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Famous figures of art and science. Renaissance Figures: List and Achievements

Famous figures of art and science. Renaissance Figures: List and Achievements

11.04.2019

Cultural figures is a concept as general as culture itself, and this category is a whole philosophical topic. Culture is understood as something, on the one hand, man-made, social - as opposed to nature, on the other - as something ordered and subject to the laws of beauty - as opposed to barbarism and savagery. In this sense, art, and science, and religion, and even codes of moral norms can be attributed to the category of culture ... however, delving into the concept of culture as such, we run the risk of completely getting lost in the philosophical and cultural "wilds", so we will narrow our subject of study at the expense of the "state machine" and see what is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture.

First of all, of course, this is everything related to art - philharmonics and concert halls, drama, opera and puppet theaters, circuses, film studios, independent performing groups - orchestras, choirs and ensembles ... that's all the people who work in institutions of this kind and can be called cultural figures. True, more often they use a slightly different wording - “cultural worker”, and “doer” is already something more sublime ... but no specific, documented difference between one and the other can be indicated.

Workers (or, if you like, figures) of culture in our country also include those who train personnel for all these organizations, and at the most basic level: music and art schools are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture, and not education ... it is noteworthy that higher-level educational institutions - for example, music schools and conservatories - still belong to the category of education ... you can’t call it anything but irony of fate: after all, a conservatory student has much more chances to become a musician (i.e. an employee culture) than that of a student of a music school.

But cultural figures include not only those who create art. This category also includes those who preserve it and present it to the general public: art galleries and other museums are also cultural institutions, and their employees are cultural workers. This concept also includes libraries (excluding those that are part of some organizations - for example, universities, in this case we are talking about libraries that are independent organizations).

All cultural figures - no matter how different their areas of activity - have one thing in common: it is relatively easy to do without them. It is no coincidence that all economic crises hit them first of all - for example, in the unforgettable 90s, when teachers and doctors at least tried to go on strike, cultural workers, sitting for months without a salary, did not even dare to do this: after all, if you say a word, they will close ! And yet… imagine that tomorrow all theatres, art galleries and concert halls will be closed… then, of course, we will not die of hunger, cold and disease – but something very important will die in us, which fundamentally distinguishes us from animals. We can say that the main duty of any cultural figure - from a guide in a provincial museum to the director of the Mariinsky Theater - is to make people people.

One of the highest recognitions of merit for such a person is the title of Honored Worker of Culture. True, there are higher titles - Honored Art Worker, Honored Artist - but it is the artists who receive them, and a teacher of a music school can become an Honored Worker of Culture.

Antropov Alexey Petrovich(1716-1795) - Russian painter. Antropov's portraits are distinguished by their connection with the tradition of the parsuna, the truthfulness of the characteristics, and the pictorial techniques of the Baroque.

Argunov Ivan Petrovich(1729-1802) - Russian serf portrait painter. Author of representative ceremonial and chamber portraits.

Argunov Nikolay Ivanovich(1771-1829) - Russian serf portrait painter who experienced the influence of classicism in his work. The author of the famous portrait of P. I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova.

Bazhenov Vasily Ivanovich(1737-1799) - the largest Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. Author of the project for the reconstruction of the Kremlin, the romantic palace and park ensemble in Tsaritsyn, the Pashkov House in Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. His projects were distinguished by boldness of composition, variety of ideas, creative use and combination of traditions of world classical and ancient Russian architecture.

Bering Vitus Jonassen (Ivan Ivanovich)(1681-1741) - navigator, captain-commander of the Russian fleet (1730). Leader of the 1st (1725-1730) and 2nd (1733-1741) Kamchatka expeditions. He passed between the Chukchi Peninsula and Alaska (the strait between them now bears his name), reached North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge. A sea, a strait and an island in the North Pacific Ocean are named after Bering.

Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich(1757-1825) - Russian portrait painter. His works are characterized by features of sentimentalism, a combination of decorative subtlety and grace of rhythms with a true transfer of character (portrait of M. I. Lopukhina and others).

Volkov Fedor Grigorievich(1729-1763) - Russian actor and theatrical figure. In 1750, he organized an amateur troupe in Yaroslavl (actors - I. A. Dmitrevsky, Ya. D. Shumsky), on the basis of which in 1756 the first permanent professional Russian public theater was created in St. Petersburg. He himself played in a number of tragedies by Sumarokov.

Derzhavin Gavrila Romanovich (1743-1816) - Russian poet. Representative of Russian classicism. The author of solemn odes imbued with the idea of a strong Russian statehood, including satire on the nobles, landscape and household sketches, philosophical reflections - "Felitsa", "Velmozha", "Waterfall". Author of many lyrical poems.

Kazakov Matvei Fyodorovich(1738-1812) - an outstanding Russian architect, one of the founders of Russian classicism. In Moscow, he developed types of urban residential buildings and public buildings that organize large urban spaces: the Senate in the Kremlin (1776-1787); Moscow University (1786-1793); Golitsynskaya (1st Gradskaya) hospital (1796-1801); house-estate of Demidov (1779-1791); Petrovsky Palace (1775-1782), etc. He showed a special talent in interior design (the building of the Nobility Assembly in Moscow). Supervised the drawing up of the master plan of Moscow. Created an architectural school.

Kantemir Antioch Dmitrievich(1708-1744) - Russian poet, diplomat. Rationalist educator. One of the founders of Russian classicism in the genre of poetic satire.

Quarenghi Giacomo(1744-1817) - Russian architect of Italian origin, representative of classicism. He worked in Russia from 1780. The Concert Hall pavilion (1786) and the Alexander Palace (1792-1800) in Tsarskoe Selo, the Assignation Bank (1783-1790), the Hermitage Theater (1783-1787) are distinguished by monumentality and rigor of forms, plastic completeness of the image. ), Smolny Institute (1806-1808) in St. Petersburg.

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich(1711-1755) - Russian traveler, explorer of Kamchatka, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1750). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition (1733-1743). Compiled the first "Description of the Land of Kamchatka" (1756).

Kulibin Ivan Petrovich(1735-1818) - an outstanding Russian self-taught mechanic. Author of many unique mechanisms. Improved polishing glass for optical instruments. He developed a project and built a model of a single-arch bridge across the river. Neva with a span of 298 m. He created a prototype of a searchlight ("mirror lamp"), a semaphore telegraph, a palace elevator, etc.

Laptev Khariton Prokofievich(1700-1763) - captain of the 1st rank. Examined in 1739-1742. coast from the river Lena to the river. Khatanga and the Taimyr Peninsula.

Levitsky Dmitry Grigorievich(1735-1822) - Russian painter. In compositionally spectacular ceremonial portraits, solemnity is combined with the vitality of images, colorful richness (Kokorinov, 1769-1770; a series of portraits of pupils of the Smolny Institute, 1773-1776); intimate portraits are deeply individual in their characteristics, restrained in color ("M. A. Dyakova", 1778). In the later period, he partly accepted the influence of classicism (portrait of Catherine II, 1783).

Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich(1711-1765) - the first Russian world-class scientist-encyclopedist, poet. The founder of the modern Russian literary language. Painter. Historian. Figure of public education and science. He studied at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow (since 1731), the Academic University in St. Petersburg (since 1735), in Germany (1736-1741), from 1742 - adjunct, from 1745 - the first Russian academician of the St. Petersburg Academy Sciences. Member of the Academy of Arts (1763).

Maikov Vasily Ivanovich(1728-1778) - Russian poet. Author of the poems "The Ombre Player" (1763), "Elisha, or the Irritated Bacchus" (1771), "Instructive Fables" (1766^1767).

Polzunov Ivan Ivanovich (1728-1766) - Russian heat engineer, one of the inventors of the heat engine. In 1763, he developed a project for a universal steam engine. In 1765, he created the first steam and heat power plant in Russia for factory needs, which worked for 43 days. Died before her trial run.

Popovsky Nikolai Nikitich(1730-1760) - Russian educator, philosopher and poet. Professor at Moscow University (since 1755). A supporter and one of the ideologists of enlightened absolutism.

Rastrelli Bartolomeo Carlo(1675-1744) - sculptor. Italian. Since 1716 - in the service in St. Petersburg, His works are characterized by baroque splendor and splendor, the ability to convey the texture of the depicted material ("Empress Anna Ioannovna with a black child", 1733-1741).

Rastrelli Varfolomey Varfolomeevich(1700-1771) - an outstanding Russian architect, representative of the Baroque. Son of B. K. Rastrelli. His works are characterized by a grandiose spatial scope, clarity of volumes, rigor of rectilinear plans, combined with plasticity of masses, richness of sculptural decoration and color, whimsical ornamentation. The largest works are the Smolny Monastery (1748-1754) and the Winter Palace (1754-1762) in St. Petersburg, the Grand Palace in Peterhof (1747-1752), the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (1752-1757).

Rokotov Fedor Stepanovich(1735-1808) - Russian painter. Thin in painting, deeply poetic portraits are imbued with awareness of the spiritual and physical beauty of a person ("Unknown in a pink dress", 1775; "VE Novosiltsova", 1780, etc.).

Sumarokov Alexander Petrovich(1717-1777) - Russian writer, one of the prominent representatives of classicism. In the tragedies "Khorev" (1747), "Sinav and Truvor" (1750) and others, he raised the problem of civic duty. Author of many comedies, fables, lyrical songs.

Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich(1686-1750) - Russian historian, statesman. Managed state-owned factories in the Urals, was the Astrakhan governor. Author of many works on ethnography, history, geography. The largest and most famous work is "Russian History from Ancient Times".

Trediakovsky Vasily Kirillovich(1703-1768) - Russian poet, philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1745-1759). In the work "A new and short way to the addition of Russian poetry" (1735) he formulated the principles of Russian syllabo-tonic versification. The poem "Tilemakhida" (1766).

Trezzini Domenico(1670-1734) - Russian architect, representative of the early baroque. Swiss by nationality. In Russia since 1703 (invited to participate in the construction of St. Petersburg). He built the summer palace of Peter I (1710-1714), the Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul in the Peter and Paul Fortress (1712-1733), the building of 12 colleges (1722-1734) in St. Petersburg.

Felten Yuri Matveevich(1730-1801) - Russian architect, representative of early classicism. Author of the Old Hermitage (1771-1787), fences of the Summer Garden (1771-1784) in St. Petersburg. Participated in the construction of the granite embankments of the Neva (since 1769).

Kheraskov Mikhail Matveevich(1733-1807) - Russian writer. Author of the famous epic poem "Rossiyada" (1779), written in the spirit of classicism.

Shelikhov (Shelekhov) Grigory Ivanovich(1747-1795) - Russian merchant, pioneer. In 1775 created a company for fur and fur trade in the northern Pacific islands and Alaska. He founded the first Russian settlements in Russian America. Conducted significant geographical research. On the basis of the company created by Shelikhov, the Russian-American Company was formed in 1799.

Shubin Fedot Ivanovich(1740-1805) - an outstanding Russian sculptor. representative of classicism. He created a gallery of psychologically expressive sculptural portraits (busts of A. M. Golitsyn, 1775; M. R. Panina, 1775;

I. G. Orlova, 1778; M. V. Lomonosov, 1792, etc.).

Yakhontov Nikolai Pavlovich(1764-1840) - Russian composer. Author of one of the first Russian operas "Sylph, or the Dream of a Young Woman".

1) S. Ezenstein, I. Bergman, L. Visconti, A. Tarkovsky.

Eisenstein sought to create a completely new, revolutionary film art. In the center of the film, Eisenstein wanted to put the working revolutionary masses. "The Strike" was such a plotless and heroless film, summarizing the mass revolutionary experience of the strike struggle. In an effort to have a stronger impact on the viewer, Eisenstein built sharp, impressive episodes, calling them "attractions". With the help of editing, he created film metaphors similar to literary ones. Combining a show of spooks with a close-up of animals - a monkey, a bulldog, an owl - he ridiculed the enemies of the working class. Bringing together shots of the dispersal of the demonstration by the Cossacks with shots showing the slaughter of a bull, he tried to metaphorically express the concept of "slaughter". Not all experiments succeeded equally well, but still "Strike" was the first truly revolutionary film about the mass actions of the proletariat.

Eisenstein won unprecedented success with his second film, Battleship Potemkin (1925). The uprising of sailors on a warship in July 1905 in this picture became the image of the first Russian revolution, tragically suppressed, but not defeated.

Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born on July 14, 1918 in Sweden, in the city of Uppsala. He graduated from Stockholm University, where he studied literature and art history. Bergman began working professionally in film in 1941, editing scripts. However, he soon wrote his own script called `Baiting`, which was filmed in 1944. Bergman later began directing his own films as well. His directorial works of the 50s and 60s - `Strawberry Meadow`, `The Seventh Seal`, `Smiles of a Summer Night`, `Silence`, `Persona` received worldwide recognition, these films brought Ingmar Bergman fame and respect of professionals. The outstanding director continued to work actively in the cinema in the following decades, and he wrote the scripts for almost all of his films. In the 70s - 80s, `Touch`, `Autumn Sonata`, `From the Life of Puppets`, `Snake Egg`, `Fanny and Alexander` came out on the screens. In addition, Ingmar Bergman, who began his career as a theater director, subsequently did not part with the theater and staged plays by W. Shakespeare, G. Ibsen, A. Chekhov, A. Strindberg.

Visconti(Visconti) Luchino (b. 2.11. 1906, Milan), Italian theater and film director, screenwriter. Born into an aristocratic family. He began working in cinema in 1936. He was a member of a group of anti-fascist young film critics, and appeared in anti-fascist film magazines ("Bianco and Nero", etc.). The first directorial work - the film "Obsession" (1942) based on the novel by American writer J. Kane "The Postman Always Rings Twice". During the 2nd World War, Visconti Luchino participated in the Resistance Movement.

Visconti Luchino was one of the founders of neorealism. The most significant films: "The Earth Shakes" (1948), "The Most Beautiful" (1951), "Feeling" (1954), "Rocco and His Brothers" (1960), "The Leopard" (1962, based on the novel by J. T. dee Lampedusa) and "The Damned" ("Death of the Gods", 1970).

Since 1945 he has also worked as a theater director. Staged performances: "Death of a Salesman" (1950) and "View from the Bridge" (1958) by Miller, "Three Sisters" (1952) and "Uncle Vanya" (1956) by Chekhov; operas "La Traviata" and "Il trovatore" by Verdi, etc. A number of films by Visconti Luchino received awards at international film festivals.

Andremy Arsemnievich Tarkomvsky(April 4, 1932, Yuryevets, Ivanovo region, RSFSR - December 29, 1986, Paris, France) - film director, screenwriter. According to many foreign critics, after Eisenstein, this is the second most important Soviet director in terms of his contribution to world cinema and influence on the history of its development.

2) A. Camus, E. Fromm, A. Schweitzer.

Camus Albert, French writer, publicist and philosopher was born in 1913 in Mondovi (Algeria) in a working class family. He was actively engaged in theatrical and social activities, collaborated in the leftist press, published a collection of lyrical essays "Inside Out and Face" (1937). In 1934-1937. was in the Communist Party.

In 1938, his novel "Marriage" was published, after which Camus moved to France, to Paris, where he collaborated in the underground newspaper "Combat". Camus published a philosophical essay "The Myth of Sisyphus", comparing human existence with Sisyphean labor, arguing that the meaning of life is in labor and constant activity. In 1947, the novel "The Plague" was published, where fascism is a symbol of evil and violence. Camus raises the same problems in the play "Caligula", which was based on the work of Suetonius "The Life of the Twelve Caesars". In 1951, the book "Rebellious Man" was published, in which Camus sharply condemned dictatorship and totalitarianism in all their manifestations, including communism. In 1956, the story "The Fall" was published, in which the problems of guilt and repentance were considered in the spirit of the ethical norms of Christianity.

In 1957, Camus was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his enormous contribution to literature, highlighting the importance of human conscience."

Fromm Erich, German-American psychologist and sociologist, representative of neo-Freudianism. Born March 23, 1900 in Frankfurt am Main in the family of a Jewish wine merchant.

After graduating from the gymnasium, Fromm became one of the organizers of the Society for Jewish Public Education, in 1919 he entered the University of Heidelberg, from which he graduated in 1922, receiving a Ph.D. Under the influence of theories 3. Freud became interested in psychoanalysis and abandoned the range of previous values. He began to study Buddhism and combine psychoanalysis with practical medicine. For a number of years he led the practice of a psychoanalyst, combining it with scientific and literary work, since 1951 - professor at the University of Mexico City

Gradually, Fromm moves away from Freud's biologism, approaching in his views to anthropological psychologism and existentialism. World fame Fromm was brought by books on the direction of analytical social psychology he founded, which develops an integral concept of the human personality and makes the mechanisms of interaction of psychological and social factors in the process of its formation the main object of study. Major works: "Escape from Freedom" (1941), "Tales, Myths and Dreams" (1951), "Healthy Society" (1955), "The Art of Loving" (1956), "Modern Man and His Future" (1959), "Freed from the Captivity of Illusions" (1962), "The Soul of Man" (1964), "Anatomy of Human Destructiveness" (1973), "To Have or Be" (1976).

Schweitzer Albert, German-French thinker, theologian, physician, musicologist and organist; world famous for anti-war speeches. Born January 14, 1875 in Alsace, in Kaysersberg, in the family of a Lutheran priest. Having defended in 1901 his doctoral dissertation "The Religious Philosophy of Kant", he became a professor and then director of the Theological College of St. Thomas. In 1906, he published his main theological work, The Question of the Historical Jesus. Simultaneously with his scientific activities, he continued to gain fame as an organist and musicologist - in 1911, for the creation of a biography of J. S. Bach, he received a doctorate in musicology. However, at the age of 22, Schweitzer vowed to study philosophy, music and theology only until the age of 30, and devote the rest of his life to the direct service of humanity. In fulfillment of this oath, Schweitzer entered the medical college of the University of Strasbourg in 1905 and in 1911 received a medical degree. In 1918 he returned to Europe and until 1924 acted as a concert organist and wrote books, the most famous of which were published in 1923 "Philosophy of Culture. The Decline and Revival of Civilization" and "Philosophy of Culture. Culture and Ethics", which became for Schweitzer the main business of life and a platform for preaching his ideas.

In 1928, Schweitzer was awarded the Frankfurt Goethe Prize, and in 1952 the Nobel Peace Prize, with the funds from which he built a leper colony at his hospital. At the end of his life, he became an active fighter for nuclear disarmament and a complete ban on nuclear weapons tests. Schweitzer died on September 4, 1965 in Lambarene.

3) Hemingway Ernest Miller, American writer, was born July 21, 1899 near Chicago in the family of a wealthy doctor. He began to write poetry and stories early, therefore, after graduating from school (1917), he began working as a reporter for the Kansas Star newspaper, but six months later he went to the front of the First World War, becoming a driver for the American Red Cross detachment. Returning from the war, in 1920-1923. worked in the Canadian newspaper "Toronto Daily Star" first as a local and then as a European reporter.

Hemingway's first book - a collection of short stories "In Our Time" (1925), was published in Paris, the following year the novel "The Sun Also Rises" ("Fiesta"), dedicated to the "lost generation", as well as the novel that brought world popularity to the author " Bye weapons!" (1929).

During World War II, Hemingway returned to the US Army; after the end of the war, his work again began to noticeably decline - a very weak and largely secondary novel "Across the River, in the Shade of Trees" (1950) and the unfinished novel "Islands in the Ocean" (published 1970). However, in 1952, the story-parable "The Old Man and the Sea" appeared, which became the result of the writer's work, for which he was awarded the Pulitzer (1953) and Nobel (1954) prizes.

Francis Scott Kay Fitzgerald born September 24, 1896 in Saint Paul (Minnesota) in the family of a small entrepreneur.

1920 - The first novel "This Side of Paradise" (This Side of Paradise), begun during the First World War, is published. The plot of the novel is taken from the author's own life. "This Side of Paradise" shows a typical scenario of a young man's life in the USA in the 1920s. The popularity of Fitzgerald's novel opens his way to the world of great literature: his works begin to be published in prestigious magazines and newspapers, such as Scribner's, The Saturday Evening Post. In addition to fame, this work brings good income. Such unexpected changes in the financial situation Fitzgerald allowed him and Zelda to live so beautifully that Ring Lardner called them the prince and princess of their generation.
1922 - Fitzgerald's second novel, The Beautiful and Damned, is published, describing the painful marriage of two gifted and attractive representatives of artistic bohemia. There is also a collection of short stories "Tales of the Jazz Age" (Tales of the Jazz Age).
1923 - the unsuccessful play "Vegetable" (Vegetable; Russian translation of "Scum") is released, which brought only losses.
1925 - Upon returning to Paris, Fitzgerald completes and publishes The Great Gatsby.
1926 - A collection of short stories "All these sad young people" is published. His wife Zelda experiences several bouts of mental clouding and gradually goes insane. She cannot be cured. Fitzgerald goes through a painful crisis and starts drinking heavily.
1934 - The novel Tender Is the Night is published - not without autobiographical motives, the tragic story of a young psychiatrist Dick Diver, whose talent is ruined by the wealth and deceptive happiness of an idle and outwardly bright life.
1935 - a collection of stories "wake-up signals" (Top at Reveille).
1937 - Fitzgerald decides to become a screenwriter in Hollywood, where he meets Sheila Graham and falls in love with her. The last years of his life, Fitzgerald lives with her, although during regular binges he becomes violent and even cruel.
December 21, 1940 - Fitzgerald died at his home in California from a heart attack.
1941 - Fitzgerald's unfinished novel The Last Tycoon is published posthumously, providing a brilliant description of the movie business.

Russian chemist German Ivanovich (Hermann Heinrich) Hess was born in Geneva in the family of an artist who soon moved to Russia. At the age of 15, Gess left for Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia), where he studied first at a private school, and then at a gymnasium, which he graduated with brilliance in 1822. Returning to Dorpat, Hess was assigned to Irkutsk, where he was to study medical practice. In Irkutsk, he also studied the chemical composition and therapeutic effect of mineral waters, studied the properties of rock salt in the deposits of the Irkutsk province. In 1828, Hess was awarded the title of adjunct, and in 1830 - an extraordinary academician of the Academy of Sciences. In the same year, he received the chair of chemistry at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, where he developed a curriculum for practical and theoretical chemistry. In 1832-1849. was a professor at the Mining Institute, taught at the Artillery School. In the late 1820s - early 1830s. he taught the basics of chemical knowledge to Tsarevich Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II.

Hermann Hess gained world fame as the founder of thermochemistry. The scientist formulated the basic law of thermochemistry - "the law of constancy of heat sums", which is an application of the law of conservation of energy to chemical processes. According to this law, the thermal effect of a reaction depends only on the initial and final states of the reactants, and not on the path of the process (Hess's law Hess also owns the discovery of the second law of thermochemistry - the law of thermoneutrality, according to which there is no thermal effect when mixing neutral salt solutions. Hess also dealt with issues methods of teaching chemistry.His textbook "Fundamentals of Pure Chemistry" (1831) went through seven editions (the last - in 1849).

4) Alexander Nikolaevich Skryabin- the great Russian composer and pianist. In his music, Russia heard its present, saw its future ... It seemed to his contemporaries that he left too soon, leaving them on the path that he himself had planned, without completing what he had planned, without reaching the goal. And at the age of three he was already sitting for hours at the instrument. The boy treated the piano as a living being. He himself made them in his childhood - small toy pianos... Anton Rubinstein, who once taught Scriabin's mother, by the way, a brilliant pianist, was amazed by his musical abilities.

Scriabin began to compose music early - at the age of seven he wrote his first opera, naming it after the girl with whom he was then in love. Scriabin starts to tour early and successfully. First trip abroad - Berlin, Dresden, Lucerne, Genoa. Then Paris. Reviewers, as well as the public, are favorable to him. "He is all impulse and sacred flame," writes one. "He reveals in his playing the elusive and peculiar charm of the Slavs - the first pianists in the world," says another. In parallel, Scriabin writes a lot, and his works immediately enter the repertoire of other pianists. In 1897 he completed his famous Second Sonata (there will be 10 in total) and the Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. In the same year, he marries V. I. Isakovich, a brilliant pianist, also a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory. They have known each other for a long time, they have common interests, but the marriage will be unsuccessful and will end in a break after seven years.

D. Shostakovich- One of the largest composers of our time, an outstanding pianist, teacher and public figure Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich was born in St. Petersburg on September 25 (old style 12) September 1906.

Father is a chemical engineer, music lover. The mother is a gifted pianist who gave her son the initial skills of playing the piano. The boy began to compose at the age of 9. In 1923 D. Shostakovich graduated from the conservatory as a pianist, and in 1925 as a composer. His graduation work was the "First Symphony", which marked the beginning of the world fame of the author. After its premiere in Leningrad in 1926, critics spoke of Shostakovich as an artist capable of filling the void that had formed in Russian music as a result of the emigration of S.V. Rachmaninov, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Prokofiev.

In the same years, D. Shostakovich gave concerts as a pianist. In 1927 he took part in the 1st International Piano Competition. Chopin in Warsaw, where he was awarded an honorary diploma.

In 1932, D. Shostakovich completed work on the score of the opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, which was staged in Leningrad and Moscow in 1934 under the title Katerina Izmailova. The opera has been staged in theaters in North America and Europe.

L. Armstrong - Real name: Louis Daniel Armstrong

Great American jazz musician, trumpeter, cornetist, vocalist, bandleader, composer. He grew up in a poor, dysfunctional family. Since childhood, he was forced to independently earn a living as a newspaper seller, a peddler of coal, a junk dealer, and the like. In Storville (New Orleans' "entertainment quarter") I heard many musicians of early jazz, sang in a street vocal ensemble, also playing drums. For an accidental mischievous act, shooting on the street with a pistol stolen from a policeman - one of the "visitors" of his mother, he ended up in 1913 in a correctional house. Here, despite the difficulties, he began to study music, mastered the altohorn and cornet, performed as part of a brass band and choir.

After his release, he returned home, interrupted by rare earnings, played in bars with amateur ensembles, and continued to study with New Orleans musicians. Thanks to his acquaintance with "King" Oliver and on his recommendation, he was accepted into the "Kid" Ori orchestra in place of Oliver, who had left for Chicago. During this period he became a professional musician. From November 1925, Louis began recording with the Hot Five studio ensembles he had created. In the 1930s he made a number of tours to Europe and North Africa, which brought him wide popularity not only abroad, but also at home. Previously, in the US, he was popular mainly with the Negro public.

5) Albert Einstein, German physicist, founder of the theory of relativity and one of the founders of quantum theory and statistical physics. Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm in the family of a co-owner of an electromechanical enterprise. In the gymnasium, he became interested in philosophy, mathematics and popular literature on astronomy. Graduated from the Zurich Polytechnic Institute (1900), in 1902-1909. -- Expert at the Federal Patent Office in Bern. Here Einstein published his first scientific papers, one of which, "A New Determination of the Sizes of Molecules" (1905), was defended by him at the University of Zurich as a doctoral dissertation. In the same years, Einstein developed and proved the general provisions of the theory of relativity, which put an end to the so-called. "Newtonian physics", performs research on statistical physics, Brownian motion, radiation theory, etc. These works brought the scientist wide fame: in 1909 he became a professor at the University of Zurich, in 1911-1912. - German University in Prague. In 1912, Einstein returned to Zurich and took a chair at the Zurich Polytechnic. The following year he was elected a member of the Prussian and Bavarian Academy of Sciences and in 1914 moved to Berlin, where until 1933 he was both the director of the Physics Institute and a professor at the University of Berlin. During this period, he completes the creation of the general theory of relativity and develops the quantum theory of radiation. In 1921, for the discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect and work in the field of theoretical physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics and Photochemistry.

With the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany, Einstein in protest against fascism in 1933 renounces German citizenship, leaves the academy and emigrates to the United States, where he becomes a member of the Princeton Institute for Higher Studies. Einstein's scientific works played a big role in the development of modern physics, being the basis of quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory, atomic and nuclear physics, elementary particle physics and other branches of physics and astrophysics. Died April 18, 1955 at Princeton.

Vernadsky Georgy Vladimirovich- the largest historian of the Russian diaspora. Born on August 20, 1887 in St. Petersburg, he spent his childhood and youth in Moscow, where his father, the outstanding Russian scientist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945), was a professor at Moscow University. Even in his student years, along with the theme of Freemasonry, he was interested in studying the influence of the East on Russian history, to which he devoted several early articles. In the future, this topic will become the leading one in his scientific work. During the civil war, G. Vernadsky, together with his wife Nina Vladimirovna, left the capital and moved first to Perm (in 1918-1920 he worked as a professor of history at the newly opened Perm University), and then at the Taurida University in Simferopol. For several months he headed the press department in the government of General Wrangel.

After the evacuation from the Crimea, G. Vernadsky lived in Athens for about a year, where he studied sources on Byzantine history in the archives, and then moved to Prague, where he received the post of professor of the history of Russian law at the Russian Faculty of Law. The main works of G. Vernadsky, created during the existence of the Eurasian movement, were such works as "Inscriptions of Russian History" (1927), "Experience in the History of Eurasia from the Half of the 6th Century to the Present" (1934), "Links of Russian Culture" (1938) .

Wiener Norbert ( November 26, 1894, Columbia, pc. Missouri - March 18, 1964, Stockholm), American mathematician. In his fundamental work "Cybernetics" (1948) he formulated its main provisions. Wiener is the author of works on mathematical analysis, probability theory, electrical networks and computer technology. Wiener formulated the main provisions of a new science - cybernetics, the subject of which was the control, communication and processing of information in technology, living organisms and human society.

6) S. Dali- On May 11, 1904, a boy was born in the family of Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech, who was destined to become one of the greatest geniuses of the Surrealist era in the future. His name was Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali. Dali's childhood passed in Catalonia, in the north-east of Spain, the most beautiful corner of the globe.

Talent for painting manifested itself in Dali quite at a young age. At the age of four, he tried to draw with amazing diligence for such a small child. Salvador Dali painted his first painting when he was 10 years old. It was a small impressionistic landscape, painted on a wooden board with oil paints. Already at the age of 14 it was impossible to doubt Dali's ability to draw.

When Dali was almost 15 years old, he was expelled from the monastic school for indecent behavior. But he was able to successfully pass all the exams and go to college (as in Spain they called a school that provides a completed secondary education). Institute in 1921, he managed to finish with brilliant grades. Then he entered the Madrid Art Academy.

At the age of sixteen, Dali began to express his thoughts on paper. Since that time, painting and literature were equally parts of his creative life. In 1919 he published essays on Velazquez, Goya, El Greco, Michelangelo and Leonardo in his self-made publication Studium. Participates in student unrest, for which he ends up in jail for a day.

The school of painting in which he studied gradually disappointed him and in 1926 Dali was expelled from the academy for his freethinking. In the same 1926, Salvador Dali left for Paris, trying to find something to his liking there. Having joined the group that united around Andre Breton, he began to create his first surrealist works ("Honey is sweeter than blood" 1928; "Light joys" 1929)

In early 1929, the premiere of the film "The Andalusian Dog" based on the script by Salvador Dali and Luis Buñuel took place. The script itself was written in six days! After the scandalous premiere of this film, another film called "The Golden Age" was conceived.

In January 1931, the premiere of the second film, The Golden Age, took place in London.

By 1934, Gala had already divorced her husband, and Dali could marry her. The amazing feature of this married couple was that they felt and understood each other. Gala, in the literal sense, lived the life of Dali, and he, in turn, deified her, admired her.

Between 1936 and 1937, Salvador Dali painted one of the most famous paintings, The Metamorphosis of Narcissus.

In 1953, a large retrospective exhibition of Salvador Dali was held in Rome. It contains 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors!

In 1973, the "Dalí Museum" was opened in Figueres. This incomparable surreal creation still delights visitors to this day. Salvador Dali can be safely called the unique greatest genius of surrealism of the 20th century!

Pablo Picasso(Ruiz and Picasso) (Picasso) (October 25, 1881, Malaga - April 8, 1973, Mougins, Alpes-Maritimes), French artist, Spaniard by origin.

"Blue" and "pink" periods.

During the years of travel between Paris and Barcelona (1901-1904), the so-called "blue period" falls: blue shades predominate in the master's palette. Pictures of this period are characterized by images of poverty, melancholy and sadness (Picasso believed - "who is sad is sincere"); people's movements are slow, they seem to listen to themselves ("Absinthe Drinker", 1901; "Date", 1902, both in the Hermitage; "Old Beggar Old Man with a Boy", 1903, Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow). In the next period, called "pink", there are scenes of friendship, admiring the beauty of a naked body. The work of the transitional period - from "blue" to "pink" - "Girl on the ball" (1905, Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow).

In 1907, Picasso created the composition "Girls of Avignon" (Museum of Modern Art, New York) - a large panel, the characters of which - visitors and girls of a brothel in the Barcelona quarter of Avignon (as the poet A. Salmon, who gave the name to the work) believed - appear sexless beings, some fearsome idols. "Cubist cryptography" appears in the compositions: encrypted phone numbers, houses, fragments of the names of lovers, street names, zucchini. Picasso uses collage - gluing advertisements, labels and newspaper clippings into the canvas; over time, the volume of foreign material in the picture increases (sanding, mounting pieces of wood and metal, glass fragments, the use of plaster, etc.). Neoclassicism.

Already in the painting "The Artist and His Model" (1914) and in a number of drawings, Picasso's interest in precise contours and plasticity of forms was manifested. After three or four years, neoclassical and realistic tendencies become apparent to everyone. The master makes some drawings from photographs.

Surrealism.

So, in the mid-1920s, he was influenced by surrealism - he painted several canvases depicting women on the beach, in the interpretation of the forms of which he combined the geometric style of cubism with emphatically vital elements. He continues to actively engage in sculpture, combining the impressions of African sculpture with the techniques of cubism and surrealism. In 1930, the artist makes a series of 30 etchings for Ovid's Metamorphoses. In 1930-1937 he created the Vollard Suite;

post-war period.

In 1944, Picasso became a member of the French Communist Party; in the first post-war Salon of Liberation, a whole room is allocated for his works. In 1950, he paints the famous "Dove of Peace", in 1951 he paints the painting "War in Korea" (collection of the artist's family). Creates a number of works for the Grimaldi Museum in Antibes, which soon gets the name "Picasso Museum". In the 1960s, Picasso wrote original variations on the themes of famous paintings by famous masters of the past (Velasquez's Las Meninas, Goya's The Shooting of the Rebels, Manet's Luncheon on the Grass, etc.). Picasso had a huge impact on artists of all countries, becoming the most famous master in the art of the 20th century.

Malevich Kazimir Severinovich(1878, Kyiv - 1935, Leningrad) - avant-garde artist. In 1907, his first participation, known from catalogs, took place in the exhibition of the Moscow Association of Artists, where, in addition to the works of Malevich, paintings by V. V. Kandinsky and others were presented. 1913), the principles of which were outlined by him in the brochure-manifesto "From Cubism to Suprematism. New pictorial realism". After the February Revolution of 1917, Malevich was elected chairman of the Artistic Section of the Moscow Union of Soldiers' Deputies. He developed a project for the creation of the People's Academy of Arts, was the Commissioner for the Protection of Ancient Monuments and a member of the Commission for the Protection of Artistic Treasures of the Kremlin. After the October Revolution, he created scenery and costumes for the production of V.V. Mayakovsky, wrote a theoretical work "On New Systems in Art", together with Chagall in Vitebsk led a workshop at the People's Art School, participated in exhibitions. In 1922 he finished the manuscript "Suprematism". In 1930 his works were exhibited in Austria and Germany; he gave a course of lectures on the theory of painting at the House of Arts in Leningrad.

7) J. Lennon- (full name John Winston Lennon) was born October 9, 1940 in Liverpool, UK, died December 8, 1980 in New York, USA. In the summer of 1956, John Lennon met Paul McCartney - they began to write songs, tried to collect groups, the last of which was The Beatles. Even before the official breakup of The Beatles in 1970 (John wanted to leave the group earlier), he began solo work, which took place mainly in collaboration with his second wife, Yoko Ono. In November 1966 John Lennon's first solo album (with Yoko Ono) was released. At the end of 1970, the first album of the new group was released. The epigraph to this album - and the entire subsequent life of the artist - can be considered a phrase from the song "God": "I do not believe in The Beatles, I believe only in myself, in Yoko and myself." In October 1971, John Lennon recorded his best album "Imagine", which instantly took the top line in the charts in England and the USA.

The Rolling Stones were an English rock band formed in 1962 in London. Its original line-up consisted of singer Mick Jagger, guitarist Keith Richard, Brian Jones and Ian Stewart.

At the beginning of 1964, negative comments about the group appeared in the press, which were caused, to put it mildly, by the inadequate behavior of the musicians, as well as the length of their hair. However, the musicians continued to work. In 1964 they released their first album called "Rolling Stones" ("Rolling Stones"), their third single "Not Fade Away" was a bizarre mosaic from the repertoire of Buddy Holly and Bo Diddley, which was decorated with a spectacular voice of Jagger.

Her contribution to world rock cannot be overestimated, the ROLLING STONES have long been cult figures.

Andrzej Wajdaoutstanding film director

Polish director Andrzej Wajda was born on March 6, 1926 in Suwałki. Wajda studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow, but without completing the course, he entered the directing department of the Lodz Film School. During his studies, he worked as a second director on the film "Five from Barskaya Street", which was directed by A. Ford. After graduating from the film school in 1954, the director made his debut with the film "Generation", which marked the beginning of the "Polish film school". Wide recognition came to Vaida after the film "Canal" (1956), which won several awards, including a special prize at the Cannes Film Festival in 1957. One of the best works of Andrzej Wajda of this period is considered the film "Ashes and Diamond", staged by him based on the novel of the same name by Jerzy Andrzeevsky and telling about the tragedy of young underground workers. The role of Maciek in this film brought fame to the actor Zbigniew Cybulski. In the future, the director touched on the theme of war in the films "Letna", "Samson", "Landscape after the battle", "Korczak", "Pring with an eagle in a crown", "Holy Week". In addition, Andrzej Wajda made lyrical films and satirical comedies ("Young Ladies from Wilko", "Birch Tree", "Promised Land", "Innocent Magicians", "Hunting for Flies"). A considerable place is occupied in the director's work by adaptations of literary classics, both Polish and world - "The Wedding", "Siberian Lady Macbeth", "Demons", "Pilate and Others". A noticeable social and political resonance, and not only in Poland, was caused by Wajda's work in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when he made such films as "The Man from Marble", "Without Narcosis", "The Man from Iron" , Danton.
In addition to cinema, Andrzej Wajda worked in the theater since the late 1950s, among the performances he staged are several versions of Hamlet, Demons and Crime and Punishment (according to F.M. Dostoevsky).
The director's work was marked by the Oscar, Cesar, Felix awards, as well as a number of prestigious international awards in Japan, Italy, Greece; The University of Washington and the Jagiellonian University awarded him an honorary doctorate.
In 1999, Andrzej Wajda staged the historical film "Pan Tadeusz", which tells about Poland during the Napoleonic Wars.
In 2000, Andrzej Wajda received an Oscar for his achievements in cinematography.

Henryk Wieniawski- great Polish violinist and composer

Great Polish violinist and composer. Born July 10, 1835 in Lublin, died March 31, 1880 in Moscow. In 1843 he was admitted to the conservatory in Paris, where from 1844 he was a student of L. Massart. In 1846, having successfully graduated from the conservatory, he began an active concert activity. In 1851-1853. together with his brother Jozef he performed in Poland, Russia, Germany, and then gave concerts in France and England. In 1860-1872. was a soloist of the imperial court in St. Petersburg. In 1862-1868. - Violin professor at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Together with Anton Rubinstein he made a big tour of the countries of America (1872-1874). In 1875-1877. - Professor of the Brussels Conservatory in the violin class. Then he returned to concert activity.
He was a brilliant virtuoso, who, in terms of the brightness of his talent, was compared with the great N. Paganini. Representative of the romantic performing arts. How the composer enriched the violin repertoire (polonaises, mazurkas, etc.). Many international competitions founded in Warsaw (since 1935), in Poznan (since 1952), as well as competitions for composers and violin makers (since 1956) are named after him.

Anna Germanformer popular singer

Anna German was born on February 14, 1936 in the Soviet Union in the city of Urgench (Central Asia) in a family of Russian immigrants. Among her distant ancestors were emigrants from Holland who ended up in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. Anna's great-great-grandfather on the paternal side, who lived for about forty years on a farm in southern Ukraine, was forced to go to Central Asia, where he remained forever.
Russian became the native language for Anna due to family traditions. Anna practically did not remember her father - when she was two years old, he was arrested and sent to a camp, where he disappeared. Soon Anna's younger brother also died of illness. After that, he and his mother had to wander a lot - they lived in Novosibirsk, Tashkent, Dzhambul, where the war caught them.
Anna's mother remarried and after the war in 1946 they went to Poland to their homeland to their second husband. Anna went to school there. She was especially good at languages (from childhood she had to communicate in different local languages back in her homeland) - she knew Dutch and Italian well. She painted beautifully. Then she began to sing. After graduation, Anna applied to the Faculty of Geology. There, at the Faculty of Geology of the University of Wroclaw, her talent manifested itself in the student theater "Pun", on the Wroclaw stage. After studying for six years, I did not go to geology - I chose a song.
The first success came to her at the 3rd Sopot Festival, then there was a triumph at the 2nd Polish Song Festival in Opole with the song "Dancing Eurydice". The first performances in Moscow, where she was offered to record the first disc, Sopot again, touring in the USA, performing at the Paris Olympia with Dalida.
In 1967 Herman conquers Italy at the Sanremo festival where there were such celebrities as Domenico Modugno, Dalida, Sonny, Cher, Claudio Villa. Later he had great success at the Neapolitan Song Festival in Sorrento. Everything went well, but, unfortunately, fate treated her cruelly - she got into a car accident.
Anna and the driver were driving in a car along a mountain road. On one of the difficult sections of the road, the driver dozed off and the car crashed into a concrete fence. As a result of the collision, Anna was thrown out of the car so far that at first they simply did not notice her. In this car accident, she receives complex fractures of the spine, both legs, left arm, concussion. Anna does not regain consciousness for 12 days, then heavy operations follow, her whole body is encased in plaster.
Only by 1970 did she begin to walk around the apartment. In the spring of 1972 Herman resumes concert tours. In the autumn she comes to Moscow and writes down the song "Hope" by A. Pakhmutova and N. Dobronravov. In Poland, she did not have her own author, and in the USSR V. Shainsky, O. Feltsman, V. Dobrynin, E. Ptichkin, A. Babadzhanyan, Ya. Frenkel and many other composers began to offer her new songs. In the 70s, A. German began to often sing songs for Russian listeners, which they really liked, especially in her performance. Many of these songs became hits of that time, and some remained forever. For example: "Hope", "When the gardens were blooming", "We are a long echo of each other", "Burn, burn my star", etc.
In 1975, her son was born. Everything seemed to be going well, but fate once again treated her cruelly - in the early 80s, she was diagnosed with cancer. Knowing this, Anna went on her last tour - to Australia. When she returned, she went to the hospital. There she underwent three complex operations. However, it was not possible to save A. German.
A. Herman was buried in the Warsaw cemetery and a treble clef and notes were engraved on a black tombstone.

Stanislav Lem - famous science fiction writer

LEM (LEM) Stanislav (b. 09/12/1921). A prominent Polish writer, playwright, critic, literary critic and original philosopher, also known for his work. other genres (detective literature, poetry), leading author of nat. NF liters, classic modern. NF. Born in Lvov (now Ukraine). He was forced to interrupt his studies at the Lvov (now Ukraine) honey. in-those in connection with the beginning. Second World War; in the years of it. occupation, he worked as a car mechanic, welder, participated in the Polish resistance movement. After the end of the war, together with his family, he repatriated to Poland, graduated from medical school. Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow and for some time worked in his specialty; from the beginning 1950s - prof. writer. He made his debut in literature in 1946; in NF - at the same time (r-zy "Alien" and "History of one discovery", as well as the story "Man from Mars"). After martial law was established in Poland in 1980, he left for the West. Berlin, also lived in Austria, Italy; returned home in the late 1980s. Honorary Doctor of the Wroclaw Polytechnic Institute. Laureate pl. nat. and foreign lit. premiums, including State. Prizes of Poland (1976), State. Austrian Prize (1956). NF and the philosophical TV of L. (one, apparently, of the last thinkers - encyclopedists), usually closely linked in most of his works, is a unique lit. and general cultural phenomenon of the 2nd floor. 20th century Usually in sci-fi novels and r-zah writer, pl. of which are included in the gold fund of modern. NF, his original and bold philosophical concepts concerning the prospects of decomp. sciences, from cybernetics to space civilizing activity in general. To the most famous SF products. L. include: early novels - "Astronauts" (1951; Russian 1955) and "Magellan Cloud" (1955; Russian 1958); satirical cycles - “The Star Diaries of Iyon the Quiet” (1957; Rus. 1961), subsequently continued by stories and even novels, and “Kiberiad”, which also amounted to several. Sat.; cycle about the space pilot Pirks - Sat. “Tales of the Pilot Pirks” (1968) and others, the late novel “Fiasco” (1987); novels - "Eden" (1959; Russian 1967), "Solaris" (1961; Russian shortened 1963; added 1976), "Return from the Stars" (1961; Russian 1965), "Invincible" (1964; Russian . 1964) and others. One of the stories about Pirks and the novel Solaris were filmed, and the second film adaptation by A. Tarkovsky belongs to the masterpieces of world cinema science fiction. L. is also known for his original philosophical and futurological book “The Sum of Technology” (1964; Rus. 1968), a number of philosophical and literary-critical works.

Adam Mickiewicz - famous Polish poet

Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855), Polish poet. Born December 24, 1798 in Novogrudok (now Belarus) in a small-scale gentry family. In 1819 he graduated from Vilna University. In 1822 and 1823 he published two small collections of poetry, marking the beginning of the romantic trend in Polish literature. In 1824 he was exiled to Russia for active participation in Polish patriotic organizations; lived in Odessa, Moscow and St. Petersburg; in 1829 received permission to travel to Western Europe.
In Russia, Mickiewicz wrote the Crimean Sonnets (Sonety krymskie, 1826) and an epic poem in the spirit of Byron, Konrad Wallenrod (Konrad Wallenrod, 1828), testifying to poetic maturity. In 1829-1831 he lived mainly in Rome, where, having experienced a spiritual crisis, he became interested in mysticism. Without much enthusiasm trying to join the participants in the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, in 1832 he settled in Paris, where he spent most of the rest of his life. In 1832–1834, two of his greatest poems were written: Part III Dziady and Pan Tadeusz. In the first, Mickiewicz outlined his "messianic" idea, giving the Poles the same place among other peoples as Christ occupied among people: Poland was crucified, but will rise again and initiate a new historical era. The action of Pan Tadeusz takes place in rural Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812; the plot is based on the feuds of local Polish gentry, which successfully ended in a wedding.
After Pan Tadeusz, Mickiewicz practically stopped writing poetry. In 1840 he became the first professor of Slavic literature at the Paris College de France. In 1841 he fell under the influence of the mystic A. Towianski, an apologist for Polish messianism, in whose teaching the belief in the rebirth of Poland was combined with the belief in the unceasing activity of the spirit of Napoleon. In 1845, the French government suspended Mickiewicz from lecturing for promoting Tovyanism, and in 1852 he was dismissed. In 1855, Mickiewicz left for Constantinople, where he intended to organize a Polish legion to help the French and British in the fight against Russia. Having contracted cholera, he died on November 26, 1855. In 1890, Mickiewicz's ashes were transported from Paris to Krakow and placed in a sarcophagus in the Wawel Cathedral.

Cyprian Camille Norwid - the greatest poet, playwright, artist

Cyprian Kamil Norwid / Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821 - 1883) Buy books of the poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid - poems, verse translations ... The largest Polish poet, playwright, artist. In 1842 he left his homeland and went to Italy, wishing to continue his art education. In 1846 he was arrested in Berlin by the Prussian authorities, after his release he moved to Paris. At the end of 1852 he left for America, then returned to Europe again, lived in Paris. A contemporary of Mickiewicz, Slovak, Chopin. Sadly calling himself "an unknown poet", he believed in the revival of harmony in art, which, as the poet argued, can only be comprehended in a "society of free individuals" who defend their right to think and create; he was a supporter of progressive evolution, speaking out against revolutionary violence; it was in art that he saw the power of influencing social reality (the poem "Promethidion" - 1848-1850). Contemporaries appreciated Norwid as a brilliant orator and a great reciter, an excellent artist, but only the creators of "Young Poland" appreciated his literary genius. The literary heritage of the poet is characterized by deep philosophical generalizations, bold innovation, but above all - a comprehensive interest in a person, in the content of his life. The most original are his cycle "Vade mecum" (1865-66), which included the masterpiece of Norwid's lyrics "Chopin's Piano", as well as "The Thing about Freedom of Speech" (1869). These and many other gems of the poet's intellectual lyrics were published posthumously. In recent years, the poet lived in extreme poverty. From February 1877 he was forced to live in an orphanage on the Parisian outskirts of Ivry. He died in 1883. Five years later, the ashes of the poet were transferred to the Montmorency cemetery and buried in the common grave of unknown Polish wanderers.
Most of the poet's most important works have been preserved in fragments and have come down to our time in manuscripts: "Behind the scenes", "Tirteus", "Cleopatra", "A Dorio ad Phrygium", "Ring of a high society lady", "Emil from Gostavya", "Countess Palmyra ".
Today, the name of Norwid in the pantheon of Polish literature is next to the names of Mickiewicz and Słowacki.

Krzysztof Penderecki- outstanding composer and conductor

An outstanding Polish composer and conductor, one of the most interesting personalities in modern world music, one of the creators of the modern musical avant-garde. A graduate of the Jagiellonian University and the Higher State Musical College in Krakow (later renamed the Academy of Music). Since 1958 professor of composition. He taught at many educational institutions in Poland and abroad. In 1972-1987. rector of the Academy of Music in Krakow. In 1987-1990. was thin. head of the Krakow Philharmonic. Since 1988 he has been Principal Conductor of the North German Radio Orchestra in Hamburg.
Honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music in London and Stockholm, honorary doctor of many universities, winner of the most prestigious music awards in the world, including them. Sibelius in Helsinki (1983), Grammy Awards in the USA (1988), Gravemeyer Award in the USA (1990).

The most important works of K. Penderetsky:
- "In memory of the victims of Hiroshima - tren" (1960)
- "Passion for Luke" (1963/65)
- "Morning" (1970)
- "Cosmogony" (1970)
- "Magnificat" (1974)
- "Seven Gates of Jerusalem" (1996)
operas:
- "Ludens' demons" (1968)
- "Paradise Lost" (1978)
- "Black Mask" (1987)
- "King Ubyu" (1991).
Author of five symphonies, three quartets, a number of concertos, etc.

Juliusz Slovacki- great poet and playwright

The great poet and playwright, along with A. Mickiewicz, is the founder of Polish romanticism. Educated at Vilnius University. Stefan Batory. During the November uprising of 1830, he worked in the Diplomatic Bureau of the National Government. In patriotic poems written during this period, the voice of a citizen poet sounds. "The resurrection of the people became the moment of the resurrection of dreams," J. Slovacki later wrote in his autobiography. However, in March 1831 the poet left Warsaw (he left as a diplomatic courier for Paris and then for London). After the defeat of the uprising, J. Slovacki remained in exile. He lived mainly in Paris, spent 1833-1836 in Geneva, in 1837-38 he traveled to Greece, Egypt and the countries of the Middle East. In his early works, J. Slovacki imitated Byron and Shakespeare. In the period of mature creativity, he became the spokesman for the quests and disappointments of his generation, presenting on his behalf an account of life and history. The poet's work is striking in the versatility of genre searches, the abundance of ideas, many of which, however, were never brought to the end. His contribution to the development of romantic drama is especially significant. The dramas Kordian (1834 edition, 1899 edition), Balladina (1835, 1839 edition, 1862 edition), Lilla Veneda (1840, 1863 edition) are masterpieces of Polish dramaturgy. The motives of individual tragedy are intertwined in them with national historical and philosophical problems. In the dramas "Balladin" and "Lilla Veneda" the poet tried to find examples of national character and history in the world of myths and legends. The skill in combining tragic and comic motifs, fantasy and reality, which is noticeable in "Balladin", was most fully manifested in the poem "Benevsky" (1841, unfinished), a masterpiece of romantic subjectivism and literary controversy. Other important works of Yu. Slovatsky: prose poem "Angelli" (1938); the dramas Gorshtynsky (1835), Mazeppa (1840), Salome's Silver Dream (1844), Samuel Zborovsky (1845); romantic comedy "Fantasy" (1841); unfinished historical and philosophical poem "The Spirit King" (1845-1849).
J. Slovacki died in Paris in 1849. Since 1927, the ashes of the poet have been buried in Krakow in the tomb of Wawel. The work of Yu. Slovatsky had a huge impact on the development of Polish literature ("Young Poland" recognized the poet as its patron and predecessor) and to this day is a living source of ideological and artistic inspiration.

Red Guitars- the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties

Czerwone Gitary - the most popular Polish youth ensemble of the sixties. Founded in 1965 in Gryn by J. Kossel. The members also included: S. Karajewski, K. Klenczon, H. Zomerski, J. Skrzypczak and B. Dornowski.
"Chervony guitars" (Red guitars) gained popularity very quickly. Their repertoire included many popular songs. The most famous of them: "Matura" (Matura), "Do not turn up your nose" (Nie zadzieraj nosa), "After all, you are afraid of a mouse" (Bo ty sie boisz myszy), "No one in the world knows" (Nikt na swiecie nie wie ), "White Cross" (Bialy krzyz), "Anna Maria" (Anna Maria), "Flowers in the Hair" (Kwiaty we wlosach), "Allowed from 18" (Dozwolone od lat 18-tu).
In 1968 the song "Such beautiful eyes" (Takie ladne oczy) received the award of the Committee for Radio and Television (Przewodniczacy Komitet d.s. PR i TV), and in 1969 "White Cross" (Bialy Krzyz) received the award of the Minister of Culture and Art (Minister Kultury i Sztuki).
In 1970, Klenczon left the group (died tragically in 1981).
"Red Guitars" after minor changes in the composition in 1977 in Sopot won the second award at the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Nie Spoczniemy".
Discography: "To wlasnie my" (1996), "Czerwone Gitary 2" (1967), "Czerwone Gitary 3" (1968), "Na fujarce" (1970), "Consuela" (1971), "Czerwone Gitary - Warszawa" (1971), "Spokoj serca" (1971), "Rytm ziemi" (1974), "Dzien jeden w roku" (1976), "Port piratow" (1977), "Rote Gitarren" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1978), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 2" (1991), "The Best Of Czerwone Gitary 3" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary (1)" ( 1991), "Czerwone Gitary (2)" (1991), "Czerwone Gitary" (1994), "Ballady" (1994), "Koniec - Czerwone Gitary by Seweryn Krajewski" (1995), "Gold" (1996).

Fryderyk Chopin - great composer

The great Polish composer Fryderyk Chopin was born (according to official documents) on February 22, 1810 in Zhelyazova Wola. The composer himself, however, considered the date of his birth March 1, which was confirmed by his mother. Chopin was brought up in Warsaw in a boarding school for children of noble birth, which was opened by his mother. Father - Mikolay Chopin - a Frenchman by birth, an educated son of a Vosges peasant winemaker, arrived from Lorraine and stayed in Poland to avoid serving in the Napoleonic army. Mother - Justyna Krzyzhanovska - served as a housekeeper for Countess Skarbek on the estate of Zhelyazova Volya. Chopin's youth is the comprehension of the secrets of composition from Józef Elsner, rector of the conservatory; these are the rapid successes of playing the piano, these are Warsaw receptions, concerts in fashionable salons, and summer vacations on the estates of boarding comrades. Chopin's musical abilities manifested themselves exceptionally early: already at the age of eight he was called the "Polish Mozart". On February 24, 1818, he gave his first public concert. All Warsaw was talking about him. Chopin was a close observer of the life around him: he followed the change of styles and fashions, primarily in the world of art, the Warsaw disputes between the supporters of classicism and romanticism. At the same time, Chopin was forming as a pianist. His performances attracted the attention of the public and the press in Warsaw, then in Vienna, where he gave his first concert in 1829. In Vienna, Chopin was caught by the news of the uprising that began on November 29, 1830 in Warsaw, which caused the composer, many of whose friends participated in this uprising, a severe mental crisis. The tragic experiences of this time were reflected in the sketches created soon. Three etudes were given the name "Revolutionary" due to their exceptionally dramatic nature. Reflections on the fate of Poland and the patriotic spirit sounded later in Chopin's heroic polonaises, and echoes of longing for Poland resound in some mazurkas written in Mallorca and Nohant.
In the autumn of 1831, Chopin arrived in Paris. The first Paris concert on February 26, 1832 immediately brought him great popularity. Chopin quickly conquered the Parisian salons with his brilliant humor and genius for improvisation, and quickly entered the circle of people of art. Here he became close with Liszt, Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Halevi, Heine, met with Mickiewicz, who unsuccessfully persuaded him to write a patriotic opera. A major role in the life of Chopin of that Parisian period was played by the famous writer Aurora Dudevant, who wrote under the pseudonym George Sand. Chopin visited her summer residence in Nohant, Madame Sand accompanied the already seriously ill composer on his trip to Mallorca. In those years (1838-1847), Chopin's best works were written - ballads, scherzos, fantasy in F minor, sonatas in B flat minor and B minor, barcarolle, a number of waltzes and mazurkas, as well as polonaises in F sharp minor, A flat major and polonaise fantasy. In Nohant, his work ended. After breaking up with George Sand, the composer went to England and Scotland for several months. Chopin died in Paris on October 17, 1849 and was buried in the Pere Lachaise cemetery. According to the will of the composer, his heart was transported by his sister to Warsaw and buried in the dungeon of the Church of St. Cross; in 1879 it was walled up in one of the columns of this temple, on which a board was erected with the inscription: "Compatriots to Fryderyk Chopin".
Chopin was one of the brightest creative individuals in the history of not only music, but of the entire world culture. He consciously devoted himself only to piano work, did not write any operas or symphonies. But for the first time he turned piano music into such an independent powerful artistic realm.