorbitant (and at the same time regressive) taxes inevitably led Spain to a serious economic decline.
Spain History of Spain The son of Charles V, Philip II, decided to move the capital of the kingdom from Toledo to Madrid, which required a lot of resources and meant a new era in the political history of Spain. Spanish absolutism began to suppress the relatively broad rights of estates, provinces and religious minorities that had been preserved since the Reconquista. The Catholic Church and the Inquisition turned out to be closely connected with the state apparatus and acted as its repressive tools. In 1568 there was an uprising of the Moors, which was suppressed two years later after a bloody war. 400,000 Moriscos were evicted from Grenada to other parts of the country.
Spain History of Spain The progressive disintegration of the state apparatus, which served as an instrument of enrichment for the nobility, led to a decline in the quality of internal and external administration and the weakening of the Spanish army. Despite defeating the Turks at Lepanto in 1571, Spain lost control of Tunisia. The policy of terror and violence of the Duke of Alba in the Netherlands led to an uprising of the local population, which the Spanish crown, despite the enormous costs, was unable to suppress. An attempt to return England to the bosom of the Catholic Church ended in the death of the "invincible armada" in 1588. Spanish intervention in religious strife in France only led to a deterioration in relations between the two countries and the strengthening of the French monarchy.

Spain History of Spain Economic decline of Spain
Spain History of Spain After the death of the Spanish King Philip II, the government for a long time is in the hands of various groups of nobility. Under King Philip III (1598-1621), the country was ruled by the Duke of Lerma, as a result of whose policy the once richest state in Europe became bankrupt in 1607. The reason for this was the enormous cost of maintaining the army, part of which was appropriated by senior officials, led by Lerma himself. The kingdom was forced to conclude peace agreements with the Netherlands, France and England. In 1609, the eviction of the Moriscos from Spain began, but the proceeds from the confiscation of their property did not compensate for the subsequent decline in trade and the desolation of many cities, led by Valencia.
Spain History of Spain Under Philip IV, the foreign and domestic policy of the state was led by the greedy and intolerant Duke of Olivares. Spain intervenes in another conflict between Austria and the Protestants of Central Europe, resulting in the Thirty Years' War. The entry into the war of Catholic France deprived the conflict of religious grounds and led to disastrous consequences for Spain. Mass dissatisfaction with high taxes and the arbitrariness of the central authorities caused uprisings in a number of Spanish provinces, in 1640 Catalonia seceded from the crown, followed by the secession of Portugal. At the cost of abandoning centralization and losing Portugal, the government managed to keep Spain from disintegrating, but the former foreign policy ambitions were over. In 1648, Spain recognized the independence of the Netherlands and the equality of Protestants in Germany. According to the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded Roussillon, Perpignan and part of the Netherlands to France, and Dunkirchen and Jamaica to England.
Spain History of Spain During the reign of the seriously ill King Charles II (1665-1700), Spain turns from a subject of European politics into an object of French territorial claims and loses a number of possessions in Central Europe. From joining Catalonia to France, Spain was saved only by an alliance with recent opponents - England and the Netherlands. The Spanish economy and its state apparatus fell into a state of complete decline. By the end of the reign of King Charles II, many cities and territories were depopulated. Due to the lack of money in many provinces returned to barter. Despite exceptionally high taxes, the once luxurious court of Madrid was unable to pay for its own maintenance, often even a royal meal.

Spain History of Spain Bourbon era
Spain History of Spain With the death in November 1700 of Charles II, who left no heirs, the question of who should be the new king led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) between France and Austria with its allies, the main of which was England. France elevated to the Spanish throne Philip V of Bourbon (grandson of Louis XIV), who remained king at the cost of ceding possessions in the Netherlands and Italy to Austria. For many decades, the political life of Spain began to be determined by the interests of its northern neighbor.
Spain History of Spain The accession of the Bourbons to the royal throne of Spain meant the coming to government posts of immigrants from France and Italy, led by Alberoni, which contributed to some improvement in the state apparatus. Following the example of French absolutism, taxation was centralized, and the privileges of the provinces were abolished. Attempts to limit the rights of the Catholic Church, the only structure that enjoyed broad public confidence, failed. In foreign policy, Bourbon Spain followed in the footsteps of France and took part with it in the costly Polish and Austrian wars for the treasury. As a result, Spain received Naples and Parma, which immediately went to the younger lines of the Spanish Bourbons.
Spain History of Spain In the middle of the 18th century, during the reign of Ferdinand VI, a number of important reforms were carried out in the country. Taxes were lowered, the state apparatus was updated, and by the concordat of 1753, the rights of the Catholic clergy, primarily financial, were significantly limited. Further transformations of Carlos III (1759-88) in the spirit of the Enlightenment and his ministers Aranda, Floridablanca and Campomanes led to positive results. In Catalonia and some port cities, the development of manufactory production began, and transatlantic trade with the colonies flourished. However, the development of industry and transport in the country, due to the complete economic decline of the previous time, was possible only by the state and required large loans. At the same time, the finances of the crown were depleted by the need to support and protect the colonies and participation in the wars waged by France.
Spain History of Spain With the accession of Charles IV, weak and incapable of public affairs, the situation in Spain worsened again, and the actual power passed into the hands of the favorite of Queen Godoy. The revolution in France forced Spain to defend the deposed Bourbons. However, the war with revolutionary France was conducted by Spain inactively and led to the French invasion of the north of the country. Economic and political weakness led Spain to sign the extremely disadvantageous Treaty of San Ildefonso (1796), which required Spain to enter the war against England. Despite the obvious lagging behind of the Spanish army and navy and the series of defeats that followed, Spain remained in alliance with Napoleonic France until the remnants of the Spanish fleet were destroyed at Trafalgar (October 20, 1805). Skillfully using the ambition of Godoy, Napoleon, promising him the Portuguese crown, achieved the conclusion of another military alliance between France and Spain.
Spain History of Spain This decision, drawing an exhausted and starving Spain into a new war for foreign interests, caused a popular uprising against Godoy, which led to the abdication of King Charles IV from the throne on March 18, 1808 in favor of his son Hernando. However, the new king Hernando VII was summoned by Napoleon to negotiate with his father, which, under French military and political pressure, ended with the transfer of the crown to Joseph Bonaparte.
Spain History of Spain On May 2, 1808, at the news of Hernando's departure to France, a rebellion broke out in Madrid, which the French managed to suppress only after a bloody struggle. Provincial juntas were formed, the guerrillas armed themselves in the mountains, and all the accomplices of the French were declared enemies of the fatherland. The brave defense of Zaragoza, the removal of Joseph from Madrid, and the general retreat of the French contributed to the enthusiasm of the Spanish. At the same time, Wellington, with an English corps, landed in Portugal and began to oust the French from there. The French nevertheless defeated the Spaniards and on December 4 again entered Madrid.
Spain History of Spain A massive guerrilla war began in Spain, led by the central junta established in September 1808 in Aranjuez. At first, all sections of Spanish society, nobles, clergy and peasants, with equal zeal, sought to expel the invaders, who controlled only large cities and responded to the resistance of the Spaniards with cruel terror. By early 1810, the odds had shifted to the side of the French, as the Spanish elite became more loyal to Joseph. The defenders of the country's independence in Cadiz established a regency, convened the Cortes, and adopted a constitution (March 18, 1812), based on the old Spanish traditions of communal self-government and the principles of democracy. At the same time, organized resistance to the French was provided only by the English troops of Wellington, who on July 22, 1812 defeated the French at Salamanca, but could not keep them in Madrid.
Spain History of Spain The devastating defeat of the Napoleonic army in Russia changed the situation in Spain as well. On May 27, 1813, King Joseph left Madrid with French troops, but was defeated by Wellington at Vittoria on June 21. The French were expelled from Spain, but the question of the further political structure of the country remained open.

Spain History of Spain Restoration of the Bourbons
Spain History of Spain King Hernando VII was released by Napoleon to his homeland, but the Cortes demanded that he swear allegiance to the constitution, which he refused to do. The intervention of the army, going over to the side of the king, General Elio, decided the issue in favor of an absolute monarchy. After the dispersal of the Cortes and entry into Madrid, King Hernando VII promised an amnesty and the adoption of a new constitution, but began his reign with repression both against those who supported Joseph Bonaparte and against the most liberal supporters of the Cortes. The army and the clergy became the backbone of the monarchical power of King Hernando VII.
Spain History of Spain Court intrigues and the weak policy of King Hernando VII did not contribute to the restoration of order either in internal or external affairs. During the French occupation of Spain, a war of independence began in its overseas colonies, during which the local elites broke away from the weakened mother country. In Spain itself, discontent was accumulating among the people. As a result, the troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Riego (January 1, 1820) proclaimed the constitution of 1812 and set up a provisional government in Isla de León, which issued a proclamation to the people. After going over to the side of the rebellious provinces and Madrid, King Hernando VII swore allegiance to the constitution and convened the Cortes. Their activities were directed mainly against the property privileges of the church - the clergy were taxed, but this did not improve the state of affairs in the country. In view of the absence of the bourgeoisie, the liberal undertakings of the Cortes were perceived negatively in society, especially among the peasantry. The Catholic opposition was gaining strength in the provinces and the country again began to slide into anarchy.
Spain History of Spain According to the results of the elections held on March 1, 1822, the radicals received a majority of votes, after which the forces loyal to the king made an unsuccessful attempt to occupy Madrid. King Hernando VII was forced to seek foreign assistance, and in the autumn of that year the Holy Alliance decided on armed intervention in the affairs of Spain. In April 1824, a French expedition under the command of the Duke of Angouleme (95 thousand soldiers) crossed the border and defeated the Spanish troops. Already on April 11, the Cortes, having captured the king, fled from Madrid, where on May 24 the Duke of Angouleme entered, enthusiastically received by the people and the clergy. Surrounded in Cadiz, the Cortes returned absolute power to the king, but the resistance of the liberals continued for another two months. 45 thousand French soldiers remained in Spain to protect the Bourbons.
Spain History of Spain In 1827, King Hernando VII decisively suppressed the rebellion in Catalonia of supporters of his brother Carlos, and three years later issued the so-called pragmatic sanction, which canceled the Salic law introduced by the Bourbons in 1713, and introduced succession to the throne through the female line. In October 1832, Queen Christina was declared regent for her daughter Isabella in the event of the king's death. Former Minister Zea-Bermudez stood at the head of the administration, announced an amnesty and convened the Cortes, who on June 20, 1833 swore allegiance to Isabella as heir to the throne.
Spain History of Spain Don Carlos, on April 29, 1833, in Portugal proclaimed himself King of Spain, Charles V. He was immediately joined by the Apostolic Party, the Basque provinces and Navarre, whose ancient benefits fueros, including the right to duty-free import of goods, were not recognized by the liberals. The Carlist uprising began in October 1833 with the appointment of a junta and general armament. The Carlists soon occupied Catalonia. The Madrid government of the "Christinos" (named after the regent) could not suppress the rebellion, as it experienced deep divisions. In 1834, a new constitution was adopted, which displeased the radical liberals, who rose in revolt in 1836 and forced Christina to return to the 1812 constitution.
Spain History of Spain However, soon the new president of the council of ministers, Calatrava, convened the Cortes, which subjected the old constitution to revision. During this time, Don Carlos won a number of victories, but disagreements in the ranks of supporters led to his retreat to France. Not wanting to continue the war, the Cortes confirmed the fueros of the Basque provinces. By the end of the summer of 1840, all of Spain was under the control of the Madrid government. General Espartero gained popularity and forced Queen Christina to give up her regency and leave the country. On May 8, 1841, Espartero was elected regent, but two years later he was forced to flee to England after a general rebellion of the army.
Spain History of Spain On November 8, 1843, the conservative majority of the Spanish Cortes declared the 13-year-old Queen Isabella an adult. Changes in the political life of the country soon followed - rival generals and favorites of the young queen succeeded each other at the helm of the state, her mother Christina was returned from exile, a high property qualification was introduced for elections to the Cortes, senators were appointed for life by the crown, and the Catholic religion was declared state.
Spain History of Spain An increasing role in the government of the country was played by the army. In 1854, after another rebellion, General Espartero was again appointed first minister, but did not stay long in this post. His successor O'Donnel suppressed several military uprisings, repelled an attempt by the Carlist pretender Count Montemolin to land in Spain (1860), but also could not stay in power. General Narvaez, who replaced him, at the head of the government, relied on the clergy and persecuted the liberals. Shortly after his death in 1868, a general revolt began in the country and Isabella fled to France.
Spain History of Spain At the head of the provisional government of the Unionists and Progressives stood Serrano, who first of all abolished the Jesuit order and declared freedom of the press and education. Since the convened Spanish Cortes did not agree on the candidacy of a new monarch, Serrano became regent. The authority of Madrid in the northern provinces of Spain was low - Carlists and Republicans became more active there.
Spain History of Spain after long negotiations, the son of the Italian king Amadeus agreed to accept the Spanish crown, but after two years of ongoing anarchy and open struggle of political parties supported by various army officers, he returned to his homeland in Italy. The Cortes proclaimed a republic and elected as president Figveras, a federalist republican who sought to expand the rights of the Spanish provinces and cities in order to secure their loyalty to Madrid. Figveras was soon displaced, the north of the country fell away from Madrid, where the Carlists seized power, and Andalusia, where a group of radical federalists formed their own government. Castelar's troops regained control of Andalusia, but he was soon deposed, and Serrano returned to rule the country, also deposed a year later. This was the end of the history of the first Spanish Republic.
Spain History of Spain Since the Carlists were not popular, the eldest son of Isabella Alfonso was invited to take the vacant throne.

Spain History of Spain The election of Alfonso XII seemed to many, especially officers, the only way out of the chaos. Agreeing with the most influential people, General Martinez Campos on December 29, 1874 in Segunto proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain.
Spain History of Spain The reign of the new monarch, King Alfonso XII, was successful - the Carlists were defeated, the Basque lands were deprived of fueros, and the centralized government of the country was restored. The tidying up of the financial system began, the rebellions in Cuba and in the northern provinces of Spain were suppressed. Politically, Spain in these years drew closer to Germany and Austria-Hungary, as opposed to France, whose interference in Spanish affairs ceased. During these years, industry and trade began to develop in Spain, the appearance of the country's largest cities changed. Liberal transformations were carried out: universal suffrage and jury trials were introduced.
Spain History of Spain In 1886, after the death of the young king Alfonso XII, his newborn son Alfonso XIII became the new monarch, with his mother as regent, who continued her husband's policy. At the turn of the century, tourism began to develop in Spain. Unrest in the north of the country continued repeatedly, Catalonia and the Basque country were ahead of the agrarian provinces of central and southern Spain in economic development, a layer of intelligentsia was formed in large cities, advocating autonomy and democratic reforms. Since the end of the 19th century, in connection with the growth of autonomist movements in the Spanish provinces, a large-scale polemic about the “essence of Spain” (about the “two Spains”) begins, which continues, with some interruptions, to the present.
Spain History of Spain Defeat in the Spanish-American War and the loss of the last overseas colonies led to an increase in protest moods in Spanish society. During the First World War, Spain was neutral, but its economy was seriously affected.

Spain History of Spain The collapse of the European monarchies and the spread of socialist ideas among the poor urban intelligentsia led to a series of riots. The rebels demanded social and political transformations - the abolition of noble privileges, secularization, and the establishment of republican rule. In the face of growing instability, General Miguel Primo de Rivera rebelled and seized power in Catalonia, soon the king granted him exclusive powers. It was announced the creation of a "military directory", the introduction of martial law, the abolition of the constitution, the dissolution of the Cortes. During the years of Primo de Rivera's rule, Spain achieved victory in Morocco and some internal stability through repressions against anarchists. Government guarantees ensured an influx of investments into the country and an increase in the well-being of the population. However, the general uncertainty of foreign and domestic policy and the growing radicalization of society led to the resignation of Primo de Rivera. The struggle for power began radical Republicans and Falangists, led by his son José Antonio.

Spain History of Spain On April 14, 1931, as a result of mass protests, the Spanish monarchy was overthrown and Spain became a republic again. This did not bring stability to Spanish society, since the traditional contradictions between the conservative-monarchist and the republican wing were supplemented by disagreements between the Republicans themselves, in whose ranks there were various forces from supporters of liberal capitalism to anarchists. The ongoing terror, the inability of the authorities to solve economic problems, the threatening international situation led to the growth of popularity in the army circles of the Spanish Falange, its rebellion in 1936 and the bloody civil war, which ended in 1939 with the capture of Madrid by the rebels and the establishment of a life-long dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
Spain History of Spain The years of Franco's reign are the period of conservative modernization of Spain. The country did not participate in the Second World War, in the post-war period it enjoyed the support of many Western powers. In the 1950s and 60s, the Spanish "economic miracle" occurs, associated with an influx of investment in a previously backward agrarian country, urbanization and the development of industry and tourism. At the same time, political rights and freedoms were limited in the country for a long time, repressions were carried out against separatists and adherents of leftist views. Franco bequeathed after death to restore the monarchy and transfer the throne to Juan Carlos, the grandson of the deposed Alfonso XIII. The will of the dictator was carried out.

Spain History of Spain History of modern Spain
Spain History of Spain In 1947, on the initiative of Francisco Franco, Spain was again declared a kingdom (however, the throne remained unoccupied under the regency of the "caudillo" Franco himself).
Spain History of Spain In November 1975, after the death of Franco, according to his will, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king of Spain, the dismantling of the former regime and new democratic reforms began. In December 1978, a new constitution was adopted and entered into force in Spain.
Spain History of Spain In 1985, Spain joined the European Union (EU). Today the Kingdom of Spain is a highly developed prosperous country with a developed industry and agriculture. The Kingdom of Spain is an interesting country with friendly people and bright national traditions. Spain is loved and willingly visited by numerous tourists!

Spain Culture of Spain
Spain Painting and sculpture of Spain
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish artists)Spain Culture of Spain Spain is considered to be an open-air museum. The vastness of this country carefully preserves cultural and historical monuments that are world famous.
Spain Culture of Spain The most famous museum in Spain - the Prado Museum - is located in Madrid. Its vast exposition cannot be viewed in one day. The museum was founded by Isabella of Braganza, wife of King Ferdinand VII. The Prado has its own branch, located in Cason del Buen Retiro, which houses unique collections of Spanish paintings and sculptures of the 19th century, as well as works by English and French painters. The museum itself presents large expositions of Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Flemish and German art.

Spain Culture of Spain The Prado Museum owes its name "Prado" to the Prado de San Jeronimo alley, where it is located, laid back in the Enlightenment. Currently, the funds of the Prado Museum are 6,000 paintings, over 400 sculptures, as well as numerous treasures, including royal and religious collections. During several centuries of its existence, the Prado Museum was patronized by many kings.
Spain Culture of Spain It is believed that the very first collection of the Prado Museum was formed under King Carlos I, known as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. His heir, King Philip II, became famous not only for his bad temper and despotism, but also for his love of art. It is to him that the museum owes priceless acquisitions of paintings by Flemish masters. Philip was distinguished by a gloomy outlook, it is not surprising that the ruler was a fan of Bosch, an artist known for his bizarre pessimistic fantasy. Initially, Philip bought Bosch's paintings for El Escorial, the hereditary castle of the Spanish kings. And only in the XIX century the paintings were transferred to the Prado Museum. Now here you can see such masterpieces of the Dutch master as the "Garden of Delights" and "Hay Cart". Currently, in the Prado Museum you can enjoy not only paintings and sculptures, but also theatrical performances designed to "revive" the famous canvases. The first such staging at the Prado Museum was dedicated to the paintings of the famous Spanish artist Velasquez and enjoyed great success with the public.

Spain Culture of Spain There are many more unique museums and galleries on the territory of the Kingdom of Spain.
Spain Culture of Spain The most famous museums in Spain with world fame:
1. The Picasso Museum and the National Art Museum of Catalonia, located in Barcelona.
2. National Museum of Sculpture in Valladolid.
3. El Greco Museum in Toledo.
4. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
5. Museum of Spanish Abstract Art in Cuenca.

Spain Culture of Spain Painting of Spain
Spain Spanish painting Artists of Spain (Spanish artists)
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) Frenzy and passion, intense search for meaning in love and death - painting in Spain is unthinkable without this. Both El Greco and Salvador Dali capture their great and unlike country, its people and its history, using new means of expression. If the architecture of Spain was mainly imitative, then the painting is certainly original. It was in Spain that the strangest, most powerful and most terrible paintings in world culture were created: landscapes of Toledo and the apostolic series by El Greco, Goya's "black" etchings, Picasso's "Guernica", Dali's surrealistic visions...
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish artists) As A. Benois accurately noted, “among the Spaniards, the artistic preference for black paint, gloomy partial shade fully corresponded to spiritual experiences, relentless thoughts about the sadness of earthly existence, about the redemptive benefit of suffering, about poetry and the beauty of death.”
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) Spain's painting has left a significant mark in the world history of fine arts. The brilliant flowering of painting begins with the appearance in Spain in 1576 of the painter Domenico Theotokopuli, nicknamed El Greco, since he was of Greek origin and was born on the island of Crete (1541-1614).
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) The artist El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) studied in Italy with the famous Titian and was invited to Spain by Philip II. El Greco moved to Spain in 1575 and settled in the city of Toledo. El Greco became the founder and head of the Toledo art school and painted mainly on commission from the monasteries and churches of Toledo.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish artists) The unusual, at first glance recognizable style of the artist El Greco (elongated figures, tensely frantic poses and faces of characters, the predominance of a silver-blue color scheme) developed precisely in Toledo Today, the artist El Greco and the Spanish city of Toledo are unthinkable friend without a friend. Some of the famous works of El Greco (for example, "The Burial of Count Orgaz") were intended for Toledo temples and never left the city. You can see these unique works of the genius of world art El Greco only there.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Painters) Another master of Spanish painting, Luis Morales (c. 1510-1586), also painted religious scenes full of austerities and suffering. The paintings of Luis Morales can be compared with the best works of the famous El Greco in terms of their impact on the viewer. The whole life of Luis Morales was spent in the city of Badajoz, a small town near the Portuguese border, and his works are kept in the museums of Toledo, Madrid and other cities.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish artists) Many Spanish artists deservedly belong to the category of classics of world painting. Among them are Jose de Ribera, Francisco Zurbaran, B. E. Murillo and D. Velasquez, who already in his youth became the court painter of Philip IV. The famous paintings by Velasquez "Las Meninas" or "Ladies of Honor", "Surrender of Breda", "Spinners" and portraits of royal jesters are in the most famous Prado Museum in Madrid.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) The political and social upheavals of the 18th and 19th centuries are reflected in the work of Francisco Goya, for example, his "Shooting of the rebels on the night of May 3, 1808", as well as the series "Disasters of War". The fear-inducing "black paintings" created shortly before the death of the master are not only an expression of his own despair, but also evidence of the political chaos of that time.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish painters) The period of 18-19 centuries is generally characterized as a period of calm in the Spanish art of painting, closed on imitative classicism.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Painters) The revival of the great Spanish painting takes place in the first half of the 20th century. New paths in world art were blazed by Salvador Dali (1904-1989), one of the founders of cubism, Juan Gris (1887-1921), abstract artist Juan Miro (1893-1983) and Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), the founder and prominent representative of surrealism in painting. , who contributed to the development of several areas of contemporary art.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish artists) Miro and Dali were faithful to Spain until the end of their lives. They left their homes only for the duration of wars and exhibitions. Pablo Picasso received his art education in A Coruña, Barcelona and Madrid, and from 1904 he lived and worked in Paris. By order of the Spanish government in 1937, Pablo Picasso painted his "Guernica" - a tragic symbol of the Civil War, during which a small Basque town was destroyed. In the same year, 1937, Juan Miro wrote "Help Spain" - a furious and bright, memorable poster, and Salvador Dali - a painting "Premonition of Civil War" with spread and intercepted bodies.
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) The essence of Spanish painting can best be characterized by the expression of Salvador Dali himself, which he cited in his autobiography: “In order to become Dali, you must first of all be a Spaniard, or rather a Catalan, in other words, a creature equipped for delirium and paranoia, able to penetrate them to the very depths, like the fishermen of Cadaqués, who are in the habit of decorating the altar statues with their catch - dying lobsters. The spectacle of agony makes the fishermen with special force sympathize with the passions of the Lord. Indeed, in such a "live" living of religion - the whole soul of Spain, from El Greco to Dali.

Spain Modern Spain Painting of Spain
Spain Spanish painting today Artists of Spain (Spanish artists)
Artists of Spain Sculptors of modern Spain
Spain Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) Today, a new generation of Spanish artists, sculptors, and masters of fine art photography lives and works in the Kingdom of Spain. Contemporary Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) create new original paintings and sculptures.

Poets about Spain Poems about Spain
Spain is a country of great culture!

Spain is a country of sun, sea, mountains, Flamenco, Corida and beautiful people!

"Where nature captivates, as in a fairy tale
Mountains are wonderfully white in the distance.
Rubens, Velasquez worked there,
Picasso and Goya, Dali.
Where the bright sun shines
And where marvelous dreams, dreams.
Spain conquers us again
Everything sparkles in the rays of beauty.
Where the gold of the beaches sparkles
Oranges and palm trees grow
And such a beauty all around!
And Marbella gardens are blooming!
Where fields and vast open spaces,
Where the transparent wave splashes
And crystal clear sea
It's a wonderful country there!
Where there are flamenco songs and dances,
The sound of castanets is heard loudly,
Where are the cheerful faces of the Spaniards,
That country is not more beautiful!

Poets dedicate their poems to Spain Artists of Spain paint wonderful pictures!
Spanish artists Pictures of Spanish artists
Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists) In our gallery you can get acquainted with the works of the best Spanish artists and Spanish sculptors.

Artists of Spain (Spanish Artists)In our gallery you can find and purchase for yourself the best works of Spanish artists and Spanish sculptors.

Spanish art

Spanish art is the art of Spain. As an important part of Western art (especially influenced by Italy and France, especially during the Baroque and Classicist periods) and giving the world many famous and influential artists (including Velazquez, Goya and Picasso), Spanish art often had distinctive features and was judged to some extent separately. from other European schools. These differences can be explained in part by Spain's Moorish heritage (especially in Andalusia) and the political and cultural climate in Spain during the Counter-Reformation and subsequent eclipse of Spanish power under the Bourbon dynasty.

El Greco (1541-1614), The Unveiling of Christ (El Espolio) (1577-1579), is one of the most famous altar paintings by El Greco, whose altar paintings are renowned for their dynamic compositions and sense of movement.

The early Iberians left a lot behind; northwestern Spain shares with southwestern France an area where the richest finds of Upper Paleolithic art in Europe are found in the Altamira Cave and other sites where rock paintings were found created between 35,000 and 11,000 BC. e. The rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin (as UNESCO defines the term) is the art of eastern Spain, probably around 8000-3500 BC, showing animals and hunting scenes, often created with a growing sense of the whole composition of a large-scale scene. Portugal, in particular, is rich in megalithic monuments, including Almendres Cromlech (Cromlech Almendres), and Iberian schematic art is stone sculpture, petroglyphs and rock paintings from the early Iron Ages, which are found throughout the Iberian Peninsula, with geometric patterns, and also with more frequent use of simple pictogram-like human figures, which is typical of similar art forms from other regions. The Casco de Leiro, a Late Bronze Age gold ritual helmet may be related to other gold headdresses found in Germany, and the Vilhena Treasure is a huge hoard of geometrically designed vessels and ornaments, possibly from the 10th century BC, including 10 kilograms of gold. .

Iberian sculpture before the Roman conquest reflects contact with other advanced ancient cultures that established small coastal colonies, including the Greeks and Phoenicians; the Phoenician settlement of Sa Caleta in Ibiza has been preserved for excavation, most of it now located under major cities, and Dama Guardamar was found during excavations at another Phoenician site. Lady from Elche (probably 4th century BC) possibly representing Tanith, but also showing Hellenistic influence, as does the Sphinx from Agosta and Bicha from Balasote from the 6th century. The bulls of Guisando are the most impressive example of verraco - large Celtic-Iberian animal sculptures in stone; Bull from Osun, 5th century BC is the most developed single example. A few decorated falcata, characteristic curved Iberian swords, have survived, as well as many bronze figurines used as votive images. The Romans gradually conquered all of Iberia between 218 BC. and 19 AD

As elsewhere in the Western Empire, Roman occupation largely destroyed local styles; Iberia was an important agricultural area for the Romans and the elite acquired vast estates producing wheat, olives and wine, some later emperors came from the Iberian provinces; during the excavations, many huge villas were discovered. The aqueduct of Segovia, the Roman walls of the city of Lugo, the bridge of Alcantara (104-106 AD) and the lighthouse of the Tower of Hercules are well-preserved large monuments, impressive examples of Roman engineering, if not always art. Roman temples are quite well preserved in Vic, Évora (now in Portugal) and Alcantara, and elements of them are also preserved in Barcelona and Cordoba. There must have been local workshops producing high quality mosaics, although much of the best freestanding sculpture was probably imported. The Missorium of Theodosius I is a famous silver dish from late antiquity that was found in Spain, but probably created in Constantinople.

Bison from Altamira Cave (between ca. 16 500 and 14 000 years ago)

Treasure of Villena, probablyXin BC

Early Middle Ages

Fragment of the Rekkesvinta votive crown from the Guarrazar treasure, now in Madrid. The hanging letters read [R]ECCESVINTUS REX OFFERET (King R. donates it). Public domain.

The Christian Visigoths ruled Iberia after the collapse of the Roman Empire and the rich 7th-century Gvarrazar treasure was probably kept to avoid looting during the Muslim conquest of Spain, it is now a unique surviving example of Christian votive crowns in gold; despite the Spanish style, this form was probably then used by the elite throughout Europe. Other examples of Visigothic art are metalwork, mostly jewelry and buckles, and stone reliefs, preserved to give an idea of ​​the culture of these originally barbarian Germanic peoples, who kept themselves very largely separate from their Iberian contemporaries, and whose rule collapsed, when the Muslims arrived in 711.

The Jeweled Victory Cross, the La Cava Bible and the Agate Casket of Oviedo are surviving examples of the rich pre-Romanesque culture of the 9th-10th century Asturian region of northwestern Spain, which remained under Christian rule; the banqueting house of Santa Maria del Naranco overlooking Oviedo, completed in 848 and later converted into a church, is the only surviving example of architecture from that period in Europe. The Vigilan Codex, completed in 976 in the Rioja region, shows a complex mixture of several styles.

Arabesque panel from Madina al-Zahra, robven - http://www.flickr.com/photos/robven/3048203629/

The magnificent palace-city of Madina al-Zahra near Cordoba was built in the 10th century for the Umayyad dynasty of the caliphs of Cordoba, it was supposed to become the capital of Islamic Andazusia, excavations are still ongoing. A considerable amount of very intricate decoration of the main buildings survives, demonstrating the great wealth of this very centralized state. The palace at Aljaferia belongs to a later period, after Islamic Spain was divided into several kingdoms. Notable examples of Islamic architecture and its decorations are the mosque-temples of Córdoba, whose Islamic elements were added between 784 and 987, and the palaces of the Alhambra and Generalife in Granada, dating from the final period of Muslim Spain.

The Leaning Griffin is the largest known Islamic sculpture of an animal and the most spectacular sculpture from the Al-Andalus group, many of these sculptures were created to support fountain pools (such as in the Alhambra), or in rare cases for smoking incense and other similar purposes.

The Christian population of Muslim Spain developed a style of Mozarabic art, the most famous surviving examples of which are several illustrated manuscripts, several commentaries on the Book of Revelations of the Asturian Saint Beatus of Lieban (c. 730 - c. style to fully demonstrate its qualities in the manuscripts of the X century. For example, these are the manuscripts of Beatus Morgan, probably the first, Beatus Girona, decorated by a woman artist Ende, Escorial Beatus and Beatus St. Sever, which was actually created at some distance from the Muslim rule in France. Mozarabic elements, including a background of brightly colored stripes, can be seen in some of the later Romanesque frescoes.

Hispano-Moorish pottery appeared in the south, apparently mainly for local markets, but Muslim potters later began migrating to the Valencia region, where Christian overlords sold their sumptuous luster pottery to elites throughout Christian Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, including including the popes and the English royal court. Spanish Islamic ivory carvings and textiles were also of very high quality; the modern industries producing tiles and carpets in the peninsula owe their origins mainly to the Islamic kingdoms.

After the expulsion of Islamic rulers during the Reconquista, a significant part of the Muslim population and Christian craftsmen trained in the Muslim style remained in Spain. Mudéjar is a term for works of art and architecture created by these people. The Mudéjar architecture in Aragon is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The 14th-century Maiden Patio built for Pedro of Castile in the Alcazar of Seville is another notable example. The style can also blend harmoniously with Christian European Medieval and Renaissance styles, for example, in elaborate wood and stucco ceilings, and Mudéjar works often continued to be created for several centuries after an area had come under Christian rule. .

Al-Maghira ivory box, Madina al-Zahra, 968, Public domain

Pisa Griffin, photo: Memorato,

Page from Beatus Morgan

Spanish-Moorish jug with the coat of arms of the Medici, 1450-1460

Painting

Romanesque style in painting in Spain

Apse of the Church of Santa Maria in Taulle, Catalan fresco in Lleida, early 12th century, photo: photo: Ecemaml, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported

In Spain, the art of the Romanesque period represented a smooth transition from the previous Pre-Romanesque and Mozarabic styles. Many of the best preserved Romanesque church frescoes that were being discovered throughout Europe at the time come from Catalonia. Notable examples are located in the temples of the Val-de-Boie region; many of them were discovered only in the 20th century. Some of the best examples have been moved to museums, notably the National Art Museum of Catalonia in Barcelona, ​​which houses the famous central apse of Sant Clement in Taulle and frescoes from Sigena. The finest examples of Castilian Romanesque frescoes are those at San Isidoro in León, the paintings from San Baudélio de Berlanga, now mostly housed in various museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the frescoes from Santa Cruz de - Maderuelo in Segovia. There are also several antependiums (veil or partition in front of the altar) with wood painting and other early panels.

Gothic

The Gothic art of Spain gradually developed from the Romanesque styles that preceded it, guided by external models first from France and then from Italy. Another distinctive aspect was the inclusion of elements of the Mudéjar style. Eventually, the Italian influence, from which Byzantine stylistic devices and iconography were borrowed, completely supplanted the original Franco-Gothic style. Catalonia was still a prosperous region, where many fine altars were made; however, the region declined after the emphasis on trade shifted to the Atlantic following the opening of the American colonies, which partly explains the presence of many medieval vestiges there, as there was no money to refurbish Renaissance and Baroque churches.

Early Renaissance

Due to important economic and political ties between Spain and Flanders since the middle of the 15th century, the early Renaissance in Spain was strongly influenced by Netherlandish painting, which led to the emergence of the Hispano-Flemish school of painters. The leading representatives were Fernando Gallego, Bartolome Bermejo, Pedro Berruguete and Juan de Flandes.

Renaissance and Mannerism

In general, the Renaissance and subsequent Mannerist style is difficult to classify in Spain due to the combination of Flemish and Italian influences and regional differences.

The main center of influence of the Italian Renaissance that penetrated into Spain was Valencia due to its proximity and close ties with Italy. This influence was felt through the importation of works of art, including four Piombo paintings and reproductions by Raphael, as well as the relocation of the Italian Renaissance artist Paolo de San Leocadio and Spanish artists who spent some time working and studying in Italy. These were, for example, Fernando Yáñez de Almedina (1475-1540) and Fernando Llanos, who demonstrated the traits of Leonardo in his works, in particular the subtle, melancholic expressions and the softness of execution in the modeling of features.

"Pieta" by Luis de Morales

Elsewhere in Spain, the influence of the Italian Renaissance was less pronounced, with a relatively superficial use of methods that combined with the preceding Flemish methods of work and had Mannerist features, due to the relatively late arrival of examples from Italy, as Italian art was already largely Mannerist. Apart from the technical aspects, the themes and spirit of the Renaissance were transformed to suit the Spanish culture and religious environment. Consequently, very few classical themes or female nudes were depicted, and the works often displayed a sense of pious devotion and religious power, attributes that would remain dominant in much Counter-Reformation art in Spain throughout the 17th century and beyond.

Famous Mannerist artists were Vicente Juan Masip (1475-1550) and his son Juan de Juanes (1510-1579), the artist and architect Pedro Machuca (1490-1550) and Juan Correa de Vivar (1510-1566) . However, the most popular Spanish painter of the early 17th century was Luis de Morales (1510?-1586), called "Divine" by his contemporaries because of the religious richness of his paintings. From the Renaissance, he also often borrowed soft modeling and simple compositions, but combined them with the precision of detail characteristic of the Flemish style. He portrayed many biblical characters, including the Virgin Mary with the Child.

Golden Age of Spanish Painting

The Spanish Golden Age, the period of Spanish political dominance and subsequent decline, saw a massive development of the arts in Spain. This period is believed to have begun at some point after 1492 and ended either with the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, although in art its beginning is delayed until or immediately before the reign of Philip III (1598-1621), and the end is also attributed to 1660 or later. Thus, this style is part of the wider baroque period in art. Here there is a significant influence of the great masters of the Baroque, such as Caravaggio and later Rubens, the originality of the art of the time also included influences that modified the typical Baroque characteristics. Among these were the influence of contemporary Dutch Golden Age painting, as well as the native Spanish tradition, which gave much of the art of this period an interest in naturalism, and an avoidance of the grandiosity of much Baroque art. Significant early representatives of this period are Juan Bautista Maino (1569-1649), who brought the new naturalistic style to Spain, Francisco Ribalta (1565-1628) and Sánchez Cotán (1560-1627), an influential still life painter.

El Greco (1541-1614) was one of the most individualistic artists of the period, he developed a very mannerist style based on his origins in the post-Byzantine Cretan school, in contrast to the naturalistic approaches then prevalent in Seville, Madrid and other regions of Spain. Many of his works reflect the silvery grays and bright colors of Venetian painters such as Titian, but they are combined with strange elongation of figures, unusual lighting, elimination of perspective space, and filling the surface with a very explicit and expressive pictorial manner.

Working mainly in Italy, especially in Naples, José de Ribera (1591-1652) considered himself a Spaniard, and his style was sometimes used as an example of extreme counter-reformation Spanish art. His work was highly influential (largely through the circulation of his drawings and prints throughout Europe) and showed significant development over the course of his career.

As the gateway to the New World, Seville became the cultural center of Spain in the 16th century. It attracted artists from all over Europe seeking commissions from across the growing empire, as well as from the numerous religious houses of the wealthy city. Starting with a strong Flemish tradition of detailed and smooth brushwork, as shown in the work of Francisco Pacheco (1564-1642), a naturalistic approach developed over time, influenced by Juan de Roelas (c. 1560-1624) and Francisco Herrera the Elder (1590). -1654). This more naturalistic approach, influenced by Caravaggio, became predominant in Seville and formed the training background for the three Golden Age masters: Cano, Zurbarán and Velázquez.

Francisco Zurbarana (1598-1664) known for his decisive and realistic use of chiaroscuro in his religious paintings and still lifes. Although it seemed that he was limited in his development, and complex scenes were difficult for him. Zurbaran's magnificent ability to evoke religious feelings brought him many commissions in the conservative Counter-Reformation Seville.

Sharing the influence of the same master painter - Francisco Pacheco- as well as Velasquez, Alonso Cano (16601-1667) also actively worked with sculpture and architecture. His style moved from the naturalism of his early period to a more subtle, idealistic approach, bringing out Venetian influences and influences. Van Dyck.

Velazquez

Diego Velazquez "Las Meninas", 1656-1657

Diego Velasquez (1599-1660) was the leading painter at the court of King Philip IV. In addition to numerous images of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he created dozens of portraits of the Spanish royal family, other famous European figures and commoners. In many portraits, Velasquez gave worthy qualities to such unattractive members of society as beggars and dwarfs. In contrast to these portraits, Velázquez's gods and goddesses tend to be depicted as common people without divine features. In addition to Velázquez's forty portraits of Philippe, he painted portraits of other members of the royal family, including princes, infantes (princesses) and queens.

late baroque

Bartolome Esteban Murillo, "The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin (Soult)"

Late Baroque elements emerged as a foreign influence, thanks to Rubens' visits to Spain and the circulation of artists and patrons between Spain and the Spanish possessions of Naples and the Spanish Netherlands. Famous Spanish artists, representatives of the new style - Juan Carreno de Miranda (1614-1685), Francisco Risi (1614-1685) and Francisco de Herrera the Younger (1627-1685), son of Francisco de Herrera the Elder, initiator of the naturalistic emphasis in school Seville. Other notable Baroque artists include Claudio Coelho (1642-1693), Antonio de Pereda (1611-1678), Mateo Cerezo (1637-1666) and Juande Valdes Leal (1622-1690).

The outstanding painter of this period and the most famous Spanish artist before the recognition of the merits of Velazquez, Zurbaran and El Greco in the 19th century was Bartolome Esteban Murillo(1617-1682). He spent most of his career in Seville. His early work reflected Caravaggio's naturalism, using a subdued brown palette, simple but not harsh lighting, and religious themes depicted in natural or domestic settings, as in his painting The Holy Family with a Bird (c. 1650). He later incorporated elements of the Flemish Baroque of Rubens and Van Dyck into his work. In The Immaculate Conception (Soult) a brighter and more radiant palette of colors is used, whirling cherubs put all focus on the Virgin, whose eyes are turned to the sky, and a warm luminous halo spreads around her, making her a spectacular pious image, an important component of this work; the theme of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary was presented by Murillo about twenty times.

Spanish art 18th century

"Still Life with Oranges, Flasks and Boxes of Chocolates" by Luis Egidio Meléndez

The beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain under Philip V led to great changes in the field of patronage, the new French-oriented court favoring the styles and artists of Bourbon France. A few Spanish artists were employed by the court - a rare exception was Miguel Jacinto Meléndez (1679-1734) - and it took some time before Spanish artists mastered the new rococo and neoclassical styles. Leading European artists, including Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Anton Raphael Mengs, were active and influential.

Without royal sponsorship, many Spanish artists continued to work in the style baroque when creating religious compositions. This applies to Francisco Baye y Subias (1734-1795), an accomplished fresco painter, and Mariano Salvador Maella (1739-1819), both of whom developed in the direction of Mengs' strict neoclassicism. Another important area for Spanish artists was portraiture, which was actively pursued by Antonio González Velasquez (1723-1794), Joaquín Inza (1736-1811) and Agustín Esteve (1753-1820). But for the still life genre, it was still possible to get royal support, this applied to artists such as the court painter Bartolome Montalvo (1769-1846) and Luis Egidio Meléndez (1716-1780).

Continuing in the Spanish tradition of still life paintings by Sánchez Cotán and Zurbarán, Meléndez created a series of cabinet paintings commissioned by the Prince of Asturias, the future King Charles IV, designed to showcase the full range of foodstuffs from Spain. Instead of simply creating formal natural history teaching materials, he uses harsh lighting, low vantage points, and heavy compositions to dramatize subjects. He showed great interest and attention to detail in reflections, textures, and highlights (such as the highlights on the patterned vase in Still Life with Oranges, Flasks, and Boxes of Candy), reflecting the new spirit of the Enlightenment.

Goya

Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808

Francisco Goya was a portrait painter and court painter of the Spanish court, a chronicler of history, and, in his unofficial employment, a revolutionary and visionary. Goya painted portraits of the Spanish royal family, including Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII. His themes range from merry feasts for tapestry, sketches of satirical content, to scenes of war, combat, and corpses. In the early stages of his work, he drew sketches of satirical content as templates for tapestries and focused on scenes from everyday life with bright colors. During his life, Goya also made several series of "Grabados" - etchings that depict the decline of society and the horrors of war. The most famous series of his paintings are the Grim (Black) Paintings, painted towards the end of his life. This series includes works that are gloomy both in color and in meaning, causing anxiety and shock.

19th century

Frederico Pradilla, Doña Juana La Loca (Juana the Mad)

Various artistic movements of the 19th century influenced Spanish artists, thanks in large part to them, artists were trained in foreign capitals, in particular in Paris and Rome. Thus, neoclassicism, romanticism, realism and impressionism became important trends. However, they were often delayed or transformed by local conditions, including repressive governments and the tragedy of the Carlist Wars. Portraits and historical subjects were popular, and the art of the past—Velázquez's styles and techniques in particular—were of great importance.

At the beginning of the century, the academicism of Vicente López (1772-1850) dominates, and then the neoclassicism of the French artist Jacques-Louis David, for example, in the work of José de Madrazo (1781-1859), the founder of an influential line of artists and gallery directors. His son, Federico de Madrazo (1781-1859), was a leading exponent of Spanish Romanticism, along with Leonardo Alenza (1807-1845), Valeriano Dominguez Becker and Antonio Maria Esquivel.

Later came the period of Romanticism, represented in the history of painting in the works of Antonio Gisbert (1834-1901), Eduardo Rosales (1836-1873) and Francisco Pradilla (1848-1921). In their work, the techniques of realism were often applied to romantic themes. This can be clearly seen in Doña Juana La Loca, a famous early work by Pradilla. The composition, facial expressions and dramatic stormy skies reflect the emotions of the scene; as well as the finely crafted clothing, the texture of the mud, and other details show great realism in the artist's attitude and style. Mariano Fortuny (1838-1874) also developed a strong realist style after being influenced by the French romantic Eugène Delacroix and becoming a famous painter of his age in Spain.

Joaquin Sorolla, Boys on the Beach, 1910, Prado Museum

Joaquín Sorolla (1863-1923) of Valencia excelled in the skillful representation of the people and the landscape under the sun rays of his native land, thus reflecting the spirit of impressionism in many of his works, in particular in the famous seaside paintings. In his painting "Boys on the Beach" he makes reflections, shadows, water glitter and skin his main subject. The composition is very bold, there is no horizon, one of the boys is cut off, and strong diagonals create contrasts, the saturation of the upper left part of the work is increased.

Spanish art and painting of the 20th century

Juan Gris, "Mug of Beer and Playing Cards", 1913, Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio.

In the first half of the 20th century, many leading Spanish artists worked in Paris, where they contributed to the development of the modernist movement in art, and sometimes led it. Perhaps the prime example is Picasso, who worked alongside the French artist Braque to create the concept of Cubism; and the Synthetic Cubist sub-movement was condemned for finding its purest expression in the paintings and collages of Madrid-born Juan Gris. Similarly, Salvador Dali became the central figure of the Surrealist movement in Paris; and Joan Miro had a great influence in abstract art.

Picasso's blue period (1901-1904), which consisted of dark, toned paintings, came under the influence of a trip through Spain. The Picasso Museum in Barcelona houses many of Picasso's early works from his time in Spain, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartes, Picasso's close friend from his time in Barcelona, ​​who was Picasso's personal secretary for many years. There are many accurate and detailed studies of the images he created in his youth under the tutelage of his father, as well as rare works of the period of his old age, which clearly demonstrate that Picasso's work had a solid foundation from classical methods. Picasso paid the most enduring tribute to Velázquez in 1957 when he recreated his Las Menins in his cubist manner. While Picasso was worried that if he copied a painting by Velazquez it would only look like a copy and not a unique piece, he continued to do so, and the huge work is the largest he has created since Guernica in 1937 - took a significant place in the Spanish canons of art. Malaga, the birthplace of Picasso, has two museums with significant collections: the Picasso Museum in Malaga and the Picasso House Museum.

Another period in Spanish Renaissance sculpture, the Baroque, covered the last years of the 16th century, continued into the 17th century, and reached its final flowering in the 18th century, creating a truly Spanish school and style of sculpture, more realistic, intimate and creatively independent compared to the previous one, which was tied to European trends, especially those of the Netherlands and Italy. There were two schools of particular taste and talent: the Seville school, to which Juan Martínez Montañez (the so-called Seville Phidias) belonged, his greatest works being the crucifix in the Cathedral of Seville and another in Vergara and Saint John; and the school of Granada, to which Alonso Cano belonged, to whom the Immaculate Conception and the Virgin of the Rosary are attributed.

Other notable Andalusian baroque sculptors were Pedro de Mena, Pedro Roldan and his daughter Luisa Roldan, Juan de Mesa and Pedro Duque Cornejo.

The 17th century Vallaolid school (Gregorio Fernández, Francisco del Rincón) was replaced in the 18th century by the Madrid school, although less splendid, by the middle of the century it had become a purely academic style. In turn, the Andalusian school was replaced by the Murcia school, which was personified by Francisco Salsillo in the first half of the century. This sculptor is distinguished by the originality, fluidity and dynamic treatment of his works, even those that represented a great tragedy. More than 1800 works are attributed to him, the most famous of his creations are the sculptures that are carried out in procession on Good Friday in Murcia, the most notable among which are the Supplication for the Cup and the Kiss of Judas.

In the 20th century, the most prominent Spanish sculptors were Julio Gonzalez, Pablo Gargallo, Eduardo Chillida and Pablo Serrano.