There are so many books you can't find on store shelves these days! The basis of the current genre richness of literature is both the historically shaped legacy of writers of past years and the trends of the present. So today, readers are presented with many directions, trends and genres.

But literary diversity is especially interesting for writers: after all, it is up to them to decide in which genre to work. And if you are a novice author, then it is especially important for you to be able to understand the features and subtleties of genre literature in order to understand future work for sure. And the chances of your manuscript for .

First, what is a genre?

First of all, we note that there are two concepts of genre:

- literary criticism (according to the form of the work - a story, a story, a novel, etc.);

- applied (according to the type of work - a detective story, a love story, an action movie, etc.).

We will consider in detail applied genres of modern literature.

So, a genre is a type of literary work that has strict limits (plot, main conflict and how to solve it, character characteristics, etc.). Genre is a dynamic phenomenon, and the features of one genre often penetrate into another, giving rise to subgenres.

What specific features unite works in a particular genre? Let's figure it out.

The most common modern genres

A fast-paced and usually gory genre that features:

• maximum action: the heroes do not stand still, even when they find themselves at a fork in the main road, and constantly move along the streets of the city, from city to city, from country to country;
• a minimum of meaning - even at a fork in the road, the hero does not think, but acts according to circumstances that are rarely justified even by the fact that “the west is where the sun sets”, a minimum of logic, no descriptions, except for battles;
• the presence of the positive - the savior of the world, humanity, city, government. The hero is outstanding, trained to fight, doomed to act in a situation of constant stress and danger, often finds himself in the thick of things quite by accident and at the same time always survives;
• the presence of an antagonist - a negative hero, who is opposed by a positive hero. The antagonist, as a rule, is very influential, rich, not stupid, slightly out of his mind, wants to destroy the world, country, city, government, and lives to the end to either die there or go to prison;
• descriptions of fights, battles, traps for the hero, various weapons and military technologies make up two-thirds of the book;
• mountains of corpses and a sea of ​​blood with a description of injuries, bruises, torture are mandatory; moreover, half of the corpses are from the villain, half are from the goodie.

2. Detective.

A genre based on solving a mystery, murder, kidnapping or theft, with a detailed description of the investigation.

Genre features:

• logical construction - accidents are excluded, causes and effects are interconnected and justified, each assumption has a factual basis and justification;
• completeness of facts - the investigation is based only on the information that is conveyed to the reader, and it should be as complete and reliable as possible. “And how I thought of this before - you will find out in the finale” - it is excluded. It is important for the reader not only to observe the course of actions, but also to conduct an independent investigation;
• the presence of clear static ones: investigator (detective), assistant detective (partner, trainee), criminal (murderer, kidnapper, thief), victim (killed, family of the killed), informant (for example, a grandmother-neighbor who knows everything about everyone), a witness (witnesses), suspect (circle of suspects);
• everyday life;
• as a rule, a small coverage of the territory of the investigation;
• in the finale, all riddles must be solved, and all questions must be answered.

3. Love story.

A lyrical story based on the feelings and emotions of lovers, the genre features of which are:

• the presence of an outstanding protagonist with a distinctive feature that distinguishes her from the crowd: either she is a gray mouse and a blue stocking, or a stunning beauty with a secret defect, or an old maid, or an impulsive adventurer;
• the presence of the main character - a handsome and courageous aristocrat, charming and charming, often with everything else - a scoundrel and scoundrel, even more often - having a secondary romantic profession (thief, pirate, robber or Robin Hood);
• the presence of a third superfluous (rival) - a lovelorn admirer of the heroine (often from childhood), a beautiful and bright rival (the hero’s former mistress, his abandoned bride or wife);
• romantic and emotional circumstances that bring future lovers together (marriage of convenience, meeting at a ball);
• love (or carnal desire) - at first sight (or touch);
• many obstacles that the characters must overcome in the name of love for each other (difference in social status, poverty and pride of one of the characters, family feud, etc.);
• emotional descriptions of experiences, stormy explanations and showdowns against the backdrop of the beautiful (nature, ballrooms, balconies, greenhouses) occupy two-thirds of the book;
• vivid and sensual descriptions of the first kisses and touches are required, bed scenes - according to the circumstances;
• in the finale, the heroes must overcome all difficulties and obstacles, stay together (get married, get engaged, sleep) and look confidently into a brighter future.

4. Fiction (science fiction,).

A genre based on the existence and interaction of unusual or unrealistic elements or phenomena.

Genre features:

• fictional or altered reality - another planet, an alternative past or future of the Earth, space and the Universe, a parallel world, game reality, a fairy-tale world, etc.;
• a system of scientific or pseudoscientific knowledge, invented (the system of magic) or significantly ahead of the development of modern science, as well as the results of scientific achievements (techno-magic, magical artifacts, spaceships, etc.);
• phenomena that do not exist in nature and biological species of plants, animals, humanoid races, etc.;
• heroes endowed with unusual abilities, and the abilities themselves, which are commonplace in a fictional world;
• wide, often immense (a planet or a system of worlds, the Universe), fantastic laws of the universe (the ability to move into the past, overcome the usual laws of attraction), an unusual structure of the world order, society, order that is different from ours.

Each of the four named genres has, as we have said, many sub-genres: for example, fantasy detective, action fiction (space opera), love fantasy and others. Surely you yourself have met similar ones. 🙂

And we will consider such modern genres as mysticism, historical romance and adventure (adventure novel).

Stay tuned! 😉

As you know, all literary works, depending on the nature of the depicted, belong to one of the three genera: epic, lyric or drama .

1 ) Joke2) Apocrypha3) Ballad a4) Fable5) Bylina

6) Drama7) Life 8) Riddle9) Historical songs

10) Comedy11) Legend12) Lyric13) Novella

14) Ode 15) Essay16) Pamphlet17) Tale

18) Proverbs and sayings 19) Poems 20) Story21) Romance

22) Fairy tale23) Word 24) Tragedy25) Chastushka26) Elegy

27) Epigram 28) Epic29) Epic

Video lesson "Literary types and genres"

EPOS(from the Greek "narrative") is a generalized name for works depicting events external to the author.

LYRICS(from the Greek "performed to the lyre") is a generalized name for works in which there is no plot, but the feelings, thoughts, experiences of the author or his lyrical hero are depicted.

DRAMA(from the Greek. "action") - a generalized name of works intended for staging on stage; the drama is dominated by the dialogue of the characters, the author's beginning is minimized.

Varieties of epic, lyrical and dramatic works are called types of literary works.

Type and genre - concepts in literary criticism very close.

Genres are variations in the type of literary work. For example, a genre version of a story can be a fantasy or historical story, and a genre version of a comedy can be a vaudeville, etc. Strictly speaking, a literary genre is a historically established type of work of art containing certain structural features and aesthetic quality characteristic of this group of works.

TYPES (GENRES) OF EPIC WORKS:

epic, novel, story, short story, fairy tale, fable, legend.

EPIC is a major work of art that tells about significant historical events. In ancient times - a narrative poem of heroic content. In the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, the epic novel genre appears - this is a work in which the formation of the characters of the main characters occurs in the course of their participation in historical events.

ROMAN is a large narrative work of art with a complex plot, in the center of which is the fate of the individual.

A STORY is a work of art that occupies a middle position between a novel and a short story in terms of the volume and complexity of the plot. In ancient times, any narrative work was called a story.

STORY - a work of art of a small size, which is based on an episode, an incident from the life of a hero.

FAIRY TALE - a work about fictional events and heroes, usually with the participation of magical, fantastic forces.

FABLE (from “bayat” - to tell) is a narrative work in poetic form, small in size, moralizing or satirical in nature.

TYPES (GENRES) OF LYRICAL WORKS:

ode, hymn, song, elegy, sonnet, epigram, message.

ODA (from the Greek “song”) is a choral, solemn song.

HYMN (from Greek “praise”) is a solemn song based on programmatic verses.

EPIGRAM (from Greek “inscription”) is a short satirical poem of a mocking nature that arose in the 3rd century BC. e.

ELEGY - a genre of lyrics dedicated to sad thoughts or a lyrical poem imbued with sadness. Belinsky called an elegy "a song of sad content." The word "elegy" is translated as "reed flute" or "mournful song". The elegy originated in ancient Greece in the 7th century BC. e.

MESSAGE - a poetic letter, an appeal to a specific person, a request, a wish, a confession.

SONNET (from the Provencal sonette - "song") - a poem of 14 lines, which has a certain rhyming system and strict stylistic laws. The sonnet originated in Italy in the 13th century (the creator is the poet Jacopo da Lentini), appeared in England in the first half of the 16th century (G. Sarri), and in Russia in the 18th century. The main types of the sonnet are Italian (from 2 quatrains and 2 tercetes) and English (from 3 quatrains and the final couplet).

LYROEPIC TYPES (GENRES):

Genre is the type of content form that determines the integrity of a literary work, which is determined by the unity of the theme, composition and style; a historically established group of literary works, united by a set of features of content and form.

Genre in literature

In the artistic structure, the genre category is a modification of the literary type; the species, in turn, is a variety of the literary genus. There is another approach to the generic relationship: - genre - genre variety, modification or form; in some cases, it is proposed to distinguish only between genus and genre.
The belonging of genres to traditional literary genres (epos, lyrics, drama, lyrical epic) determines their content and thematic orientation.

Genre in ancient literature

In ancient literature, the genre was an ideal artistic norm. The ancient ideas about the genre norm were mainly addressed to poetic forms, prose was not taken into account, since it was considered trivial reading matter. Poets often followed the artistic patterns of their predecessors, trying to surpass the pioneers of the genre. Ancient Roman literature relied on the poetic experience of ancient Greek authors. Virgil (1st century BC) continued the epic tradition of Homer (8th century BC), since the Aeneid is oriented towards the Odyssey and the Iliad. Horace (I century BC) owns odes written in the manner of the ancient Greek poets Arion (VII-VI centuries BC) and Pindar (VI-V centuries BC). Seneca (І century BC) developed the dramatic art, reviving the work of Aeschylus (VI-V century BC) and Euripides (V century BC).

The origins of the systematization of genres go back to the treatises of Aristotle "Poetics" and Horace "The Science of Poetry", in which the genre denoted a set of artistic norms, their regular and fixed system, and the author believed the purpose of the composition to be in accordance with the properties of the chosen genre. Understanding the genre as a constructed model of a work led to the subsequent emergence of a number of normative poetics, including dogmas and laws of poetry.

Renewal of the European genre system in the 11th-17th centuries

The European genre system began its renewal in the Middle Ages. In the XI century. new lyrical genres of troubadour poets arose (serenades, albs), later the genre of the medieval novel was born (chivalrous novels about King Arthur, Lancelot, Tristan and Isolde). In the XIV century. Italian poets had a significant impact on the development of new genres: Dante Alighieri wrote the poem "The Divine Comedy" (1307-1321), connecting the narrative and the genre of vision, Francesco Petrarch approved the genre of the sonnet ("Book of Songs", 1327-1374), Giovanni Boccaccio canonized the novel genre (The Decameron, 1350-1353). At the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries. genre varieties of drama were expanded by the English poet and playwright W. Shakespeare, whose famous plays - Hamlet (1600-1601), King Lear (1608), Macbeth (1603-1606) - contain in themselves signs of tragedy and comedy and belong to tragicomedies.

Code and hierarchy of genres in classicism

The most complete, systematic and significant set of genre norms was formed in the 17th century. with the advent of the treatise poem by the French poet Nicolas Boileau-Despreo "Poetic Art" (1674). The work defines the genre system of classicism, regulated by reason, a generally understood style with the division of literary genres into epic, dramatic, lyrical genera. The structure of the canonical genres of classicism goes back to ancient forms and images.

The literature of classicism was characterized by a strict hierarchy of genres, delimiting them into high (ode, epic, tragedy) and low (fable, satire, comedy). Mixing of genre features was not allowed.

Genres of literary aesthetics of romanticism

Literature of the Romantic era in the 18th century. did not obey the canons of classicism, as a result of which the traditional genre system lost its advantage. In the context of a change in literary trends, deviations from the rules of normative poetics, classical genres are being rethought, as a result of which some of them ceased to exist, while others, on the contrary, became entrenched.

At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the center of the literary aesthetics of romanticism were lyrical genres - ode ("Ode on the capture of Khotin" by M. Lomonosov, 1742; "Felitsa" by G. R. Derzhavin, 1782, "Ode to Joy" by F. Schiller, 1785 .), a romantic poem (“Gypsies” by A. S. Pushkin, 1824), a ballad (“Lyudmila” (1808), “Svetlana” (1813) by V. A. Zhukovsky), an elegy (“Rural cemetery” by V. A. Zhukovsky, 1808); comedy prevailed in the drama (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboyedov, 1825).

Prose genres flourished: epic novel, story, short story. The most common type of epic literature of the XIX century. considered a novel, which was called the "eternal genre". The novels of Russian writers Leo Tolstoy ("War and Peace", 1865-1869; "Anna Karenina", 1875-1877; "Resurrection", 1899) and F.M. Dostoevsky ("Crime and Punishment", 1866; "The Idiot", 1868; "Demons", 1871-1872; "The Brothers Karamazov", 1879-1880).

The Formation of Genres in the Literature of the 20th Century

The formation of mass literature in the twentieth century, its need for stable thematic, compositional and stylistic prescriptions led to the formation of a new system of genres, based primarily on the "absolute center of the genre system of literature" according to the Russian scientist M. M. Bakhtin - the novel.
Within the framework of popular literature, new genres have developed: romance novel, sentimental novel, crime novel (action movie, thriller), dystopian novel, anti-novel, science fiction, fantasy, etc.

Modern literary genres are not part of a predetermined structure, they arise as a result of the embodiment of the author's ideas in verbal and artistic works.

The origins of genre varieties

The appearance of genre varieties can be associated both with the literary direction, trend, school - a romantic poem, classic ode, symbolist drama, etc., and with the names of individual authors who introduced genre-stylistic forms of the artistic whole into literary circulation (Pindaric ode , Byron's poem, Balzac's novel, etc.), which form traditions, and this means the possibility of different types of their assimilation (imitation, stylization, etc.).

The word genre comes from French genre, which means genus, species.

A literary genre is a group of literary works that has common historical development trends and is united by a set of properties in terms of its content and form. Sometimes this term is confused with the concepts of "view" "form". To date, there is no single clear classification of genres. Literary works are subdivided according to a certain number of characteristic features.

The history of the formation of genres

The first systematization of literary genres was presented by Aristotle in his Poetics. Thanks to this work, the impression began to emerge that the literary genre is a natural stable system that requires the author to fully comply with the principles and canons a certain genre. Over time, this led to the formation of a number of poetics, strictly prescribing to the authors exactly how they should write a tragedy, ode or comedy. For many years these requirements remained unshakable.

Decisive changes in the system of literary genres began only towards the end of the 18th century.

At the same time, literary works aimed at artistic search, in their attempts to move as far as possible from genre divisions, gradually came to the emergence of new phenomena unique to literature.

What literary genres exist

To understand how to determine the genre of a work, you need to familiarize yourself with the existing classifications and the characteristic features of each of them.

Below is a sample table to determine the type of existing literary genres

Separation of genres by content

Classification of literary movements based on content includes comedy, tragedy and drama.

Comedy is a kind of literature which provides for a humorous approach. Varieties of the comic direction are:

There is also a comedy of characters and a comedy of situations. In the first case, the source of humorous content is the internal features of the characters, their vices or shortcomings. In the second case, comedy is manifested in the circumstances and situations.

Tragedy - drama genre with the obligatory catastrophic denouement, the opposite of the comedy genre. Tragedy usually reflects the deepest conflicts and contradictions. The plot is extremely intense. In some cases, tragedies are written in verse form.

Drama is a special kind of fiction, where the events that take place are transmitted not through their direct description, but through the monologues or dialogues of the characters. Drama as a literary phenomenon existed among many peoples even at the level of folklore. Originally in Greek, this term meant a sad event that affects one particular person. Subsequently, the drama began to represent a wider range of works.

The most famous prose genres

The category of prose genres includes literary works of various sizes, made in prose.

Novel

The novel is a prose literary genre that implies a detailed narrative about the fate of the heroes and certain critical periods of their lives. The name of this genre originates in the XII century, when chivalric stories were born "in the folk Romance language" as opposed to Latin historiography. A short story was considered a plot version of the novel. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, such concepts as a detective novel, a women's novel, and a fantasy novel appeared in literature.

Novella

Novella is a kind of prose genre. Her birth was served by the famous The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio. Subsequently, several collections based on the Decameron model were released.

The era of romanticism introduced elements of mysticism and phantasmagorism into the genre of the short story - examples are the works of Hoffmann, Edgar Allan Poe. On the other hand, the works of Prosper Mérimée bore the features of realistic stories.

novella like short story with a twist became a defining genre in American literature.

The salient features of the novel are:

1. Maximum brevity.
2. Sharpness and even paradoxicality of the plot.
3. Neutrality of style.
4. Lack of descriptiveness and psychologism in the presentation.
5. An unexpected denouement, always containing an extraordinary turn of events.

Tale

The story is called prose of a relatively small volume. The plot of the story, as a rule, is in the nature of reproducing the natural events of life. Usually the story reveals the fate and personality of the hero against the backdrop of ongoing events. A classic example is “The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” by A.S. Pushkin.

Story

A story is a small form of prose work, which originates from folklore genres - parables and fairy tales. Some Literary Specialists as a Kind of Genre review essay, essay and novel. Usually the story is characterized by a small volume, one storyline and a small number of characters. The stories are characteristic of literary works of the 20th century.

Play

A play is a dramatic work that is created for the purpose of subsequent theatrical production.

The structure of the play usually includes the phrases of the characters and the author's remarks describing the environment or the actions of the characters. There is always a list of characters at the beginning of a play. with a brief description of their appearance, age, character, etc.

The whole play is divided into large parts - acts or actions. Each action, in turn, is divided into smaller elements - scenes, episodes, pictures.

The plays of J.B. Molière ("Tartuffe", "Imaginary Sick") B. Shaw ("Wait and see"), B. Brecht. ("The Good Man from Cesuan", "The Threepenny Opera").

Description and examples of individual genres

Consider the most common and significant examples of literary genres for world culture.

Poem

A poem is a large poetic work that has a lyrical plot or describes a sequence of events. Historically, the poem was "born" from the epic

In turn, a poem can have many genre varieties:

1. Didactic.
2. Heroic.
3. Burlesque,
4. satirical.
5. Ironic.
6. Romantic.
7. Lyric-dramatic.

Initially, the leading themes for creating poems were world-historical or important religious events and themes. Virgil's Aeneid is an example of such a poem., "The Divine Comedy" by Dante, "The Liberated Jerusalem" by T. Tasso, "Paradise Lost" by J. Milton, "Henriad" by Voltaire, etc.

At the same time, a romantic poem also developed - “The Knight in a Panther's Skin” by Shota Rustaveli, “Furious Roland” by L. Ariosto. This kind of poem to a certain extent echoes the tradition of medieval chivalric romances.

Over time, moral, philosophical and social topics began to come to the fore (“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. Byron, “The Demon” by M. Yu. Lermontov).

In the 19th-20th centuries, the poem began to become realistic(“Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Russia” by N.A. Nekrasov, “Vasily Terkin” by A.T. Tvardovsky).

epic

Under the epic it is customary to understand the totality of works that are united by a common era, national identity, theme.

The emergence of each epic is due to certain historical circumstances. As a rule, the epic claims to be objective and reliable presentation of events.

visions

This kind of narrative genre, when the story is told from the perspective of, allegedly experiencing a dream, lethargy or hallucination.

1. Already in the era of antiquity, under the guise of real visions, fictional events began to be described in the form of visions. The authors of the first visions were Cicero, Plutarch, Plato.
2. In the Middle Ages, the genre began to gain momentum in popularity, reaching its heights with Dante in his Divine Comedy, which in its form represents an expanded vision.
3. For some time, visions were an integral part of the church literature of most European countries. The editors of such visions have always been representatives of the clergy, thus obtaining the opportunity to express their personal views, allegedly on behalf of higher powers.
4. Over time, a new sharply social satirical content was invested in the form of visions (“Visions of Peter the Ploughman” by Langland).

In more modern literature, the genre of visions has come to be used to introduce elements of fantasy.

Video lesson 2: Literary genera and genres

Lecture: Literary genera. Genres of literature

Literary genera

epic- a story about past events. Large epic works contain descriptions, reasoning, lyrical digressions, and dialogues. The epic involves the participation of a large number of actors, many events that are not limited by time or space. In works of an epic nature, a significant role is given to the narrator or narrator, who does not interfere in the course of events, assesses what is happening from a distance, objectively (I. Goncharov's novels, A. Chekhov's stories). Often the narrator tells a story heard from the narrator.

Lyrics unites a lot of poetic genres: sonnet, elegy, song, romance. A lyrical work is easy to distinguish from the other two main types of literature - epic and drama - by the absence of events and the presence of an image of a person's inner world, a description of the change in his moods, impressions. In the lyrics, the description of nature, event or object is presented from the standpoint of personal experience.

Between these main types of literature there is an intermediate, lyrical-epic genre. Lyro-epos combines epic narrative and lyrical emotionality into one whole (A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").

Drama- the main literary genus, residing in two hypostases - the genus of stage action and the genre of literature. In a dramatic work there is no narrative detailed description, the text consists entirely of dialogues, replicas, monologues of characters. In order for a stage action to have signs of a drama, a conflict is necessary (the main and only one, or several conflict situations). Some playwrights are masterfully able to show the inner action, when the characters only reflect and experience, thereby “moving” the plot to the denouement.

So, remember what is the difference between the main literary genres:

Epic - the event is told

Lyrics - the event is experienced

Drama - the event is depicted

Genres of literature

Novel- belongs to the epic genre of literature, is distinguished by a significant time period in the development of the plot, filled with many characters. Some novels trace the fate of several generations of the same family ("family sagas"). In the novel, as a rule, several storylines develop simultaneously, complex and deep life processes are shown. A work written in the genre of a novel is full of conflicts (internal, external), events do not always keep the chronology of following.

Roman - epic describes the broad layers of folk life at the climax, at the turn of historical eras. Other features of the epic are similar to the features of the novel as an epic work. The genre includes "Quiet Flows the Don" by M. Sholokhov, "War and Peace" by L. Tolstoy.

Tale- a prose work of medium volume (less than a novel in terms of the amount of text and in terms of the number of characters, but more than a story).

Compositional features: the story is characterized by a chronicle development of events, the author does not set large-scale historical tasks for the reader. Compared to the novel, the story is a more "chamber" literary genre, where the main action is focused on the character and fate of the protagonist.

Story is a work of small prose form. Characteristic signs:

short duration of events

a small number of characters (there can be only one or two characters),

one problem,

one event.

Feature article- a literary prose work of small form, a kind of story. The essay deals mostly with pressing social problems. The plot is based on facts, documents, observations of the author.

Parable- a short prose story of an instructive nature, the content is conveyed with the help of allegories, in an allegorical manner. The parable is very close to a fable, but unlike it, it does not end the story with a ready-made moral, but invites the reader to think and draw a conclusion for himself.

Poetry

Poem- a voluminous poetic plot work. The poem combines the features of lyrics and epic: on the one hand, this is a detailed, voluminous content, on the other hand, the inner world of the hero is revealed in all details, his experiences, the movements of the soul are carefully studied by the author.

Ballad. Works written in the ballad genre are not as common in modern literature as poetry or songs, but in former times ballad creativity was very widespread and popular. In ancient times (presumably in the Middle Ages), the ballad was a folklore work of a ritual nature that combined song and dance. The ballad is easily recognizable by the plot of the narration, subordination to a strict rhythm, repetitions (refrains) of individual words or entire lines. The ballad was especially loved in the era of romanticism: the thematic diversity of the genre allowed romantic poets to create fantastic, fabulous, historical, humorous works. Quite often, plots from translated literature were taken as a basis. The ballad experienced a rebirth at the beginning of the 20th century, the genre was developed during the years of the development of the ideas of revolutionary romance.

Lyric poem. The most beloved representative of the poetic genre by readers and listeners is a lyric poem. Small in volume, often written in the first person, the poem conveys the feelings, moods, experiences of the lyrical hero, or directly the author of the verse.

Song. Small-form poetic works containing stanzas (verse) and refrain (chorus). As a literary genre, the song is in the culture of every nation, these are the oldest examples of amateur oral art - folk songs. Songs are composed in a variety of genres: there are historical, heroic, folk, humorous, etc. A song may have an official author - a professional poet, a song may have a collective author (folk art), songs are composed by professional amateurs (the so-called "author's", amateur song).

Elegy. One can guess what an elegy is by translating the meaning of the word from the Greek language - “mournful song”. Indeed, elegies always bear the imprint of a sad mood, sadness, sometimes even grief. Some philosophical experiences of the lyrical hero are turned into an elegiac form. Elegiac verse was very popular among romantic and sentimentalist poets.

Message. A letter in verse addressed to a specific person or group of people received the name “message” in poetry. The content of such a work could be friendly, lyrical, mocking, etc.

Epigram. This small poem could be quite capacious in content: often only a few lines contained a capacious, devastating description of some person or several persons. Recognition of the epigram was given by two circumstances: wit and extreme brevity. A. Pushkin, P. Vyazemsky, I. Dmitriev, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev were famous for their magnificent, sometimes unpleasant epigrams. In modern poetry, A. Ivanov, L. Filatov, V. Gaft are considered outstanding masters of the “striking line”.

Oh yeah composed in honor of an event or a particular person. A poetic work of a small form was filled with solemn content, distinguished by grandiloquence of presentation (“high calm”), pomposity. If the Ode was dedicated to the reigning person, the small form could be significantly “enlarged” so that the poet could mark with verse all the excellent qualities of the addressee.

Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines (4 + 4 + 3 + 3), has certain construction rules:

Three-liner. denouement

Three-liner. A denouement is planned

Quatrain. Exposition development

The final line of the denouement expresses the essence of the poem.

Comedy, tragedy, drama

It's hard to define funny. What exactly creates laughter? Why is it funny?

Comedy(Greek "jolly song") from the moment of its appearance to the present day is the most beloved type of stage work and literary creativity. In works of comedic content, the authors depict human types and various life situations in a comic manifestation: ugliness is presented as beauty, stupidity is presented as a manifestation of a brilliant mind, and so on.

Comedies are of several types:

"High" ("Woe from Wit") - a serious life situation is presented against the background of the actions of comic characters.

Satirical ("Inspector") - exposes the characters and actions in a funny, ridiculous light.

Lyrical ("The Cherry Orchard") - there is no division of heroes into "good" and "bad", there is no action, there is no visible conflict. Sounds, details, symbolism are of great importance.

Tragedy- a special dramatic genre: there is no, and cannot be, a happy denouement in the work. The plot of the tragic work lies in the irreconcilable clash of the hero with society, with Fate, with the outside world. The outcome of a tragedy is always sad - in the end, the hero must die. Especially tragic were the ancient Greek tragedies, created according to strictly prescribed rules. Later (in the 18th century), tragedy began to gradually lose its genre rigor, moving closer to drama. New genres are being formed - heroic historical, tragic drama. At the end of the XIX century. tragedy and comedy were united, a new genre appeared - tragicomedy.

Drama differs as a genre of literature and as a kind of stage performance.

To understand the features of a drama, one can compare the features, characteristic features of a tragedy and a dramatic work.