What is the dative case in Russian? Prepositions of cases and semantic questions. Dative case with impersonal passive

There are different languages ​​in different countries of the world. There are different methods for people to understand a certain language. For example, in Russian - there are cases. In other languages ​​that do not have this concept, there are different arrangements of words, prepositions and other methods of linking words into sentences and endowing them with meaning. In our native language there are such cases as instrumental, nominative, dative, prepositional, genitive and accusative. A change in the case of any speech part is called its declension, which is expressed in the end of the word.

Questions of the dative case.

Let's take a closer look at the dative case. The dative case answers the questions "To whom?", "For what?", in addition to these questions, such a word as "give" appears.

For example, give "To whom?", "What" - to a person, a ladder.

"TO blackboard disciple Ivanov was called to answer. The noun "board" in this sentence is in the dative case and in the singular.

"To school boards special chalk was attached. In this example, the same noun is in the dative case, but in the plural.

Endings and prepositions of the dative case.

Let's talk about endings next. As mentioned above, when the case changes, any word changes its ending. In the dative case, nouns of the first declension will have the ending “E” (wall, board), the second declension will have the ending “U” (log, air conditioner) and the third declension will have the ending “I” (dirt).

For a beautiful bunch of words in a sentence, prepositions are used. With nouns in the dative case, the prepositions "K" and "Po" are used.

« Over the bridge a man was walking, enjoying the magical beauty of the river”, “ To next date We started preparing events.

Why does the Russian verb STUDY require the dative case, and not the accusative? TEACH MATH. (Teaching math is a blame.)

The fact is that the dative case can also have the function of a direct object, as with the verb to teach: to teach what.

The dative case can express:

1) Meaning of the addressee (especially with verbs of speech and conveying a material object): write to the dean / friend
2) The meaning of the direct object: to learn what?
3) Subjective meaning: Brother is 20 years old.
4) Reason: The dog is happy with the owner.

And when used with prepositions:
1) Object: love for whom
2) Place: drive along the road
3) Direction: to the father
4) Time: in the evening
5) Reason: due to distraction, thanks to help
6) Tool: by phone
7) Distribution value: eat an apple
8) Determinative value: a textbook on the Russian language

The question of a student (who speaks several languages) was about where the dative came from with this particular variant (to teach mathematics) - what is the logic or origin of this dative? So he compares with other languages ​​and very analytically approaches the study of a foreign language, trying to understand and explain constructions to himself. There is another option: to learn Russian, to learn words (with the accusative case).
- These are just different lexical-semantic variants of the verb "teach" with different controls.
It is not always possible to explain logically, because even in other case languages, the case forms often do not coincide with the forms of the Russian language.
For example, in German Ich gratuliere dir zum Geburtstag, where after the verb to congratulate is the dative case.
And if we compare more modern languages ​​and look at ancient languages, we can see that cases have different functions. For example, in Latin there is a dative of interest (denoting a person or object in whose interests an action is performed: Non scholae, sed vitae discimus. - We study not for school, but for life (translated into Russian by prepositions for, for the sake of).

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Case is a form of education and a function of a word, endowing words with certain syntactic roles in a sentence, a link between the individual parts of a sentence's speech. Other definition of case is the declension of words, parts of speech, characterized by a change in their endings.

Possession to perfection of the ability to decline different parts of speech according to cases is a hallmark of a literate, educated person. Often, the school curriculum, which explains in detail the cases of the Russian language, is forgotten after a few years, which leads to gross errors in compiling the correct structure of the sentence, which is why the members of the sentence become inconsistent with each other.

An example of an irregular declension of a word

To understand what is at stake, it is necessary to consider an example showing the incorrect use of the case form of a word.

• The apples were so beautiful that I wanted to eat them right away. Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing taste experience.

There is an error in the second sentence, indicating that the cases of nouns in Russian are safely forgotten, so the word "taste" has the wrong declension.

The correct variant would be to write the sentence as follows:

• Their shiny red skin hid their juicy flesh, promising a truly amazing delight in (what?) taste.

How many cases in the Russian language, so many forms of changing the endings of words that determine the correct use of not only the case form, but also the number, gender.

I wonder what percentage of adults who are not associated with writing, editorial, educational or scientific activities remember how many cases are in Russian?

The disappointing results of this year's Total Dictation leave much to be desired, showing the insufficient level of literacy for most of the population. Only 2% of all participants wrote it without a single mistake, receiving a well-deserved "five".

The largest number of errors were found in the placement of punctuation marks, and not in the correct spelling of words, which makes the results not so deplorable. With the correct spelling of words, people do not experience any special problems.

And for their correct declension in a sentence, it is worth remembering the names of the cases, as well as what questions the word answers in each specific case form. By the way, the number of cases in Russian is six.

Brief description of cases

The nominative case most often characterizes the subject or other main parts of the sentence. It is the only one always used without prepositions.

The genitive case characterizes belonging or kinship, sometimes other relationships.

The dative case defines a period that symbolizes the end of an action.

The accusative case is a designation of the immediate object of the action.

The instrumental case denotes the instrument with which an action is performed.

The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, indicates a place of action or points to an object. Some linguists tend to divide the prepositional case into two types:

• explanatory, answering the questions “about whom?”, “About what?” (characterizing the subject of mental activity, story, narration);
• local, answering the question "where?" (directly the area or the hour of the action).

But in modern educational science, it is still customary to distinguish six main cases.

There are cases of Russian adjectives and nouns. Word declension applies to both singular and plural.

Cases of Russian nouns

A noun is a part of speech denoting the name of objects, acting in a sentence as a subject or object, answering the question "who?" or "what?".

The variety of ways of declension of words makes the multifaceted and rich Russian language difficult for foreigners to perceive. Cases of nouns inflect a word by changing its ending.

Case forms of nouns can change endings, answering questions:

• regarding animate subjects - “whom?”, “to whom?”;
• inanimate objects - “what?”, “what?”.

Indeclinable nouns

There are nouns that are used in any case without declension endings and do not form a plural. These are the words:

• kangaroo, taxi, subway, flamingos;
• some proper names of foreign origin (Dante, Oslo, Shaw, Dumas);
• common foreign nouns (Madame, Mrs., Mademoiselle);
• Russian and Ukrainian surnames (Dolgikh, Sedykh, Grishchenko, Stetsko);
• complex abbreviations (USA, USSR, FBI);
• surnames of women denoting male objects (Alisa Zhuk, Maria Krol).

Changing adjectives

Adjectives are an independent part of speech denoting the signs and characteristics of an object, answering the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”. In a sentence, it acts as a definition, sometimes a predicate.

Just like a noun, it is declined in cases by changing endings. Examples are shown in the table.

Non-inflected adjectives

Cases of the Russian language are able to change all adjectives, if they are not presented in a short form, answering the question "what?". These adjectives in the sentence act as a predicate and are not declined. For example: He is smart.

Plural cases

Nouns and adjectives can be in the singular and plural, which also reflect the cases of the Russian language.

The plural is formed by changing the ending, declension of words depending on the question that the case form answers, with or without the same prepositions.

Features of the genitive and accusative cases

For some people, two cases with seemingly identical questions that the inflected word answers are difficult and somewhat confusing: the genitive case and the question “who?”, and the accusative case with the question “who?”.

For ease of understanding, it should be remembered that in the genitive case the inflected word answers the following questions:

• there was no “who?” at the party (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• there was no “who?” in the store (seller), "what?" (of bread);
• there was no “who?” in the prison cell (prisoner), "what?" (beds).

That is, the case indicates the ownership of the object, focusing on the event itself, and not on the subject.

In the accusative case, the same phrases would sound as follows:

• brought to the party "who?" (Paul), "what?" (champagne);
• they didn’t bring “who?” to the store (salesperson) "what?" (bread);
• in the prison cell they did not find “who?” (prisoner) "what?" (bed).

The case refers directly to the object around which the action is performed.

The ability to correctly inflect various parts of speech according to cases, number, gender is a hallmark of a smart, literate person who highly appreciates the Russian language and its basic rules. The desire for knowledge, repetition and improvement of knowledge is a hallmark of a highly intelligent person capable of self-organization.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? where? when? why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

To distinguish between homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom BUT – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for the dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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Name: Dative.

Dative- one of the indirect cases, in the languages ​​of the world usually expressing some action directed to the subject and derivatives from it (for example, transferring a direct object to an indirect one, from where the name of the case came from).
The dative case often expresses the subject of a perceptual situation.

The main meaning of the dative case is that it expresses an indirect object, that is, the person or object to which the action is directed. Answering questions to whom? why ?, this case is used with the verbs to give, buy, donate, send, speak, prove, promote, allow (or not allow), etc.

In Russian, the dative goes back to the Proto-Slavic, is used independently or with prepositions to, according to, according to.

In addition, the dative case is used with verbs expressing certain feelings directed at someone or something, for example: trust a friend, sympathize with the patient, be surprised at the content, etc. In impersonal sentences, the dative case can refer to a verb or to predicative adverb: the sentry can’t sleep, the mother is unwell, I don’t want to part with you, he is cold, etc.

The dative case is:
1) the form of a noun included in the paradigm with one of the following endings (in spelling form):
singular - earth, swamp, field, bone, daughter, name, path;
plural - lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters, names, ways;
2) a number of such forms of the noun, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm with one of the following endings (in spelling):
singular - blue, blue, strong, strong, fox, fox, aunt, aunt, father, father, acting, acting, broken, broken;
plural - blue, strong, fox, aunt, paternal, active, broken;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.

Basic meanings of the dative case-objective and subjective, which
The dative case is combined with simple and derivative prepositions. In combination with simple prepositions k and po, ​​it has an objective meaning (cool off a friend, kind to people, preparing for a lecture, the will to live, missing the family, shooting sparrows, chores) and different types of attributive meaning (including the function of the predicate: Claims - to the quality of goods; Pie - for dinner; Exam - in physics; Movement - on schedule); with the preposition to - also including the function of the necessary informatively supplementing form: refer to the foremost workers ("to be included in the number"); The conversation was reduced to nothing.

The dative case with the preposition po in different combinations expresses distribution over several subjects, objects, points, moments: There is a stork on each roof; The children were given an apple; We do not work on Sundays; Dispersed to the villages; We talked many times; Notebooks - according to the number of students;

This case is combined with the following derivative prepositions and prepositional formations: thanks to, in contrast to, in contrast to, contrary to, following, looking at, on the way to, towards, towards, contrary to, not in an example, towards, in relation to, like , in relation to, according to, according to, in accordance with, accordingly, in proportion, judging by.

In most cases, such combinations are syntactically unambiguous: they have attributive meanings corresponding to the lexical meanings of the preposition.