Renowned anthropologist and population geneticist Alan Templeton argued strongly against the theory that had been accepted for the past 20 years. New genetic data show that the ancient Eurasian humanity was not forced out by sapiens who left Africa 80-100 thousand years ago, but mixed with them. The blood of Eurasian archanthropes, and possibly Neanderthals, flows in our veins.
Facts everyone agrees on
Africa was the ancestral home of mankind, no one doubts this now. Approximately 1.9 million years ago, our distant ancestors - early archanthropes, carriers of the pebble (Oldowian) culture, for the first time went beyond the borders of their native continent, as evidenced, in particular, by recent finds in Georgia. Archanthropes widely settled in South Asia. 800-600 thousand years ago, the second Eurasian expansion of people from Africa took place, this time carried out by more advanced representatives of the human race ( Homo antecessor and others like him, carriers of the Acheulian culture that had developed earlier in Africa).
European and West Asian populations of these people after several hundred millennia became Neanderthals, and in Africa, meanwhile, their distant relatives evolved into "anatomically modern man" - Homo sapiens. Approximately 100 thousand years ago, a small group of sapiens left Africa and gradually populated Asia, Australia and Europe. All this is quite reliable facts. Experts argue about something else: did the representatives of the “last wave” mix with the ancient Eurasian humanity or did they completely oust it?
Mitochondrial Eve and Y-Chromosomal Adam in African Eden
For the past twenty years, the second point of view has been decisively superior. The main argument was the results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of modern people, to a lesser extent - the Y-chromosome. Based on the polymorphism of mtDNA nucleotide sequences, the evolutionary tree of this part of the human genome was reconstructed, the branches of which, if you move along them from top to bottom (reverse in time), converged to one point in time and space: Africa, about 150 thousand years ago. This is how “mitochondrial Eve” appeared in the scientific press and in the media (mitochondria are transmitted through the maternal line), and after it, “Y-chromosome Adam” appeared in a similar way (only men have a Y chromosome and is transmitted from father to son), who lived at about the same time and in the same place.
These results were perceived by the public very violently, and, as usual, few people understood their true meaning. In fact, as Alan Templeton rightly points out, there is nothing surprising about either Adam or Eve. Any homologous DNA segments somewhere in the past inevitably converge to one point, that is, to one ancestral DNA molecule. And this point does not necessarily coincide with the moment of appearance of the species. Moreover, if you take different homologous sections of DNA, each of them will give its own “point of convergence” that is different from the others. The approximate coincidence of the results for mtDNA and the Y chromosome is nothing more than an accident, partly due to the fact that both of these sections of the a genome have a common property: they are present in each cell in only one copy (unlike most other sections of the a genome, which are present in duplicate). There is also an X chromosome, which occupies an intermediate position: in women it is present in two copies, in men in one.
Templeton showed that the expected time of convergence of an evolutionary tree built for a particular DNA region to one point depends on how many copies of this region are present in cells. It is the mtDNA and the Y-chromosome that should converge most quickly (as is observed, they converge approximately 150 thousand years ago). This does not mean that it was then that he appeared H. sapiens, it only means that these parts of the genome a are not suitable for the reconstruction of older events. The sites localized on the X chromosome converge in the more distant past (up to 2 million years); all other sites are even more ancient, some even before the evolutionary lines of man and chimpanzee were divided.
The history of mtDNA is not yet the history of mankind
How can we conclude from mtDNA or another part of the genome that our ancestors left Africa at a certain time? This is possible if, shortly after this event, one of the settlers developed a mutation in the studied DNA region, which then multiplied during expansion. And then the modern geneticist will see that the frequency of this mutation in the non-African population, for example, is 10%, while in Africa it is not. The time of occurrence of a mutation is determined on the basis of other, later occurring mutations, using the "molecular clock" method. Well, what if, shortly after the exit from Africa, no mutation arose in this section of the genome? Then, of course, nothing will come of it: this section of the genome will simply not retain traces of the expansion that interests us.
In a word, Templeton convincingly showed (and most biologists, by the way, agree with this) that it is impossible to draw final conclusions about the evolution and history of human settlement from a single section of the a genome (for example, from mtDNA). Such conclusions require a comprehensive analysis of many different regions of the a genome.
Mankind has always been one
That's what Templeton does. In 2002, he already published his results based on the study of 12 DNA regions (in addition to mtDNA and the Y chromosome, another 10 regions were included in the analysis). Critics at the time pointed to insufficient sample size, poor accuracy, and other possible methodological flaws. This time, Templeton brought the number of analyzed sections of the human genome to 25. The results did not change, on the contrary, they became much clearer and more convincing.
They consist of the following. Different sections of DNA have retained traces different events in human history. The overall picture surprisingly exactly coincides with the one that is reconstructed according to archeological data. Three stretches of DNA have preserved traces of the oldest wave of exodus from Africa about 1.9 million years ago. This means that the blood of ancient Asian archanthropes flows in our veins! Seven stretches of DNA testify to a second exodus from Africa about 0.65 million years ago (Acheulian expansion). Representatives of this wave are also our direct ancestors. Finally, five more DNA segments (including mtDNA and the Y chromosome) confirm the third exodus from Africa about 100 thousand years ago.
Moreover, Templeton's data show that the exchange of genes between the Eurasian and African populations of our ancestors almost never stopped, although it was greatly hindered by large distances. It turns out that ancient humanity was not at all a collection of isolated populations (races, subspecies, species ...) - it was relatively uniform over the past two million years!
Neanderthal question
The mtDNA of Neanderthals is very different from ours, and other parts of the a genome have not yet been isolated from fossil bones. However, according to Templeton, this does not at all prove that our ancestors did not interbreed with Neanderthals and that there is not even a fraction of Neanderthal blood in modern people. For example, unidirectional hybridization could occur (sapiens women could give birth to children from Neanderthal men) - in this case, mtDNA cannot tell us anything. Similar examples, when the genes of one people were transmitted to another only through men, are known from the later history of mankind.
Based on his data, Templeton calculated the probability that the theory of the complete displacement of all the ancient inhabitants of Eurasia by sapiens is still correct. The probability turned out to be 10–17. There is no less. The researcher believes that this theory has not only been refuted by him - it has been destroyed.
It remains to wait for the counterarguments of the opposite side.
Before you pages that tell the story.From the very beginning, they say - from the time when the first people appeared on Earth.
Everyone understands that if this had not happened, then there would be nothing to tell.
There would be no us with you - where would we come from, when there would be no one to give birth to us? - Not our countries: Russia, France, the United States of America, Ukraine...
In a word, there would be nothing. And that would be very, very annoying.
And yet - there is! And this is good. In any case, we think so. And therefore, in our opinion, everything that concerns us is worth attention. You and me are people. Therefore, sit down comfortably and - forward, into the depths of history!
We begin...
The time when mankind was born
How and when did the first humans appear? Because they didn't exist before! Perhaps they went from some other creatures, from animals, their ancestors?And what are they, these ancestors of people?
Let's try to see them.
We know that mankind was born approximately 2.5 million years before our era.
The time at which this event took place is known in history as the Stone Age.
This period, from the point of view of archeology - a science that studies the past of people - began approximately 2.5 million years ago and ended about 6 thousand years ago.
It consists of the following three main parts, periods:
Paleolithic(ancient, or lower stone age). At this time, the first stone tools were made.
Mesolithic(Middle Stone Age). Tools of labor became more diverse.
Neolithic(new, or upper stone age). People learned how to make a sickle and a hoe.
After the Stone Age, the so-called copper period(chalcolith). This name - the copper period - means that during this period people began to produce and use metal tools.
In the Near East, the use of copper began somewhere between 7,000 and 5,000 years ago; in Europe - a little later, 5 thousand years ago.
Following the copper period is bronze age, which began about 5 thousand years ago, when bronze products began to be produced in the Middle East (in Europe, this metal was first used only 5 thousand years ago).
And the last period of the ancient history of mankind is iron period, which began around the 1st millennium BC.
It all started from Europe, where it was at this time that they began to produce and use iron tools.
In Africa and the Middle East, iron began to be used only from 700 BC.
Apes - primitive people (first people) - were not at all like animals.
They walked with both feet and were as tall as chimpanzees. These "pseudo people" moved on their hind limbs, and the body was held vertically.
Primitive people lived not on trees, but on the ground, hiding in caves.
Having neither strong fangs nor sharp claws, the first people still had a huge advantage over other animals: stepping on their feet, they used their hands to collect suitable stones and break out clubs, they already knew how to collect and use sharp bones or horns of dead animals .
The use of sticks and stones helped them, our distant ancestors, to survive in the difficult struggle for existence: by killing birds and small animals with them, digging up various edible roots, the first people defeated the greatest, at that time, their enemy - hunger.
It was their weapon. The first weapon in the world.
The first people were already steadfast on their feet, that is, they had, as scientists say, bipedal walking.
Great apes lived not alone, but in whole groups - herds and were always ready to help each other, which gave them the opportunity to fight with their other enemy - predators.
Among the most famous great apes, first of all, it is necessary to name Australopithecus (from the Latin word australis - southern) and Paranthropus.
The first people who first appeared in Africa, approximately 4 million years BC, were more human-like than today's apes.
- Appearance of the first people
- Genus
- Human races
- How races originated
- great glaciation
- Beliefs of ancient people
- Legend of Atlantis
- Neolithic
- The Ancient East
- Clay Books of the Sumerians
The first people, who are called Homo habilis (handy man), first appeared in Africa about 2.5 million years ago.
A genus is a group of people whose members are related to each other by blood kinship. For example, father, mother, son, daughter, aunt, etc.
All people who currently live on Earth belong to the same biological type - Homo Sapiens.
It was 24 thousand years ago. The temperature on the entire planet dropped, and cold, snowy weather took over the Earth. The terrible ice age has begun...
For many hundreds of years, primitive man did not know religion at all. The first religious beliefs appeared among people only at the end of the era of the ancient Stone Age, that is, somewhere between 50-40 thousand years ago.
Everything can be extraordinary. For example, the land that almost everyone has heard of, but no one has ever seen. This mysterious country that once perished.
Meanwhile, life went on. The glaciation ended, and people began to settle throughout the territory of our planet.
The word "civilization" originated from the Latin word "civilis" - civil, state. And it has such a meaning - "the level of culture and development of the country or people."
Scientists consider Mesopotamia to be the oldest world civilization, which arose about seven thousand years ago, on fertile lands in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (at the moment the state of Iraq is located there).
In most mythologies, the entire human race comes from a pair of first-human progenitors who became the father and mother of the rest of the people. In Scandinavian mythology, these are Ask and Embla, in Judaism and the religions that came from it - Adam and Eve.
In some mythologies, the gods create an entire nation at once.
In Hinduism, Greek mythology, the human race arose several times.
According to the scientific point of view, modern man appeared in Africa about 200 thousand years ago as a result of evolution from ape-like ancestors. Using a "rough" analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Rebecca Kann determined the age of the first Eve, the progenitor of all modern humanity, at about 160 thousand years. 196 thousand years ago - the age of the skulls of Omo-1 and Omo-2 (homo sapiens) in Ethiopia. At the time of the beginning of the settlement (100 thousand years ago) in the primary humanity did not exceed 10 thousand individuals. Moreover, only a few hundred people moved outside Africa.
66 thousand liters ago people reached India. Coexistence of humans and Neanderthals in the Middle East.
40 thousand liters ago the emergence of a perfect Aurignacian culture.
The real history of mankind begins with the appearance of mankind itself. To conduct a further conversation, we must immediately decide what humanity is and when it appeared. Without philosophizing too much, we can deduce the following definition - humanity is the totality of all people inhabiting our planet, each of whom has a mind and the ability for creative activity (some to a greater, some to a lesser extent), which he implements in practice (when with benefit, and when to the detriment of oneself and others). Such humanity exists today, it existed 100, 1000 and 10,000 years ago. Many teachings pictorially tell about when people arose. By carefully studying the sacred texts, one can determine the date of the incident, indicated directly or by hint. So the Irish priest James Usher, scrupulously examining the Bible, established that the first people - Adam and Eve, were created in 4004 BC. However, modern anthropologists, analyzing the remains using the C14 carbon method, have come to the conclusion that modern humans lived as early as 40,000 BC.
In those distant times, people already possessed intelligence and the ability for creative activity - among the remains, archaeologists also find the fruits of human hands. However, objects of artificial origin are also found in much more ancient layers, when people of the modern type did not yet exist. Are aliens working here? No - among these tools there are the remains of creatures that look like people, but are not people. These creatures have so much in common with us that when they were first discovered in the 19th century, they were mistaken for the remains of congenital deformities or people with bone diseases. However, a number of similar remains were later discovered. This convinced scientists that before them were creatures of other biological species that had become extinct by our time.
Numerous finds of fossil remains have given rise to many theories. Among them stands out the evolutionary theory of Darwin. And although it is often criticized, there are still no more reasoned explanations why biological species appear and disappear. According to Darwin, modern man did not arise immediately as a ready-made species, but gradually evolved from other species. His ancestors were creatures that clearly had a mind, since they made various objects. Can groups of these beings be called humanity? Considering the definition given by us probably it is possible.
Biologists call such creatures hominids. Thus the history of mankind begins with the history of hominids. Around 2,200,000 B.C. - when the first tools appeared (more precisely, the most ancient tools found are of that age). However, the creatures that made these tools lived long before the appearance of the tools themselves. They appeared from 3 to 5 million years ago. These creatures are more ape-like than human. But they have one important feature, thanks to which we consider them more human than animals ...
Adam and Eve
Creation of the World by Michelangelo, from the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo showed God creating Adam and Eve in His hand.
Adam (Hebrew אָדָם, Adam - Earth or man) and Eve (Hebrew חַוָּה, Havva - living or life) are the first people on Earth created by God in the Abrahamic religions.
The history of creation is described in the book of the Pentateuch - Genesis, in chapters 2 and 3, as well as in chapters 4 and 5. The main plot elements include the creation of man and woman, temptation and the fall; exile from Eden; as well as the subsequent resettlement of people around the world outside the Garden of Eden. The story of the creation of man, retold below, introduced several symbols into culture, including, among other things, the Tree of Knowledge, the forbidden fruit, the serpent as the embodiment of Satan, as well as several positions of the Christian faith, such as, for example, original sin and the subordination of a woman to a man.
The story of the creation of man
The story of the creation of Adam and Eve is told in chapters 2 and 3 of the book of Genesis, in addition, some references are made in chapters 4 and 5 of the same book.
Chapter 2 speaks of the creation of the whole world (a description different from that of chapter 1) in the context of the fall.
“And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul. And the Lord God planted a paradise in Eden in the east, and placed there the man whom he had created.” There were two special trees in the middle of paradise: the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, and God said to the man: “From every tree in the garden you will eat, but from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil do not eat from it, for on the day that you if you eat of it, you will die.” Then God created all the animals and birds from the earth to be his helpers, and brought them to man to give them names, "but for man there was no helper like him." Then God took a rib from a man while he was sleeping, and made the first woman out of this rib, and the man said that "she will be called woman, for she was taken from [her] husband." "And they were both naked, Adam and his wife, and were not ashamed."
Chapter 3 describes a serpent that "was more cunning than all the beasts of the field that the Lord God had made." The serpent tempts (seduces) the woman and tries to persuade her to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. The woman refuses, saying that God forbade them to eat from this tree, since whoever eats the fruit will die. The serpent answers her that she will not die: "You will be like gods, knowing good and evil." The woman ate the fruit and gave it to her husband to eat. "And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed together fig leaves, and made themselves aprons." And when God was walking in paradise in the cool of the day, Adam and his wife hid from Him, because they became ashamed of their nakedness. Adam told God that his wife had persuaded him to eat the fruit. His wife said that a serpent had seduced her and persuaded her to eat the fruit. Then God cursed the serpent: "You will walk on your belly, and you will eat dust all the days of your life." God also told the wife that she would give birth in pain and obey a man. He told the man that with difficulty now he would get food from the earth that God had cursed, and also that people had ceased to be immortal and after death must return to the earth in the form of dust, from which Adam was created. Adam gives his wife the name Eve, "for she became the mother of all living." God drives Adam and his wife out of the Garden of Eden and places a cherub with a spinning flaming sword at the entrance to the garden.
Chapter 4 tells how Eve conceived and gave birth to Cain, saying, "I have received a man from the Lord." Then Eve conceived and gave birth to a second son, Abel, and then, after the murder of Abel, a third, Seth.
Chapter 5 lists the genealogy of Adam: all the patriarchs from Adam to Noah and how many years they lived. Like all patriarchs before the flood, Adam lived for many years: he is said to have lived for 930 years.
The history of mankind dates back more than a million years ago. Thanks to archaeological excavations, scientists were able to establish that the origin of the human race took place in Africa - it was there that the remains of primitive people were discovered.
What is archeology
Modern society would never have known how our distant ancestors looked and lived, if not for archeology. This is the science of antiquity, which studies the history of human society on the basis of found human remains and household items.
Archaeologists regularly carry out excavations, extracting household items, personal items and bones of people who lived hundreds, thousands of years ago from the bowels of the earth.
In 1924, during archaeological excavations in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa, the remains of Australopithecus, a southern man who became the progenitor of modern man, were discovered. Subsequently, the remains of Australopithecus were found in Central and East Africa. Therefore, it is generally accepted that the cradle of all mankind is the African continent.
Rice. 1. The remains of Australopithecus.
The very first period in the history of mankind is the era of primitive history - it was then that the birth of the human race took place.
Primitive
The most ancient man bore little resemblance to modern man: he had much more resemblance to a great ape. However, it no longer belonged to primates, since it had the following features:
TOP 4 articleswho read along with this
- Movement is not on four limbs, but on two legs. Bipedal locomotion is the most important difference between ancient man and animals.
- It was convenient to carry out simple work with long arms: pick berries, dig the ground, grab, knock.
- The brain size was larger than that of apes, but much smaller than that of modern humans.
Rice. 2. Ancient man.
The ancient people expressed strong emotions with the help of abrupt sounds, since speech was not yet developed. They ate only what they found.
primeval world
Primitive people gathered in small groups, because it was extremely difficult for one to survive in the wild. Since they lived in the warm regions of the globe, there was no need to worry about clothing. However, primitive people nevertheless learned to build primitive dwellings that saved them from the scorching sun, rain, and predators.
The first tools of labor of the most ancient people were their strong hands and teeth, as well as stones and broken branches of trees. Over time, they learned to make the simplest tool from improvised means: sticks, horns and animal bones, stones.
The main occupation of the most ancient people was the extraction of food: fishing and hunting, which required dexterity, endurance and great physical strength. Women were engaged in collecting edible plants and berries. Between the tribes there was an exchange of some goods for others.
The ability to produce and use fire had a huge impact on the development of mankind. Thanks to this, ancient people significantly improved their lives: fire provided them with warmth, reliable protection from wild animals, and improved the quality of food.
Ancient people passed on their knowledge to their descendants with the help of rock art. With the help of primitive figures, they depicted the world around them, important periods of their lives: scenes of hunting, clashes with warring tribes.
Rice. 3. Rock art
Primitive history lasted more than one hundred years. During this time, ancient people were able to settle almost all over the globe and populate all the continents, except for the harsh Antarctica.
What have we learned?
When studying the topic “The Beginning of Human History”, we learned what were the features of the appearance and behavior of the most ancient person. We found out how our distant ancestors lived, how the very first - primitive - era in the history of mankind developed.
Topic quiz
Report Evaluation
Average rating: 4.8. Total ratings received: 333.
20.12.2011 09:13
The secret history of mankind is completely different from the one we are taught in schools. And this story, like all of humanity, does not care that the two stories do not coincide. After all, modern historical science has existed for only hundreds of years, and people live on Earth for millions of years. New generations come and say: "We do not know this, we do not believe in this." But that doesn't change the past. And, besides, scientists are mistaken no less often than ordinary people. Once they refused to acknowledge the existence of meteorites, saying that the sky is an ocean of air, there is no din of heavenly firmament (which religion spoke about), therefore, there is nowhere for stones to come from. Back in the 20th century, cybernetics and genetics were considered pseudosciences in our country. And so on, There are thousands of examples of scientific misconceptions around the world ...
In history, the people draw the dignity and the mighty spirit of the nation, seek the truth, not wanting to turn into "Ivans of the Rootless". We must understand what the current. civil strife, the division of peoples, will not bring benefits to anyone, because all the Slavs, no matter how they differ from each other in customs and appearance, are essentially the children of one ancient people. If Moses and the Jews were looking for a way to the Promised Land for only 40 years, then the Russians moved around the world for millions of years! It was not for nothing that I quoted Pushkin's words as an epigraph to the article. No one wondered how this child of an “alien” race and culture “suddenly” became the genius of the Russian Empire? You will soon realize that this did not happen by accident.
There is probably no need to say that the version of history outlined below is one of many that exist today. Each nation considers itself chosen and great and strives to interpret historical facts in its own way. That is why history is so confusing. Wherever you look, everywhere are great kingdoms, empires, principalities...
I know that I am bombarding you with a sea of information, but do not be afraid to dive into it, even once you read the article, you will generally understand that the procession of the Russians around the planet is a much grander spectacle than an encounter with a UFO.
Ukrainian esotericist V. Kandyba in the book "History of the Russian people" distinguishes seven main periods in it:
1. Arctic - in time immemorial.
2. Siberian - from the third millennium BC.
3. Ural, or Arkaim, - from the 200th millennium BC. e.
4. Aryan - from the 120th millennium BC. e.
5. Trojan - from the 11th millennium BC. e.
6. Kyiv - from the 8th millennium BC. e.
7. Time of Troubles.
An impartial coverage of ancient history, based on true factual material, reveals the leading role of the Slavs in the development of world civilization.
Ancient ancestral home - Arctida
The Slavic Vedic tradition reports (and this is confirmed by modern archaeological excavations) that climate change and glaciation forced our ancestors to leave our ancestral home of Arctida (Arkgogeia) about three million years ago and all the people, under the leadership of the legendary king Im, migrate across the only isthmus of the Arctic Ocean to earth, now called Siberia. Russian historical science has not yet fully revealed this most ancient period of our history, and therefore they call it mythical, since we know very little about the life of the Rus of those distant times. Voltaire's friend Abbé Bagli in the XV!!! century published the story that part of the Rus from Arctida penetrated into the Atlantic and later created the famous civilization of the Atlanteans - Atlantis. Science only knows that in the period about 15-18 thousand years ago, the level of the World Ocean was lower than the modern one by about 135 m. This means that many things looked different, and the studies of the world's shelves carried out by scientists can clarify a lot about the fate of Arctida and Atlantis.
“In the period about 3 million years ago,” writes the historian R. Koren, “when the Proto-Russians had already settled along the basin of the Rus River (Urus or Orus), now called Lena, in a place just north of the city of Yakutsk, two centers of mankind already existed on Earth - north and south. The northern one consisted of yellow people - the Proto-Russian ethnos, who escaped after the death of Arctida, who, having mastered the basin of the Rus River, penetrated through Beringia to America, reaching modern Patagonia. At the same time, it began to spread and develop all territories up to the Urals, Central Asia and the Japanese Islands. The southern one was in Africa and was represented by undersized black people.
Siberian Rus
The Russians lived during this period in powerful clans, grouped into villages of 20-50 families with a total clan size of 1-2 thousand people on average. Relatives up to the 9th generation were considered members of the Old Russian clan. Marriages within clans were strictly forbidden and usually took place between neighboring clans. At the head of the clan were the founding leader and the council of elders. The largest clans united in military-territorial tribal unions (temporary and permanent), which were controlled by an elected governor. In the largest and strongest tribal unions, a permanent, inherited power structure was created, headed by the king.
From birth, the Rus were very warlike and did not want to obey anyone, except for strict discipline within the clan, so there were constant internecine wars everywhere. The ancient Rus had a highly developed sense of their own honor and the honor of their relatives. The solidarity of the members of the clan and their mutual responsibility, both for good deeds and for bad ones, was very developed.
Ural Rus
About a million years BC our ancestors, due to a sharp cold snap, began to leave the Rus (Lena) river basin and settle south throughout the space from the Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) river. The territories of the modern Southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Northern India and Northern China became the new places of the most compact residence of the Rus. Over time, in the new territories, African black people were completely forced out to even more southern regions, and large Russian settlements began to appear and equip themselves throughout Central Eurasia. The city of Ariana on the Ranhe River (Ural) became the sacred capital of all the Rus.
At first, the clans and unions of the clans of the first settlers did not have a common single ruler, but then a ruler appeared from the distant river Rus. King Yima arrived with all the people on the river Ur and, on the site of Ariana, built the large city of Orey in honor of the first ancestor of the Rus, making it the new capital of all the Rus from the Pacific Ocean to the Ra (Volga) River. After the death of King Yim, his eldest son Parikshit became the king of all the Rus, who significantly expanded the lands of the Rus further south. Parikshit by continuous wars united all the Rus into a single empire, but tragically died in the next military campaign to the East near the Ganges River (the territory of modern India).
Archaeological excavations show that the Russian settlements of the era of Ural Rus consisted of large, identical houses intended for populous undivided families with approximately the same inventory for all houses. Chariots with wooden wheels pulled by horses were used in military campaigns. Parts of these most ancient chariots in the world have recently been unearthed in the ancient Russian city on the Sintashta River (in the Chelyabinsk region).
Aryan Rus
About 200 thousand years ago, the ancient Rus divided into northern and southern. The northern ones have already mastered or the Far East, Siberia, the Urals and the Volga, and the southern ones began to migrate south and southwest to the Mediterranean (Surozh) Sea. Our ancestors were called in the languages of neighboring peoples: Orus, Urus, Rus, Or, Ur, Sura. Millennia later, some peoples of the Eastern Rus began to be called: Sakaliba, Saka, Shaka, Sakha, and Western Rus: Orii, Ares, Aryans, Indo-Europeans.
About 90,000 years ago, the Rus replaced the black race almost everywhere and began to populate a significant part of Europe, forming the modern races of white people. In addition, during this era, the formation of transitional races took place: Malays (from black to yellow people), Semites (from black to white people) and Japanese (from yellow to white people). About 80 thousand years ago, the first Russ of the modern type appeared in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tiger) River. About 40 thousand years ago, the modern type of the Russian ethnos was finally formed, which, unlike its ancestors, leading a nomadic lifestyle, settled in the upper reaches of the Hu (Tiger) River, in places very rich in vegetation and game. This place is our real ancestral home, the land of our ancestors, which eventually became the mother for the entire Indo-European civilization. The founder of the Vedic tradition, Afet, reports that the ancient Russian priests passed on to him a very ancient legend about the first cosmic god-man, from whom all people and all tribes descended - Orii. Therefore, over time, other peoples and tribes began to call us "Oriyas", in modern historical science - "Aryans".
The formation and design of the Russian language ended by the 40th millennium BC. e., and its division into Indo-European branches occurred recently, in the 5th millennium BC. e. Before the Indo-European, in addition to Russian, there were Afroasian languages (Semito-Hamitic), the Kartvelian family of languages, Dravidian, Altaic, but most people spoke Old Russian. Russian historians of recent times - N. M. Karamzin, S. M. Solovyov, L. N. Gumilyov - respectfully treated the ancient Russian Vedic tradition and considered our ancient Asian origin as an indisputable fact.
The first resettlement of the Rus occurred in the territory occupied by present-day Iran, then to India, and then to the Middle East and Europe. The largest military-territorial union of Russian tribes was formed in the 38th millennium BC. e. led by Rus. Rus extended the influence of the union to all Russian tribes along the Hu (Tiger) River and founded our first, already southern, capital - the Rusu fortress. The city was named after Rus, who was the great-grandson of the legendary Elder Noah. Rus' grandfather was the eldest son of Noah - Afet, who served as the Supreme Family of Russian tribes. History says that it was Afet who became the founder of the great Vedic tradition of Russian high priests, which through all the millennia has survived to this day in a direct chain of Russian high priests.
Having formed a huge military-territorial union of tribes, the Rus became more sedentary and took up agriculture. Settled agriculture sharply accelerated the further development of economic and housing construction. Settlements, or "cities" of the Rus occupied an area of up to 20 hectares. In the center were large brick complexes on high earthen platforms, surrounded by wooden walls and a moat.
The first written language originated on clay tablets in brick complexes, which served as a temple and a public warehouse, where all the stocks and all the public property of the Russian community were located. Writing originated as a need to account for public property. Therefore, the most ancient Russian written sources on clay tablets look like warehouse reports.
The last 35,000 years of the ice age have become for all the Rus a time of unusually bright and rapid development.
Numerous ancient Russian symbols and signs on surviving household items of that time testify to such a degree of development of the thinking of the ancient Rus, at which abstract thinking already begins to flourish, the ability to express a complex concept with a concise graphic symbol, the majority of the adult population owned the ability to write symbols and read. Good living conditions led over time to a sharp increase in the population of the South Russian Union, and the Rus began to re-settle in areas suitable for agriculture and cattle breeding: first in the areas of the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia and the Middle East, then eastward to India, then along the coast of the Mediterranean and Northern Africa. Gradually, through the Isthmus of Asia Minor (now it does not exist), the Rus began to re-explore the Balkans, Eastern Europe and the European Mediterranean. At the same time, the re-development of Iran, Central Asia and the South Urals was underway.
The resettlement of the Rus in vast territories destroyed the previously powerful and united inter-clan unions. The tribal unions of the Rus were based on three pillars: the inseparability of the common property of the union, the unified military-territorial authority of the prince or tsar elected by the council of tribal elders, and the general veneration of the single cult of the first ancestor - Oriya.
In the tenth millennium, there was a new major migration of the Rus from Mesopotamia to the north - through the Caucasus and the Balkans, as well as to the south - along the sea to the delta of the great river, which was named after the Sun God Sur (Nile). Therefore, the sea was called Surozh. Here, in the delta of the Sura (Nile), the oldest Russian fortress on this earth, Sur, was built. For military purposes, large settlements of the Rus were surrounded by walls and ramparts, behind which, if necessary, up to several thousand soldiers and civilians could hide. And the main civilian population lived in the district, as a rule, along the rivers. The largest Russian fortress-cities at that time were Sur (on the Nile), Nova Rusa (on the Tigris), Russka Oselia (Jerusalem), Trinity (on the Asia Minor coast), Asgard (on the Volga), Belograd (on the Dniester), Novograd ( Sevastopol), Kyiv (on the Danube), New Kyiv (on the Dnieper). Sur was the largest veche city-state. Tradition says that it was during these times that the Rus built the famous Vedic monument - the Sphinx, on which the oldest surviving inscription in the Old Russian language is still clearly visible.
The history of antiquity testifies that the Egyptian civilization was never “young”, because from the time of the first dynasties of the pharaohs (3rd millennium BC), that is, from the moment of its inception, it was already an established civilization of high culture and maturity, which adopted knowledge of the Rus in finished form and fixing them as final conclusions in the form of instructions.
Significant knowledge in the exact sciences of not only the Egyptians, but also the Sumerians, Persians, Hindus and Chinese could only be obtained as a result of the accumulation of research experience over many centuries, the experience of the ancient Aryans, who built the city-temple-observatory Arkaim in the South Urals (which is translated means “double of the sky”), and around it are other ancient cities (21 cities in total) and already 18 thousand years ago they had the most perfect lunisolar calendar.
In the XIII millennium BC. e., the historian R. Koren believes, the last retreat of the glaciers began (the last ice age ended), which was accompanied, according to the Vedas, by rapid global warming. From that time until about 5,000 years ago, the climate in the Northern Hemisphere was generally milder than it is now. Subarctic forests have shifted about 300 km north of their current polar border, and lands from the Caucasus to Egypt have been burned by the sun. It was at this time that the land along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea was renamed by the ancient Rus into the Land of the Paleny Stan (Palestine).
As a result of the flood, which occurred about 12,000 years ago, the ancient Russian civilization completely perished, and everything regressed and rolled back to ancient tribal relations and customs. The largest Russian city-fortress was the newly built Troy, near the ancient city of Trinity, which had gone under water (in the western part of the Mapoasian Peninsula).
By the VIII millennium BC. e. Troy became the capital of the largest Russian military-territorial union. The capital divided all the Rus into southern and northern. The Russian unions of tribes in Eastern Europe, in the Northern Black Sea region, on the Danube, Dnieper, Volga, South Urals and Central Asia began to be attributed to the northern Rus. To the south - all Russian alliances to the east and south from Troy to Egypt. Due to multilingualism and the growing difference in cultures and language, the southern, central and northern Russ completely ceased to be similar. The peoples inhabiting vast territories and paying tribute to the Rus ceased to call themselves Rus and, but all the lands, regardless of what peoples and states were located on them, were still called the Russian land.
In the vast expanses of Trojan Rus, from the Nile to the Dnieper and from Europe to India, a wide variety of peoples lived, in which the Rus became a military and priestly line (caste). There was no pronounced central subordination to Troy. The democratic coexistence of different cultures, the unshakable principles of democracy, the most ancient on earth, and a tough professional internecine war are the main characteristics of Trojan Rus.
In this era, the Old Russian language underwent strong changes and was not preserved anywhere in its pure form. Only archaeological finds of ancient Russian civilization remained, scattered over vast territories. These are excavations in the Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), the region of Troy, in Asia Minor, in Kievan Rus and others. Recently, there has been talk again about the archaeological collection called “treasures of Tsar Priam”, which were excavated by Schliemann in 1873 on the site of the mythical and truly existing Troy, which once again confirms the high skill, art and culture of the ancient Rus.
The Rus of that time developed alphabetic writing, traces of which have been preserved in the finds of archaeologists. The most ancient monuments of Russian writing, called by scientists "Slavic runic", were discovered in 1961 in the village of Terteria on the territory of modern
Romania and are represented by three clay tablets dated to the 5th millennium BC. e. At the same time, it turned out that the tablets of Sumer (considered the most ancient) are a whole millennium younger than the Terterian ones. Similar writings were also found in the village of Turdashi Vinca in Yugoslavia. On the basis of these unexpected findings, scientists concluded that Terteria's writing did not arise from scratch, but was an integral part of the widespread in the middle of the 5th - beginning of the 4th millennium BC. e. Balkan Vinca culture. Runic inscriptions similar to those of Vincha were found in Tripoli in the layers of the beginning of the 3rd millennium, and later in Troy and Crete, Etruria and Parthia, the Yenisei and Scandinavia. The same letter existed in the Caucasus. This writing also came to other continents - to North Africa and America. In the end, it served as the basis for well-known alphabets: Phoenician and ancient Greek, Celtic and Gothic, Proto-Indian and Latin, Hebrew and Cyrillic with Glagolitic. The world influence of the Trojan Rus on neighboring peoples is confirmed by the discovery in 1887 in Egypt of the Tel-Amarin archive. As well as the story of the Bible about the ascent of Moses after the end of many years of wandering of the Jews in the desert to the mountain with the ancient Russian name "Heaven", which was located on the southern borders of Trojan Rus, in the area of Paleny Stan.
The Trojan Rus of the 6th and 5th millennia were basically warriors, pastoralists and farmers, and there were more and more farmers, especially in the developed northern territories after overcoming the powerful mountain barrier of the Alps-Ore Mountains-Carpathians and settling in the large river valleys of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder and Vistula. The resettlement of the Rus east of the Carpathians developed somewhat differently: there was no longer a mountain barrier, the Trojan Rus easily and quickly assimilated with the local Rus along the Dniester and the Southern Bug, who settled in these places earlier (the migration flow here was slow and constant, never stopping from the very time immemorial).
As a result of this migration, a more or less unified culture has developed over a vast area in Europe (archaeology calls it the “culture of linear-band ceramics”), which is accompanied by the Balkan Vinca culture. New Troyan Russian lands began to spread from the Rhine to the Dniester and the right tributaries of the Dnieper, from the Pomeranian lowland to the Danube, joining closely with the mother lands on the Dnieper, in the Northern Black Sea region, on the Danube and the Balkans. Within this vast Novorussian area, the settlers settled mainly along the rivers.
The outflow of the most active part of the population of Trojan Rus naturally weakened it. The Greeks from the continental regions took advantage of this and two waves of invasions brought the end of Trojan Russia closer. At the turn of III - II millennia BC. e. the Achaean Greeks captured the territory of present-day Greece, destroying the cities of the Pelasgians (as the Greek aliens called the Slavic tribe), their fortresses. Many of the Pelasgians, fleeing the invasion, crossed over to the island of Crete, where the cities of the Pelasgians-Minoans (Etruscans) still flourished. By the middle of the II millennium BC. e. The Greeks also reached Crete. The Achaean culture of the Greeks was able to borrow a lot from the Minoans, including the linear syllabary, religious rites and deities, plumbing, fresco painting, clothing styles and much more.
About 700 years later there was a second invasion of the Greeks, known as the Dorians. After him, a new period of Greek history began - Homeric, named after the blind singer Homer. The Dorian conquest set Greece back in cultural development by several centuries. After a ten-year siege, the Dorians captured and then destroyed the city of Troy. The remnants of the Russian troops, led by the governor Aeneas, went west on 20 ships and settled on the Italian peninsula. Another detachment of the Rus, led by Aptenor, went to Central Europe and, having once again conquered the lands between the Dnieper and the Spree up to the Icy (Baltic) Sea, settled on them, having built many small fortress cities, he himself settled on the island of Ruge.
Subsequently, the Romans, determined to prove their origin from the gods, tried to erase the traces of the Etruscans from the memory of mankind. Therefore, the scientific world now considers it generally accepted that the ancient Romans are the teachers of Western Europe. Nevertheless, ancient historians knew perfectly well that the teachers of these teachers were the Etruscans. This is evidenced by the works of Hellanicus, Stephen of Byzantium, Ptolemy, Titus Livius, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Pliny and many other pre-Christian authors. According to ancient historians, the Etruscans gave the Romans musical instruments, a rostrum (the prow of a ship) and an anchor, a theater, mining, ceramics and metalworking, herbal medicine, melioration, cities in Italy, the art of divination, and so on. The first kings of Rome were the Etruscans: Tarquius, Search, Servius (Serbia) Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud. Etruscan fist fighters participated in Roman festivities. The Etruscan shield, spear and armor were also adopted by the Romans.
A little has been said about the borrowing of written monuments above. To this should be added the following.
E. I. Klassen in the work of the middle of the 20th century “The latest materials for the ancient history of the Slavs in general and the Slavic Russians of the pre-Rurik time, especially with a light outline of the history of the Rus before the birth of Christ” writes: “That all the ancient tribes of the Slavs had their own runic writings, there are already now an undoubted matter, realized even by the Germans, who dispute every step of Slavic enlightenment. Only our homegrown skeptics, who finished studying history at school, argue that all runes must be Scandinavian. But have these wise interpreters read at least one runic inscription? Have you seen even one? This is still subject to doubt. And Schlitzer himself - this rejecter of everything that elevates the Slavs above other peoples - did not dare to disagree, due to the testimony of Herodotus and other Greek writers, that many Scythian tribes were literate and that the Greeks themselves adopted the alphabet from the Pelasgians - a Scythian people, too, or, whatever, Slavic-Russian origin. From everything that has been deduced here, it is clear that the Slavs had a letter not only before all the Western peoples of Europe, but also before the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and that the outcome of enlightenment was from the Rus to the west, and not from there to us.
Such a monument of Slavic writing as the “Book of Veles” (“Great Light”), written in the 9th century A.D., also requires special attention. e. In Soviet times, historians, of course, disowned it, declaring the Book of Veles a fake. The texts of the Book of Veles tell about the ancient Slavs and cover the time from the 5th century BC to the 5th century BC. e. to the 7th century. It speaks of the humanity of the Slavs, their high culture, the veneration of the forefathers, and love for their native land.
Indian Rus
The main settlement of the Rus from Trojan Rus took place along the land isthmus that existed at that time, connecting Asia Minor and the Balkans in the area of the current Bosphorus Strait. In the V millennium BC. e. sea waters eroded the isthmus, and the ancient Rus were cut off from their first and second ancestral home, although communication continued and became more intense. Thus, the Danube-Bapkan region, Central and South-Eastern Europe became a new ancestral home for the Russians (after Mesopotamia and Asia Minor). The capital of the largest southern union of tribes was the city of Kyiv, founded by the governor Kiy in 4211 BC. The Dnieper union of Russian tribes, which settled in the deepest antiquity (before the flood) from the Northern Black Sea region to the Baltic, continued to be strong in military and economic terms. .
In the 7th millennium BC. e. here already processed metals, raised cattle and grew cereals. It was here that archaeologists unearthed the advanced civilization of the ancient Rus (the so-called Trypillia culture). Significant cultural achievements here occurred in the 5th millennium BC. e. At this time, the ancient Rus were clearly divided into southern pastoral military unions and northern agricultural military unions. The population of the unions was divided into vervi (castes) of priests, warriors, artisans and cattle breeders or farmers. The tribal nobility of the ancient Rus all the time involved fellow tribesmen in various internecine military campaigns, sometimes very distant ones, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, the local population that came across on the way of the Rus was exterminated or ousted from these lands. The most famous is the campaign to the East, undertaken by the ancient Russian priest Ram, who reached Tibet and founded a new country - India, named after the ancient Russian river Indus (Dnepr).
Here is how the background of this campaign and the campaign itself are described. Five thousand years ago, the young Kyiv priest Ram, a very educated man who studied medicine well, rendered great help to his people in the fight against a serious contagious disease brought from Africa. Having become a famous person, Ram thought about the issues of humanization and streamlining of Russian life. The trance practice allowed Rama to get answers to all his questions through visions. Ram systematized this knowledge in the form of a new teaching, which he presented to his followers and students.
Since opponents of the new teaching were found in the western parts of the country, in order not to expose the country to a fratricidal war, Ram decided to take some of his supporters and students to the east and introduce the new teaching there. Having passed the Russian steppe, through the Caucasus, Ram entered the territory of modern Iran and built the city of Ver. Having mixed with the local population, the Rus began to teach them the reformed Vedas and introduce vervi (castes): priests, warriors, farmers, merchants and artisans.
Ram forbade murder and any enslavement of a person as a source of all evils, introduced the principle of electing judges and rulers, put the interests of society above the interests of an individual. Violators of the law were expelled from the vervi (caste). Ram, like all Russian rulers and tsars, was wise and led a spiritual way of life. He decided to streamline the Old Russian language and created an improved language, which the Indians later called "Sanskrit", which means "ordered". Having mastered the lands of the future ancient Iranian civilization, Ram moved further east and, having crossed the Hindu Kush, came to India. Here, Ram introduced a caste system so as not to mix with black people, and taught the local population the reformed Vedas. In India, Ram grew old and died, never returning home, and the Vedas changed by his reform firmly took root in that land and survived to this day.
Starting from the 5th millennium, complex processes of differentiation, struggle, and multiple migrations of the Rus tribes on the territory of modern Europe began to take place at the borders and within Kievan Rus. In the XXIV century BC. e. Russ again, as before the Flood, led the whole world to submission and imposed tribute on all peoples: from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic and from Egypt to the Arctic (which is confirmed by the burials of Russian soldiers of this era found by archaeologists around the world), thanks to the Rus in the conquered countries, economy, metallurgy, wheeled transport, writing, and so on are being introduced. Let us dwell only on some fragments of the development processes of the Indo-European branch of the Rus, which are directly related to the topic of our study. Repeatedly attempts were made to link the history of the Slavs of Pomerania and Kievan Rus to the history of the Scandinavian peoples. One of the first such attempts to distort the history of Russians was rebuffed by M. V. Lomonosov. E. I. Klassen, studying the development of the language of the ancient Slavs, comes to the conclusion that the richness of the language comes from the development of a creative life, which among the Slavs developed much earlier than among the Germans and Scandinavians. At the same time, Scandinavians borrowed a lot of words that exist among the educated Slavic people. This suggests that the Slavs were more educated than the Scandinavian peoples. Further, Klassen notes that the Slavs called their gods names that “meaningful in the native Slavic language, and the Scandinavians borrowed their entire mythology from them, adding to it only the names of the Slavs, whom they themselves elevated to the dignity of demigods. From this, the Scandinavian gods all lived on Mount Ida, that is, in ancient Trojan Russia, and in Asgard, there is near the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, between the tribes of Azov and Ide. Scandinavian heroes and divinely inspired people went to the Veneti (which included Pskov and Novgorod) to study wisdom. Confirmation of this can be found in most of the Scandinavian sagas. The question is: who studied with whom?
Kievan Rus
In the XII century BC. e. in Europe, the Kyiv prince Bogumir tried to unite all the northern Russ into a single state of Semirechie (the basins of the rivers Rhine, Laba, Vistula, Oder, Neman, Western Dvina and Neva). By this time, the Western Ruses gradually transformed into modern peoples: Germans, Swedes, Danes and others, their real (most ancient) name was preserved in the most ancient written sources: Russland. Often historians of the past and present replace the common self-name of the ancient Russian peoples - "Rus" with "Indo-Europeans". The word "Indo-Europeans" is a geographical concept, saying only that once a single people - the Rus lived everywhere from India to Europe. As you know, the word "Germans" comes from the Slavic root "dumb", that is, those who do not speak the language of the Rus, which could have an initial figurative meaning - run wild, forgetting their language.
Tacitus says that the Germans did not yet know cities, while the Slavs had them in abundance. In the "Geographer of Bavaria" or in Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it is indicated that the Slavs in the territory of present-day Germany, long before the calling of the Varangians, had fortified and populous cities, each of which was surrounded by a moat, rampart and palisades. Almost all historical data show that the significant cities of Russia were in their full splendor long before Christianity.
Researcher Leonid Ryzhkov argues that “... right up to the borders of present-day France, the Slavic“ sea ”of a single ethnic group spread, speaking an almost single language, not yet spoiled by German, Turkish, Ugric-Dzungarian (that is, Mongol), Arab and other conquerors. Leipzig in those days was called Lipsk and was the center of the Slavic region of the Lusatians, whose descendants live there to this day. Dresden was the Drozdyans, Meissen was the Mishans, Merisenburg was the Mezhibor, and all these lands were inhabited by Nishans, Milchans, Selichans, Dechans and Khugichs; and in the north, the famous Brandenburg was called Branibor - the center of the vast Slavic principalities, which were conquered by the Germans only in the middle of the XI! century. This is all within the borders of present-day Germany, not to mention Poland ... And further south, right up to Chervonnaya (Red) Russia, which became part of the state of Russia in 981, the Great Moravian state of the Slavs stretched, which is still called Ugorshchina by Ukrainians, and then on the banks of the Danube stood Vyshegrad, Novgorod and Pechi (modern Pest). This area of Hungary until 1400-1600. called Novograd. The Khungars (Dzhungars, Uighurs) conquered and began to enslave this country only in the 10th century. And further south was Wallachia and the Bulgarian kingdom. Even Austria (Ostria), which had not yet undergone deep Germanization by that time, was ruled by Slavic princes, with the cities of Vindebozh (Vienna), Svetla (Zvel), Rakousy and others ... It can be said with all certainty that there was a single Slavic people in the 1st century, moreover, not yet divided into western, eastern and southern, a single ethnic group of Wends-Slavs.
How were all these lands lost? P. Lukashevich in his study "Charmancy, or the Sacred Language of Magicians, Magi and Priests" writes that under the blows of the Mongols and Arabs, all the Slavs of Persia and Asia Minor, parts of Thrace and parts of Macedonia were killed. The wild steppe was depopulated, and the Kalmyk, or Mongol, horde, the current Magyars, "migrated" to Pannonia. The Slavic-Russian tribes, protected by the gods from all lies and filth, more than anyone opposed the wild Mongols and covered Southwestern Europe from extermination. The half-savage, half-enlightened Germans, coming out of the dark corner of Europe, with the help of the Gauls they defeated, began to conquer the Slavs, either taking advantage of their strife, or seducing the Slavic kings and princes with their loyalty and zeal, so that the Slavic rulers with great pleasure gave them their lands for settlement, which the new settlers used only for their own benefit, not sharing a crumb with the Slavs. And when these areas fell under the direct rule of the Germans, the new settlers became active helpers in the oppression of the natives, that is, the Slavs. As a result, Silesia was completely Germanized. Thus, starting from the borders of Holland and both banks of the Rhine, they moved further and further to the east, and in the course of a millennium they founded one Right (an empire, four kingdoms and many small possessions) in the Slavic lands.
In modern history, there is not even a mention of a single Slavic state, which united numerous and diverse Slavic tribes at the head of a certain king Mach in pre-Kiev times, because this would contradict the “Norman theory”. Recognizing that the Rus already in prehistoric times united all the Slavic peoples that were part of a single state, we will have to admit that today they have the right to claim the same role. Therefore, opponents of the Russian-Aryan theory of the origin of earthly civilization continue to argue that in those days the Slavs lived in the forests, like animals and birds.
An attempt to refute the "Norman theory" from the beginning of the Russian people to the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise, or until 1054, was made by M. Lomonosov in the "Ancient Russian History" of 1766. E. I. Klassen (a Russian historian of the 19th century) in his study “New Materials for the Ancient History of the Slavs” wrote: “In order to find undoubted traces of the Slavs in world history, it is necessary to throw out all the mutilated nicknames of peoples from it and use one instead of them a common tribal name ... It is clear that the Greeks and Romans wanted the Slavs to submit to them, of course, sacrificed to them not only their dignity, but also freedom of action, even life itself, and therefore armed foreigners against them, their like-minded people, but who resisted this called barbarians. This gives a reason not to believe the word of either Greek or Roman historians since the spirit of the predominance of these two peoples, and therefore all the legends compiled by them about the Slavs should be considered with the circumstances of the oppressors and the oppressed and, according to reasonable criticism, cleanse them of slander, bile, ridicule . Having conscientiously performed this task, we will get a true view of the history of the Slavs ... "
Time of Troubles
And, finally, very briefly about the last period in the history of Rousseau, called the Time of Troubles in the first article. According to V. M. Kandyba, this is the history of the Russian state starting from the 12th century AD. e. to the present day. At the same time, he cites the historical facts that prepared the Time of Troubles, reports well-known historical events and concludes: “With the reduction of Russian spiritual and moral pressure on the world community throughout the world and in our country, the construction of a new, economized civilization on absolutely criminal grounds is gaining momentum and in the complete absence of reasonable meaning. The weakening of the ancient power and goals of the "Great Russian Idea" in the formation and development of the world community will lead to unpredictable catastrophic consequences that we and other peoples of the Earth will feel in the coming years.
How to relate to the secret history of mankind set out in three articles, you choose. After all, there are many such stories (“the only true ones”). It is always useful to shake up established views and look at the world with new eyes. But whether you like it in a new form, whether you accept it this way, is another question ...
