What is the nature of the Tatars? The main features of the representatives of this ethnic group.

There is a mixture of both Mongoloid and Caucasoid ancestors, so the representatives of this one are very different. There are several types of Tatars, for example, Ural, South Kama, Volga-Siberian. The last of them is distinguished by the appearance of the Mongoloid type - a wide face, dark hair, brown and the so-called Mongolian fold on the upper eyelid. But there are few such Tatars, this type is the smallest. Most often there are Caucasoid appearance with light brown and blond hair. Almost all types of Tatars have a thin nose, sometimes with a small hump or lowered tip.

Cleanliness, readiness to come to the rescue, and patience are considered distinctive features of the Tatar character. It is believed that this nation is characterized by self-confidence, pride and narcissism. Tatars do not live by feelings, but by reason, therefore they are law-abiding, respectful, love order and stability. A Tatar will not swim against the current - once in an unfavorable situation, he will show flexibility and adapt to new conditions. Tatars are characterized by tolerance, religiosity and the deepest respect for elders.

Tatars are distinguished by the presence of a commercial vein. They have earned a reputation as the best workers for their diligence, conscientious fulfillment of their obligations, discipline and perseverance in the performance of their work. Representatives of the Tatar nation strive for knowledge. They are smart and responsible. Honoring the elders is also reflected in professional activities - it will never dismiss an employee of pre-retirement age. The negative quality of a Tatar is considered to be an excessively sharp directness of judgments.

Our names are connected with nationality. When a child receives the name of his nationality, he involuntarily begins to identify himself with the history, character and customs of his people. And if you decide to call the baby a beautiful Tatar name, he will undoubtedly grow up as a decent, kind and cheerful person. So let's choose a name!

You will need

• Head and list of male Tatar names and their meanings.

Instruction

Pay attention to how the ones you like will be combined with. If the father of the child has a Tatar name, everything is simple here, since Tatar and Tatar names form beautiful combinations. Another thing is if the father is endowed, for example, with the simple Russian name Ivan. The choice, of course, will be difficult. It may happen that the name that you liked and most sunk into your soul may not fit at all. In this case, donate, not a name. Do not forget about relatives and friends who are always ready to help you and give advice.

As a separate nationality, they appeared approximately in the 15th century. Before that, various tribes and peoples lived on the territory of the peninsula, from which this nationality was formed. Now the appearance of the Tatars faintly resembles the one that it was 500 years ago. Moreover, people living in different countries and regions are completely different from each other.

Representatives of this nation live mainly in the south of Ukraine, in Russia, Romania, Turkey and Uzbekistan (where they were massively deported from the Crimea in the middle of the last century). In connection with this resettlement, the Crimean Tatars (whose appearance at that time was mostly close to Slavic) were forced to coexist with Asian peoples, as a result of which many national signs were lost.

Now, after returning to their historical homeland (as early as the end of the last century, they began to return to the Crimea), this people is trying to revive their traditions. But not only cultural and historical values ​​were lost in exile, the appearance of the Tatars also changed. The "purebred" representatives of this nation are quite with light (often blond or red) hair, light eyes and skin. However, having mixed with the Uzbeks and other representatives of the eastern peoples, many Tatars became swarthy, brown-eyed, with dark hair and a characteristic Asian

Despite this external difference, life away from the homeland did not lead to significant internal discord. Now, like dozens of years ago, Crimean Tatars are trying to live together, children in families are brought up with traditional morality and religion (most of them profess Islam), mutual assistance and support.

Despite the fact that Tatar youth do not observe some rituals and behave more and more like Europeans, the main traditions (respect for elders, holidays, weddings and some other events) still retained their originality. Of course, the appearance of the Tatars now differs little from the appearance of representatives of other nationalities: no one wears women, despite belonging to Islam, they allow themselves to use cosmetics, wear revealing outfits and attend various events alone (which was absolutely unacceptable a few decades ago).

But all this mainly concerns residents of large cities, in remote settlements and the outback of the Crimean steppes, many people live in a completely different way than in the city, including the Tatars. Appearance (man, woman, child) is more reminiscent of those representatives of the nation who lived in the last century. Girls are more modest, children are more obedient. In many villages, all traditions are observed with jewelry precision, including fasts and holidays, weddings and funerals.

From a geographical point of view, representatives of this people are divided into mountain foothills (tatlar), steppe (nogai) and south coast (boylu). The appearance of the Tatars also depends on this affiliation. So, the legs have a more pronounced Asian dense physique and short stature. Tatlar are more like Slavs - they are fair-skinned and tall. As for the boilies, they are usually swarthy, but taller than the Nogai and Tatlar, their facial features are more pleasant, although large. At present, representatives of all three directions are so mixed up that a clear boundary between them no longer exists.

APPEARANCE OF TATARS. HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE THE TATARS. FACE FEATURES Each nation has its own distinctive features, which allow almost without error to determine the nationality of a person. It is worth noting that the Asian peoples are very similar to each other, since all are descendants of the Mongoloid race. How can you define a Tatar? What is the difference between the appearance of the Tatars?

Uniqueness Without a doubt, each person is unique, regardless of nationality. And yet there are certain common features that unite representatives of a race or nationality. Tatars are usually attributed to the so-called Altai family. This is a Turkish group. The ancestors of the Tatars were known as farmers. Unlike other representatives of the Mongoloid race, the Tatars do not have pronounced facial features. The appearance of the Tatars and the changes that are now manifesting in them are largely caused by assimilation with the Slavic peoples. Indeed, among the Tatars, fair-haired, sometimes even red-haired representatives are sometimes found. This, for example, cannot be said about Uzbeks, Mongols or Tajiks. Do the eyes of the Tatars have features? They do not necessarily have a narrow slit in the eyes and dark skin. Are there any common features of the appearance of the Tatars?

Description of the Tatars: a bit of history Tatars are among the most ancient and populous ethnic groups. In the Middle Ages, mention of them excited everyone around: in the east from the shores of the Pacific Ocean and to the Atlantic coast. A variety of scientists included references to this people in their writings. The mood of these notes was clearly polar: some wrote with rapture and admiration, while other scientists showed fear. But one thing united everyone - no one remained indifferent. It is quite obvious that it was the Tatars who had a huge impact on the course of development of Eurasia. They managed to create a distinctive civilization that influenced a variety of cultures.

In the history of the Tatar people there were both ups and downs. Periods of peace gave way to cruel times of bloodshed. The ancestors of modern Tatars took part in the creation of several strong states at once. Despite all the vicissitudes of fate, they managed to preserve both their people and their identity. Ethnic groups Thanks to the works of anthropologists, it became known that the ancestors of the Tatars were not only representatives of the Mongoloid race, but also Europeans. It was this factor that led to the diversity in appearance. Moreover, the Tatars themselves are usually divided into groups: Crimean, Ural, Volga-Siberian, South Kama. The Volga-Siberian Tatars, whose facial features have the greatest signs of the Mongoloid race, are distinguished by the following features: dark hair, pronounced cheekbones, brown eyes, a wide nose, a fold over the upper eyelid. Representatives of this type are few. The face of the Volga Tatars is oblong, the cheekbones are not too pronounced. The eyes are large and gray (or brown). Hump ​​nose, oriental type. The physique is correct. In general, the men of this group are quite tall and hardy. Their skin is not dark. Such is the appearance of the Tatars from the Volga region.

Kazan Tatars: appearance and customs The appearance of the Kazan Tatars is described as follows: a strongly built strong man. From the Mongols, a wide oval of the face and a somewhat narrowed slit of the eyes are noticeable. The neck is short and strong. Men rarely wear a thick beard. Such features are explained by the fusion of Tatar blood with various Finnish peoples. The marriage ceremony is not like a religious act. From religiosity - only reading the first chapter of the Koran and a special prayer. After marriage, a young girl does not immediately move to her husband's house: for another year she will live in her family. It is curious that her newly-made husband comes to her as a guest. Tatar girls are ready to wait for their lover. Only a few have two wives. And in those cases when this happens, there are reasons: for example, when the first one has already grown old, and the second - younger - now runs the household. The most common are Tatars of the European type - owners of blond hair and bright eyes. The nose is narrow, aquiline or aquiline. Growth is not high - women are about 165 cm. Features Some features were noticed in the character of a Tatar man: diligence, cleanliness and hospitality border on stubbornness, pride and indifference. Respect for elders is what distinguishes the Tatars. It was noted that representatives of this people tend to be guided by reason, adapt to the situation, and are law-abiding. In general, the synthesis of all these qualities, especially diligence and perseverance, makes a Tatar man very purposeful. Such people are able to achieve success in their careers. The work is brought to the end, they have a habit of achieving their goal. A purebred Tatar seeks to acquire new knowledge, showing enviable perseverance and responsibility. Crimean Tatars have a special indifference and calmness in stressful situations. Tatars are very curious and talkative, but during work they are stubbornly silent, apparently so as not to lose concentration.

One of the characteristic features is self-esteem. It manifests itself in the fact that the Tatar considers himself special. As a result, there is a certain arrogance and even arrogance. Cleanliness distinguishes Tatars. In their homes, they do not tolerate disorder and dirt. Moreover, this does not depend on financial capabilities - both rich and poor Tatars zealously monitor cleanliness. My home is your home Tatars are very hospitable people. We are ready to host a person, regardless of his status, faith or nationality. Even with a modest income, they show cordial hospitality, ready to share a modest meal with a guest. Tatar women stand out with great curiosity. They are attracted by beautiful clothes, they watch people of other nationalities with interest, they follow fashion. Tatar women are very attached to their home, they devote themselves to raising children. Tatar women What an amazing creature - a Tatar woman! In her heart lies an immeasurable, deepest love for her loved ones, for her children. Its purpose is to bring peace to people, to serve as a model of peacefulness and morality. A Tatar woman is distinguished by a sense of harmony and special musicality. She radiates a certain spirituality and nobility of the soul. The inner world of a Tatar woman is full of riches!

Tatar girls from a young age are aimed at a strong, lasting marriage. After all, they want to love their husband and raise future children behind solid walls of reliability and trust. No wonder the Tatar proverb says: “A woman without a husband is like a horse without a bridle!” Her husband's word is law for her. Although witty Tatars complement - for any law, however, there is also an amendment! And yet these are devoted women who sacredly honor traditions and customs. However, do not expect to see a Tatar woman in a black veil - this is a stylish lady who has a sense of dignity. The appearance of the Tatars is very well-groomed. Fashionistas in the wardrobe can see stylized things that emphasize her nationality. Here, for example, there are shoes that imitate chitek - national leather boots worn by Tatar girls. Another example is applications, where patterns convey the stunning beauty of the earth's flora. And what's on the table? A Tatar woman is a wonderful hostess, loving, hospitable. By the way, a little about the kitchen. The national cuisine of the Tatars is quite predictable in that the main dishes are often based on dough and fat. Even a lot of dough, a lot of fat! Of course, this is far from the healthiest food, although guests are usually offered exotic dishes: kazylyk (or dried horse meat), gubadiya (a layer cake with a wide variety of fillings, from cottage cheese to meat), talkysh-kaleva (an incredibly high-calorie dessert flour, butter and honey). You can drink all this rich treat with ayran (a mixture of katyk and water) or traditional tea.

The history of the scientific study of the physical appearance of the Tatars is more than a hundred years old and its beginning dates back to the 70-80s of the 19th century, when in 1869 the Society of Naturalists was formed at Kazan University. The initiator of these studies was the famous scientist and teacher P.F. Lesgaft, who determined the importance of studying the anthropological composition of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Ural regions in order to clarify the issues of their origin. The real embodiment of the ideas of P.F. Lesgaft was put into practice by the teacher of Kazan and then Tomsk University N.M. Maliev and his student S.M. Chugunov. The anthropological study of the population was accompanied by the collection of craniological (cranial) and paleoanthropological material with its subsequent use as a historical source on the problems of the ethnogenesis of local peoples. The works of these researchers laid the foundation and determined the main directions for future research in the field of ethnic anthropology of the Tatars (Alekseev, 1963).

The first work on the somatology of the Tatars was published in 1879, it describes the physical appearance of the Kasimov Tatars (Bezenger, 1879). In 1886, I. Blagovidov published materials on the anthropology of the Simbirsk Tatars, and in 1891, Yu. Talko-Grintsevich presented data on the Tatars of the Ufa province (Blagovidov, 1886 (g.); Talko-Grintsevich, 1891). In 1904, the doctoral dissertation of A.A. Sukharev on the study of the Tatars of the Kazan district (Sukharev, 1904). A more particular problem - about the pigmentation of the Tatars of the Laishevsky district - is devoted to the article by M. Nikolsky (Nikolsky, 1912). The results of the study of the anthropology of the Volga-Ural Tatars in the pre-revolutionary period were summed up in a review article by M.M. Khomyakov (Khomyakov, 1915).

Research on the anthropology of the Siberian Tatars is associated with the activities of well-known Kazan anthropologists N.M. Maliev and S.M. Chugunov, transferred to Tomsk University. If N.M. Maliev was mainly engaged in anthropological survey of the local indigenous population, then S.M. Chugunov paid more attention to the study and collection of paleoanthropological and craniological material. The results of these works were reflected in 15 issues of "Materials on the Anthropology of Siberia", which were published from 1893 to 1905 (Rozov, 1959). With the termination of their scientific and pedagogical activity, research on the anthropology of the Siberian Tatars practically disappears and is of an accidental nature (Debets, 1948).

In anthropological terms, the Astrakhan Tatars turned out to be poorly studied. From the works of the pre-revolutionary period in the travel notes of P.I. Nebolsin provides visual descriptions of the anthropological appearance of the Karagash belonging to the Mongoloid type, and in the work of the medical-statistical nature of A. Dalinger, the growth and chest circumference of the Tatars of Astrakhan were studied (Nebolsin, 1852; Dalinger, 1887).

The main conclusion of anthropological surveys of the late XIX - early XX century. there was a provision on the mixing of Tatars in racial terms.

The next stage in the study of the anthropology of the Tatars is mainly associated with the many years of scientific activity of T.A. Trofimova. For the first time, she managed to conduct so-matological studies of the main groups of the Tatar people according to a single methodology. So, in 1929-1936. within the framework of an anthropological expedition of the Institute of Anthropology of Moscow State University, a study was made of the physical appearance of the Volga-Ural Tatars (Trofimova, 1949).

In 1937, as part of the West Siberian expedition, she explored groups of Tobolsk and Baraba Tatars (Trofimova, 1947). The results of these expeditions were reflected in a number of articles and summarized in the monograph "Ethnogenesis of the Volga Tatars in the light of anthropological data", where for the first time not only an exhaustive description of the physical appearance of the Tatars was given and the main anthropological types were identified, but an attempt was made on the basis of paleoanthropological materials available by that time trace the stages of the racial genesis of the Tatars in close connection with ethnopolitical history (Trofimova, 1949). Unfortunately, in the post-war years, research on the somatology of the Tatars practically ceased, apart from the incidental study of certain groups of Mishars and Siberian Tatars (Alekseeva, 1963; Mag, 1970; Rozov, 1961). In connection with the expansion of archaeological work in these years, the emphasis of anthropological research has shifted to the field of studying paleoanthropological material, which made it possible to outline the stages in the formation of the physical appearance of the Tatar people and to identify its ethno-genetic origins (Trofimova, 1956; Akimova, 1964, 1968, 1973 ; Alekseev, 1969, 1971; Postnikova, 1987; Yablonsky, 1987; Efimova, 1991; Bagashev, 1993; etc.).

In recent decades, along with the traditional methods of anthropological research (somatology, craniology and paleoanthropology), studies on dermatoglyphics, odontology, serology, genetics, etc. with the exception of Astrakhan (Rynkov, 1965; Hit, 1983, 1990; Efimova and Tomilov, 1990; Rafikova et al., 1990; Shneider et al., 1995).

Summarizing the results of more than a century of studying the anthropological appearance of the Tatars, we note their racial heterogeneity both within the main ethnic groups and between them, which probably reflects the specifics of their racial genesis and ethnogenetic ties. So, in the composition of the Volga-Ural Tatars, four main anthropological types are distinguished.

* Pontic type - characterized by mesocephaly, dark or mixed pigmentation of the hair and eyes, high nose bridge, convex nasal bridge, with a lowered tip and base, significant beard growth. Growth is average with an upward trend.

* Light Caucasoid type - characterized by subbrachycephaly, light pigmentation of hair and eyes, medium or high nose with a straight back of the nose, moderately developed beard, medium height. A number of morphological features - the structure of the nose, the size of the face, pigmentation, and a number of others - bring this type closer to the Pontic.

* Sublaponoid type (Volga-Kama) - characterized by meso-subbrachycephaly, mixed pigmentation of hair and eyes, wide and low nose, weak beard growth and a low, medium-wide face with a tendency to flattening. Quite often there is a fold of the eyelid with a weak development of the epicanthus.

* Mongoloid type (South Siberian) - characterized by brachycephaly, dark shades of hair and eyes, a wide and flattened face and low nose bridge, often occurring epicanthus and weak beard development. Growth, on a European scale, is average.

Each of these types is not expressed in its pure form in any of the groups, but their reality in the composition of the Tatars is confirmed by the accumulation of signs of the corresponding types in separate territorial groups. Only the Caucasoid type with relatively light pigmentation does not have a distinct geographical localization in the composition of the Tatars and can only be assumed as an admixture. According to T.A. Trofimova, among all studied Tatars, the dark Caucasoid (Pontic) type prevails (33.5%), then the light Caucasoid (27.5%), sublaponoid 24.5%) and, finally, the Mongoloid (14.5%) (Trofimova, 1949, p. 231).

When comparing the data on the somatology of the Volga Tatars with those of neighboring peoples, a general typological similarity is revealed, which differs in the degree of expression of individual types. So, with a light Caucasoid type, the Tatars are associated with the Mordovians-Erzei, partly the Mari, Udmurts, Chuvashs and Russians. The sublaponoid type unites the Tatars with the Udmurts, the Mari and some groups of Russians. The dark Caucasoid type of the Pontic appearance can be traced in some groups of Mordovians-Mokshas and partly in the southern Chuvashs. The Mongoloid component of the South Siberian type, most pronounced among the Tatars of the Arsk region of Tatarstan, is observed only among the Turkic peoples of this region - the Chuvash and Bashkirs. Materials on dermatoglyphics, odontology, serology and genetics of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Ural regions also reveal common features in the racial genesis of the population of this region.

Thus, the formation of the anthropological appearance of the Volga-Ural Tatars and neighboring peoples took place in close ethnogenetic interaction, which had a different focus and intensity depending on the specific historical situation in the region.

The Middle Volga and the Urals, occupying a geographically advantageous position between Europe and Asia, between the forest and the steppe, and possessing rich biological resources, has long been a zone of contacts between peoples that differ not only in origin, language and culture, but also in anthropological appearance. Thus, judging by the materials of paleoanthropology, the first contacts at the genetic level between the forest population (representatives of the western variants of the Ural race) and the inhabitants of the steppe zone, who are generally characterized by a Caucasoid appearance, are recorded already in the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras (Yablonsky, 1992). In the Bronze and Early Iron Age, the region under study becomes the scene of migration flows, going both in the latitudinal and in the meridional direction. As a result of these migrations and extensive marital relations between the local and newcomer population, the formation of that anthropological type, which stands out among the Volga Tatars as sublaponoid, took place. This type in its various variants is the main one for the local Finnish-speaking population (Akimova, 1973; Efimova, 1991).

With the beginning of the Turkic era and the arrival of the Bulgarians to the Middle Volga, active ethnocultural and ethnogenetic relations between the Turkic-speaking tribes and the Finno-Ugric population are observed within the framework of the newly formed state association - Volga Bulgaria. These assimilation processes, which lasted more than 300 years, on the eve of the Mongol conquest, led to the formation of a new ethnic community - the Volga Bulgars.

Analyzing the craniological series of the Volga Bulgars of the pre-Mongolian period, one can single out those morphological complexes that are subsequently traced in the anthropological appearance of the modern Volga Tatars. At the same time, it should be said that the identification of direct analogies between the anthropological type of the living population and the type determined by bone remains is not always correct (due to the incompatibility of features) and requires certain assumptions and special reservations. Thus, the mesocephalic dark Caucasoid (Pontic) type, which prevails among the Tatars, and especially among the Mishars, can be associated with the long-headed Caucasoid type, which was characteristic of the population of the Khazar Khaganate, living on the territory of the so-called Saltov-Mayak culture. With the decline of the Khazar Khaganate, part of this sedentary Turkic-speaking population, mainly of Alan-Sarmatian origin, moved to the Middle Volga, where it became one of the main components in the composition of the Volga Bulgars and determined the handicraft and agricultural nature of the economy of the Volga Bulgaria. Actually, the Bulgarians, connected by their origin with the Turkic-speaking tribes of Central Asia, Altai and South Siberia, who played a decisive military-political role in the formation of a number of state associations, including the Volga Bulgaria, had a slightly different anthropological appearance. It was generally characterized by mixed Caucasoid types with the inclusion of Mongoloid elements of the South Siberian morphocomplex. This type can also be traced in later materials on the anthropology of the Volga Bulgars, being one of the main ones in its anthropological structure. Perhaps the insignificant Mongoloid component distinguished among the Volga Tatars comes from the early Bulgarians and later groups of the steppe population, mainly of Kipchak origin, which were part of the pre-Mongolian Bulgars.

The sublaponoid and light Caucasoid components in the composition of the Volga Bulgars and Tatars are most likely associated with the local Finno-Ugric population. If the sublaponoid (Subural) type is characteristic primarily for the population of the Kama-Priural sources, then the light Caucasoid was most likely common among the western and northwestern groups of the ancient Finnish population, who actively contacted the ancient Baltic and Slavic tribes. It is possible that the Caucasoid population with light pigmentation penetrated the territory of the Volga Bulgaria from the northern regions of Ancient Rus' and from the Old Russian principalities as part of military squads, merchants and artisans, who subsequently dissolved in the local Turkic-speaking environment.

The conquest of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols and its entry into the Golden Horde did not introduce fundamental changes in the physical appearance of the Volga Bulgars and neighboring peoples. At the same time, the influence of the Golden Horde on the course of ethnogenetic processes in the Middle Volga and Ural regions was expressed in the purposeful policy of the khan's administration to regulate migration flows, which could not but affect the ratio of different anthropological components. In particular, there was a certain increase in the Mongoloid admixture of the South Siberian appearance in the Golden Horde period and among the Turkic-speaking population of the Middle Volga and Ural regions.

A few anthropological materials on the era of the Kazan Khanate and subsequent periods also testify to the Caucasoid basis of the Kazan Tatars and their genetic proximity to the previous, Bulgar population (Efimova, 1991, p. 72; Alekseeva, 1971, p. 254).

Thus, the anthropological structure of the Tatars of the Middle Volga and the Urals developed in the main features even in the pre-Mongolian time, within the framework of the Volga Bulgaria. The main factor in racial formation was miscegenation between the newcomer, Turkic-speaking and local, Finno-Ugric-speaking population. The political, economic, cultural, and especially linguistic changes that took place in the Middle Volga during the Golden Horde period and in subsequent historical epochs did not significantly change the racial makeup of the local peoples. At the same time, the ratio of anthropological types identified among the Volga-Ural Tatars was not always the same and changed from the specific historical situation in the region over the past millennium.

Among the Tatars of Western Siberia, several racial types stand out. Thus, the Ural type (Mongoloid, with Caucasoid features) is the main one for all groups of Siberian Tatars occupying the northern area of ​​their residence, and as a component can be traced among the more southern Tatars. The Mongoloid type of the South Siberian appearance is characteristic primarily of the Tatars of the Baraba steppe and is noted as an admixture in almost all Siberian Tatars, tending to increase in the southern, steppe groups and to decrease in the northern, forest ones. The Mongoloid component of the Central Asian type was recorded only among the Baraba Tatars, and the peculiar, so-called Chulym type was noted only among some groups of the Tobolsk and Tomsk Tatars. And finally, the Caucasoid type (according to T.A. Trofimova, the Pontic appearance) is more pronounced in urban residents and to a lesser extent in rural ones.

According to the main racial diagnostic features, the Siberian Tatars occupy an intermediate position between the population of the forest zone of Western Siberia (carriers of the Ural anthropological type) and the Turkic-speaking population of Southern Siberia and Altai-Sayan (representatives of the South Siberian morphotype). The different ratio of anthropological types in the racial composition of individual groups of Siberian Tatars may indicate both their different genetic origins and the nature of genetic ties with the surrounding peoples.

Judging by the linguistic data and materials of archeology, ethnography and written sources, the closest historical ancestors of the Siberian Tatars were the Kypchak Turkic-speaking tribes, some of which at the end of the 1st millennium AD. mastered the modern habitats of the main groups of Siberian Tatars, entering into various relations with the local aboriginal population. The penetration of Turkic-speaking elements into the local environment continued at a later time (Valeev F.T., 1993; Konikov, 1982). However, paleoanthropological and craniological materials from the territory of Siberian Tatar settlement paint a somewhat different picture of the formation of their anthropological type (Bagashev, 1993).

Distinguished among the Siberian Tatars as the main Ural anthropological type and the so-called Chulym type can be associated with the local Ugric and Samoyed aboriginal population. The South Siberian Mongoloid component, apparently, was introduced by the steppe tribes of the Kipchak circle and the late groups of the Turkic-speaking population from South Siberia and Altai. The Mongoloid features of Central Asian origin traced among the Baraba Tatars are probably the result of close contacts of this group of Tatars with the Kalmyks during the 17th century. (Trofimova, 1947, p. 209). The strengthening of Caucasoid features in the Siberian Tatars is the result of mixing with the Volga-Ural Tatars and immigrants from Central Asia, the so-called Bukharans.

Thus, the formation of the anthropological appearance of the Siberian Tatars proceeded on the basis of the local substrate, on which throughout the 2nd millennium AD. an alien component of various ethnogenetic origins was layered. The participation of this component in the racial genesis of the Siberian Tatars was not always and everywhere the same, but in general there was a tendency to decrease from south to north. The Turkization of the local region, which took place within the framework of the Kimak Khaganate, the Golden Horde and the Siberian Khanate, was not necessarily accompanied by a mass resettlement of Turkic tribes and was probably limited by the political, economic, cultural and ideological impact on the local population.

Among the Astrakhan Tatars included in the composition, T.A. Trofimova identified three anthropological types - Mongoloid South Siberian, Mongoloid Central Asian and Caucasoid. If the South Siberian type can be traced in the Volga-Ural Tatars as an admixture, and in the Siberian as an independent component, then in the Karagash it is the main one. The remaining types are almost absent in their pure form and are noted only as an admixture (Trofimova, 1949).

Judging by the linguistic data and historical sources, before moving to the Lower Volga steppes at the end of the 18th century, the Karagash. were part of a conglomerate of Nogai tribes, whose origin is closely related to the Kipchak population of the era of the development of the southern Russian steppes, the Golden Horde, and then the Nogai Horde (Ars-lanov, Viktorin, 1995). Anthropological and paleoanthropological materials do not contradict this. So, among all groups of Nogais, the same anthropological types were distinguished as among the Karagash (Trofimova, 1949). The slight difference is explained by the concentration of Caucasoid traits. Compared to the Nogai, the Karagash are more Caucasoid, which is probably due to their late contacts with the surrounding Caucasoid population, Tatars-migrants from the Volga and Ural regions, and immigrants from Central Asia. It is possible that the Caucasoid admixture among the Nogai and Karagash genetically goes back to the local Caucasoid population, which was included in the composition of the Turkic-speaking tribes when they moved from east to west. The Mongoloid features of Central Asian origin, traced among the Karagash and, to a greater extent, the Nogai, may be the result of the racial genesis of the South Siberian type (a mixture of Caucasoid and Mongoloid types, with the latter prevailing), the influence of the Mongoloid population within the Golden Horde and late ties with the Kalmyks (Trofimova, 1949). Thus, the formation of the anthropological appearance of one of the groups of Astrakhan Tatars is based on the South Siberian Mongoloid type, characteristic of the Turkic-speaking population of the steppes of Eurasia.

Summarizing the above, we note that the territorial confinement of individual anthropological types in the composition of the Volga-Ural and Siberian Tatars reflects the nature of ethnogenetic ties between the newcomer Turkic-speaking and the local, mainly Finno-Ugric, population. The most active genetic interaction between these components occurs within the early feudal state formations - the Volga Bulgaria and the Kimak Khaganate. The formation of the anthropological type of the Astrakhan Tatars is directly related to the formation of the South Siberian Mongoloid type, which took place in the era of the first Turkic Khaganates to the east of their modern habitat. The subsequent course of historical events did not introduce significant changes in the anthropological structure of the population. Thus, the formation of the physical appearance of the Tatar people was completed, in the main, long before their current ethnic formation.

What racially unites the Tatars of Russia? Firstly, the South Siberian and Caucasoid anthropological types, distinguished among all ethnographic groups of the Tatars. If the first type is largely associated with the early history of the Turks, then the second - with the later stages of the ethnogenesis of the Tatar people. Secondly, the interregional and interethnic marital relations of the Tatars lead to the leveling of their physical identity among the surrounding peoples, primarily Russian, which is the real history of our and future days.

Tatars are the titular people of the Republic of Tatarstan, which is included in the Russian Federation. This is a Turkic ethnic group that has many subethnoi. In view of the wide settlement in the regions of Russia and neighboring countries, they influenced their ethnogenesis, assimilating with the local population. Within the ethnos there are several anthropological types of Tatars. Tatar culture is filled with national traditions unusual for Russians.

Where live

Approximately half (53% of the total mass) of Tatars live in the Republic of Tatarstan. Others are settled throughout the rest of Russia. Representatives of the people live in the regions of Central Asia, the Far East, the Volga region, and Siberia. According to the territorial-ethnic basis, the people are divided into 3 large groups:

1. Siberian
2. Astrakhan
3. Living in the Middle Volga, Urals.

The last group includes: Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Teptyars, Kryashens. Other subenoses include:

1. Kasimov Tatars
2. Perm Tatars
3. Polish-Lithuanian Tatars
4. Chepetsk Tatars
5. Nagaibaki

population

In total, there are 8,000,000 Tatars in the world. Of these, about 5.5 million live in Russia and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This is the second largest number after citizens of Russian nationality. At the same time, there are 2,000,000 people in Tatarstan, 1,000,000 in Bashkortostan. A small number moved to regions neighboring Russia:

• Uzbekistan - 320,000;
• Kazakhstan - 200,000;
• Ukraine - 73,000;
• Kyrgyzstan - 45,000.

A small number lives in Romania, Turkey, Canada, USA, Poland.

Kazan is the capital of Tatarstan

Language

The official language of Tatarstan is Tatar. It belongs to the Volga-Kypchak subgroup of the Turkic branch of the Altaic languages. Representatives of sub-ethnic groups speak their own dialects. The closest are the speech features of the peoples of the Volga region and Siberia. Currently, Tatar writing is based on Cyrillic. Prior to that, the Latin alphabet was used, and in the Middle Ages, Arabic characters were the basis of writing.

Religion

The vast majority of Tatars are Muslims who profess Sunni Islam. There are also Orthodox Christians. A small number consider themselves atheists.

Name

The self-name of the nation is Tatarlar. There is no clear version of the origin of the term "Tatars". There are several versions of the etymology of this word. The main ones are:

1. Root tat, meaning "to experience", plus the suffix ar- "gaining experience, adviser."
2. Derivative of tattoos- "peaceful, ally."
3. In some dialects tat means "foreigner".
4. Mongolian word Tatars means "poorly spoken".

According to the last two versions, other tribes called the Tatars with these words, who did not understand their language, for which they were strangers.

Story

The first evidence of the existence of Tatar tribes was found in the Turkic chronicles. Chinese sources also mention the Tatars as people who lived along the banks of the Amur. They belong to the 8th-10th centuries. Historians believe that the ancestors of modern Tatars were formed with the participation of the Khazar, Polovian nomads, the tribes that inhabited the Volga Bulgaria. They united in one community with their culture, script, language. In the 13th century, the Golden Horde was created - a powerful state that was divided into estates, aristocracy, and clergy. By the 15th century, it broke up into separate khanates, which gave rise to the formation of sub-ethnic groups. At a later time, the mass migration of Tatars across the territory of the Russian state began.
As a result of genetic studies, it turned out that different Tatar sub-ethnic groups did not have common ancestors. There is also a great diversity of the genome within subgroups, from which it can be concluded that many peoples influence their creation. Some ethnic groups have a large percentage of the genome of Caucasian nationalities, while Asian is almost absent.

Appearance

Tatars of different ethnic groups have a different appearance. This is due to the great genetic diversity of the types. In total, 4 types of representatives of the people were identified on an anthropological basis. It:

1. Pontic
2. Sublaponoid
3. Mongoloid
4. Light European

Depending on the anthropological type, people of the Tatar nationality have light or dark skin, hair and eyes. Representatives of the Siberian ethnic group are most similar to Asians. They have a wide flat face, a narrow slit of the eyes, an enlarged nose, and an upper eyelid with a fold. The skin is swarthy, the hair is hard, black, the color of the iris is dark. They are short, squat.

Volga Tatars have an oval face, fair skin. They are distinguished by the presence of a hump on the nose, inherited, apparently, from the Caucasian peoples. The eyes are large, gray or brown. Men of high stature, with a good physique. There are blue-eyed and fair-haired representatives of this group. Kazan Tatars have medium-dark skin, brown eyes, and dark hair. They have regular facial features, a straight nose, well-defined cheekbones.

Life

The main occupations of the Tatar tribes were:

• arable farming;
• pasture-stall animal husbandry;
• horticulture.

Hemp, barley, lentils, wheat, oats, and rye were grown in the fields. Agriculture was of the three-field type. Cattle breeding was expressed in the breeding of sheep, goats, bulls, horses. This occupation made it possible to obtain meat, milk, wool, skins for tailoring. Horses and bulls were used as draft animals and for transportation. Root crops and gourds were also grown. Beekeeping was developed. Hunting was done by separate tribes, mainly living in the Urals. Fishing was widespread among the ethnic groups that inhabited the banks of the Volga and the Urals. Among the crafts, the following classes have become widespread:

• jewelry production;
• furrier business;
• felting craft;
• weaving;
• leather production.

The national Tatar ornament is characterized by the presence of floral and floral patterns. This shows the closeness of the people to nature, the ability to see the beauty in the world around. Women knew how to weave, they themselves sewed everyday and festive costumes. Details of clothing were decorated with patterns in the form of flowers and plants. In the 19th century, embroidery with gold threads became popular. Leather was used to make shoes and wardrobe details. Leather products of different shades sewn together were popular.

Until the 20th century, there were tribal relations in the tribes. There was a division between the male half of the population and the female half. The girls were isolated from young people, before the wedding they did not communicate. The man had a higher status than the woman. The remnants of such relations are preserved in the Tatar villages even now.

All Tatar families are deeply patriarchal. Everything that the father says is carried out unquestioningly. Children revere their mother, but the wife has little say in the matter. Boys are brought up in permissiveness, as they are the successors of the family. Girls from childhood are taught decency, modesty, submission to a man. Young girls know how to run the household, help their mothers around the house.
Marriages were arranged by agreement between the parents. The young people were not asked for their consent. The groom's relatives were required to pay a ransom. Most of the wedding ceremonies and the feast took place without the presence of the bride and groom; numerous relatives took part in them. The girl got to her husband only after paying the bride price. If the groom arranged the kidnapping of the bride, then the family was exempted from the ransom.

dwelling

Tatar tribes located their settlements along the banks of rivers, near major roads. Villages were built chaotically, without an orderly layout. The villages were characterized by winding streets, sometimes leading to a dead end. From the side of the street they put a blank fence, outbuildings were made in the yard, placing them in a bunch or in the form of the letter P. The board, the mosque, and the shops were in the center of the settlement.

Tatar houses were log buildings. Sometimes the dwelling was made of stone, less often it was adobe. The roof was covered with straw, shingles, boards. The house had two or three rooms, including a vestibule. Wealthy families could afford two- and three-story dwellings. Inside the house was divided into female and male halves. In the houses they made stoves, according to the type of Russians. They were located next to the entrance. Inside, the dwelling was decorated with embroidered towels and tablecloths. Outside, the walls were painted with ornaments and trimmed with carvings.

clothing

The Tatar folk costume was formed under the influence of Asian culture. Some elements were borrowed from the Caucasian peoples. The outfits of different ethnic groups are slightly different. The basis of a men's suit is made up of such elements as:

1. Long shirt (kulmek).
2. Trousers type harem pants.
3. Long sleeveless.
4. Wide belt.
5. Skullcap.
6. Ichigi.

The tunic was decorated at the top and bottom with national ornaments, it was girdled with a wide long piece of fabric with fringe at the ends. In addition to the shirt, loose trousers were worn. A sleeveless jacket was worn over the set, the shelves of which were supplied with embroidery. Sometimes they wore a long robe (almost to the floor) made of cotton material. The head was covered with a skullcap, which was generously decorated with national ornaments. Some ethnic groups wore fezzes - Turkish headdresses. In cold weather, they wore a beshmet - a caftan of a narrow cut, knee-length. In winter, they wore sheepskin coats and fur hats. Ichigi served as shoes. These are light, comfortable boots made of soft leather without a heel. Ichigi was decorated with colored leather inserts and ornaments.

The outfits of Tatar girls are very colorful and feminine. Initially, the girls wore a suit similar to a man's: a long (floor-length) tunic and wide trousers. Flounces were sewn to the lower edge of the tunic. The upper part was embroidered with patterns. In modern outfits, the tunic has been transformed into a long dress with a narrow bodice and flared hem. The dress well emphasizes the female figure, giving it magnificent forms. Over it is worn a waistcoat of medium length or waist length. It is richly decorated with embroidery. The head is covered with a cap like a fez, a turban or a kalfak.

Traditions

Tatars are a nation with a dynamic temperament. They are very active and love dancing and music. There are many holidays and customs in Tatar culture. They celebrate almost all Muslim holidays, and they also have ancient rituals associated with natural phenomena. The main holidays are:

1. Sabantuy.
2. Nardugan.
3. Novruz.
4. Eid al-Adha.
5. Eid al Adha.
6. Ramadan.

Ramadan is a sacred holiday of spiritual purification. It is called by the name of the month of the Tatar calendar, the ninth in a row. The whole month is a strict fast, in addition, you need to pray earnestly. This helps a person to cleanse himself of dirty thoughts, to become closer to God. This strengthens faith in Allah. Eid al-Fitr is celebrated on the occasion of the end of the fast. On this day, you can eat everything that Muslims cannot afford in fasting. The holiday is celebrated by the whole family, with the invitation of relatives. In the countryside, festivities are held with dances, songs, fairs.

Eid al-Adha - the feast of sacrifice, is celebrated 70 days after Eid al-Adha. This is the main holiday among Muslims around the world and the most beloved. On this day, sacrifices are made to please Allah. The legend says that the Almighty asked the prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son as a test. Ibrahim decided to fulfill the desire of Allah by showing the steadfastness of his faith. Therefore, God left his son alive, commanding to slaughter a lamb instead of him. On this day, Muslims must sacrifice a sheep, ram or goat, keep some of the meat for themselves, and distribute the rest to those in need.

Very significant for the Tatars is Sabantuy - the holiday of the plow. This is the end of spring field work. It is dedicated to work, harvest, healthy lifestyle. Sabantuy is celebrated cheerfully, on a grand scale. On this day, festivities, dances, sports competitions begin. Competitions of singers and dancers are held. It is customary to invite guests, serve treats. Porridge, colored eggs, buns are put on the table.

Nardugan is an ancient pagan holiday of the winter solstice. It is celebrated at the end of December. Translated from the Mongolian name of the holiday means "birth of the sun." There is a belief that with the beginning of the solstice, the forces of darkness lose their power. Young people dress up in costumes, masks and walk around the yards. On the day of the spring equinox (March 21), Novruz is celebrated - the arrival of spring. According to the astronomical solar calendar, a new year is coming. Daylight overtakes night, the sun turns to summer.
Another interesting custom is that Tatars do not eat pork. This is explained by the laws of Islam. The bottom line is that Allah knows what benefits his creatures, that is, people. He forbids the eating of pig meat, as it is considered unclean. This locked is reflected in the Koran - a sacred book for Muslims.

Names

Tatars call children beautiful, sonorous names that have a deep meaning. Popular male names are:

• Karim - generous;
• Camille - perfect;
• Anwar - radiant;
• Arslan - lion;
• Dinar is precious.

Girls are called names that reveal natural qualities, symbolizing beauty, wisdom. Common female names:

• Venus is a star;
• Gulnara - decorated with flowers;
• Kamaliya - perfect;
• Lucia - light;
• Ramilya - miraculous;
• Firyuza - radiant.

Food

The peoples of Asia, Siberia, and the Urals had a great influence on Tatar cuisine. The inclusion of their national dishes (pilaf, dumplings, baklava, chak-chak) diversified the diet of the Tatars, made it more diverse. Tatar cuisine is rich in meat, vegetables, and spices. It has a lot of various pastries, confectionery, nuts, dried fruits. In the Middle Ages, horse meat was widely used, later they began to add the meat of chickens, turkeys, geese. Tatars' favorite meat dish is lamb. A lot of fermented milk products: cottage cheese, ayran, sour cream. Dumplings and dumplings 1 are quite common food on the Tatar table. Dumplings are eaten with broth. Popular dishes of Tatar cuisine:

1. Shurpa is a fatty, thick lamb-based soup.
2. Balish is a baked pie made from unleavened dough stuffed with meat and potatoes, rice or millet. This is the most ancient dish, it is served on the festive table.
3. Tutyrma - homemade intestine sausage stuffed with minced meat and rice.
4. Beshbarmak - stew with homemade noodles. It is traditionally eaten with the hands, hence the name "five fingers".
5. Baklava is a treat that came from the East. It is a puff pastry cookie with nuts in syrup.
6. Chak-chak is a sweet product made from dough with honey.
7. Gubadia is a closed pie with a sweet filling, which is distributed in layers. It includes rice, dried fruits, cottage cheese.

Potatoes are often used as a side dish. There are snacks from beets, carrots, tomatoes, sweet peppers. Turnip, pumpkin, cabbage are used as food. Porridges are frequent dishes. For everyday food, millet, buckwheat, peas, and rice are boiled. There are always a lot of sweets from unleavened and rich dough on the Tatar table. These include: baursak, chelpek, katlama, kosh-tele. Honey is often added to sweet dishes.

Popular drinks include:

• ayran - a fermented milk product based on kefir;
• kvass from rye flour;
• sherbet - a soft drink made from rose hips, licorice, roses with the addition of honey, spices;
• herbal teas.

Tatar cuisine is characterized by stewing, boiling, baking in the oven. Food is not fried, sometimes boiled meat is fried a little in the oven.

Famous people

Among the Tatar people there are many talented people who have become famous all over the world. These are athletes, figures of science and culture, writers, actors. Here is some of them:

1. Chulpan Khamatova is an actress.
2. Marat Basharov is an actor.
3. Rudolf Nureyev - ballet dancer.
4. Musa Jalil is a famous poet, Hero of the Soviet Union.
5. Zakir Rameev is a classic of Tatar literature.
6. Alsou is a singer.
7. Azat Abbasov is an opera singer.
8. Gata Kamsky - grandmaster, US chess champion in 1991, one of the 20 strongest chess players in the world.
9. Zinetula Bilyaletdinov - Olympic champion, multiple world and European champion as part of the hockey team, coach of the Russian national hockey team.
10. Albina Akhatova is a five-time biathlon world champion.

Character

The Tatar nation is very hospitable and friendly. The guest is an important person in the house, he is treated with great respect, asked to share a meal with them. Representatives of this people have a cheerful, optimistic character, do not like to lose heart. They are very sociable and talkative.

Men are characterized by perseverance, purposefulness. They are distinguished by diligence, they are used to achieving success. Tatar women are very friendly and helpful. They are brought up as a model of morality, decency. They are attached to their children, trying to give them the best.

Modern Tatar women follow fashion, look very well-groomed, attractive. They are educated, with them there is always something to talk about. Representatives of this people leave a good impression of themselves.