In the first millennium AD. in southern Siberia dominated by the Kirghiz. In the 9th century, they created their own state on the middle Yenisei - the Kirghiz Khaganate. The Chinese called them "hyagas" - a term that later, in the Russian version, took the form "Khakas".
At the beginning of the XIII century, the Kirghiz Khaganate fell under the blows of the Tatar-Mongols. But a century and a half later, when the Mongol Empire, in turn, collapsed, the tribes of the Minusinsk Basin created a new political entity - Khongorai, headed by the Kyrgyz nobility. The Khongorai tribal community served as the cradle of the Khakass people.
The Kirghiz stood out for their militancy and fierce temper. Among many peoples of Southern Siberia, mothers frightened their children: "Here the Kyrgyz will come, they will catch you and eat you."
Therefore, the Russians, who appeared here in the 17th century, met with fierce resistance. As a result of bloody wars, the territory of Khongorai was practically depopulated and in 1727, under the Burin Treaty with China, it was ceded to Russia. In pre-revolutionary Russian documents, it is known as the "Kyrgyz land" as part of the Yenisei province.
The revolution of 1917 caused a new act of tragedy for the Khakas. The orders that the Soviet government carried caused a sharp rejection of the people, among whom a person with 20 horses was considered a poor man. The partisan detachments of the Khakass continued to fight in the mountainous regions, according to official data, until 1923. By the way, it was in the fight against them that the youth of the famous Soviet writer Arkady Gaidar passed. And collectivization caused a new outbreak of armed resistance, which was brutally suppressed.
And yet, from the point of view of ethno-political history, being part of Russia as a whole played a positive role for the Khakass. In the 19th-20th centuries, the process of formation of the Khakass people was completed. Since the 1920s, the ethnonym "Khakas" has been approved in official documents.
Before the revolution, foreign departments and councils existed on the territory of the Minusinsk district. In 1923, the Khakasssky national district was formed, later transformed into an autonomous region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and since 1991 - into a republic, an independent subject of the Russian Federation.
The number of the Khakass people also grew steadily. Today, Russia is inhabited by about 80 thousand Khakass (an increase in the number of more than 1.5 times over the twentieth century).
For centuries, Christianity and Islam have been attacking the traditional religion of the Khakas - shamanism. Officially, on paper, they have achieved great success, but in real life, shamans are still much more respected among the Khakas than priests and mullahs.
White Wolf - Chief shaman
Khakass.
Khakass shaman Egor Kyzlasov in full dress (1930)).
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the Khakass made collective prayers to the sky, from which they usually asked for a good harvest and juicy grass for livestock. The ceremony was performed on a mountaintop. Up to 15 lambs were sacrificed to heaven. All of them were white, but always with a black head.
When someone in the family was ill for a long time, one should turn to a birch for help. Prayer to the birch was an echo of that distant time when people considered trees to be their ancestors. The patient's relatives chose a young birch in the taiga, tied colored ribbons to its branches, and from that moment on it was considered a shrine, the guardian spirit of this family.
For many centuries, the main occupation of the Khakass was cattle breeding. According to ancient legends, the “master of cattle” was a powerful spirit - Izykh Khan. In order to propitiate him, Izykh Khan was given a horse as a gift. After a special prayer with the participation of the shaman of the chosen horse, a colored ribbon was woven into the mane and released into the wild. They called it now exclusively "izyh". Only the head of the family had the right to ride it. Every year in spring and autumn, he washed the mane and tail of the izyhu with milk, and changed the ribbons. Each Khakass clan chose horses of a certain color as izykhs.
In spring and autumn, flamingos sometimes fly over Khakassia, and a man who caught this bird could woo any girl.
A red silk shirt was put on the bird, a red silk scarf was tied around the neck, and they went with it to their beloved girl. Parents were supposed to accept flamingos, and in return give their daughter. Kalym in this case did not rely.
Bride and matchmaker
Since 1991, a new holiday has been celebrated in Khakassia - Ada-Khoorai, dedicated to the memory of ancestors. During prayer, after each ritual walk around the altar, everyone kneels (men - on the right, women - on the left) and three times fall face down to the ground, turning to the sunrise.
The Malaya Syya site (30-35 thousand years ago) on the banks of the White Iyus River, where drilled ornaments worked with chisels were found.
Historical and cultural heritage
Traditions of statehood
The first state on the territory of Southern Siberia arose in the 3rd century BC. e. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the people " Dinlin" (Chinese 丁零), and the state - "Dinling-go" (丁零国).
The first contacts between the Kyrgyz and the Russians began with the construction in 1604 of the Tomsk prison on the land of the Eushta Tatars - Kyshtyms of the Kyrgyz beks. Then, for more than a hundred years, there was a very complex and painful process of Khakassia entering under the jurisdiction of the Russian kingdom.
Russian period
The date of official consolidation of Khakassia for the Russian Empire can be considered August 20, 1727, when a border treaty was concluded between Russia and China. All the lands located on the northern side of the Sayans, went to Russia, on the south - to the Chinese Empire.
The actual consolidation of the territory of Khakassia occurred later. In 1758 Chinese troops invaded the Altai and defeated Dzungaria. There was a threat of violating the officially recognized borders of the Russian Empire. On this site of theirs, the tsarist government hastily placed Cossack garrisons. From the time when the Cossacks began to carry out the border service, Khakassia was actually assigned to the Russian Empire.
In the 19th century The Russian authorities called the indigenous population Minusinsk (Abakan, Achinsk) Tatars. They were granted self-government within the framework of the Charter on the management of foreigners: Steppe Dumas and foreign councils.
The Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on October 20, 1930 and was part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for many years; in 1990 it was renamed the Khakass ASSR, in 1991 - the Khakass SSR. In 1992, the Khakass SSR seceded from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, receiving the name "Republic of Khakassia".
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Notes
Literature
- History of Khakassia from ancient times to 1917 / Ed. L. R. Kyzlasova. - M .: Eastern Literature, Nauka, 1993. - 528 p. - 10 700 copies. - ISBN 5-02-017080-1.(in trans.)
- Kyzlasov L.R. History of Southern Siberia in the Middle Ages. M., 1984.
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An excerpt characterizing the History of Khakassia
- Oh, empty talk! - said the sergeant major.- Ali and you want the same? - said the old soldier, reproachfully addressing the one who said that his legs were shivering.
– What do you think? - suddenly rising from behind the fire, a sharp-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, spoke in a squeaky and trembling voice. - He who is smooth will lose weight, and death to the thin. At least here I am. I have no urine,” he said suddenly decisively, turning to the sergeant-major, “they were sent to the hospital, the aches had overcome; and then you stay behind...
“Well, you will, you will,” the sergeant-major said calmly. The soldier fell silent, and the conversation continued.
- Today, you never know these Frenchmen were taken; and, frankly, there are no real boots, so, one name, - one of the soldiers began a new conversation.
- All the Cossacks were amazed. They cleaned the hut for the colonel, carried them out. It's a pity to watch, guys, - said the dancer. - They tore them apart: so alive alone, do you believe it, mutters something in its own way.
“A pure people, guys,” said the first. - White, like a white birch, and there are brave ones, say, noble ones.
– How do you think? He has been recruited from all ranks.
“But they don’t know anything in our language,” the dancer said with a smile of bewilderment. - I tell him: “Whose crown?”, And he mumbles his own. Wonderful people!
“After all, it’s tricky, my brothers,” continued the one who was surprised at their whiteness, “the peasants near Mozhaisk said how they began to clean up the beaten ones, where there were guards, so what, he says, their dead lay there for a month. Well, he says, he lies, he says, theirs is how the paper is white, clean, it doesn’t smell like gunpowder blue.
- Well, from the cold, or what? one asked.
- Eka you're smart! By cold! It was hot. If it were from the cold, ours would not be rotten either. And then, he says, you will come to ours, all, he says, is rotten in worms. So, he says, we will tie ourselves with scarves, yes, turning our faces away, and dragging; no urine. And theirs, he says, is white as paper; does not smell of gunpowder blue.
Everyone was silent.
- It must be from food, - said the sergeant major, - they ate the master's food.
Nobody objected.
- This man said, near Mozhaisk, where there were guards, they were driven from ten villages, they drove twenty days, they didn’t take everyone, then the dead. These wolves that, he says ...
“That guard was real,” said the old soldier. - There was only something to remember; and then everything after that ... So, only torment for the people.
- And that, uncle. The day before yesterday we ran, so where they do not allow themselves. They left the guns alive. On your knees. Sorry, he says. So, just one example. They said that Platov took Polion himself twice. Doesn't know the word. He will take it: he will pretend to be a bird in his hands, fly away, and fly away. And there's no way to kill either.
- Eka lie, you're healthy, Kiselev, I'll look at you.
- What a lie, the truth is true.
- And if it were my custom, if I caught him, I would bury him in the ground. Yes, with an aspen stake. And what ruined the people.
“We’ll do everything in one end, he won’t walk,” the old soldier said, yawning.
The conversation fell silent, the soldiers began to pack.
- Look, the stars, passion, are burning like that! Say, the women laid out the canvases, - said the soldier, admiring the Milky Way.
- This, guys, is for the harvest year.
- Drovets will still be needed.
“You’ll warm your back, but your belly will freeze.” Here is a miracle.
- Oh my God!
- Why are you pushing - about you alone fire, or what? You see... collapsed.
From behind the silence that was being established, the snoring of some of the sleepers was heard; the rest turned and warmed themselves, occasionally speaking. A friendly, cheerful laughter was heard from a distant, about a hundred paces, fire.
“Look, they’re rattling in the fifth company,” said one soldier. - And the people that - passion!
One soldier got up and went to the fifth company.
“That’s laughter,” he said, returning. “Two keepers have landed. One is frozen at all, and the other is so courageous, byada! Songs are playing.
- Oh oh? go see…” Several soldiers moved towards the fifth company.
The fifth company stood near the forest itself. A huge fire burned brightly in the middle of the snow, illuminating the branches of trees weighed down with frost.
In the middle of the night, the soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the forest in the snow and the squawking of branches.
“Guys, witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and out of the forest, into the bright light of the fire, stepped out two, holding each other, human, strangely dressed figures.
They were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. One was taller, wearing an officer's hat, and seemed quite weak. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. Another, small, stocky, soldier tied with a handkerchief around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought both porridge and vodka.
In 1604-1703, the Kyrgyz state, located on the Yenisei, was subdivided into 4 possessions (Isar, Altyr, Altysar and Tubinsky), in which the ethnic groups of modern Khakass were formed: Kachins, Sagais, Kyzyls and Koibals.
Before the revolution, the Khakasses were called "Tatars" (Minusinsk, Abakan, Kachin). At the same time, in the documents of the 17th-18th centuries, Khakassia was called the “Kyrgyz land” or “Khongorai”. As a self-name, the Khakass use "khoorai" or "Khirgys-khoorai".
In the 17th - 18th centuries, the Khakass lived in scattered groups and were dependent on the feudal elite of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Altyn Khans. In the first half of the XVIII they were included in the Russian state. The territory of their residence was divided into "zemlitsy" and volosts, headed by hoods or princes.
The term "Khakas" appeared only in 1917. In July, an alliance of foreigners from the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts was formed under the name "Khakas", which was formed from the word "Hyagas", mentioned in ancient times in Chinese chronicles.
On October 20, 1930, the Khakass Autonomous Region was formed in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and in 1991 the Republic of Khakassia was formed, which became part of Russia.
The traditional occupation of the Khakasses is semi-nomadic cattle breeding. They raised cattle, sheep and horses, which is why they were sometimes called the "Three-Flocked People". Pigs and poultry were bred in places.
Not the last place in the economy of the Khakass was occupied by hunting, which was considered an exclusively male occupation. But agriculture was widespread only in some areas where the main crop was barley.
Women and children in former times were engaged in gathering (edible roots of kandyk and sarana, nuts). Roots were ground on hand mills. To collect cedar cones, a nokh was used, which was a large chock planted on a thick pole. This pole rested on the ground, and striking the tree trunk.
The main type of Khakassian villages were aals - associations of 10-15 households (usually related). Settlements were divided into winter (hystag), spring (chastag), summer (chaylag), autumn (kusteg). Khystagh was usually located on the banks of the river, and chaylag in cool places near the groves.
The dwelling of the Khakasses was a yurt (ib). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a portable round frame yurt, which was covered with birch bark in the summer, and also with felt in the winter. In the century before last, stationary log polygonal yurts spread. In the center of the dwelling was a hearth made of stone, over which a smoke hole was made in the roof. The entrance was on the east side.
The traditional men's clothing of the Khakas was a shirt, women's - a dress. The shirt was with poliks (een) on the shoulders, a slit on the chest and a turn-down collar, which was fastened with one button. The hem and sleeves of the shirt were wide. The dress was not too different from the shirt, except for the length. The back hem was longer than the front.
The lower part of men's clothing consisted of lower (ystan) and upper (chanmar) trousers. Women also wore trousers (subur), which were usually sewn from blue fabric and practically did not differ in appearance from men. The ends of the pants of a woman were necessarily tucked into the tops of her boots, since they were not supposed to be seen by men. Men and women also wore robes. Married women wore a sleeveless jacket (sigedek) over robes and fur coats on holidays.
The pogo bib, which was trimmed with mother-of-pearl buttons and patterns made with coral or beads, served as an adornment for Khakass women. A fringe was made along the lower edge with small silver coins at the ends. The traditional food of the Khakasses was meat and dairy dishes. The most common dishes were meat soups (eel) and broths (mun). Festive dish - black pudding (han-sol) The traditional drink - ayran, was prepared from sour cow's milk.
The main holidays of the Khakasses were associated with cattle breeding. In the spring, the Khakass celebrated Uren Khurty - the holiday of killing the grain worm, the traditions of which were designed to protect the future harvest. At the beginning of summer, Tun Payram was celebrated - the holiday of the first ayran - at this time the first milk appeared. Holidays were usually accompanied by sports competitions, which included horse racing, archery, wrestling, and more.
The most revered genre of Khakass folklore is the heroic epic (alyptyg nymakh), performed to the accompaniment of musical instruments. The heroes of the songs are heroes (alyps), deities, spirits. Narrators were respected in Khakassia and in some places were even exempted from taxes.
In the old days, shamanism was developed among the Khakass. Shamans (kams) also performed the functions of healers. On the territory of Khakassia, many places of worship have been preserved where sacrifices (usually sheep) were made to the spirits of the sky, mountains, rivers. The national shrine of the Khakasses is Borus, a peak in the Western Sayan Mountains.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Khakass State University. N.F. Katanov"
Institute of History and Law
Department of General History
APPROVE:
Director of the Institute of History and Law
V. V. Naumkina ___________________
"___" ____________________ 2013
B1.B1. "History of Khakassia"
The work program of the discipline for the direction for the direction of training 030900.62 "Jurisprudence"
2013 Recruitment Curriculum
Correspondence form of education
The total labor intensity of the discipline according to the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education: 72 hours
2 credits
Abakan, 2013
1. The work program is compiled in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction of training (specialty) _030500.62
2. Developer
Associate Professor of the Department of World History ________________ Torbostaev K.M.
(signature)
3. ADOPTED at the meeting of the Department of State Law
09/02/2013__________________ protocol No. ___1___
Head Department_Lubennikova S.A. ______________________________________________
(signature)
4. The work program is AGREED with the graduating department; COMPLIES with the current curriculum.
Head graduating department __________________ ____________________
______________________
5. Changes and additions were made to the work program at the meeting of the department ________________________________ protocol No. ____ date ____________________
(signature) (full name)
Head department ________________________________ _________________________________
(signature) (full name)
Explanatory note.
The study of the course "History of Khakassia" is intended to form in students an integral system of knowledge about the history of their native land. In the course of studying the course, students must acquire not only a certain amount of knowledge about the historical past of mankind, but also a certain system of holistic judgments for orientation in the present. The study of the subject is recognized to contribute to the understanding of the national culture and psychology of the indigenous population of Khakassia; environmental and moral education of students, the formation of a modern scientific concept of the trinity of the system "nature-man-society". In this regard, it seems necessary to interpret those basic concepts that are conceptual, occur throughout the course, and without mastering which it is impossible to implement the goals and objectives of the course indicated in the program.
The modern administrative division of the region does not correspond to the historical territory on which local historical and ethnic events and processes unfolded.
Therefore, leaving the general name of the subject - "History of Khakassia" - in the future, throughout the course, the more accurate term "Khakass-Minusinsk Territory" is used. It includes both the territory of the modern Republic of Khakassia and the territories of the right-bank southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory adjacent to it. This term is the historical successor to the concept of "Minusinsk region", which was used in the local history literature of the 19th century.
The geographical analogue of the above concept "Khakass-Minusinsk Territory" is the term "Minusinsk Basin", reflecting, however, only the steppe part of the KhMK, which does not include the nearby districts of Krasnoyarsk.
Historical and geographical analogues of the concept "Khakass-Minusinsk Territory" are the terms: "south of Central Siberia", "Valley of the Middle Yenisei".
A broader historical concept, reflecting the unity of the historical process, both in the region and in the territories adjacent to it, is the concept of "Southern Siberia". In general, the term includes the Khakass-Minusinsk Territory, Altai and Tuva, the Kemerovo Region.
Another narrower analogue of the concept is the term "Sayan-Altai Highlands", reflecting the specifics of the historical and cultural region.
In the language of the peoples of the Sayano-Altai, the Khakass-Minusinsk Territory was called Khongorai (Kongurai, Khoorai), which arose in the late Middle Ages. Therefore, the name Khongorai is used in this program when considering the history of Khakassia in the post-Mongolian period and during the period when the KMK was annexed to Russia.
The objectives of the academic discipline are determined on the basis of the requirements for knowledge, skills, and competencies of the graduate in accordance with the general objectives of the PEP. A list of competencies formed during the development of the discipline (module) is established: possession of a culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it (OK-1); the desire to establish international contacts to improve the professional level and exchange experience (OK-10).
The Republic of Khakassia is located in the south of Western Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei River basin, on the territories of the Sayano-Altai Highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin. In the west, the Republic of Khakassia borders on the Kemerovo region, in the south on the republics of Altai and Tyva, in the east on the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Khakassia stretches from north to south for 450 km, from west to east - up to 250 km. The area of the republic is 61.9 thousand sq. km. The population is 538,054 people (according to the 2009 census), the population density is 8.7 people / sq. km, the proportion of the urban population is 71.1%.
By the nature of the relief, mountainous (eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakansky ridge, northern slopes of the Western Sayan - height up to 2930 m) and flat (Minusinsk, Chulym-Yenisei basins) parts are distinguished. Plain areas are located along river valleys and are called steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya). The main rivers are the Yenisei, the Abakan. There are numerous lakes with fresh (Chernoye, Fyrkal, Itkul) and salty (Bele, Shira) water. The climate is sharply continental. Winter is cold and with little snow (in the hollows), the average January temperature is -18 °С. Summer in the basins is hot (the average July temperature is +18 °C), in the foothills and mountains it is cooler. Precipitation is from 300 mm per year in the basins to 700 mm in the mountains. The entire west and south of Khakassia is occupied by mountain-taiga forests, the area covered with forests is 3.3 million hectares. In the steppe and foothill regions of Khakassia, mole, ermine, weasel live, in the mountains - squirrel, hare, wolf, fox, bear, from birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie, in rivers - taimen, tench, burbot.
At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz (Khakass) Khaganate was formed in the upper reaches of the Yenisei. Local residents used their own script, which existed before the Mongol conquest. From the 13th century, Mongol pressure intensified, culminating in the Mongol invasion of the territory of the Khaganate in 1293. The Mongolian period in the history of Khakassia is characterized by human losses, the decline of culture, and feudal fragmentation. In the 17th century, four uluses (principalities) were formed: Altysarsky, Altyrsky, Ezersky and Tubinsky. The uluses were ruled by princes from the Kyrgyz clan.
In the 18th century, the development of Khakassia by the Russians began. In 1707, by decree of Peter I, a prison was built in Khakassia. This year is considered the date of entry of Khakassia into Russia. To consolidate Khakassia as part of Russia, the Sayan prison was built on its southern border in 1718. The development of Khakassia was largely facilitated by open deposits of copper and iron ore. By the beginning of the 1730s, copper deposits were discovered: Syrskoye, Mainskoye, Bazinskoye. In 1740, two factories were built: the Lugansk copper smelter and the Irbinsk ironworks. To provide metallurgical plants with raw materials in the 1730s-1740s, the Karyshsky and Zastupovsky mines were developed on the Bely Iyus River, Erbinsky - on the Yerba River, Askizsky, Bazinsky, Syrsky and Tashtypsky - on the Abakan River, Mainsky and Uysky on the Yenisei River. Gold mining also played an important role in the development of the economy of the Khakass-Minusinsk Territory. By 1860, 127 mines were operating on the territory of the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts. The main gold mining areas were the mines of Sarala, Bogodarovny (now the Kommunar mine) and Balakhchino. In 1852, about 4 thousand people worked in the gold mines and mines in the Minusinsk district. The territory of Khakassia was mastered by the Russian population in the first quarter of the 19th century, then there were 90 Russian settlements here. Cattle breeding prevailed in the Khakass farms. Hunting farms hunted, kept a few livestock and sowed grain on a small scale. In all cattle-breeding farms, herd horse breeding occupied the first place in the structure of the herd. Fur trade in the 19th century becomes a commodity. According to the census of 1890-1891, there were 1,714 hunters in Khakassia.
In the 18th century, the Khakass remained shamanists. According to their ideas, the world was inhabited by master spirits; rivers, mountains, taiga had their own master spirit. In the 17th century, with the arrival of the Russians, Orthodox churches were built in the Russian prisons of Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Karaulny. At first, the Khakasses who entered the service of the tsarist authorities accepted baptism, later Orthodoxy began to be planted throughout Khakassia. Despite the adoption of Christianity, the Khakass believed in the power of shamans, until now, the worship of spirits has remained in everyday consciousness. In the 18th century, the social class structure of Khakass society changed significantly. The concept of "Kyrgyz princes" gradually disappeared from use, and the bai from the Kachin tribal groups began to stand out more and more with their wealth. The Kartin family stood out for its wealth. The poor part of the Khakass population worked for hire from the bais, sometimes went to work in Russian villages to rich peasants and to the gold mines. In the 1880s, at the mines of the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts, Khakass made up 5.5%, in the 1890s - 8.6% of all workers. By the end of the 19th century, the Khakass consisted of five ethnic groups: Sagays, Kachins, Kyzyls, Koibals and Beltyrs, they almost completely retained their native language. According to data for 1910, 31% of the Khakass population knew the Russian language. On the territory of the Khakass departments, the indigenous population in 1910 was 98.3%.
In Soviet times, at the end of 1923, the Khakasssky national district of the Yenisei province was formed, which was then transformed into a national district with a center in Ust-Abakansk. In 1925, the county was transformed into a district with the renaming of its center to Khakask. On October 20, 1930, the Khakass Autonomous Region was formed with the same center, renamed Abakan. At that time, the autonomous region was part of the Siberian Territory with the center in Novosibirsk, and then - part of the West Siberian Territory, and from December 7, 1934, became part of the newly formed Krasnoyarsk Territory. On July 3, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation supported the decision of the session of the Khakass Regional Council of People's Deputies on the transformation of the Khakass Autonomous Region into the Khakass Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. January 29, 1992 The newly elected Supreme Soviet renamed the Khakass Soviet Socialist Republic into the Republic of Khakassia.
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