The life of the famous writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin and his family is inextricably linked with Efremov. The material about this was collected by our reader from Efremov Nikolai Shalunov.
"CUP OF LIFE" EVGENY BUNINA
So, the Bunin family moved to Efremov. The middle brother of the writer became the head of the house Evgeny Bunin- a man with business acumen. It was he who, in difficult years for the family, more than once saved relatives from hunger:
Since 1906, Eugene began to work in Efremov as an excise official. He bought a gramophone and a fashionable decoration at that time in noble houses - a decorative palm tree in the living room. By the way, the palm tree still stands in the same place in the Bunin house-museum in Efremov to this day.
Evgeny Bunin did not live in poverty. As a result of a prosperous life, Eugene had mistresses. His wife Anastasia Karlovna could not have children, so all the children were born from the young housekeeper Natalia.
Evgeny's house became a family hearth for all the Bunins. On holidays, when the whole family was together, it became especially noisy and fun here. “The house came across to him amazing. The sun was red in the yard in the frosty season - it was warm in the house. The summer heat was scorching in the yard - it was cool in the house,” Ivan Bunin depicted his brother’s house almost with photographic accuracy in The Cup of Life.
Ivan Alekseevich became a frequent visitor to Yevgeny's house. In Efremov, the writer met the year 1906, worked on the story "The Village" and the story "The Cup of Life". These works beautifully describe the nature of Krasivomeche, pictures of rural life, the inhabitants of Efremov. Archpriest Gastiev, a teacher of the law of God at the Efremov Women's Gymnasium, served as the writer's prototype for creating the image of Archpriest Cyrus of Jordan in The Cup of Life. The Holy Father lived on Ilyinskaya (now Korotkova) Street and served in St. Nicholas Church. It was in this temple that the Bunins' mother, Lyudmila Alexandrovna, was buried.
DEATH OF A MOTHER
The youngest son loved his mother very dearly. “The most bitter love of my life is connected with my mother. Everything and everyone we love is our torment. What is this eternal fear worth - the loss of a loved one:” (I. Bunin, “Arseniev’s Life”).
Lyudmila Alexandrovna said that no one loves her as much as Vanya. Already living in Efremov, Lyudmila Alexandrovna fell seriously ill. The asthma attacks were so strong that she could not sleep lying down and spent the last year of her life all nights in an armchair. Bunin's mother fell ill with asthma when she rubbed her daughter Maria's body with a very caustic ointment for articular rheumatism.
Lyudmila Alexandrovna died on a quiet summer night from July 15 to 16, 1910. Her grave is in the old cemetery near the grove.
The last time Ivan Bunin was in Efremov was in October 1917, fatal for the whole family. I spent the night in the house of my brother Yevgeny and left at one o'clock in the afternoon: "Bright, cool, similar in light to a summer day: I looked around - tenderly and sadly pinched my heart - there in the grove lies my mother, who so asked not to forget her grave," Bunin wrote in diary that day.
Years will pass, and the grave of the woman who gave Russia the world-famous writer will cease to be nameless. Tourists from Russia, France and other countries come here to bow to the ashes of Lyudmila Bunina.
And in 1985, a literary museum was opened in the house of Evgeny Bunin. Everything connected with the history of the writer's family stay in Efremov's land is not forgotten.
NOW A MUSEUM AT THE VILLA BUNINA
In 2005, the founder of the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Bordeaux, Professor Gabriel Simonov. A descendant of Russian emigrants, Simonov was born in Paris in 1930 and dated Bunin. Subsequently, Gabriel graduated from the Sorbonne University with honors, became a world-famous scientist. After retiring, he headed the Bunin Society in France. In 2002, at his own expense, he bought Bunin's Belvedere villa in Grasse, where Bunin and his wife lived for 16 years.
Prior to this, the villa belonged to the daughter of the mayor of this town. Knowing that the villa could be bought out by a person indifferent to art, Simonov took a desperate step. Having sold his parents' house near Paris and borrowed money, the Russian professor bought this precious relic in order to keep it for posterity. Now the Bunin Museum is located on the first floor of the Belvedere, and Gavriil Nikolaevich lives on the second floor with his family.
P.S. The brother of the great writer Yevgeny died in Efremov in November 1933, and Anastasia Karlovna, his wife, even earlier. The children of Eugene, Arseny and Margarita, left without parents, suffered many hardships in childhood and adolescence. The grand-niece of the great writer Tatyana Bunina knows about the difficult fate of her father and aunt. Sloboda will definitely visit her in the new year.
BUNINS IN THE CITY GROVE
The favorite resting place of the Efremovites was the city grove. The grove caretaker's lodge was at the intersection of roads leading from the cemetery and the central alley. In front of her were wooden tables, benches around them. Famous city tea parties were held here, among the organizers of which were the Bunin family. Now in this place there are only centuries-old oaks - silent witnesses of what is happening.
CEMETERY FOR RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS
Ivan Bunin died on the night of November 8, 1953 in the arms of his wife. The great writer was buried in the French cemetery for Russian emigrants in the town of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois. After 8 years, Vera Nikolaevna found her resting place next to her husband.
Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Zinaida Gippius, Ivan Shmelev, Nadezhda Teffi, Alexander Galich, Andrei Tarkovsky and others are buried here... October 21, 2014, 14:47
Portrait of Ivan Bunin. Leonard Turzhansky. 1905
♦ Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was born into an old noble family in the city of Voronezh, where he lived for the first few years of his life. Later, the family moved to the Ozerki estate (now the Lipetsk region). At the age of 11, he entered the Yelets district gymnasium, but at the age of 16 he was forced to stop studying. The reason for this was the ruin of the family. The fault of which, by the way, was the excessive squandering of his father, who managed to leave both himself and his wife penniless. As a result, Bunin continued his education on his own, however, his older brother Julius, who graduated from the university with flying colors, went through the entire gymnasium course with Vanya. They were engaged in languages, psychology, philosophy, social and natural sciences. It was Julius who had a great influence on the formation of Bunin's tastes and views. He read a lot, was engaged in the study of foreign languages and already at an early age showed the talents of a writer. However, he was forced to work for several years as a proofreader at Orlovsky Vestnik in order to support his family. 
♦ Ivan and his sister Masha spent a lot of time in their childhood with the shepherds, who taught them to eat different herbs. But one day they almost paid with their lives. One of the shepherds offered to try henbane. The nanny, having learned about this, hardly gave the children fresh milk to drink, which saved their lives.
♦ At the age of 17, Ivan Alekseevich wrote the first poems in which he imitated the work of Lermontov and Pushkin. They say that Pushkin was generally an idol for Bunin
♦ Anton Pavlovich Chekhov played a big role in Bunin's life and career. When they met, Chekhov was already an accomplished writer and managed to direct Bunin's creative ardor along the right path. They corresponded for many years and thanks to Chekhov, Bunin was able to meet and join the world of creative personalities - writers, artists, musicians.
♦ Bunin left no heir to the world. In 1900, Bunin and Tsakni had their first and only son, who, unfortunately, died at the age of 5 from meningitis.
♦ Bunin's favorite pastime in his youth and until his last years was - by the back of his head, legs and arms - to determine the face and the whole appearance of a person.
♦ Ivan Bunin collected a collection of pharmaceutical bottles and boxes that filled several suitcases to the brim.
♦ It is known that Bunin refused to sit down at the table if he turned out to be the thirteenth person in a row.
♦ Ivan Alekseevich admitted: “Do you have any unloved letters? I can't stand the "f". And they almost called me Philip."
♦ Bunin was always in good physical shape, had good plasticity: he was an excellent rider, he danced “solo” at parties, plunging his friends into amazement.
♦ Ivan Alekseevich had a rich facial expression and outstanding acting talent. Stanislavsky called him to the art theater and offered him the role of Hamlet.
♦ A strict routine always reigned in Bunin's house. He was often sick, sometimes imaginary, but everything obeyed his moods.
♦ An interesting fact from Bunin's life is the fact that he did not live in Russia for most of his life. Regarding the October Revolution, Bunin wrote the following: “This spectacle was sheer horror for anyone who has not lost the image and likeness of God…”. This event forced him to emigrate to Paris. There Bunin led an active social and political life, gave lectures, collaborated with Russian political organizations. It was in Paris that such outstanding works were written as: "The Life of Arseniev", "Mitina's Love", "Sunstroke" and others. In the post-war years, Bunin is more friendly towards the Soviet Union, but he still cannot reconcile himself with the power of the Bolsheviks and, as a result, remains in exile.
♦ It must be admitted that in pre-revolutionary Russia, Bunin received the widest recognition from both critics and readers. He occupies a firm place on the writer's Olympus and may well indulge in what he has dreamed of all his life - travel. The writer traveled throughout his life to many countries in Europe and Asia.
♦ During the Second World War, Bunin refused any contact with the Nazis - in 1939 he moved to Grasse (these are the Maritime Alps), where he spent virtually the entire war. In 1945, he and his family returned to Paris, although he often said that he wanted to return to his homeland, but despite the fact that after the war the government of the USSR allowed people like him to return, the writer never returned.
♦ In the last years of his life, Bunin was ill a lot, but continued to work actively and be creative. He died in his sleep from 7 to 8 November 1953 in Paris, where he was buried. The last entry in I. Bunin's diary reads: “It’s still amazing to the point of tetanus! After some, a very short time, I will not be - and the deeds and fates of everything, everything will be unknown to me!
♦ Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was the first émigré writer to be published in the USSR (already in the 1950s). Although some of his works, such as the diary "Cursed Days", came out only after perestroika.
Nobel Prize
♦ For the first time, Bunin was nominated for the Nobel Prize back in 1922 (Romain Rolland put forward his candidacy), but in 1923 the Irish poet Yeats received the prize. In subsequent years, Russian émigré writers repeatedly resumed their efforts to nominate Bunin for the prize, which was awarded to him in 1933. 
♦ The official report of the Nobel Committee stated: “By the decision of the Swedish Academy of November 10, 1933, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Ivan Bunin for the strict artistic talent with which he recreated a typically Russian character in literary prose.” In his speech at the presentation of the award, the representative of the Swedish Academy, Per Hallström, highly appreciating Bunin's poetic gift, especially dwelled on his ability to describe real life with extraordinary expressiveness and accuracy. In a response speech, Bunin noted the courage of the Swedish Academy, which honored the émigré writer. It is worth saying that during the presentation of prizes for 1933, the Academy hall was decorated, contrary to the rules, only with Swedish flags - because of Ivan Bunin - “stateless persons”. As the writer himself believed, he received the award for "The Life of Arseniev", his best work. World fame fell on him suddenly, just as suddenly he felt like an international celebrity. Photos of the writer were in every newspaper, in the windows of bookstores. Even casual passers-by, seeing the Russian writer, looked back at him, whispered. Somewhat bewildered by this fuss, Bunin grumbled: "How a famous tenor is greeted...". The Nobel Prize was a huge event for the writer. Recognition came, and with it material security. Bunin distributed a significant amount of the cash reward received to those in need. For this, a special commission for the distribution of funds was even created. Subsequently, Bunin recalled that after receiving the award, he received about 2,000 letters asking for help, in response to which he distributed about 120,000 francs. 
♦ This award was not overlooked in Bolshevik Russia either. On November 29, 1933, an article appeared in Literaturnaya Gazeta “I. Bunin is a Nobel Laureate”: “According to the latest reports, the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1933 was awarded to the White Guard emigrant I. Bunin. The White Guard Olympus put forward and in every possible way defended the candidacy of Bunin, the hardened wolf of the counter-revolution, whose work, especially of recent times, saturated with the motives of death, decay, doom in a catastrophic world crisis, obviously had to go to the court of the Swedish academic elders.
And Bunin himself liked to recall an episode that happened during the writer's visit to the Merezhkovskys immediately after Bunin was awarded the Nobel Prize. The artist entered the room X, and, not noticing Bunin, exclaimed at the top of his voice: "We survived! Shame! Shame! They gave Bunin the Nobel Prize!" After that, he saw Bunin and, without changing his expression, cried out: "Ivan Alekseevich! Dear! Congratulations, congratulations from the bottom of my heart! Happy for you, for all of us! For Russia! Forgive me for not having time to personally come to testify ..."
Bunin and his women
♦ Bunin was an ardent and passionate person. While working for a newspaper, he met Varvara Pashchenko
("I was struck, to my great misfortune, by a long love", as Bunin later wrote), with whom he began a stormy romance. 
True, the matter did not come to the wedding - the girl's parents did not want to pass her off as a poor writer. Therefore, the young lived unmarried. The relationship, which Ivan Bunin considered happy, collapsed when Varvara left him and married Arseny Bibikov, a friend of the writer. The theme of loneliness and betrayal is firmly fixed in the poet's work - 20 years later he will write:
I wanted to shout out:
"Come back, I'm related to you!"
But for a woman there is no past:
She fell out of love - and became a stranger to her.
Well! I'll flood the fireplace, I'll drink ...
It would be nice to buy a dog.
After the betrayal of Varvara, Bunin returned to Russia. Here he was expected to meet and get acquainted with many writers: Chekhov, Bryusov, Sologub, Balmont. In 1898, two important events take place at once: the writer marries a Greek woman Anne Tsakni
(daughter of a famous populist revolutionary), as well as a collection of his poems “Under the open sky”. 
You are pure and beautiful like the stars...
I catch the joy of life in everything -
In the starry sky, in flowers, in aromas...
But I love you more.
Only with you I am happy
And no one will replace you
You alone know and love me,
And one understand - for what!
However, this marriage did not become durable: after a year and a half, the couple divorced.
In 1906 Bunin met Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva
- a faithful companion of the writer until the end of his life. Together, the couple travels around the world. 
Vera Nikolaevna did not stop repeating until the end of her days that when she saw Ivan Alekseevich, who was then always called Jan at home, she fell in love with him at first sight. His wife brought comfort to his unsettled life, surrounded him with the most tender care. And since 1920, when Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna sailed from Constantinople, their long emigration began in Paris and in the south of France in the town of Graas near Cannes. 
Bunin experienced severe financial difficulties, or rather, they were experienced by his wife, who took household matters into her own hands and sometimes complained that she did not even have ink for her husband. Meager royalties from publications in émigré magazines were barely enough for a more than modest life. 
By the way, having received the Nobel Prize, Bunin first of all bought new shoes for his wife, because he could no longer look at what his beloved woman was wearing and wearing. 
However, Bunin's love stories do not end there either. I will dwell in more detail on his 4th great love - Galina Kuznetsova
. 
The following is a full quote from the article. Outside in 1926. The Bunins have been living in Graas at the Belvedere villa for several years now. Ivan Alekseevich is a distinguished swimmer, he goes to the sea every day and makes great demonstration swims. His wife does not like “water procedures” and does not keep him company. On the beach, Bunin is approached by an acquaintance of his and introduces a young girl, Galina Kuznetsova, a budding poetess. As happened more than once with Bunin, he instantly felt a keen attraction to a new acquaintance. Although at that moment he could hardly imagine what place she would take in his later life. Both later recalled that he immediately asked if she was married. It turned out that yes, and resting here with her husband. Now Ivan Alekseevich spent whole days with Galina. 
Bunin and Kuznetsova
A few days later, Galina had a sharp explanation with her husband, which meant an actual break, and he left for Paris. In what state Vera Nikolaevna was, it is not difficult to guess. “She went crazy and complained to everyone she knew about the betrayal of Ivan Alekseevich,” writes the poetess Odoevtseva. “But then I.A. managed to convince her that he and Galina only had a platonic relationship. She believed, and believed until her death ... ". 
Kuznetsova and Bunin with his wife
Vera Nikolaevna really did not pretend: she believed because she wanted to believe. Worshiping her genius, she did not let thoughts close to her that would force her to make difficult decisions, for example, to leave the writer. It ended with Galina being invited to live with the Bunins and become "a member of their family." Galina Kuznetsova (standing), Ivan and Vera Bunin. 1933
The participants in this triangle decided not to record the intimate details of the life of the three together for history. One can only guess what and how happened at the Belvedere villa, and also read in the minor comments of the guests of the house. According to individual testimonies, the atmosphere in the house, with outward decency, was sometimes very tense.
Galina accompanied Vera Nikolaevna Bunina to Stockholm for the Nobel Prize. On the way back, she caught a cold, and it was decided that it would be better for her to stop for a while in Dresden, at the house of Bunin's old friend, the philosopher Fyodor Stepun, who often visited Grasse. When Kuznetsova returned to the writer's villa a week later, something subtly changed. Ivan Alekseevich discovered that Galina began to spend much less time with him, and more and more often he found her writing long letters to Stepun's sister Magda. In the end, Galina asked for an invitation for Magda from the Bunin couple to visit Graas, and Magda arrived. Bunin made fun of the "girlfriends": Galina and Magda almost never parted, went down to the table together, walked together, retired together in their "little room", allocated at their request by Vera Nikolaevna. All this lasted until Bunin suddenly realized, as well as everyone around him, regarding the true relationship between Galina and Magda. And then he felt terribly disgusted, disgusting and hard. Not only did the beloved woman cheat on him, but to change with another woman - this unnatural situation simply infuriated Bunin. They loudly sorted things out with Kuznetsova, not embarrassed either by the completely bewildered Vera Nikolaevna or the arrogantly calm Magda. 
Remarkable in itself is the reaction of the writer's wife to what was happening in her house. At first, Vera Nikolaevna breathed a sigh of relief - well, this threesome life that tormented her will finally end, and Galina Kuznetsova will leave the hospitable Bunin house. But seeing how her adored husband was suffering, she rushed to persuade Galina to stay so that Bunin would not worry. However, neither Galina was going to change anything in her relationship with Magda, nor Bunin could no longer endure the phantasmagoric "adultery" that was happening before his eyes. Galina left the house and the writer's heart, leaving a spiritual wound in him, but not the first one.
Nevertheless, no novels (and Galina Kuznetsova, of course, was not the writer's only hobby) changed Bunin's attitude to his wife, without whom he could not imagine his life. Here is how a family friend G. Adamovich said about this: “... for her endless loyalty, he was infinitely grateful to her and valued her beyond measure ... Ivan Alekseevich was not an easy person in everyday communication and, of course, he himself was aware of this. But the deeper he felt everything he owed to his wife. I think that if in his presence someone had hurt or offended Vera Nikolaevna, he, with his great passion, would have killed this person - not only as his enemy, but also as a slanderer, as a moral monster, unable to distinguish good from evil, light from darkness."
What do you know about Ivan Bunin's personal life? Read all the details and secrets of the poet's personal life in this article.
On December 10, 1933, the Nobel Prize ceremony was held in Sweden. This day became something of a sensation. For the first time, the Russian writer Ivan Bunin received an award in literature from the hands of King Gustav V. The joy of recognizing the merits of a genius was shared by both his wife and his mistress, who went up on stage with him.
Love has always been the engine for Bunin's creativity, it was under the influence of the strongest feelings that his best works were born. Who were these women who became his muses at different stages of his difficult life?
Varvara Pashchenko - Bunin's first love and civil wife
The newspaper "Orlovsky Vestnik" became the first place of work for young Ivan. He was only 19 years old, but he was known to her publishers. The fact is that Bunin had been trying his literary powers for several years, sending his poems and stories to magazines in Moscow and St. Petersburg, they were published, critics favored them. It was also published in the Orlovsky Bulletin. The newspaper was considered advanced, articles were always on the topic of the day, and "new blood" was required in the literary section. The publisher Nadezhda Semyonova personally noticed a talented young man and invited him to the post of assistant editor.
In the newspaper, Bunin met Varvara Pashchenko, who worked there as a proofreader. Her father was a well-known doctor in the city (previously he even owned an opera house in Kharkov) and protested against marriage to a poor and unpromising, in his opinion, author. Varya and Ivan began to live in secret, without getting married. Their relationship lasted about five years, they parted, then converged again. In the end, Varvara went to Bunin's friend, the writer and actor Arseny Bibikov. He was born into a wealthy noble family and did not experience material problems that so darkened the family life of Vari and Ivan. By that time, the girl's father had changed his anger to mercy and gave his blessing to marry Bunin, but she hid this fact, preferring a more wealthy husband.
Ivan's experiences are reflected in the autobiographical book "The Life of Arseniev", Varvara became the prototype of Lika.
Anna Tsakni - the Greek beauty who caused the "sunstroke"
After some time, having slightly recovered from the experiences associated with the departure of Varvara, Bunin goes to Odessa - to the country house to his new acquaintance, the poet and playwright Alexander Fedorov. Fedorov is friends with the Greek Nikolai Tsakni, a man who recently bought the newspaper Southern Review. The publication is still unprofitable and desperately needs well-known authors and competent editors. Fedorov pushes Ivan's candidacy for the vacancy of the second editor. Bunin is ready to work and invest all his skills, but, looking ahead, let's say that neither he became an official employee of the newspaper, nor the publication ever reached a payback. But Ivan met a new love - the young beauty Anna, daughter of Tsakni.
Anna Tsakni
Seeing the girl for the first time, he was so struck by her dazzling appearance that in the future, remembering Anya, he called her nothing more than “sunstroke” (later he would create the famous work of the same name). The flared feeling struck Bunin on the spot - he made an offer a few days after they met.
Tsakni was rich and spoiled by fans, but she agreed to the marriage. It is unlikely that she loved the writer, most likely, she felt the power of his outstanding personality and talent. The big difference in age (10 years) and intellect destroyed the union very quickly.
The sharp-tongued Bunin would write years later: "She is stupid and undeveloped, like a puppy." The marriage broke up after 1.5 years, Anna left, being pregnant, to Alexander Deribas, a descendant of the famous founder of Odessa, Joseph Deribas. With an only child, Bunin was practically not allowed to see his wife's parents, the boy Kolya died of an illness before he reached the age of five. The writer suffered greatly because of the broken family and even tried to commit suicide. He will dedicate the poem "You are a stranger ..." to Anna. He will carry a photo of his son in his pocket until his last day.
Vera Muromtseva - Bunin's woman, who became a guardian angel
So many trials fell on the lot of this woman that few people can survive such a thing. Vera was of noble origin, was well educated, knew four foreign languages and had a penchant for research work. The acquaintance took place on November 04, 1906 during a literary evening held by the writer Boris Zaitsev. Bunin conquered Muromtseva, far from romantic sighs, from the first line of his poems. He was already quite famous, butstill not rich. Again, the bride's high-ranking parents were against the marriage. In addition, Anna Tsakni, living with another man, did not give a divorce until 1922!
Vera Muromtseva
Did Bunin love Vera? After the suffering caused by his marriage to a Greek beauty, he vowed never to marry again. Muromtseva became him, first of all, a reliable and faithful friend, assistant and editor, as well as a person who took care of all domestic issues.
They were united by common interests, they always had something to talk about. They traveled a lot, both did not accept the revolution, leaving first for Odessa, then for Istanbul (at that time in Constantinople), then to France. Vera quit her favorite chemistry classes, because. Bunin decided that she would be engaged in translations, and everyone would have their own occupation, not interfering with the other.
After a divorce from Tsakni, already living in exile, in 1922 they nevertheless got married. Bunin took Muromtseva's feelings and her daily care for granted. And when he was asked if he loves his wife, he answered in his caustic manner: “To love Vera? It's like loving your arm or leg." Soon the writer will meet a new love, which has become fatal for all participants in the events.
Love polyhedron in the life of Ivan Bunin
In the summer of 1926, Bunin, walking along the beach with his friend Mikhail Hoffman, met a young married couple, also immigrants from Russia. Galina Kuznetsova was an aspiring writer, rather friendly to critics and regularly published in various publications. Husband Dmitry, being a former white officer, tried himself as a lawyer, but clients were extremely rare. In the end, he began to work as a taxi driver, the family did not have enough money.
Young Galya (she had just turned 26), who moved in literary circles, was fascinated by the venerable and famous writer. And Bunin decided that this is the very love that is now for life. They started dating. If Vera Muromtseva still tried to turn a blind eye to her husband's frequent absences from home, then Dmitry did not tolerate this state of affairs. Galina left him and rented an apartment in Paris. Bunin came to her from Grasse more and more often.
Galina Kuznetsova
Ultimately, the 56-year-old writer decided to settle Galina Kuznetsova at home. He announced to Vera that this was his student, and he would be her mentor in literature. If the wife saw Maitre Galya coming out of the bedroom in the morning, he shamelessly said that they had been working all night. Muromtseva, on the other hand, believed that she had no right to forbid Ivan to love the one he wanted. The emigrant environment seethed with indignation, gossips claimed that Bunin had gone mad in his old age, but most of all they condemned Vera, who resigned herself to an unambiguous situation.
In fairness, we note that Bunin burned his notes of this period, and Galina does not write about intimate moments in her Grasse Diary. She does not deal with her works during this period of time: she rewrites the drafts of Arseniev's Life, fulfills all the instructions of the master, conducts his correspondence, receives guests if Vera is not at home.
Nevertheless, Galya at first believed that Bunin would divorce his middle-aged wife, relations with Muromtseva were very strained. This love union lasted 6 years. Gradually, communication between women became friendly, Vera began to play the role of a mother for a young writer and a husband distraught with love. She consoled Galya, Kuznetsova, in view of the lack of money in the "family", shared her wardrobe with her.
In 1929, the life of the Bunin couple and Galina Kuznetsova becomes even more intense: the novice writer Leonid Zurov comes to visit and ... stays forever. Remarkably, Bunin himself invited him, promised to help with employment, but Zurov got bored of him after a week, and it would be impolite to kick him out. Leonid is talented, but mentally unbalanced, he needs treatment from time to time. In addition, he falls in love with Vera Muromtseva and shows it in every possible way. Vera is much older and does not return his feelings, Zurov regularly threatens suicide. The situation in the house is heating up to the limit. But what was it - love between all the neighbors or forced cohabitation due to lack of money?
All those living in the Bunins' villa are interrupted by odd jobs. The writer has already been nominated for the Nobel Prize twice, but did not receive it, but how great it would be to give away all the debts and end the financial problems! Today will be the vote for the third time. Bunin no longer hopes to become a laureate, therefore, in order not to sit in nervous tension at home, he goes to the cinema with Galya. But Zurov did not let them see it, who came running to tell the good news. Bunin goes to Stockholm for the ceremony with Vera and Galina, it was decided to leave Leonid at home in order to avoid his mental breakdowns in public.
On the way back, Galina fell seriously ill, Bunin agreed with his acquaintance, the philosopher Fyodor Stepun, that he would shelter her for the duration of treatment in his house in Berlin. There Kuznetsova met his sister, the opera singer Margarita, whom everyone called Marga, and ... fell in love. Tired of Bunin's egoism, Zurov's neurasthenia and Muromtseva's silent tolerance, Galya succumbed to the influence and talent of a new liberated personality. Upon returning to the "family" began a stormy correspondence. About a year later, Marga came to visit, and then it became clear that they were not just girlfriends. Desperate Bunin wrote in his memoirs: “I thought some dude with a glass parting in his hair would come. And my grandmother took her away from me ... ". Marga and Galina left for Germany. Suffering Bunin wrote the famous "Dark Alleys".
The last years of Bunin's family life with his wife and mistress
The outbreak of the world war brought Marga and Galya back under the roof of the Bunins to the safe provincial Grasse. Now the secretary Bahrakh still lived here. The Nobel Prize was spent a long time ago and very quickly. Six people lived from hand to mouth, doing odd jobs. Those around him took the situation in stride. The writer Vasily Yanovsky, meeting Bunin, would certainly ask: “How are you, Ivan Alekseevich, in the sexual sense? “Here I’ll give it between the eyes, so you’ll know,” was the answer.
Margarita and Galina left only after the war, they managed to find a job in the United States in the Russian department of the UN, until their death they were together.
Bunin died in 1953, never having recovered from the loss of Kuznetsova, after her departure he could no longer create, limiting himself to publishing memoirs and caustic stories about familiar writers.
Faithful Muromtseva survived him by 8 years, receiving a pension from the USSR after Ivan's death as "the widow of an outstanding Russian writer." According to the will, she was buried in the same grave with Bunin. The days of Vera were brightened up by Leonid Zurov, who later inherited the couple's writers' archive. Zurov ended his earthly journey in 1971 in a psychiatric clinic. And we got the outstanding works of the great Russian writer, written under the influence of incredible love passions.
Video: The story of the life and love of Ivan Bunin
The name of the writer Ivan Bunin is well known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Thanks to his own works, the first Russian laureate in the field of literature earned world fame during his lifetime! To better understand what this person was guided by when creating his unique masterpieces, you should study the biography of Ivan Bunin and his view of many things in life.
Brief biographical sketches from early childhood
The future great writer was born back in 1870, on October 22. Voronezh became his homeland. Bunin's family was not rich: his father became an impoverished landowner, therefore, from early childhood, little Vanya experienced many material deprivations.
The biography of Ivan Bunin is very unusual, and this manifested itself from the earliest period of his life. Even in childhood, he was very proud of the fact that he was born into a noble family. At the same time, Vanya tried not to focus on material difficulties.
As evidenced by the biography of Ivan Bunin, in 1881 he entered the first class. Ivan Alekseevich began his schooling at the Yelets Gymnasium. However, due to the difficult financial situation of his parents, he was forced to leave school already in 1886 and continue to learn the basics of science at home. It is thanks to studying at home that young Vanya gets acquainted with the work of such famous writers as A. V. Koltsov and I. S. Nikitin.
A number of the beginning of Bunin's career
Ivan Bunin began writing his very first poems at the age of 17. It was then that he made his creative debut, which turned out to be very successful. No wonder the print media published the works of the young author. But then their editors could hardly have imagined how stunning successes in the field of literature awaited Bunin in the future!
At the age of 19, Ivan Alekseevich moved to Orel and got a job in a newspaper with the eloquent name "Orlovsky Vestnik".
In 1903 and 1909, Ivan Bunin, whose biography is presented to the reader's attention in the article, is awarded the Pushkin Prize. And on November 1, 1909, he was elected an honorary academician to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which specialized in refined literature.
Important events from personal life
The personal life of Ivan Bunin is replete with many interesting points that you should pay attention to. In the life of a great writer, there were 4 women for whom he had tender feelings. And each of them played a certain role in his fate! Let's pay attention to each of them:
- Varvara Pashchenko - Bunin Ivan Alekseevich met her at the age of 19. This happened in the building of the editorial office of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper. But with Varvara, who was one year older than him, Ivan Alekseevich lived in a civil marriage. Difficulties in their relationship began due to the fact that Bunin simply could not provide her with the material standard of living that she aspired to. As a result, Varvara Pashchenko cheated on him with a wealthy landowner.
- Anna Tsakni in 1898 became the legal wife of a famous Russian writer. He met her in Odessa during the holidays and was simply struck by her natural beauty. However, family life quickly cracked due to the fact that Anna Tsakni always dreamed of returning to her hometown - Odessa. Therefore, the whole Moscow life was a burden for her, and she accused her husband of indifference to her and callousness.
- Vera Muromtseva is the beloved woman of Bunin Ivan Alekseevich, with whom he lived the longest - 46 years. They formalized their relationship only in 1922 - 16 years after they met. And Ivan Alekseevich met his future wife in 1906, during a literary evening. After the wedding, the writer and his wife moved to live in the southern part of France.
- Galina Kuznetsova lived next to the writer's wife - Vera Muromtseva - and was not at all embarrassed by this fact, however, like Ivan Alekseevich's wife herself. In total, she lived for 10 years in a French villa.
Political views of the writer
The political views of many people had a significant impact on public opinion. Therefore, certain newspaper publications devoted a lot of time to them.
Even despite the fact that, to a greater extent, Ivan Alekseevich had to do his own work outside of Russia, he always loved his homeland and understood the meaning of the word "patriot". However, Bunin was alien to belonging to any particular party. But in one of his interviews, the writer once mentioned that the idea of a social democratic system is closer to him in spirit.
Personal life tragedy
In 1905, Bunin Ivan Alekseevich experienced a heavy grief: his son Nikolai, whom Anna Tsakni bore to him, died. This fact can definitely be attributed to the personal life tragedy of the writer. However, as follows from the biography, Ivan Bunin held firm, was able to endure the pain of loss and give, despite such a sad event, many literary "pearls" to the whole world! What else is known about the life of the Russian classic?
Ivan Bunin: interesting facts from life
Bunin very much regretted that he graduated from only 4 classes of the gymnasium and could not receive a systematic education. But this fact did not at all prevent him from leaving a considerable mark in the world's literary work.
For a long period of time, Ivan Alekseevich had to stay in exile. And all this time he dreamed of returning to his homeland. Bunin actually cherished this dream until his death, but it remained unrealizable.
At the age of 17, when he wrote his first poem, Ivan Bunin tried to imitate his great predecessors - Pushkin and Lermontov. Perhaps their work had a great influence on the young writer and became an incentive to create his own works.
Now, few people know that in early childhood, the writer Ivan Bunin was poisoned by henbane. Then his nanny saved him from certain death, who gave little Vanya milk to drink in time.
The writer tried to determine the appearance of a person by the limbs, as well as the back of the head.
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich was passionate about collecting various boxes, as well as bottles. At the same time, he fiercely guarded all his “exhibits” for many years!
These and other interesting facts characterize Bunin as an extraordinary person, able not only to realize his talent in the field of literature, but also to take an active part in many fields of activity.
Famous collections and works of Bunin Ivan Alekseevich
The largest works that Ivan Bunin managed to write in his life are the stories "Mitina Lyubov", "Village", "Sukhodol", as well as the novel "Arseniev's Life". It was for the novel that Ivan Alekseevich was awarded the Nobel Prize.
The collection of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin "Dark Alleys" is very interesting for the reader. It contains stories that touch on the theme of love. The writer worked on them in the period from 1937 to 1945, that is, exactly when he was in exile.
Also highly appreciated are the samples of Ivan Bunin's work, which were included in the collection "Cursed Days". It describes the revolutionary events of 1917 and the whole historical aspect that they carried in themselves.
Popular poems by Ivan Alekseevich Bunin
In each of his poems, Bunin clearly expressed certain thoughts. For example, in the famous work "Childhood" the reader gets acquainted with the thoughts of the child with regards to the world around him. A ten-year-old boy reflects on how majestic nature is around and how small and insignificant he is in this universe.
In the verse “Night and Day,” the poet masterfully describes the different times of the day and emphasizes that everything is gradually changing in human life, and only God remains eternal.
Nature is interestingly described in the work “Rafts”, as well as the hard work of those who ferry people to the opposite bank of the river every day.
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Ivan Bunin for his novel "The Life of Arseniev", which actually told about the life of the writer himself. Despite the fact that this book was published in 1930, Ivan Alekseevich tried to “pour out his soul” and his feelings about certain life situations in it.
Officially, the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Bunin on December 10, 1933 - that is, 3 years after the release of his famous novel. He received this honorary award from the hands of the Swedish king Gustav V himself.
It is noteworthy that for the first time in history, the Nobel Prize was awarded to a person who is officially in exile. Until that moment, not a single genius who became its owner was in exile. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin just became this "pioneer", who was noted by the world literary community with such valuable encouragement.
In total, the Nobel Prize winners were supposed to receive 715,000 francs in cash. It would seem that a very impressive amount. But the writer Ivan Alekseevich Bunin quickly squandered it, as he provided financial assistance to Russian emigrants, who bombarded him with many different letters.
Writer's death
Death came to Ivan Bunin rather unexpectedly. His heart stopped during sleep, and this sad event happened on November 8, 1953. It was on this day that Ivan Alekseevich was in Paris and could not even imagine his imminent death.
Surely Bunin dreamed of living a long time and one day dying in his native land, among his relatives and a large number of friends. But fate decreed a little differently, as a result of which the writer spent most of his life in exile. However, thanks to his unsurpassed creativity, he actually ensured immortality for his name. The literary masterpieces written by Bunin will be remembered for many more generations of people. A creative person like him gains worldwide fame and becomes a historical reflection of the era in which she created!
Ivan Bunin was buried in one of the cemeteries in France (Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois). Here is such a rich and interesting biography of Ivan Bunin. What is its role in world literature?
The role of Bunin in world literature
We can safely say that Ivan Bunin (1870-1953) left a noticeable mark on world literature. Thanks to such virtues as ingenuity and verbal sensitivity, which the poet possessed, he was excellent at creating the most suitable literary images in his works.
By his nature, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was a realist, but, despite this, he skillfully supplemented his stories with something fascinating and unusual. The uniqueness of Ivan Alekseevich lay in the fact that he did not consider himself to be a member of any well-known literary group and a "trend" that was fundamental in its view.
All of Bunin's best stories were devoted to Russia and told about everything that connected the writer with it. Perhaps it was thanks to these facts that the stories of Ivan Alekseevich were very popular among Russian readers.
Unfortunately, Bunin's work has not been fully explored by our contemporaries. Scientific research into the language and style of the writer is yet to come. His influence on Russian literature of the 20th century has not yet been revealed, perhaps because, like Pushkin, Ivan Alekseevich is unique. There is a way out of this situation: turning again and again to Bunin's texts, to documents, archives, and contemporaries' memories of him.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin Russian writer, poet, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909), the first Russian Nobel Prize winner in literature (1933), was born on October 22 (according to the old style - October 10), 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of an impoverished nobleman who belonged to an old noble family kind. Bunin's father is a petty official, his mother is Lyudmila Alexandrovna, nee Chubarova. Of their nine children, five died at an early age. Ivan's childhood passed on the Butyrka farm in the Oryol province in communication with peasant peers.
In 1881, Ivan went to the first grade of the gymnasium. In Yelets, the boy studied for about four and a half years - until the middle of the winter of 1886, when he was expelled from the gymnasium for non-payment of tuition. Having moved to Ozerki, under the guidance of his brother Julius, a candidate of the university, Ivan successfully prepared for the matriculation exams.
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In the autumn of 1886, the young man began to write the novel Passion, which he finished on March 26, 1887. The novel was not published.
Since the autumn of 1889, Bunin worked in the Orlovsky Vestnik, where his stories, poems and literary criticism were published. The young writer met the newspaper's proofreader Varvara Pashchenko, who married him in 1891. True, due to the fact that Pashchenko's parents were against marriage, the couple did not get married.
At the end of August 1892, the newlyweds moved to Poltava. Here the elder brother Julius took Ivan to his office. He even came up with a position for him as a librarian, which left enough time for reading and traveling around the province.
After the wife got along with Bunin's friend A.I. Bibikov, the writer left Poltava. For several years he led a hectic life, never staying anywhere for long. In January 1894, Bunin visited Leo Tolstoy in Moscow. Echoes of Tolstoy's ethics and his criticisms of urban civilization are heard in Bunin's stories. The post-reform impoverishment of the nobility evoked nostalgic notes in his soul (“Antonov apples”, “Epitaph”, “New road”). Bunin was proud of his origin, but was indifferent to the “blue blood”, and the feeling of social restlessness grew into a desire to “serve the people of the earth and the God of the universe, the God whom I call Beauty, Reason, Love, Life and who pervades all things.”
In 1896, G. Longfellow's poem "The Song of Hiawatha" was published in Bunin's translation. He also translated Alcaeus, Saadi, Petrarch, Byron, Mickiewicz, Shevchenko, Bialik and other poets. In 1897, Bunin's book "To the End of the World" and other stories were published in St. Petersburg.
Having moved to the Black Sea, Bunin began to collaborate in the Odessa newspaper "Southern Review", published his poems, stories, literary criticism. Newspaper publisher N.P. Tsakni invited Bunin to take part in the publication of the newspaper. Meanwhile, Ivan Alekseevich liked the daughter of Tsakni Anna Nikolaevna. On September 23, 1898, their wedding took place. But the life of the young did not work out. In 1900 they divorced, and in 1905 their son Kolya died.
In 1898, a collection of Bunin's poems Under the Open Sky was published in Moscow, which strengthened his fame. The collection Falling Leaves (1901) was greeted with enthusiastic reviews, which, together with the translation of the Song of Hiawatha, was awarded the Pushkin Prize of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1903 and earned Bunin the fame of "the poet of the Russian landscape." The continuation of poetry was the lyrical prose of the beginning of the century and travel essays (“Shadow of a Bird”, 1908).
“Even then, Bunin’s poetry was distinguished by devotion to the classical tradition, this feature will continue to permeate all of his work,” writes E.V. Stepanyan. - The poetry that brought him fame was formed under the influence of Pushkin, Fet, Tyutchev. But she possessed only her inherent qualities. So, Bunin gravitates towards a sensually concrete image; the picture of nature in Bunin's poetry is made up of smells, sharply perceived colors, and sounds. A special role is played in Bunin's poetry and prose by the epithet used by the writer, as it were, emphatically subjectively, arbitrarily, but at the same time endowed with the persuasiveness of sensory experience.
Not accepting symbolism, Bunin joined the neorealist associations - the Knowledge Association and the Moscow literary circle Sreda, where he read almost all of his works written before 1917. At that time, Gorky considered Bunin "the first writer in Rus'."
Bunin responded to the revolution of 1905–1907 with several declarative poems. He wrote about himself as "a witness to the great and mean, a powerless witness to atrocities, executions, torture, executions."
Then Bunin met his true love - Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, daughter of Nikolai Andreevich Muromtsev, a member of the Moscow City Council, and niece of Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev, chairman of the State Duma. G.V. Adamovich, who knew the Bunins well in France for many years, wrote that Ivan Alekseevich found in Vera Nikolaevna “a friend not only loving, but also devoted with his whole being, ready to sacrifice himself, to yield in everything, while remaining a living person, without turning into a voiceless shadow".
From the end of 1906, Bunin and Vera Nikolaevna met almost daily. Since the marriage with his first wife was not dissolved, they could only get married in 1922 in Paris.
Together with Vera Nikolaevna, Bunin traveled in 1907 to Egypt, Syria and Palestine, in 1909 and 1911 he was with Gorky in Capri. In 1910-1911 he visited Egypt and Ceylon. In 1909, Bunin was awarded the Pushkin Prize for the second time and he was elected an honorary academician, and in 1912 an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature (until 1920 he was a deputy chairman).
In 1910, the writer wrote the story "The Village". According to Bunin himself, this was the beginning of "a whole series of works that sharply depict the Russian soul, its peculiar interweaving, its light and dark, but almost always tragic foundations." The story "Dry Valley" (1911) is a confession of a peasant woman, convinced that "the masters had the same character as the serfs: either rule or be afraid." The heroes of the stories "Strength", "Good Life" (1911), "The Prince of Princes" (1912) are yesterday's serfs, losing their human image in money-grubbing; the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" (1915) is about the miserable death of a millionaire. At the same time, Bunin painted people who had nowhere to apply their natural talent and strength (“Cricket”, “Zakhar Vorobyov”, “John Rydalets”, etc.). Declaring that he was “most of all occupied with the soul of a Russian person in a deep sense, the image of the traits of the psyche of a Slav”, the writer was looking for the core of the nation in the folklore element, in excursions into history (“Six-winged”, “Saint Procopius”, “The Dream of Bishop Ignatius of Rostov”, "Prince Vseslav"). This search was intensified by the First World War, to which Bunin's attitude was sharply negative.
The October Revolution and the Civil War summed up this socio-artistic research. “There are two types among the people,” wrote Bunin. - In one, Rus' prevails, in the other - Chud, Merya. But in both there is a terrible changeability of moods, appearances, "shakyness", as they used to say in the old days. The people themselves said to themselves: "From us, as from a tree - both a club and an icon," depending on the circumstances, on who will process the tree.
From revolutionary Petrograd, avoiding the "terrible proximity of the enemy", Bunin left for Moscow, and from there on May 21, 1918 to Odessa, where the diary "Cursed Days" was written - one of the most violent denunciations of the revolution and the power of the Bolsheviks. In poems, Bunin called Russia a "harlot", he wrote, referring to the people: "My people! Your guides led you to death." “Having drunk the cup of unspeakable mental suffering,” on January 26, 1920, the Bunins left for Constantinople, from there to Bulgaria and Serbia, and arrived in Paris at the end of March.
In 1921, Bunin's collection of short stories "The Gentleman from San Francisco" was published in Paris. This publication caused numerous responses in the French press. Here is just one of them: “Bunin ... a real Russian talent, bleeding, uneven, and at the same time courageous and big. His book contains several stories worthy of Dostoevsky's strength" (Nervie, December 1921).
“In France,” Bunin wrote, “I lived for the first time in Paris, from the summer of 1923 I moved to the Alpes-Maritimes, returning to Paris only for some winter months.”
Bunin settled in the Villa Belvedere, and below the amphitheater is the old Provencal town of Grasse. The nature of Provence reminded Bunin of the Crimea, which he loved very much. Rachmaninoff visited him in Grasse. Novice writers lived under Bunin's roof - he taught them literary skills, criticized what they wrote, expounded his views on literature, history and philosophy. He talked about meetings with Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky. Bunin's closest literary circle included N. Teffi, B. Zaitsev, M. Aldanov, F. Stepun, L. Shestov, as well as his "studios" G. Kuznetsova (Bunin's last love) and L. Zurov.
All these years, Bunin wrote a lot, almost every year his new books appeared. Following "The Gentleman from San Francisco" in 1921, the collection "Initial Love" was released in Prague, in 1924 in Berlin - "The Rose of Jericho", in 1925 in Paris - "Mitina's Love", in the same place in 1929 - " Selected Poems ”- the only poetic collection of Bunin in exile evoked positive responses from V. Khodasevich, N. Teffi, V. Nabokov. In "blissful dreams of the past" Bunin returned to his homeland, recalled his childhood, adolescence, youth, "unsatisfied love."
As E.V. Stepanyan: “The binarity of Bunin's thinking - the idea of the drama of life, associated with the idea of the beauty of the world - gives Bunin's plots the intensity of development and tension. The same intensity of being is palpable in Bunin's artistic detail, which has acquired even greater sensual authenticity in comparison with the works of early creativity.
Until 1927, Bunin spoke in the Vozrozhdenie newspaper, then (for financial reasons) in Latest News, without joining any of the emigrant political groups.
In 1930, Ivan Alekseevich wrote "The Shadow of a Bird" and completed, perhaps, the most significant work of the emigration period - the novel "Arseniev's Life".
Vera Nikolaevna wrote in the late twenties to the wife of the writer B.K. Zaitsev about Bunin's work on this book:
“Yan is in a period (do not jinx it) of drunken work: he sees nothing, hears nothing, writes all day without stopping ... As always in these periods, he is very meek, gentle with me in particular, sometimes he reads what he wrote to me alone - this is with him "a huge honor". And very often he repeats that he never in his life could equate me with anyone, that I am the only one, etc. ”
The description of Aleksey Arseniev's experiences is covered with sadness about the past, about Russia, "which perished before our eyes in such a magically short time." Bunin was able to translate even purely prosaic material into poetic sound (a series of short stories from 1927-1930: "The Calf's Head", "The Hunchback's Romance", "The Rafters", "The Killer", etc.).
In 1922, Bunin was first nominated for the Nobel Prize. R. Rolland put forward his candidacy, which was reported to Bunin by M.A. Aldanov: "...Your candidacy has been declared and declared by a person who is extremely respected throughout the world."
However, the Nobel Prize in 1923 went to the Irish poet W.B. Yeats. In 1926, negotiations were underway again to nominate Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since 1930, Russian émigré writers have resumed their efforts to nominate Bunin for the prize.
The Nobel Prize was awarded to Bunin in 1933. The official decision to award Bunin the prize states:
"By the decision of the Swedish Academy of November 9, 1933, the Nobel Prize in Literature for this year was awarded to Ivan Bunin for the rigorous artistic talent with which he recreated the typical Russian character in literary prose."
Bunin distributed a significant amount of the prize received to those in need. A committee was set up to allocate funds. Bunin told Segodnya correspondent P. Nilsky: “... As soon as I received the prize, I had to distribute about 120,000 francs. Yes, I don't know how to handle money. Now this is especially difficult. Do you know how many letters I received asking for help? In the shortest possible time, up to 2,000 such letters came.
In 1937, the writer completed the philosophical and literary treatise "The Liberation of Tolstoy" - the result of lengthy reflections based on his own impressions and testimonies of people who knew Tolstoy closely.
In 1938 Bunin visited the Baltic states. After this trip, he moved to another villa - Jeannette, where he spent the entire Second World War in difficult conditions. Ivan Alekseevich was very worried about the fate of the Motherland and enthusiastically received all reports of the victories of the Red Army. Bunin dreamed of returning to Russia until the last minute, but this dream was not destined to come true.
The book "On Chekhov" (published in New York in 1955) Bunin failed to complete. His last masterpiece - the poem "Night" - is dated 1952.
On November 8, 1953, Bunin died and was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois near Paris.
Based on the materials of "100 great Nobel laureates" Mussky S.
- Biography
