What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Shown in letters. In writing, sounds differ from letters by the presence of first square brackets used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. Transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates softness of pronunciation.
In contact with
The sounds are divided into:
- Vowels. They can be easily pulled. When they are created, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. vowel length - basis of vocal art(singing, "singing smooth").
- The consonants a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to the appearance of noise in the oral cavity. At the output, they are converted into sound. Also, the lips, which close and open during speech, prevent the free passage of air.
The consonants are divided into:
- deaf and voiced. The deafness and sonority of the sound depends on the operation of the speech apparatus;
- hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.
Letters representing consonants
Deaf
Deaf in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember the phrase, and not a set of letters, “Stepka, do you want a cabbage? Phi!” containing them all.
An example in which all consonants are deaf: rooster, honeycomb, pin.
voiced
When they are formed, the form of the tongue is close to the form that produces deaf, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonants create active vibrations of the ligaments. vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a clean stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. In the future, it is additionally transformed by the tongue and lips.
To voiced consonants belong: b, c, d, e, g, h, d, l, m, n, p.
When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.
A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.
Summary table of consonants (voiced and voiced).
It is precisely due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itching, code - year.
Paired consonants
What does parity mean? Two letters that are similar in sound, in the pronunciation of which the language occupies similar positions, are called paired consonant sounds. The pronunciation of consonants can be conditionally divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, when pronouncing, the movements of the mouth coincide, and create pairs.
Summary table of paired consonants, taking into account hardness and softness
In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only to Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonants replace (by ear) each other during speech. For example: love - [l 'u b about f '].
But not everyone has their own pair. There are not similar in pronunciation to any others - this is unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.
Paired consonants
Unpaired consonants
The first group can be pronounced with softness. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.
Unpaired consonants are divided into:
- sonoras - [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p ']. When they are pronounced, the air current hits the upper sky like a dome;
- hissing - [x], [x '], [c], [h '], [u '].
The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in the context. Are the sounds [h], [th], [c], [n] voiced or deaf? Learn these 4 letters!
Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [c] is deaf! [n] - sonorous!
Unpaired consonants
Hard and soft
They are spelled the same but sound different. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was - [b`] beat; [t] current - [t`] current.
When pronouncing hard, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.
In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.
Vowels form pairs: a-i, u-u, e-e, s-i, o-e.
Two-vowel vowels (i, ё, u, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word jung. It is pronounced as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m '] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, S do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the leading consonant.
Difference example:
A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.
Phonetic transcription:
[Spoon a] - [L 'u k], [m 'o d] - [m o r 'e], [d o m] - [d' a tel].
Pronunciation rules:
- hard ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, bentley, former;
- soft are pronounced before I, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
- hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s], there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, C is pronounced firmly;
- solid are pronounced if the letter is the last in the word: class, house;
- consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: scarf - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
- always soft before b: elk, pulp.
- exceptions to the rules:
- always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
- always soft J, Ch, W: white, black, pike.
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,AT,G,D,AND,W,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [and] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in elementary school, hard consonants are marked in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
At home and on the street, we can hear many sounds: human footsteps, the ticking of a clock, the sound of rain, the singing of birds, the horn of a car. However, the sounds of human speech stand apart and differ from others, because with their help you can form words. It is known that all sounds of the Russian language are divided into two groups: consonants and vowels. When forming vowels for air, there is no barrier in the oral cavity. But in the case of the pronunciation of consonants in the oral cavity, an obstacle arises. So, what can be what groups they are divided into, what does the expression "paired consonants" mean?
Voiceless and voiced consonants
The division into these groups is as follows: voiced consonants are pronounced with the help of noise and voice, but the deaf ones consist of one noise. The first and second can form pairs of deafness / sonority. Correlative pairing is represented by 12 rows. For example: "d" - "t", "g" - "k", "z" - "s" and others. Such sounds are paired consonants. But not all consonants can pair up. They are not formed by voiced "n", "m", "l", "d", "r", as well as deaf "c", "x", "u", "h". On the letter, sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters. It's important to be careful. Paired and unpaired consonants at the end of a word or in the middle before a consonant may sound the same, but be marked with different letters. To check their spelling, you need to find a word with the same root, so that after the checked consonant there is a vowel, and the sound leaves no doubt about the spelling. For example:
gris b- gri b s, gri pp- gri pp ozny;
ro t- ro t ova (cavity), ro d- ro d ova (castle).
Depending on the position of the tongue during the pronunciation of sounds, all consonants are divided into hard and soft. They are different phonemes. Paired consonants and unpaired consonants are distinguished. Examples of pairs: "in" - "in," , "k" - "k," , "p" - "p," and others. icon ( , ) denotes the softness of the sound during transcription. Steam does not form soft "u", "h", "d", as well as always solid "w", "g", "c". Of course, it is very important to distinguish between paired consonant sounds, hard and soft. Sometimes they even distinguish words. For example:
m ate - m ol, me l- me l b.
AT " m ate" and "me l b "highlighted consonants are soft, and in words" m ol" and "me l"- solid. Thanks to this special pronunciation, words are not confused.
When writing words, the softness of consonants can be indicated in the following ways:
- With the help of "y". For example: skates, elk, hit.
- Using the letters "i", "i", "e", "ё", "yu". These cases are: a wheel, a toss, a ball.
It is important to remember that in the middle of a word before a consonant, softness is not indicated by a soft sign in the following combinations: "st", "schn", "nt", "rsh", "ch", "chk", "nsh", "nch". Pay attention to the words: LF ina, spo rsh itza, mo st iki. In the highlighted combinations, the first consonant is heard softly, but is written without
The letters "ya", "e", "ё", "yu" can represent the vowels "a", "e", "o", "y" + the softness of the consonant in front of them. In other cases (at the beginning of a word, after after "b", "b") they mean two sounds. And before the sound "and" consonants will always be pronounced softly.
So, one could notice that the creation of pairs is a feature that is very characteristic of the consonant system of the Russian language. Paired consonants are combined into groups and at the same time opposed to each other. Often they help to distinguish words.
Phonetics is a capricious lady, albeit an interesting one. It's no secret that all sounds in Russian are divided into consonants and vowels. The first, in turn, are divided into voiced and deaf, soft and hard. This classification is based on the way of pronouncing sounds and the features of the work of our articulatory apparatus. So how can you tell them all apart?
And what, exactly, is the point?
Soft and hard consonant sounds Grade 1 begins to study at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But in order to distinguish one phoneme from another, you must first understand what is the difference between them and vowels.
Vowel sounds are pronounced only with the help of the voice. They can be sung, extended - this is how teachers explain to kids at school. When the air at the exit from the lungs passes through the trachea, larynx, oral cavity, it does not encounter any obstacles. When we talk about consonants, then to pronounce them, you need to use lips, teeth and tongue - they all participate in the process, so to speak.
Comparing consonants and vowels according to their sound, we notice the following tendency: when vowels, as mentioned above, sound only with one voice, then there is still noise in the consonants created by the interference that the air has to meet when pronouncing them. This is their main difference. Deaf sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, while in voiced sounds, a voice is also added to it. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words "grotto" and "mole" or "house" and "tom". In both cases, the first letters are solid consonants, voiced and voiceless, respectively.
"Let's go back to our sheep!"
Now that we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let's move on to our main topic.
The best way to learn is by example, right? And again, let's turn to the comparison: let's say the following pairs of words:
Racket-rake, bun-buro, mother - ball, vine - ice, tower - view.
There is some difference in how we pronounce consonants. Is not it? It is caused by vowels that come after consonants. The words are specially chosen so that the sounds we need are in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their diversity. Say it again, slowly. Do you feel how the language, in those words where the consonants sound softer, does not rest against the palate, but seems to relax, becomes flat? This can be considered the main feature that our hard consonants have during articulation.
Theory
Well, now let's move on to a specific theory. Solid consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. First of all, you need to remember that the hardness or softness of a sound is due to its neighboring vowel. When after the letter is a, o, u, s , then the sound that it denotes will definitely be solid (mittens, trampling, lips, played), and if there are e, yo, yu, i, and , the consonant will sound softer (blizzard, doggie, mint, Kyiv). Thus, we can say that there is no point in memorizing all hard consonants. Almost all of them are paired. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish between hard and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.
Unpaired consonants
Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. There are very few of them in Russian: w, w, c . No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to pronounce them softly. Even if they are followed by those vowels that are usually used with soft consonants: ramrod - rustle - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. Opposed to these consonants are unpaired h, w, y , which in all cases will sound soft: chock - thicket - cleaning, cheeks - squint - crushed stone, iot - yogurt.
Break the system!
In this situation, you need to understand that the rule of the subsequent vowel with them does not apply to unpaired solid consonants. The table that can be compiled for better assimilation of the material will in any case consist of two parts - paired parts, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowel, and unpaired ones, living by their own rules.
We remember
Now let's move on to the methods of learning and memorization. Solid consonants grade 1 remembers reluctantly - too boring. But after all, there is always a way to increase efficiency by making the student interested in an unusual form of work, even with such theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. Various pictures, diagrams, drawings and games with the choice of words will come to our aid.
Let's make some cards. You will need two sheets of colored paper or colored cardboard. The main thing is that they are contrasting. We cut out the same clouds, balls, figures - everything that comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue so that these very contrasting sides are outside. And then, with the participation of your little helper, on one side we write vowels that are friends with soft ones, and on the other - with hard consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can also place unpaired and paired ones side by side, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.
Next, draw something that can help create an association - a brick on a cardboard where hard sounds are written, and a feather with soft phonemes. Or something else like that. Having a concrete example in front of his eyes, the student will surely learn the information better. Later, to consolidate, you can ask your student to highlight hard and soft sounds in different colors in written words - red and blue, for example, so that you can easily check his homework.
improvised material
To prepare the tablets, which were mentioned just above, you still need to have some kind of material. Solid consonants - a table that you can rely on so as not to get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness. By the way, if we want to indicate the softness of a sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is placed after it.
In this table, all phonemes at the top are solid. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases where the sound does not have a pair. This means it is not soft.
We remember further
Let's keep practicing? Let's give more examples of words where the same consonant sounds in a hard or soft position. One more nuance. In addition to the very vowels that affect the consonant, it can be softened or hardened by a soft and hard sign, respectively. Let's not forget about it in our next assignment.
Beaver - white, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, entrance - clerk, giraffe, winter - teeth, whale-cat, horse - lemonade, harvest-sea, Neptune-rhinoceros, steamboat - break, decision-novel, owl - family, cake - theme, film-photography, halvah - scheme, chicken, hat.
Identify the words from the presented pair that demonstrate soft or hard consonants. As you can see, the letters for their designation are still used the same. Please note that in some words, hardness and softness are affected not only by vowels, but also by consonants that are next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask the child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants, so that he himself is convinced that they are only hard. Still, own experience is much more vivid confirmation than any memorized theory.
One more game
To study the topic, soft and hard consonants can be offered to the student just such a game. She is very simple. In front of him are a number of words, from which only solid consonants need to be written out. And then, inserting vowels into them, come up with a word. For example, there are a number of words: pickle - footman - knives. Write out the consonants: s, l, n, add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is the short but capacious word "elephant". Shall we continue?
- Edit - will - scrap(issued pr, v, l ).
- Tomato - role - swamp(issued t, r, t ).
- Bittern - dormouse - hay(issued in, s, n ).
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in no case should you say “solid consonants”. These are just the sounds. And for their designations, they are absolutely the same as in the case of soft ones (this was evident from the table above). Now that you have all the material in your hands, it remains only to practice. On the net you can find a huge number of different games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic “Solid consonant sounds” several more times - the table presented in the article will help to systematize all our knowledge. It will be much easier to repeat with her.
Do not forget to give new examples for each paired and unpaired sound, so that our student himself learns to compare the different sounds of consonant phonemes. It sometimes depends not only on the subsequent vowel or soft and hard sign, but also on neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can also affect the original sound. Everything is not as difficult as it seems. More games and practice - and everything will definitely work out.
Exercise 17, p. ten
17. Help the cat and the dog to collect the letters that represent voiced consonants in one group, and the letters that represent voiceless consonants in another group. Connect the letters of each group with lines.
Deaf→ h → x → w → s → t → c → k → u → p → f
Voiced→ st → l → n → r → h → m → e → b → g → r → c
- Pronounce the sounds that can be indicated by the highlighted letters
h- [h ’] m- [mm'], th- [th'] t- [t], [t ']
Exercise 18, p. ten
18. Read. Fill in the missing word in the sentence.
It's so cold outside
I'm like an icicle, all frozen.
L. Yakovlev
- Underline the letters in the underlined word that represent voiceless paired consonants.
Exercise 19, p. eleven
19. Read. Fill in the missing words-names of consonants.
1. A voiceless consonant is made up of noise.
2. A voiced consonant consists of noise and voice.
Exercise 20, p. eleven
20. Enter the missing letters in the "house", denoting consonants paired in deafness-voicedness.
- Pick up and write down the words that end with these letters.
Exercise 21, p. eleven
21. Find in the spelling dictionary of the textbook words with paired consonants in deafness-voicedness at the end of the word. Write down a few words.
Alphabet t , all of a sudden , city , plant , pencil , class , hammer , frost , people , lunch , handkerchief , drawing , student , language .
Exercise 22, p. 12
22. Read. What rule are you talking about? Why are the consonants so named?
Paired consonants- the most dangerous!
At the root, you check them -
Substitute a vowel next!
We are talking about the rule of spelling words with a consonant sound paired in deafness-voicedness at the root of the word. Such consonants are called "dangerous" because we can choose the wrong letter denoting a consonant paired by deafness-voicedness in the root of the word before another paired consonant. These are "error-prone" places, or spelling.
Exercise 23, p. 12
23. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. There will be bread b , there will be lunch . 2. If there was a pie, there would be an eater. 3. Who is lazy, he is sleepy. 4. Ugly in face, but good in mind. 5. The bear is clumsy, yes hefty.
- Orally select test words for words with missing letters.
Khle b (bread), lunch (dinners), pie (pies), eater (eaters), lazy (lazy), sleepy (drowsy), ugly (ugly), good (good), bear (bears), clumsy (clumsy) .
Exercise 24, p. 12
24. Read.
Frost creaks. Angry frost.
And the snow is dry and prickly.
And the elm is cold, and the oak is frozen.
The fir-trees were chilled through.
G. Volzhina
- Choose the correct letter from the brackets for each word and underline it. Write down these words.
Moreau h, snow, elm, chill, oak, froze, through and through.
Exercise 25, p. 13
25. Read the lines from the American song translated by Leonid Yakhnin.
Pyro old Fogg bakes
In the kitchen by the stove
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog
He goes to water the flowers.
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk
And the dog is a bulldog named Dog -
In it next to the table.
- What do you think is true in these lines?
Truth:
The pie is baked by Old Lady Fogg
In the kitchen at the stove...
Old Fogg takes the pie
And tea with milk...
The lines about the bulldog are fiction.
- Underline the spelling of the learned rules in the words.
Exercise 26, p. 13
26. Read. Write down the words, replacing the highlighted sounds with letters.
cha [sh] ka - cha sh ka uká [s] ka - decree ka
ló [sh] ka - lie ka ká [s] ka - kas ka
la [f] ka - lav ka ló [k] ti - lok ti
kó [f] ta - kóf ta kó [k] ti - kóg ti
shá [p] ka - sháp ka ló [t] ka - lod ka
shý [p] ka - shyb ka shche [t] ka - brush ka
- Get ready to prove that you spelled the words correctly.
Cha sh ka (cup), spoon ka (spoon), lava ka (bench), jacket ta - a dictionary word, you need to remember, hat ka (hat), fur coats (fur coats), decree ka (pointer), kas ka (kasochka) , elbows (elbows), claws (claws), boat (boat), brush (brush).
Exercise 27, p. fourteen
27. Read. Underline the consonants whose spelling needs to be checked.
But g ty, riddle, slippery, carrot, carrot, ruby, guard, ruby, slide, nail, guard, guess.
- Find a test word for each checked word. Write in the pattern.
(Ro b ok) ro b cue, (side and go) side and ka, (zaga d yvat) zaga d ka, (but G ot) but G ti, (how h it) how much h cue, (carrot in ny) carrot in ka.
Exercise 28, p. fourteen
28. Read. Name the stories.
1. 3 boobies, running away from the palace, lost a crystal slipper.
2. B elos gentle I became very friendly with the seven dwarfs.
- Insert missing words. Underline in them the letters that denote paired consonants in deafness-voicedness.
Exercise 29, p. fifteen
29. Choose a single-root test word for each word. Write in the pattern.
Doo b ki - oaks, berries ka - berries.
Cue cue - cue, close cue - close.
Lie ka - spoon, mace ka - pin.
Please - ask, watchman - guard.
Polite - polite, good - good.
- Underline the letters in the words whose spelling you checked.
Exercise 30, p. fifteen
30. Read the riddle. Insert the missing letters and the word. Draw a clue.
I am round, I am smooth
And it tastes pleasantly sweet.
Every toddler knows
What is my name.
Exercise 31, p. fifteen
31. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Sl in ki, golu b tsy, pyro and ki, aquarius h
.
2. Vdru G, blue h ka, sapo and ki, ruba w ka.
Unnecessary words - diver, suddenly, since the spelling is at the end of the word, and in the rest - at the root of the word.
- Underline the extra word in each group of words. Explain your answer.
Exercise 32, p. 16
32. Read. Select the desired letter and insert it into the words.
B? P?
Oak, screw, bug, button, flexible cue.
G? TO?
Iceberg, circus, easy cue, south, soft cue.
AT? F?
Island, giraffe, jacket, dexterous cue, beak.
D? T?
Yod, look, cage, riddle, mole.
AND? Sh?
Siskin, mitten, ruff, frog, book.
Z? FROM?
Cargo, sauce, sled ki, mask ka, tale ka.
Exercise 33, p. 16
33. Read. Insert the missing letters.
1. Each tree has its own plot d. Floating on the river t.
2. In the hands of the boy t. Deep in the village d.
3. Blooming lu is beautiful in summer G. A green lu grew in the garden to.
4. In the flower bed With scarlet rho bush h.
- What is interesting about words with missing letters? In the last sentence, underline the main terms.
Each pair of words are pronounced the same but spelled differently.
Exercise 34, p. 17
34. Read. Complete the tasks given in the table.
- Explain how you selected test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound and for words with a paired consonant sound in the root of words in terms of deafness-voicedness.
We selected such test words for words with an unstressed vowel sound, so that the unstressed vowel sound would become stressed at the root. For a word with a deafness-voiced paired consonant in the root of the word, we selected a single-root word so that the paired consonant in the root would appear before the vowel.
Exercise 35, p. 17
35. Read the riddles. Fill in the missing letters in the clues.
1. Sam hu d, a head with a pood, as it hits, it will become strong. (M o l o t o to)
2. Not snow, not ice, but silver bromine will remove trees. (AND not j)
- Underline the spelling in the words.
Exercise 36, p. eighteen
36. Read. Title the text.
January
I love you, I January!
For me you are I c best -
M about l about doy, b about big, skr and puffy,
W about l about as thick as amber b!
Sun, dream G, about chase, m about roses -
Flame white b e ryo h!
S. Kozlov
- Do you agree with the author's opinion? What does the word amber mean?
Amber is a fossilized resin, yellow-brown or golden in color.
- Which of the highlighted spellings can you not explain? Why? Underline these spellings.
We cannot explain the underlined spellings, because these are unstressed vowel sounds in the root, which cannot be verified. The spelling of such words must either be memorized or checked in a spelling dictionary.
Exercise 37, p. eighteen
37. Read. Insert the missing letters.
Le hot frost, big snowdrift, silvery hoarfrost, Snow Maiden, snowfall, Santa Claus, fluffy snowflakes, soft snow, skates, smooth ice, snowman.
- What theme connects these words and combinations of words?
The theme of winter connects these words and combinations of words.
- Write an oral text on this topic.
It was slightly frosty outside. Yesterday's snowfall wrapped the city in soft snow, the roofs of the houses sparkled from the silvery hoarfrost. The blizzard has covered large snowdrifts.
The children couldn't stay at home. Putting on new skates, from the very morning they drew patterns on smooth ice. The kids played snowballs and made a snowman.
Fluffy snowflakes were spinning merrily, like children in a New Year's round dance with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
4.7 (94%) from 10 voters
