What is the name of the Pope now. Pope of Rome: list of church leaders, names and dates

List of popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica. Marble slab at the entrance to the sacristy in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican Note: Only in 384 ... ... Wikipedia

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- (lat. connection) the merger of the Orthodox and Catholic confessions, and, on the one hand, the primacy of the pope, purgatory, the presence of the Holy Spirit and from the Son are recognized, on the other hand, the marriage of white clergy and worship in their native language is allowed, with ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE- BIBLIOGRAPHY [from Greek. βιβλίον book and γράφω writing] THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE, information about publications related to the complex of scientific theological disciplines. The term "bibliography" appeared in Dr. Greece and originally meant "rewriting books". ... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

- (Belarusian Belarusian prozvishchy) were formed in the context of the all-European process. The oldest of them date back to the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century, when the territory of Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, multi-ethnic and ... ... Wikipedia

- (Latin Patrology) a collection of works by Latin-speaking Christian authors, including 217 huge volumes, the first part of the Complete Course of Patrology (Patrologiae Cursus Completus), the second part of Patrologia Graeca. Published by Abbot Minem ... ... Wikipedia

- (from λιτός general and εργον business) the name of the most important of Christian services, which exists, although not in the same form and meaning, for all Christian denominations and expresses the main ideas of the Christian worldview and the main goals ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

There were times when there was no church organization, cult, dogma, there were no officials. From the mass of ordinary believers came prophets and preachers, teachers and apostles. It was they who replaced the priests. It was believed that they were endowed with power and capable of teaching, prophecy, performing miracles, even healing. Any adherent of the Christian faith could be called a charismatic. Such a person often even ran the affairs of the community if a certain number of like-minded people joined him. Only by the middle of the 2nd century did the bishops gradually begin to direct all the affairs of the Christian communities.

The name "Papa" (from the Greek word - father, mentor) appeared in the 5th century. Then, according to the edict of the emperor of Rome, all the bishops were subject to the papal court.

The pinnacle of the power of papal power was a document that appeared in 1075, called the Dictate of the Pope.

The papacy at different periods of its history experienced dependence on emperors, as well as their governors, on French kings, even on barbarians, a split in the church, forever dividing all adherents of Christianity into Orthodox and Catholics, the strengthening of power and the rise of the papacy, the crusades.

Who was awarded such a high title "Pope"? A list of these people is presented to your attention in the article.

Secular power of the Pope

Until 1870, inclusive, the Popes were the rulers of multiple territories in Italy, which was called the Papal States.

The Vatican became the seat of the Holy See. Today there is no smaller state in the world, and it is completely located within the boundaries of Rome.

The head of the Holy See, and therefore the Vatican, the Roman). He is elected for life by the conclave (college of cardinals).

The Power of the Pope in the Church

In the Catholic Church, the pontiff has full power. It does not depend on the influence of any person.

He has the right to issue laws, called canons, which are binding on the church, to interpret and change them, even to cancel them. They are united in the codes of the First - 451st year.

In the church, the Pope also has apostolic authority. He controls the purity of the doctrine, carries out the dissemination of faith. He is authorized to convene a meeting and approve the decisions taken by him, to postpone or dissolve the council.

The pontiff has judicial power in the church. He considers cases as the first instance. It is forbidden to appeal the father's verdict in a secular court.

And, finally, as the highest executive power, he has the right to establish bishoprics and liquidate them, to appoint and remove bishops. He consecrates the saints and the blessed.

Sovereign papal authority. And this is very important, because the rule of law allows you to observe and maintain order.

Pope: list

The oldest of the lists is given in the treatise of Irenaeus of Lyon "Against Heresies" and ends in 189, when Pope Eleutherius died. It is recognized as reliable by most researchers.

The list of Eusebius, which was brought up to 304, when Pope Marcellinus completed his earthly journey, contains information about the time of accession of each of the pontiffs to the throne with the duration of their pontificates.

So who was awarded the title of "Pope"? The list with corrections in the Roman edition was compiled by Pope Liberius and appeared in his Catalogue. And here, in addition to the names of each bishop, starting with St. Peter, and the duration of the pontificates with the greatest possible accuracy (up to a day), there are other details, such as the dates of the consulates, the name of the emperor who ruled during these periods. Liberius himself died in 366.

The researchers note that the chronology of papal reigns up to 235 was obtained, for the most part, by calculations, and therefore their historical value is in doubt.

For a long time, the more authoritative of the lists was the Book of Popes, which contains descriptions up to and including Pope Honorius, who died in 1130. But, in fairness, it is worth noting that the Catalog of the Pope of Liberius became a source of information about the Popes of the early periods.

Is there an exact list of people who have been awarded the title of "Pope"? The list has been compiled by many historians. They were influenced by the developing history, as well as the author's point of view on the canonical legitimacy of this or that election or deposition. Moreover, the pontificates of the popes of antiquity usually began counting from the moment when they were ordained as bishops. With the later custom, which continued until the ninth century, when popes were crowned, the period of government began to be reckoned from the time of the coronation. And later, from the pontificate of Gregory VII - from the election, that is, from the moment when the Pope received the dignity. There were pontiffs who were elected, and even proclaimed themselves as such in spite of those who were canonically elected.

Popes are wicked

In the history of the Vatican, numbering more than 2000 years, there are not only white blank pages, and the Popes are far from always and not all the standards of virtue and the righteous. The Vatican recognized the pontiffs - thieves, lechers, usurpers, warmongers.

At all times, no Pope had the right to remain aloof from the politics of European countries. Perhaps that is why some of them used her methods, often quite cruel, and as the most impious, remained in the memory of their contemporaries.

• Stephen VI (VII - in separate sources).

They say that he did not just "inherit". On his initiative, in 897, a trial was held, which was later called the "corpse synod." He ordered the exhumation and brought to trial the corpse of Pope Formosus, who was not only his predecessor, but also an ideological opponent. The accused, or rather, the corpse of the pontiff, already half-decomposed, was seated on the throne and interrogated. It was a terrible court session. Pope Formosus was charged with treachery, and his election was declared invalid. And even this sacrilege seemed to the pontiff not enough, and the accused's fingers were cut off, and then dragged along the city streets. He was buried in a grave with strangers.

By the way, at that very time an earthquake happened, the Romans took it as a sign to overthrow the Pope, given to them from above.

• John XII.

The list of accusations is impressive: adultery, sale of church lands and privileges.

The fact of his adultery with many different women, among them his father's cohabitant and his own niece, is recorded in the chronicles of Liutprand of Cremona. Even life was deprived by the woman's husband, who found him in bed with her.

• Benedict IX.

He turned out to be the most cynical pontiff without any morality, "the devil from hell in the guise of a priest." In a far from complete list of his acts of rape, sodomy, organization of orgies.

It is also known about the attempts of the Pope to sell the throne, after which he again dreamed of power and planned to return to it.

• Urban VI.

He initiated the Schism in the Roman Catholic Church in 1378. For almost forty years those who fought for the throne were at enmity. He was a cruel man, a real despot.

• John XXII.

It was he who decided that you can make good money on the absolution of sins. Forgiveness for more serious sins cost more.

• Leo X.

A direct follower of the work begun by John XXII. He considered the "tariffs" low and requiring an increase. Now it turned out to be enough to pay off a large amount, and the sins of the murderer or the one who committed incest were easily forgiven.

• Alexander VI.

A man with a reputation as the most immoral and scandalous Pope. He earned such fame by debauchery and nepotism. He was called a poisoner and adulterer, even accused of incest. It is said that he even got the Pope's seat through bribery.

In fairness, it should be noted that there are enough unfounded rumors around his name.

Popes who were brutally murdered

The history of the church is rich in bloodshed. Many ministers of the Catholic Church became victims of brutal murders.

• October 64 Saint Peter.

Saint Peter, as the legend says, preferred to die a martyr's death, like his teacher Jesus. He expressed a desire to be crucified on the cross, only with his head down, and this, no doubt, increased the suffering. And after his death, he became revered as the first Pope.

• Saint Clement I.

(from 88 to 99)

There is a legend according to which, while in exile in the quarries, with the help of prayer, he practically performed a miracle. Where the prisoners were suffering from unbearable heat and thirst, a lamb appeared out of nowhere, and a spring gushed out of the ground in this very place. The ranks of Christians were replenished with those who witnessed the miracle, among them convicts, local residents. And Clement was executed by the guards, an anchor was tied to his neck and the corpse was thrown into the sea.

• Saint Stephen I.

Only 3 years he stayed as pontiff, when he had to fall victim to the strife that engulfed the Catholic Church. Right in the middle of a sermon, he was beheaded by soldiers who served the emperor Valerian, who was persecuting Christians. The throne, which was filled with his blood, was kept by the church until the 18th century.

• Sixtus II.

He repeated the fate of his predecessor, Stephen I.

• John VII.

By the way, he was the first among the Popes, born in a noble family. He was beaten to death by the woman's husband when he caught them in bed.

• John VIII.

He is considered almost the greatest figure in the history of the church. Historians associate his name, first of all, with a large number of political intrigues. And it is not surprising that he himself became their victim. It is known that he was poisoned and received a heavy blow to the head with a hammer. So it remained a mystery what was the true reason for his murder.

• Stephen VII.

(from May 896 to August 897)

Received notoriety for the trial of Pope Formosus. The "Corpse Synod" clearly did not receive the approval of supporters of Catholicism. In the end, he was imprisoned, where he was later executed.

• John XII.

He became a dad at eighteen. And for most, he was a leader, inspiring and pious. At the same time, he did not disdain theft and incest, he was a player. He is even credited with involvement in political assassinations. And he himself died at the hands of a jealous spouse, who found him and his wife in bed in his house.

• John XXI.

This pontiff is also known to the world as a scientist and philosopher. Philosophical and medical treatises came out from under his pen. He died some time after the collapse of the roof in the new wing of his palace in Italy, in his own bed, from his injuries.

About some representatives of the papacy

He had to lead the church during the Second World War. He chose a very cautious position in relation to Hitlerism. But on his orders, Catholic churches sheltered Jews. And how many representatives of the Vatican helped Jews escape from concentration camps by issuing them new passports. The Pope used all possible means of diplomacy for these purposes.

Pius XII never hid his anti-Sovietism. In the hearts of Catholics, he will remain the pope who proclaimed the dogma of the Ascension of Our Lady.

The pontificate of Pius XII ends the "epoch of Pius".

First Pope with a double name

The first Pope in history to choose a double name for himself, which he composed from the names of his two predecessors. John Paul I ingenuously admitted that he did not have the education of one and the wisdom of the other. But he wanted to continue their work.

He was nicknamed "Jolly Papa Curia" for constantly smiling, even laughing uninhibitedly, which was even unusual. Especially after a serious and gloomy predecessor.

Protocol etiquette became almost an unbearable burden for him. Even in the most solemn moments, he spoke very simply. Sincerely passed even his intronization. He refused the tiatre, walked to the altar on foot, did not sit down in the chesatorium, and the sounds of the choir replaced the cannon roar.

Only 33 days lasted his pontificate until he was overtaken by a myocardial infarction.

Pope Francis

(from 2013 to now)

First pontiff from the New World. This message was joyfully received by Catholics throughout the world. Gained fame as a brilliant orator and a talented leader. Pope Francis is smart and deeply educated. He is concerned about a variety of issues: from the possibility of a third world war to illegitimate children, from interethnic relations to sexual minorities. Pope Francis is a very modest man. He refuses from luxurious apartments, also from a personal chef, he doesn’t even use a “daddy mobile”.

Pilgrim dad

The Pope, the last one born in the 19th century, and the last one to be crowned with a tiara. This tradition was later abolished. He established the Synod of Bishops.

Because he condemned contraception and artificial birth control, he was accused of conservatism and retrograde. It was during his reign that the priests acquired the right to celebrate Mass facing the people.

And he was nicknamed "the pilgrim dad" for the fact that each of the five continents was personally visited.

Founder of the Catholic Action Movement

The Pope restored the old tradition, when from the balcony of the palace he addressed the faithful with a blessing. This was the first act of the pontiff. He became the founder of the movement "Catholic Action", designed to bring to life the principles of Catholicism. He established the feast of Christ the King and determined the principles of the doctrine of the family and marriage. He did not condemn democracy, as many of his predecessors did. It was under the Lateran Accords, signed by the Pope in February 1929, that the Holy See acquired sovereignty over a territory of 44 hectares, known to this day as the Vatican, a city-state with all its attributes: coat of arms and flag, banks and currency, telegraph, radio, newspaper, prison, etc.

The Pope has repeatedly condemned fascism. Only death prevented him from once again making an angry speech.

Conservative pontiff

He is considered a conservative pontiff. He categorically does not accept homosexuality, contraception and abortion, genetic experiments. He was against the ordination of women to the priesthood, homosexuals and married men. He turned Muslims against himself by speaking disrespectfully about the Prophet Muhammad. And although he later apologized for his words, mass protests among Muslims could not be avoided.

First Pope of a united Italy

He was a versatile and educated person. Dante quoted from memory, wrote poetry in Latin. He was the first to open access to some archives for those who study in Catholic educational institutions, but at the same time he left under his personal control the results of the research, their publication and content.

He became the first in united Italy. He died the same year that marked a quarter of a century since his election. A long-liver among popes lived for 93 years.

Gregory XVI

He had to take the throne when a revolutionary movement arose and grew in Italy, which was headed by the Pope, who reacted very negatively to the doctrine of liberalism promoted at that time in France, and condemned the December uprising in Poland. He died of cancer.

Everyone knows that the residence of the Pope is in Rome. But it was not always so. The king of France, Philip the Handsome, who was in conflict with the clergy, placed a new residence at the disposal of the popes in 1309 in Avignon. The "Avignon captivity" continued for about seventy years. Seven pontiffs have changed during this time. The papacy returned to Rome only in 1377.

The Pope has always sought to improve the relationship between Christianity and Islam and is known to all for his active actions in this direction. He was the first of the Popes to visit the mosque, and even prayed in it. And having completed the prayer, he kissed the Koran. It happened in 2001 in Damascus.

On traditional Christian icons, round halos are depicted above the heads of saints. But there are paintings on which halos of other shapes. As for example, triangular - with God the Father, symbolizing the Trinity. And the heads of the not yet dead Roman popes are decorated with rectangular halos.

The TV tower in Berlin has a stainless steel ball. In the bright rays of the sun, a cross is reflected on it. This fact has given rise to several witty nicknames, and "the Pope's revenge" is one of them.

On the throne of the Pope is a cross, but upside down. It is known that such a symbol is used by Satanists, it is also found in black metal bands. But the Catholics know him in quality. Indeed, it was on the inverted cross that he wished to be crucified, considering it unworthy for himself to die, like his Teacher.

Pushkin's "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" in Russia is known to everyone, adults and children. But does everyone know that there is another one called "The Fisherman and His Wife" and created by her famous storytellers the Brothers Grimm. At the Russian poet, the old woman returned to nothing when she wished to become a mistress of the sea. But at the Grimms, she became the Pope. When she wished to become God, she was left with nothing.

In the Middle Ages, there was a struggle for primacy between the spiritual and secular authorities. Emperors actively participated in the selection. The Hundred Years' War in France and the church schism weakened the influence of the pope. It was not until 1929 that the Pope was given back the power to govern the Vatican City State.

In modern times, the choice of the pope takes place at a meeting of cardinals. The Camerlengo, who is temporary head of the College of Cardinals, announces the death of his predecessor. A conclave is called and a new pope is elected. Until the pontiff is declared, the Collegium manages the affairs. The elected dad changes his name and selects a number. For example, Julius I.

List of the last popes, years of reign (beginning)

1. Julius II - 1503 The first pope to be embalmed.

   

2. Leo X - 1513 At the time of his election, he did not have holy orders. Died at the age of 45.

   

3. Adrian VI - 1522 Fought against the Reformation.

   

4. Clement VII - 1523 The pontificate had many mistakes and failures.

   

5. Paul III - 1534 Supported and developed the sciences. He trusted astrologers and consulted with them every time he made an important decision.

   

6. Julius III - 1550 Resumed holidays and carnivals in Rome.

   

7. Marcellus II - 1555. He spoke Latin, Greek and Italian. He was very erudite. He knew mathematics, architecture, astronomy and much more.

   

8. Paul IV - 1555 The oldest pope at the time of his election.

   

9. Pius IV - 1559 Benevolent and sincere. He founded the first theological seminaries.

   

10. Pius V - 1566 A stern personality leading an ascetic lifestyle. Allowed torture and punishment.

    

11. Gregory XIII - 1572 The last pope to have illegitimate children. Introduced the Gregorian calendar.

    

12. Sixtus V - 1585. He fought against banditry, drained the swamps, put the streets and squares in order, built fountains.

    

13. Urban VII - 1590 Struggled with smoking, died of malaria. The shortest term (13 days).

    

14. Gregory XIV - 1590 Was quiet and sickly.

    

15. Innocent IX - 1591 Supported the policy of the Spanish King Philip II.

    

16. Clement VIII - 1592 Wise statesman. Blessed coffee and contributed to the spread of the drink in Europe.

    

17. Leo XI - 1605 Nicknamed "Papa Lightning". He stayed at the head of the church for 28 days.

    

18. Paul V - 1605 Started his career as a lawyer. Strict and resolute, he defended the privileges of the church, sought to preserve the unity of the structure.

    

19. Gregory XV - 1621 Issued a bull against magicians and witches. Papal elections were held by secret ballot.

    

20. Urban VIII - 1623 Elegant and reasonable, had a refined taste. He patronized poets, financed the work of sculptors and artists.

    

21. Innocent X – 1644 Denounced Jansenism.

    

22. Alexander VII - 1655 Showed interest in architectural projects, which later became masterpieces of the Baroque era.

    

23. Clement IX - 1667 He treated people kindly, distributed alms to the poor. Assisted in the construction of a musical theater.

    

24. Clement X - 1670 Called to love each other, daily proving devotion to the Almighty through trust, generosity and prudence.

    

25. Innocent XI - 1676. He was engaged in charitable activities, helping the population during floods and plague. Banned gambling. Lived modestly.

    

26. Alexander VIII - 1689 Returned Avignon.
27. Innocent XII - 1691 The last pope to wear a beard. Destroyed the practice of nepotism.

    

28. Clement XI - 1700 Received a doctorate in law (canonical and civil). Subtle diplomat and peacemaker. During the reign, the Academy of Painting and Sculpture appeared.

    

29. Innocent XIII - 1721 The reign is calm and prosperous.

    

30. Benedict XIII - 1724 An ascetic in life, he did not know how to manage. Opened the Spanish Steps, was the founder of the University of Camerino.

    

31. Clement XII - 1730 The 78-year-old pope, blind and ill, ran renovation programs, built a port, and campaigned for the reunification of the Roman and Orthodox churches.

    

32. Benedict XIV - 1740 Patronized scientists and artists.

    

33. Clement XIII - 1758 Opponent of the Enlightenment. Indecisive and insecure.

    

34. Clement XIV - 1769 Adopted a position of reconciliation between the secular and ecclesiastical authorities. Eliminated the order of the Jesuits.

    

35. Pius VI - 1775 Speech against the French Revolution contributed to the loss of Avignon and the county of Venessin.

    

36. Pius VII - 1800 The agreement signed with Napoleon assumed the possibility of the state interfering in the activities of the church (finances, lands).

    

37. Leo XII - 1823 Noble and modest. Could not appreciate the events of his time.

    

38. Pius VIII - 1829 Recognized mixed marriages (Catholics and Protestants). Was poisoned.

    

39. Gregory XVI - 1831 He was the last non-bishop to be elected pope.

    

40. Pius IX - 1846 Proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary.

    

41. Leo XIII - 1878 Doctor of theology, published 88 encyclicals.

    

42. Pius X - 1903 Issued a decree that stated that children were allowed to take communion at the age of 7 (instead of 14).

    

If you analyze the list, you can see the short terms of government. This is due to pain, old age. Some of them, accepting the honorable duty to be at the head, sometimes did not understand the essence of their activities. But the wise, literate and far-sighted left a noticeable mark in history and religion. Honor and praise to those who thought about the development of the state, carrying out reforms and issuing special laws of honor.

The 266th Pope is a non-standard personality. He first chose the name Francis. He has a degree in chemical engineering. I didn't come to church right away. Fascinated by the humanities and having received a degree in philosophy, Jorge taught at the college. In his free time, he visited nightclubs and followed discipline.

Not embarrassed by the work of a laboratory assistant and cleaner, José gradually approached the clergy. Leadership skills helped to achieve the set goals. Living modestly in a small apartment, the future dad wanted to achieve justice and equality. When, according to the status of a cardinal, he was entitled to a personal limousine with a driver, the choice was clear - to refuse.

The conclave convened in 2013, after the abdication of Benedict XVI, proclaimed the name of the next pope. It turned out to be Jorge Mario Bergoglio. The decision of the majority of the Argentine bishops showed the prestige of the applicant at the international level. Francis was the first pope from the New World.

The motto for the coat of arms was a line from Matthew, which prompted a seventeen-year-old boy to desire to live according to the commandments of Christ and lead people. It spoke of simple truths: to be useful to everyone, to endure insults, to avoid petty honors, not to seek one's own benefit and glory.

Popes, list and years of reign - for many, this information will seem tedious and irrelevant. But to analyze the activities of the heads of the Catholic Church and simply to identify the special features of the leading personalities is sometimes useful and instructive.

The name of the pope is the throne name by which the pope is officially known during his pontificate.

Name adoption procedure

In our time, the pope, immediately after being elected at the conclave and accepting the election, declares under what name he will rule; this name is followed by a number (similar to the numbers of monarchs). Whereupon the Cardinal Protodeacon publicly, as part of the solemn proclamation of Habemus Papam, says, after the new pope's worldly name: qui nomen sui imposuit (who has adopted a name for himself), followed by the name and number in the genitive case.

Name change tradition

Popes didn't always change their names. The first such was the Roman Mercury, who lived in the 6th century, who decided that the name of a pagan god was not suitable for the pope and ruled under the name of John II; from about the 9th century, name-changing popes already predominate. The last popes who ruled under the same name with which they were baptized were Adrian VI (Adrian Florence, 1522-1523; he was the last non-Italian pope until 1978) and Marcellus II (Marcello Cervini, 1555, died shortly after being elected). Formally, no rules oblige them to do this, and so far.

Name choice and meaning

The choice of name is often significant in one way or another. First of all, the popes have been trying for the last few centuries to choose a name in honor of a representative series of their predecessors, there are traditional frequent papal names (the names Leo, Benedict, Clement, Pius, Gregory, Innocent met more than 10 times). The name John has a special history - once the most frequent among popes and antipopes, after the odious antipope John XXIII (Balthasar Cossa), not a single pontiff accepted it for more than 500 years until Cardinal Roncalli, who again took the name John XXIII in 1958. As he himself explained Roncalli, this choice was due to the fact that his father's name was Giovanni (John).

The name can carry an ideological load, for example, the papal name Pius is associated with conservatism (Pius IX, Pius X and especially Pius XII); one of the ultra-conservative sedevacantist anti-popes, Lucian Pulvermacher, adopted the name "Pius XIII". The names John and Paul are associated with adherence to the ideas of Vatican II, held by John XXIII and Paul VI. The name "Benedict", chosen by Ratzinger, is interpreted by the pope himself as a sign of veneration for St. Benedict of Nursia and succession in relation to the pope-diplomat and peacemaker Benedict XV.

By tradition, popes never choose the name Peter, which was the name of the apostle Peter, considered the first bishop of Rome (although there are no formal rules forbidding this). According to a medieval prophecy about popes, Peter II ("Peter the Roman", Petrus Romanus) will be the last pope before the end of the world.

Numbering

Numbers used to distinguish popes with the same name began to be used from time to time, starting with Pope Gregory III (731-741), and from the end of the 10th century such use became constant. Under Pope Leo IX (1049-1054), the number first appeared on papal seals. If the papal name occurs only once, the I number is usually not used.

After Antipope John XXIII (Balthasar Cossa), Cardinal Roncalli took back the name John XXIII in 1958, thereby emphasizing that Cossa was not a legitimate pope. Not always, however, antipopes are omitted when choosing a number: for example, although Benedict X, Alexander V, and John XVI were antipopes, their numbers are taken into account in the overall numbering order.

In 1978, Cardinal Luciani, who died after 33 days of pontificate, took the name John Paul I and thus made a real "onomastic revolution". Firstly, he adopted a previously unused name with number I: all other popes with number I were assigned it “backdating”, after the tradition of using numbers appeared, and the last pope before John Paul I with a previously unused name was the one who ruled more than a thousand years before him Landon (913-914)). Secondly, for the first time in the history of the papacy, the pontiff adopted a double name. Luciani did this in honor of his two immediate predecessors, John XXIII and Paul VI. His successor, Cardinal Wojtyla, the most famous pope of the 20th century, adopted the same name - John Paul II. The current pope, Wojtyła's successor Cardinal Ratzinger, has chosen a more traditional throne name, Benedict XVI. Thus, the observed pattern was confirmed, according to which three popes never take the same names in a row.

frequency list of names

Papal names are given that occurred 5 times or more; the years in which the given name was last chosen to date are indicated.

* John - 21 times (maximum number XXIII; John XVI was an antipope, John XX did not exist), 1958

* Gregory - 16 times, 1831

* Benedict - 15 times (maximum number XVI; Benedict X was antipope), 2005

* Clement - 14 times, 1769

* Innocent - 13 times, 1721

* Lion - 13 times, 1878

* Pius - 12 times, 1939

* Stephen - 8 or 9 times (maximum number IX (X); Stephen VII was an antipope; double numbering is associated with disagreements over the inclusion of Stephen II in the lists of popes), 1057

* Boniface - 8 times (maximum number IX; Boniface VII was antipope), 1389

* Urban - 8 times, 1623

* Alexander - 7 times (maximum number VIII; Alexander V was antipope), 1689

* Adrian - 6 times, 1522

* Pavel - 6 times, 1963

* Celestine - 6 times, 1294

* Nicholas - 5 times, 1447

* Sixtus - 5 times, 1585

In addition, there were legitimate popes Martin IV and Martin V, but they wore such numbers because they mistakenly took two popes named Marin for Martins II and III.

4 names met 4 times each, 7 names - 3 times each, 10 names - 2 times each and 43 names - 1 time each.

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"Names of Popes" in books

Prophecy of the Popes

author Korovina Elena Anatolievna

Prophecy about the popes In 1590, a sensational find was discovered in the Vatican library: on one of the dusty shelves in the farthest corner, an old parchment was found, folded somehow, as if the one who stuffed it there sincerely wished that the manuscript was not found

Beware of the Popes

From the book Love. Freedom. Loneliness. author Rajneesh Bhagwan Shri

Beware of the Popes I heard the Pope, addressing the youth of Latin America, say: - My dear, beware of the devil. The devil will tempt you with drugs, alcohol, and especially sex before marriage. Who is this devil? I never met him, he never tempted

§ 1. Comparison of the Roman Empires II and III

From the book Critical Study of the Chronology of the Ancient World. Antiquity. Volume 1 author Postnikov Mikhail Mikhailovich

§ 1. Comparison of Roman Empires II and III Introduction The Roman Empire, actually founded by Sulla and continued by Julius Caesar and Octavian, experienced a severe crisis after Caracalla, which led to its almost complete collapse. For convenience of reference, we will refer to this period as

Chapter XXVII. "SEcular" NAMES AND INITIATIVE NAMES

From the book Notes on Initiation author Guénon Rene

Chapter XXVII. NAMES "SELICIAL" AND NAMES INITIAL We have previously spoken of the various mysteries of a more or less external order which may exist in certain organizations, initiatic or otherwise, and have mentioned among others the mystery concerning the names of their members; on

Chapter XXVII. Names "secular" and names initiatory

From the book Symbolism of the Cross (collection) author Guénon Rene

Chapter XXVII. "Secular" and Initiatic Names Earlier we spoke of the various mysteries of a more or less external order which may exist in certain organizations, initiatory or otherwise, and mentioned among others the mystery concerning the names of their members; on

2. 2. 1. Names of Roman emperors

author

2. 2. 1. Names of the Roman emperors 1. (RI) - a list of the names of the emperors of Rome, starting with Romulus (753 BC) and ending with Emperor Leopold of Habsburg (1705 AD). This list successively included all known names of all emperors and actual rulers of imperial Rome

2. 2. 2. Names of popes

From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. 2. Names of Roman popes 2. (P1) - a list of names of Roman popes before 1950. This list includes the names of all popes and antipopes of Rome, starting with the Apostle Peter. The list of names of the popes is divided into chapters of 10 years. The list was compiled by A. Makarov according to. The total number of chapters of this list of names: N = 190, total

2. 2. 3. Nationalities of the Popes

From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. 3. Popes' nationalities 3. (P2) - a list of popes' nationalities before 1950. This list is compiled in the same way as the list of names of Roman popes, but instead of names, data on origin are taken (for example, "Roman" , "Frenchman", "Genoese", etc.). Thus, as

2. 2. Associated names and peer names. Mathematical formalism

From the book Empire - II [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2. 2. Associated names and peer names. Mathematical formalism Following the methodology described in the previous section, we consider a probabilistic scheme of a random equiprobable choice with the return of two names from the list X and determine the random variable z - spacing

THREE DAYS OF "ROMAN HOLIDAYS"

From the book of the Mystic of Ancient Rome. Secrets, legends, legends author Burlak Vadim Nikolaevich

THREE DAYS OF "ROMAN HOLIDAYS" Rome has a charm that is difficult to define and that belongs to it alone. Those who have experienced the power of this charm understand each other perfectly; for others it is a mystery. Some naively admit that they do not understand

MUSLIM NAMES (ISLAMIC NAMES)

From the book The Complete History of Islam and the Arab Conquests author Popov Alexander

MUSLIM NAMES (ISLAMIC NAMES) Choosing a name Of course, loving mother and father want to give the child the most beautiful and worthy name. But in any religion, this is not an easy question. In the Islamic world, there are certain rules that determine the choice of a name. In accordance with

POISON IN THE ROMAN HILLS

From the book of 200 famous poisonings the author Antsyshkin Igor

POISON ON THE ROMAN HILLS In the first set of Roman laws, murder by poison was punishable by death. But in the famous laws of the XII tables (451-450 BC), a loophole was already left for poisoners: “If anyone speaks of poison, he must add whether it is harmful or

§52. List of Roman bishops and Roman emperors for the first three centuries

From the book Pre-Nicean Christianity (100 - 325 AD) author Schaff Philip

§52. List of Roman bishops and Roman emperors for the first three centuries Years of the Pope Emperors Years August 27 BC Tiberius 14 - 37 AD Caligula Claudius 37 - 41 41 - 54 ?42 -67 Apostle Peter Nero 54 - 68 (63 - 64) ? 67 - 79 presbyter Lin Galba, Otho, Vitellius 68 -

Pope's Guard

From the book Anti-Religious Calendar for 1941 author Mikhnevich D. E.

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic semi-monastic organization that arose in the 16th century, are called Jesuits. let the world perish rather than fall

12. This is the genealogy of Ishmael, the son of Abraham, whom Hagar the Egyptian, the maid of Sarah, bore to Abraham; 13. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, their names according to their genealogy: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nabaioth, followed by Kedar, Adbeel, Mivsam, 14. Mishma, Duma, Massa, 15. Hadad, Thema, Ietur, Nafish and Kedma. 16. These are the son

From the book Explanatory Bible. Volume 1 author Lopukhin Alexander

12. This is the genealogy of Ishmael, the son of Abraham, whom Hagar the Egyptian, the maid of Sarah, bore to Abraham; 13. And these are the names of the sons of Ishmael, their names according to their genealogy: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nabaioth, followed by Kedar, Adbeel, Mivsam, 14. Mishma, Duma, Massa, 15. Hadad, Thema, Ietur, Nafish and Kedma.

Pope Francis is the 266th head of the Catholic Church, who became the first pontiff from the New World and a Jesuit pope in history. He is known throughout the world as a multifaceted, but very modest person who, in addition to his main duties on the throne, makes a significant contribution to solving world problems, and also acts as a diplomat in normalizing relations with the Orthodox clergy in different countries.

Pope Francis was born (in the world Jorge Mario Bergoglio) on December 17, 1936 in Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, in a large family of Italian emigrants Regina Maria Sivori and Mario Giuseppe Bergoglio. He became the fifth and last child of parents who raised their children in love and care, but in strict modesty, since the only earner in the family was his father, who was an ordinary worker on the railroad.

As a child, the future head of the Catholic Church was a generous, kind-hearted and generous boy, so he tried to take all the most valuable things out of the house and give them away to those in need, for which he was repeatedly punished by his parents. It was then that mother Jorge Mario Bergoglio realized that her son would be God's child, because he was courteous to absolutely any person, showing his kindness without pretense of vanity.

Despite this, he received his first education at one of the universities in Buenos Aires, where he studied chemistry. Having received a diploma in chemical engineering, Pope Francis nevertheless entered the seminary and at the age of 22 entered the male spiritual order of the Roman Catholic Church. The period of obedience (novitiate) took place in Chile, after which he returned to his native city and entered the College of St. Joseph, from where he graduated as a licentiate (academician) of philosophy.

Until 1969, Bergoglio taught at Catholic colleges in Buenos Aires. He taught students literature, philosophy and theology. According to the Pope himself, in his early youth, before he felt the desire and ability to introduce people to the church, he had to work as a cleaner, laboratory assistant and even a bouncer in a nightclub in Argentina.

cardinality

At 33, Jorge Mario Bergoglio was ordained a priest, after which he continued teaching - he became a professor at the Faculty of Theology at San Miguel College. After 10 years, having conquered the leaders of the Jesuit society with his perfect knowledge, unpretentiousness and perseverance, the future pontiff was promoted to the rector of the seminary of St. Joseph, and after 6 years he defended his doctoral dissertation in Germany and was appointed to the post of spiritual director of the Archdiocese of Cordoba.

In 1992, the future head of the Catholic Church was consecrated as a bishop, and in 1997 he was appointed coadjutor, i.e. diocese heir. Then he showed all his leadership talent, revealed the qualities of a true father of the church, as well as boundless modesty, for which he was elevated to the archbishop of Buenos Aires. In 2001, Archbishop Bergoglio received the title of the church of St. Robert Bellarmine and was elevated to the cardinals, becoming the highest clergyman of the Catholic Church after the Pope.

Having reached the so-called church Olympus, the future Pope Francis took several administrative posts in the "ministries" of the Vatican - he received membership in the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, became a member of the Congregation for the Clergy and Church Property, and also became a member of the Pontifical Council for the Family .

In 2005, after the death of Pope John Paul II, Cardinal Bergoglio was summoned to the Vatican as a papabile, but could not defeat his main “rival” for the post of head of the Catholic Church, Joseph Ratzinger, in the vote.

After that, he was appointed head of the Bishops' Conference of Argentina, thereby gaining international prestige and leadership among the cardinals. In 2013, after the abdication of Benedict XVI from the papacy, which happened for the first time in the last 600 years, Cardinal Bergoglio again went to the Conclave as a candidate and this time became the leader of the vote.

The enthronement of the new Pope took place on March 19, 2013. Cardinal Bergoglio adopted the first name of Francis in the history of the papacy and became the first head of the Catholic Church from the New World with the Jesuit Order. Catholics received the news with great enthusiasm that the humble Cardinal Bergoglio from Latin America had become their shepherd.

Having become the "president" of the Vatican, Pope Francis still remained a modest and socially just person. He is very easy to communicate with people and adheres to the "correct", according to society, positions on social and moral issues.

The head of the Catholic Church strongly opposes abortion and euthanasia, against the legalization of same-sex marriages, supporting Catholic traditionalism. Pope Francis also carried out a large-scale reform in the management of the Vatican Bank, which has an anti-corruption direction.

He became the only head of the Catholic Church who, a year later, presented the financial report of the Institute for Religious Affairs, and at the end of 2015, he even appointed an external audit of the financial statements of the Vatican, whose budget is more than $ 300 million.

In his post, Pope Francis shows a friendly attitude towards Russia, showing a deep interest in the Orthodox Church. At the beginning of 2016, he first met with, with whom he discussed the topic of persecution of Christians, the rapprochement of relations between the Catholic and Orthodox churches, and international politics.

Personal life

The personal life of Pope Francis is entirely in the clergy and belief in God. He leads a very modest life, preaches compassion for all sick and poor people, often visits slums and hospices. The impeccable biography of the pontiff makes him one of the few high-ranking dignitaries who did not have "dark spots" in their lives. Even in the rank of archbishop, he traveled to the temple by metro, refusing the privileges due to him, and arrived in Rome with just one suitcase of personal belongings.

The head of the Catholic Church completely abandoned television, in which he made a vow back in 1994 and adheres to the ideals of evangelical poverty - he does not have luxury apartments, a popemobile and a personal chef. At the same time, he also has worldly weaknesses. Pope Francis is a devoted fan of the Argentine football club San Lorenzo and in 2008 became an official member of the fan club.

In 2016, it became known that the pontiff would play in the adventure film "On the Other Side of the Sun", in which the New Testament will be the basis of the plot, and the main characters will be children, playing the roles of the twelve apostles. Francis himself asked for such a film to be made so that the children of the whole planet could understand the message.