Presentation "Great Italian composers"
slide 1:
Music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy.
In 16th and 17th century Italian music, the roots of many of the predominant classical forms of music, such as the symphony, concerto, and sonatas, can be traced.
Slide 2: Goals of the presentation:
To acquaint with the work of Italian composers of the 7th-20th centuries.
Antonio Salieri;
Niccolo Paganini;
Gioacchino Rossini;
Giuseppe Verdi;
Antonio Vivaldi.
Develop a figurative perception of music.
Build musical taste.
Italian composers of the 7th-20th centuries. Brief biographical information:
Antonio Salieri;
Niccolo Paganini;
Gioacchino Rossini;
Giuseppe Verdi;
Antonio Vivaldi.
Instrumental concert by A. Vivaldi "The Seasons":
Winter;
Spring;
Summer;
Autumn.
The Baroque era is represented in Italy by composers Scarlatti, Corelli and Vivaldi, the era of classicism by composers Paganini and Rossini, and the era of romanticism by composers Verdi and Puccini.
The classical musical tradition continues, as evidenced by the fame of countless opera houses such as La Scala in Milan and San Carlo in Naples, and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini and the late tenor Luciano Pavarotti.
Listen to this piece.
Slide 5:
Paganini's playing revealed such wide possibilities for the violin that contemporaries suspected that he possessed some secret hidden from others; some even believed that the violinist sold his soul to the devil. All violin art of subsequent eras developed under the influence of Paganini's style. Here is one of the most famous works Caprice No. 24.
Slide 6:
Spoon ice cracked
Cover of the winter pond.
The sun blinded the river
No roads - one stream
Wind warm bridle.
They brought rooks yesterday.
Everything chirps and sparkles with the caress of the first spring days,
And in a hurry to wash. An old sparrow in a puddle.
Slide 13:
So the days of spring flew by quickly,
And the warm summer has come.
And the sun is hot and radiant.
It brought with it.
Slide 14:
Look, it's autumn.
Autumn day, sad day,
Aspen leaf, farewell,
The leaf is spinning, the leaf is spinning
The leaf falls to sleep on the ground.
Classical composers are known all over the world. Each name of a musical genius is a unique individuality in the history of culture.
What is classical music
Classical music - enchanting melodies created by talented authors, who are rightly called classical composers. Their works are unique and will always be in demand by performers and listeners. Classical, on the one hand, it is customary to call strict, profound music that is not related to the directions: rock, jazz, folk, pop, chanson, etc. On the other hand, in the historical development of music there is a period of the late XIII - early XX century, called classicism.
Classical themes are distinguished by sublime intonation, sophistication, a variety of shades and harmony. They have a positive effect on the emotional worldview of adults and children.
Stages of development of classical music. Their brief description and main representatives
In the history of the development of classical music, stages can be distinguished:
- Renaissance or Renaissance - early 14th - last quarter of the 16th century. In Spain and England, the Renaissance lasted until the early 17th century.
- Baroque - came to replace the Renaissance and lasted until the beginning of the 18th century. Spain was the center of style.
- Classicism is a period of development of European culture from the beginning of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th century.
- Romanticism is a direction opposite to classicism. It lasted until the middle of the 19th century.
- Classics of the 20th century - the modern era.
Brief description and main representatives of cultural periods
1. Renaissance - a long period of development of all areas of culture. - Thomas Tullis, Giovanni da Palestina, T. L. de Victoria composed and left immortal creations to posterity.
2. Baroque - in this era, new musical forms appear: polyphony, opera. It was during this period that Bach, Handel, Vivaldi created their famous creations. Bach's fugues are built in accordance with the requirements of classicism: obligatory observance of the canons.
3. Classicism. who created their immortal creations in the era of classicism: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Sonata form appears, the composition of the orchestra increases. and Haydn differ from the ponderous works of Bach by their uncomplicated construction and the elegance of their melodies. It was still a classic, striving for perfection. Beethoven's compositions are the verge of contact between romantic and classical styles. In the music of L. van Beethoven, there is more sensuality and ardor than rational canonicity. Such important genres as symphony, sonata, suite, opera stood out. Beethoven gave rise to the Romantic period.
4. Romanticism. Musical works are characterized by color and drama. Various song genres are formed, for example, ballads. Piano compositions by Liszt and Chopin received recognition. The traditions of romanticism were inherited by Tchaikovsky, Wagner, Schubert.
5. Classics of the 20th century - characterized by the authors' desire for innovation in melodies, the terms aleatoric, atonalism arose. The works of Stravinsky, Rachmaninov, Glass are referred to the classical format.
Russian classical composers
Tchaikovsky P.I. - Russian composer, music critic, public figure, teacher, conductor. His compositions are the most performed. They are sincere, easily perceived, reflect the poetic originality of the Russian soul, picturesque pictures of Russian nature. The composer created 6 ballets, 10 operas, more than a hundred romances, 6 symphonies. The world-famous ballet "Swan Lake", the opera "Eugene Onegin", "Children's Album".
Rachmaninov S.V. - the works of the outstanding composer are emotional and cheerful, and some of them are dramatic in content. Their genres are diverse: from small plays to concerts and operas. The generally recognized works of the author: the operas "The Miserly Knight", "Aleko" based on Pushkin's poem "Gypsies", "Francesca da Rimini" based on a plot borrowed from Dante's "Divine Comedy", the poem "The Bells"; suite "Symphonic dances"; piano concertos; vocalise for voice with piano accompaniment.
Borodin A.P. was a composer, teacher, chemist, doctor. The most significant creation is the opera "Prince Igor" based on the historical work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", which was written by the author for almost 18 years. During his lifetime, Borodin did not have time to finish it; after his death, A. Glazunov and N. Rimsky-Korsakov completed the opera. The great composer is the founder of classical quartets and symphonies in Russia. The "Bogatyr" symphony is considered the crowning achievement of world and Russian national-heroic symphony. The instrumental chamber quartets, the First and Second Quartets were recognized as outstanding. One of the first to introduce heroic figures from ancient Russian literature into romances.
Great musicians
M. P. Mussorgsky, who can be said to be a great realist composer, a bold innovator, touching on acute social problems, an excellent pianist and an excellent vocalist. The most significant musical works are the operas "Boris Godunov" based on the dramatic work of A.S. Pushkin and "Khovanshchina" - a folk-musical drama, the main character of these operas is the rebellious people from different social strata; creative cycle "Pictures at an Exhibition", inspired by the works of Hartmann.
Glinka M.I. - a famous Russian composer, the founder of the classical direction in Russian musical culture. He completed the process of creating a school of Russian composers, based on the value of folk and professional music. The master's works are imbued with love for the Fatherland, reflecting the ideological orientation of the people of that historical era. The world-famous folk drama "Ivan Susanin" and the fairy-tale opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila" have become new trends in Russian opera. The symphonic works "Kamarinskaya" and "Spanish Overture" by Glinka are the foundations of Russian symphony.
Rimsky-Korsakov N.A. is a talented Russian composer, naval officer, teacher, publicist. Two currents can be traced in his work: historical (“The Tsar's Bride”, “Pskovite”) and fabulous (“Sadko”, “Snow Maiden”, Suite “Scheherazade”). A distinctive feature of the composer's works: originality based on classical values, homophony in the harmonic construction of early compositions. His compositions have an author's style: original orchestral solutions with unusually built vocal scores, which are the main ones.
Russian classical composers tried to reflect in their works the cognitive thinking and folklore characteristic of the nation.
European culture
Famous classical composers Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven lived in the capital of musical culture of that time - Vienna. Genius combines masterful performance, excellent compositional solutions, the use of different musical styles: from folk melodies to polyphonic developments of musical themes. The great classics are characterized by a comprehensive creative mental activity, competence, clarity in the construction of musical forms. In their works, intellect and emotions, tragic and comic components, ease and prudence are organically linked together.
Beethoven and Haydn gravitated towards instrumental compositions, Mozart masterfully managed both operatic and orchestral compositions. Beethoven was an unsurpassed creator of heroic works, Haydn appreciated and successfully used humor, folk-genre types in his work, Mozart was a universal composer.
Mozart is the creator of the sonata instrumental form. Beethoven perfected it, brought it to unsurpassed heights. The period of the Viennese classics became the period of the quartet heyday. Haydn, followed by Beethoven and Mozart, make a significant contribution to the development of this genre.
Italian masters
Giuseppe Verdi - an outstanding musician of the 19th century, developed the traditional Italian opera. He had impeccable craftsmanship. The operatic works Il trovatore, La Traviata, Othello, Aida became the culmination of his composer activity.
Niccolo Paganini - born in Nice, one of the most musically gifted personalities of the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a virtuoso on the violin. He composed caprices, sonatas, quartets for violin, guitar, viola and cello. He wrote concertos for violin and orchestra.
Gioacchino Rossini - worked in the 19th century. Author of sacred and chamber music, composed 39 operas. Outstanding works - "The Barber of Seville", "Othello", "Cinderella", "The Thieving Magpie", "Semiramide".
Antonio Vivaldi is one of the largest representatives of violin art of the 18th century. He gained fame thanks to his most famous work - 4 violin concertos "The Seasons". He lived an amazingly fruitful creative life, composed 90 operas.
Famous Italian classical composers left an eternal musical legacy. Their cantatas, sonatas, serenades, symphonies, operas will give pleasure to more than one generation.
Peculiarities of perception of music by a child
Listening to good music has a positive effect on the psycho-emotional development of the child, according to child psychologists. Good music introduces one to art and forms an aesthetic taste, as teachers believe.
Many well-known creations were created by classical composers for children, taking into account their psychology, perception and the specifics of age, i.e. for listening, while others composed various pieces for little performers that were easily perceived by ear and technically accessible to them.
"Children's Album" by Tchaikovsky P.I. for little pianists. This album is a dedication to a nephew who loved music and was a very gifted child. The collection contains more than 20 pieces, some of them based on folklore material: Neapolitan motifs, Russian dance, Tyrolean and French melodies. Collection "Children's Songs" by Tchaikovsky P.I. designed for the auditory perception of a children's audience. Songs of an optimistic mood about spring, birds, a blooming garden (“My garden”), about compassion for Christ and God (“Christ the baby had a garden”).
Children's classic
Many classical composers worked for children, the list of works of which is very diverse.
Prokofiev S.S. "Peter and the Wolf" is a symphonic fairy tale for children. Thanks to this fairy tale, children get acquainted with the musical instruments of the symphony orchestra. The text of the tale was written by Prokofiev himself.
Schumann R. "Children's scenes" are short musical stories with a simple plot, written for adult performers, memories of childhood.
Debussy's Piano Cycle "Children's Corner".
Ravel M. "Mother Goose" based on the fairy tales of Ch. Perrault.
Bartok B. "First Steps at the Piano".
Cycles for children Gavrilova S. "For the smallest"; "Heroes of fairy tales"; "Kids about animals."
Shostakovich D. "Album of Piano Pieces for Children".
Bach I.S. Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach. Teaching his children music, he created special pieces and exercises for them to develop technical skills.
Haydn J. - progenitor of the classical symphony. Created a special symphony called "Children's". The instruments used: clay nightingale, rattle, cuckoo - give it an unusual sound, childish and provocative.
Saint-Saens K. came up with a fantasy for orchestra and 2 pianos called “Carnival of the Animals”, in which he masterfully conveyed the clucking of chickens, the roar of a lion, the complacency of an elephant and its manner of movement, a touchingly graceful swan by musical means.
Composing compositions for kids and youth, the great classical composers took care of the interesting storylines of the work, the availability of the proposed material, taking into account the age of the performer or listener.
There was a strong community between Russia and Italy in almost all branches of culture and art; it brought us closer and made us family. Many Russian composers and writers visited Italy at least once in their lives. Let's take a look at some of the biggest ones.
Glinka M. (1804-1857)
Another of our compatriots, in love with Italy, to whom the Italians, in turn, reciprocated ... In 1830, he came to Italy to study "bel canto". Here he became friends with the Italian composers Bellini and Donizetti.
Glinka's creative heritage includes the opera "Venetian Night", the piece for piano "Capriccio" and many romances, the writing of which was inspired by Italian serenades. Glinka's most famous opera is dedicated to Ivan Susanin, who saved Moscow from the Polish invaders.
Tchaikovsky P. (1840-1893)
An outstanding composer, master symphonist, musical playwright, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky came to Italy so often and worked there so fruitfully that he is rightfully considered a "Russian Italian". Among the many beautiful works that he created, I would like to highlight those written in Florence: Eugene Onegin (1878), The Maid of Orleans (1879), Italian Capriccio (1880). Ten years later, he returned to Florence again and, while living in the Washington Hotel, wrote the famous Queen of Spades (1890), and on his return to Russia, the string sextet Reminiscence of Florence (1892). Italy inspired the composer to create a suite for the famous ballet The Nutcracker.
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
Composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky, buried in Venice. Living in America and traveling around the world, the outstanding composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky periodically came to Italy, which he loved so much that he expressed a desire to be buried in Venice on the island of San Michele, where the ashes of his friend, the great choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, rested. The last will of the great musician was fulfilled. The coffin with his body, which arrived from New York, was met with a magnificent ceremony. The poet Joseph Brodsky was also present, who, watching the ashes of the great musician being carried on a gondola in the direction of the island of San Michele, sadly joked: “Here is the Grand Canal, Stravinsky went there ...” A quarter of a century later, Brodsky also rested next to Stravinsky... The whole long life of the composer and conductor Igor Stravinsky (he lived for 90 years) passed at a frantic pace. He fruitfully collaborated with the choreographer Sergei Diaghilev, commissioned by whom he wrote one of his best works, the ballet fairy tale The Firebird (1910). Among the famous works of Stravinsky are the ballets "Petrushka", "Pulcinella", the opera "Oedipus Rex". In the center of Rome, on Via del Popolo, in the Hotel De Ruci there is an elegant cafe Stravinsky, which once again testifies to the great popularity of the Russian composer among Italians...
Italy was visited by many singers - the "golden voices" of Russia, but the most famous of them, of course, was Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin.
Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin. (1873-1938)
You know everything about him, so we confine ourselves to mentioning two unforgettable evenings at the La Scala theater in Milan. The first took place in 1901, when Chaliapin performed the role of Mephistopheles in the opera of the same name (Toscanini conducted, Caruso performed the part of Faust), the second - in 1909, when he performed the main role in the opera Boris Godunov (staged by the famous Toscanini). The Italians have the warmest memories of these evenings and the great maestro Chaliapin. Even Toscanini, who was famous for his bad temper, admitted that for the first time in his long career he worked in wondrous harmony with an opera singer; Toscanini considered his talent outstanding and unique. You know that Chaliapin's first wife was an Italian ballerina, her name was Iola Tornaghi, that they had six children. After the divorce, the wife took the children to her homeland. One of Chaliapin's sons, Boris, became an artist, visited Gorky in Sorrento, the other, Fyodor, worked as an actor in one of the Roman theaters.
Pasternak B. (1890-1960)
Did you know that B. Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago was first published in Italian in Milan in 1957? Sometimes this or that work of a writer or poet becomes famous first abroad, and then in his own country. So it was with Boris Pasternak, whose novel Doctor Zhivago was first published in Italian in Milan in 1957. Italy was his favorite European country, in 1912 he lived for several months in Venice, which captivated him with its beauty: “I was lucky to find out that you can go on a date with a piece of built-up space day after day, as with a living person” ... In 1958 Pasternak won the Nobel Prize, but the novel "Doctor Zhivago", beloved by foreign readers and filmed back in 1965, was published in the USSR only 30 years later (!) - in 1988 !!!
To the question: “Which Russian writers do you know?”, Italians call Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Dostoevsky F. (1821 - 1881)
The touching love for the Russian master of subtle psychological analysis is quite understandable: the Italians are not only well acquainted with his work, but also consider it “their own” also because Fyodor Mikhailovich spent almost 5 years in Florence, where he rented an apartment near the Palazzo Pitti and where he wrote novels "Idiot" and "Demons".
Gogol N. (1809-1852)
Gogol N. is one of the first "Russian Romans", because he spent most of his life in Rome. He was a Ukrainian, born near the ancient city of Poltava in a noble family. Gogol fell in love with Italy before he saw it for the first time. Gogol's house in Rome was located on the famous Felice Street (Happy Street, now it is Sistina Street). There is no need to list all his wonderful works, we will limit ourselves only to those written in Italy: “Dead Souls”, a new edition of the comedy “The Inspector General” and the unfinished story “Rome”, where you will find Gogol's story about the arrival in the Eternal City in December 1845 of the Emperor of All Russia Nicholas I. It is simply unbelievable how quickly Gogol mastered the Italian language! He was fluent in spoken and written language, which made him very popular in the Russian-Italian cultural environment.
Gogol was a frequent guest in the salon of Zinaida Volkonskaya, another "Russian Roman". Grateful fans erected a monument to Gogol in 2003 in Rome at Villa Borghese. His well-known phrase is engraved on the pedestal: “I can only write about Russia in Rome…” slowly, little by little, and for the rest of your life.”
“Oh, Rome, Rome! Apart from Rome, there is no Rome in the world, I wanted to say - happiness and joy, but Rome is more than happiness and joy.
"What air! It seems that as you pull your nose, then at least 700 angels fly into the nasal nostrils. Amazing spring! “If you knew with what joy I left Switzerland and flew to my darling, to my beautiful Italy. She is mine! No one in the world can take her away from me! I was born here…”.
"... the whole of Europe in order to watch, and Italy in order to live."
“Here is my opinion! Who was in Italy, say "forgive" to other lands. Whoever was in heaven will not want to land. In a word, Europe compared to Italy is like a cloudy day compared to a sunny day.
“Oh, Italy! Whose hand will take me out of here? What a sky! What days! Summer is not summer, spring is not spring, but better than spring and summer, which are in other parts of the world. What an air! I drink, I don’t get drunk, I look, I don’t look enough. In the soul is heaven and paradise. I now have few acquaintances in Rome, or, better, almost no one. But I have never been so cheerful, so satisfied with life.
"... There is no better fate than to die in Rome..."
Kiprensky O. (1782-1836)
A brilliant portrait painter, nicknamed "Russian Van Dyck", an academician of the St. Petersburg and Neapolitan academies of arts, he was also a "Russian Roman" who lived in the capital of Italy for the last 20 years of his life. Kiprensky painted many portraits of Russian and Italian aristocrats and celebrities, the most famous of which is the portrait of A. S. Pushkin. This artist was so popular and loved by the Romans that they brought many legends and anecdotes about him to our days. According to one of them, the king of Bavaria once came to Kiprensky’s workshop and, not finding the master, left him his card signed “King of Bavaria”. Returning, the artist hurried to send his eminent guest his card, on which he wrote: "Orest Kiprensky - King of Artists." He was not only witty, but also a very kind person. The Romans said that when he left a cafe, he took out the remains of his lunch or dinner to stray dogs, who faithfully waited for him on the street. Kiprensky died in 1836 and was buried in Rome in the famous church of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte. The Academy of Arts paid a pension to his little daughter for several years.
Egorov A. (1776 - 1851)
Egorov A.-Italians nicknamed "Russian Raphael" ... One of the most gifted masters of academic drawing, A. E. Egorov, was awarded the title of "Russian Raphael" by his contemporaries. In 1803, together with other graduates, he ended up in Rome. There were many legends about his stay in Italy. It was said that at the very first visit to the natural class, the Russian artist amazed those present with his skill: he depicted the sitter with lightning speed, sitting at his feet (when Egorov came to the class, all the convenient places were already occupied). Once Egorov had to stand up for the honor of Russian draftsmen: an Italian artist said that a Russian would never be able to portray a human figure the way an Italian would do. Egorov took the coal and with the words: “But this is how you know how?” In one stroke, he drew a man on the wall, starting with the big toe of his left foot. They say that after this incident, Italian art lovers offered as many gold coins for Yegorov's drawing as they fit on the surface of the drawing. The main place in the work of Egorov is occupied by works on religious themes - icons for St. Petersburg churches and cathedrals. Yegorov's most famous painting is The Torment of the Spaitel (1814).
Bryullov K. (1799 - 1852)
Bryullov K. - in Rome they called Carlo il Grande (Great Charles). He was French by birth, but the emperor, appreciating his great talent, granted him Russian citizenship, a Russian surname, and sent him abroad along with other pensioners of the Russian Academy of Arts. Bryullov fully justified the trust by making his contribution to world culture! He lived in Rome for almost the entire creative period of his life - until his death in 1852. It was in the Italian capital that Bryullov created the famous canvas: "The Last Day of Pompeii", which was called the most grandiose work of fine art of the century. Unfortunately for the Italians, the painting was bought by Prince Demidov (for 40,000 francs) and sent to St. Petersburg as a gift to Emperor Nicholas I. Somewhat earlier, in 1823, the painting by K. Bryullov “Italian Morning” was presented to the tsar. According to eyewitnesses, Nicholas I put the picture on a chair in his office and admired it for a long time, kneeling. Of course, this could only happen in the beautiful 19th century, when even emperors considered it their duty to kneel before a great work of art.) Karl Bryullov's talent was highly appreciated by his contemporaries: he was awarded the Orders of Vladimir III and IV degrees, was elected professor at the Florentine Academy of Arts. The story of his painting “Diana on the wings of the night”, which the artist painted before his death, is interesting. In this painting, he depicted a place in the non-Catholic cemetery in Rome where he wanted to be buried. His last wish was granted. When, a few years after Bryullov's death, the term of the paid lease of the cemetery plot ended, the state (Italy) paid for this place forever so that Bryullov's grave would be preserved forever.
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Giovanni Sgambati(Italian Giovanni Sgambati; May 28, 1841, Rome - December 14, 1914, ibid) - Italian pianist, conductor and composer.
He grew up in the city of Trevi, where he studied mainly church music (as a singer and choir conductor). In 1860 he returned to Rome, where a year later he met Franz Liszt, who settled here, and, impressed by his game, became his student. Sgambati performed Liszt's works as a pianist, conducted the orchestra accompanying Liszt, and in 1866 directed the performance of Liszt's Dante Symphony as a conductor. In 1869, in connection with the departure of Liszt, Sgambati also left Italy and went to Germany, where he met Richard Wagner and his music. In the 1880s Sgambati toured extensively, including with his own compositions. In 1893, Sgambati headed the Rome Philharmonic; after his death, the Philharmonic Concert Hall was named after him. For a number of years he led the Queen's Piano Quintet, which performed under the patronage of the Italian Queen Margherita. He also provided significant assistance in the development of the musical career of Francesco Tosti.
The creative heritage of Giovanni Sgambati includes two symphonies, a piano concerto, a quartet, two piano quintets, songs and a significant amount of church music, from which the Requiem (1901) stands out. However, perhaps the most famous work of Sgambati to date has remained the piano arrangements of several numbers from Gluck's opera Orpheus and Eurydice, including the so-called Melody.
()Music is the art of sounds and each sound in it has its own designation. Note (lat. nōta - “sign”, “mark”) in music is a graphic designation of the sound of a musical work, one of the main symbols of modern musical notation. Variations in…
How it all began...
The theme was four-bar. It was no different from hundreds of others like it. A common figure in musical rhetoric, a scholastic formula. The formula theme was impassive and enigmatic. Mysterious because, like any theme, it harbored unexplored possibilities - it was a grain from which, under the influence of the composer's creative thought, a magnificent and viable building should grow. It could be multi-tiered and polyphonic, this building, majestic and purposeful, strict in thought, but extravagantly ornamented in external sound. No wonder Signor Maestro Alinovi liked to compare the form of a fugue with the architecture of a Gothic cathedral. "Here and there," he said, "majesty is combined with abundance, the whole ensemble is subordinate to a single thought, sublime and abstract, and the details amaze with the boldness and diversity of true life."
But lately, Maestro Alinovi has rarely had to draw his favorite parallel between the construction of a fugue and the architecture of a Gothic cathedral. The youth was inexperienced in the art of erecting polyphonic structures. Alas! Alas! The youth had no interest in polyphony. The young men were not taught that the music was there, inside this sometimes seemingly dry and abstract thematic material. They were not told anything about the greatness and power of the composer's creative will, capable of wresting from any theme a grandiose and lively musical form, just as Moses wrested water from a stone, and they were not pointed to examples where the development of musical thought leads to the deepest philosophical generalizations. Maestro Alinovi repeatedly repeated to himself with pain in his heart that this was the case. To find a melody that would win for the singer, a melody that was easy to remember, to be able to embellish this melody as effectively as possible - that's what everyone was striving for. And the most beautiful theme in the hands of composers underwent only a series of external, sometimes violent changes and remained a dead formula. For not fertilized by the creative thought of the composer, it could not turn into live music.
()The Italian composer Vincenzo Bellini entered the history of musical culture as an outstanding master of bel canto. On the back of one of the gold medals issued during the composer's lifetime in his honor, a brief inscription read: "Creator of Italian melodies." Even the genius of G. Rossini could not overshadow his fame. The extraordinary melodic gift that Bellini possessed allowed him to create original intonations full of secret lyricism, capable of influencing the widest range of listeners.
Bellini's Oboe Concerto is fairly well known and built on the principle of an opera aria. The oboe here radiates sunny optimism and gentle warmth of Italy.
Concerto for oboe and orchestra in E flat major
Lyrical tragedy by Luigi Cherubini in three acts; libretto by F. B. Offman based on the tragedy of the same name by P. Corneille (which, in turn, goes back to the tragedies of Seneca and Euripides).
"Medea". Anselm Feuerbach (1879)
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Amilcare Ponchielli (August 31, 1834 – January 16, 1886) was an Italian operatic composer.
Born in Paderno Fasolaro (later renamed Paderno Ponchielli) near Cremona. At the age of nine, he won a scholarship to study music at the Milan Conservatory. Already at the age of ten he wrote his first symphony. He received his diploma from the conservatory in 1854. For the next two years, he served as organist in the Cremonese church of Sant Ilario, then as bandmaster of the National Guard in Piacenza ..
In the history of Italian music in the first half of the 20th century. Respighi entered as the author of bright program symphonic works (poems "Roman Fountains", "Pins of Rome").
The future composer was born into a family of musicians. His grandfather was an organist, his father was a pianist, he had Respighi and took his first piano lessons. In 1891-99. Respighi studies at the Music Lyceum in Bologna: playing the violin with F. Sarti, counterpoint and fugue with Dall Olio, composition with L. Torqua and J. Martucci. Since 1899 he has performed in concerts as a violinist. In 1900 he wrote one of his first compositions - "Symphonic Variations" for orchestra.
In 1901, as a violinist in the orchestra, Respighi came on tour to St. Petersburg with an Italian opera troupe. Here is a significant meeting with N. Rimsky-Korsakov. The venerable Russian composer coldly greeted the unfamiliar visitor, but after looking at his score, he became interested and agreed to study with the young Italian. The classes lasted 5 months. Under the direction of Rimsky-Korsakov, Respighi wrote Prelude, Chorale and Fugue for orchestra. This essay became his graduation work at the Bologna Lyceum, and his teacher Martucci noted: "Respighi is no longer a student, but a master." Despite this, the composer continued to improve: in 1902 he took composition lessons from M. Bruch in Berlin. A year later, Respighi again visits Russia with the opera troupe, lives in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Having mastered the Russian language, he gets acquainted with the artistic life of these cities with interest, highly appreciating Moscow opera and ballet performances with scenery and costumes by K. Korovin and L. Bakst. Ties with Russia do not stop even after returning to their homeland. A. Lunacharsky studied at the University of Bologna, who later, in the 1920s, expressed the wish that Respighi would come to Russia again.
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Leonardo Vinci (Italian: Leonardo Vinci, circa 1690, Strongoli - May 27, 1730, Naples) - Italian composer of the Baroque era, a prominent representative of the Neapolitan opera school.
He studied music at the Neapolitan Conservatory Poveri di Gesu Cristo (Conservatorio dei Poveri di Gesù Cristo), where he studied with the composer Gaetano Greco. The Blind Pretender (Lo Cecato fauzo; Naples, 1719) is the first opera in the Neapolitan dialect. The most famous early opera is Li zite 'n galera (Naples, 1722; traditionally translated as "Girls in the Galley", but it would be more correct to translate the title as "The Newlyweds on a Boat"). One of the first to use texts by Pietro Metastasio for his operas. In total, he wrote more than 25 operas, including Cato in Utica (Rome, 1728; the aria “Confusa, smarrita” is still popular from it) and “Recognized Semiramide” (“Semiramide riconosciuta”; Rome, 1729). He also left works of sacred music (oratorios, cantatas, etc.). "Artaxerxes" ("Artaserse") is the composer's greatest success (the aria "Vo solcando" is especially popular from there), the fruits of which he could not develop due to his sudden death. The circumstances of Vinci's death are not clear.
The opera Artaxerxes, resumed today, was first presented to the public on February 4, 1730 at the Teatro delle Dame (not preserved to this day) in Rome. It is noteworthy that after the Roman premiere, Artaxerxes remained in the repertoire of various European theaters for more than 10 years.
()Abraham Bosse - The Five Senses
Antonio Draghi (1634/1635, Rimini - 1700, Vienna, Holy Roman Empire) - Italian composer of the Baroque era.
Antonio Draghi studied in Venice. He began his musical career as a singer in Padua, in 1657 he first appeared on stage in Venice in the opera La fortuna di Rodope e di Damira.
After moving to Vienna in 1658, he served as court bandmaster and composer for Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.
In 1666 he composed his first opera, La Mascherata. He remained in Vienna until his death in 1700.
Draghi was one of the most prolific composers of his time. His contribution to the development of Italian opera was especially significant. For the Vienna Opera, he composed over 170 solemn performances and operas. He also wrote about 50 oratorios, serenades for orchestra and other works.
()Ponchielli's name has been preserved in the history of music, thanks to one opera - La Gioconda - and two students, Puccini and Mascagni, although throughout his life he knew more than one success.
Amilcare Ponchielli is born August 31, 1834 in Paderno Fasolaro near Cremona, the village that now bears his name. The father, the owner of the shop, was a village organist and became the first teacher of his son. At the age of nine, the boy was admitted to the Milan Conservatory. Here Ponchielli studied piano, theory and composition for eleven years (with Alberto Mazzucato). Together with three other students, he wrote an operetta (1851). After graduating from the conservatory, he took on any job - organist in the church of Sant'Hilario in Cremona, bandmaster of the National Guard in Piacenza. However, he always dreamed of a career as an opera composer. Ponchielli's first opera, The Betrothed, based on the famous novel by the greatest Italian writer of the 19th century, Alessandro Manzoni, was staged in his native Cremona when its author had barely crossed the threshold of twenty years. In the next seven years, two more operas were premiered, but the first success came only in 1872, with a new edition of The Betrothed. In 1874, the Lithuanians based on the poem Konrad Wallenrod by the Polish romantic Adam Mickiewicz saw the light of day, the following year the cantata Donizetti's Offering was performed, and a year later the Gioconda appeared, bringing the author a real triumph.
He founded a music school in Bologna, from which many good musicians came out, for example: Bononcini, Clari. He wrote psalms, motets, masses. The collection of spiritual writings of the Column was collected by order of Leopold I.
Giovanni Paolo was Kapellmeister of the Church of San Petronio in Bologna, among the founders and repeatedly chairman of the Accademia filarmonica; one of the most important Italian church composers of the 17th century. Many of his works have survived: 3 collections of 8-vowel psalms with organ (1681, 1686, 1694), "Motetti a voce sola con 2 violini e bassetto di viola" (1691), 2-3-vowel motets (1698), litanies and antiphons prst. Virgin Mary (1682), masses (1684), 8-vowel masses, psalms, etc. (1685), completetorias and sequences (1687), 8-vowel lamentations (1689), "Messe e salmi concertati" (1691), 3 -5-vowel psalms of Compline with instruments (1694) and 9 oratorios (1677-90); in addition, three operas by Colonna were staged in Bologna between 1672 and 1692. Many other compositions remained in the manuscript (Vienna, Bologna).
Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Laudate Dominum a tre cori (1672)
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