Painting

An easel work of painting that has independent significance. Unlike a study and a sketch, a painting is a complete work, the result of the artist's long work, a generalization of observations and reflections on life. The picture embodies the depth of intent and figurative content.

Creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but creative imagination plays an important role in this process.

The concept of a painting is applied primarily to works of a plot-thematic nature, the basis of which is the depiction of important historical, mythological or social events, human actions, thoughts and emotions in multi-figure complex compositions. Therefore, in the development of painting, the picture plays a leading role.

The painting consists of a base (canvas, wooden or metal board, plywood, cardboard, pressed board, plastic, paper, silk, etc.), on which a primer and a layer of paint are applied. The aesthetic perception of a painting is greatly improved when it is placed in an appropriate frame (baguette) that separates the painting from the outside world. The oriental type of painting retains the traditional form of a free-hanging unfolded scroll (horizontal or vertical). The picture, unlike monumental painting, is not rigidly connected with a certain interior. It can be taken off the wall and hung differently.

The pinnacle of art has been reached in the paintings of outstanding painters. In the diverse currents of modernism, there is a loss of plot and a rejection of figurativeness, thereby the concept of a picture is significantly revised. An ever wider range of pictorial works of the 20th century. called pictures.

“Art is the same need for a person as eating and drinking. The need for beauty and creativity, embodying it, is inseparable from man,” wrote F. M. Dostoevsky.

Indeed, history testifies that man has always been inseparable from art. In the mountains, in the caves of different countries of the world, ancient rock paintings have been preserved. These expressive drawings of animals and hunters were made back in the days when people could not write.

Monuments of art tell us what great importance it had in the life of man and human society. The ancient Greeks created a beautiful myth about the Muses - eternally young sisters, personifying the arts and sciences. Melpomene - the muse of tragedy, Thalia - comedy, Terpsichore - dancing, Clio - the muse of history ... The myth says that when the god Apollo - the patron of art, poetry and music - appeared accompanied by the muses, then all nature listened to their singing ... Music, the museum - these words come from the word Muse.

The poetic myth of the sister muses has not lost its meaning. Each type of art has its own expressive means: in music it is sound, in fine arts it is color, line, etc., in literature it is the word. But the related essence of all kinds lies in the fact that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is based on a figurative reflection of the phenomena of reality.

Visual arts related to visual perception include: painting, graphics and sculpture. These arts create an image on the plane (painting and graphics) and in space (sculpture).

A picture, drawing, print, sculpture that has an independent meaning, that is, is not associated with any artistic ensemble or with a purely practical purpose, we call easel works. This definition comes from the word “machine” (in this case, an easel), on which a canvas is placed when a picture is painted. And even the fact that the picture is necessarily inserted into the frame emphasizes the independence, that is, the isolation of easel painting from the environment. The frame separates the picture, creates the opportunity to perceive it as an independent artistic whole. Some easel paintings are reproduced in the book.

Unlike machine monumental painting by its purpose and character it is connected with the architectural ensemble. Frescoes, mosaics, panels, stained-glass windows organically enter the architecture, complementing and enriching the decoration of the interior or the entire building. Excellent examples of monumental painting are the frescoes of Raphael in the Vatican Palace, the paintings by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel. Monumental painting reached its highest level in Byzantine and Old Russian art.

In our time, monumental painting is widely used in palaces of culture, clubs, theaters, metro stations, railway stations, etc. Many of you have seen mosaics in the metro, created according to sketches by P. Korin, A. Deineka and other Soviet masters. Interior murals of the Bus Station and the Museum of the Armed Forces in Moscow (artist Yu. Korolev), murals of the Tsiolkovsky Museum in Kaluga (a group of artists led by A. Vasnetsov), stained-glass windows by Lithuanian masters, chased panels by Georgian artists adorned many new buildings in our cities.

The monumental art of modern Mexico has won international fame. The mosaics of Siqueiros and other major artists reflect the heroic struggle of the Mexican people for their independence.

It is not always possible to draw a sharp line between an easel and a monumental work of art. This is explained by the fact that easel painting often has the quality of monumentality. And monumental works sometimes have an independent meaning, being perceived as finished easel paintings.

There is still a very large area of ​​decorative and applied arts. These are artistically made furniture, dishes, clothes, fabrics, carpets, embroideries, jewelry, etc. However, some types of arts and crafts (tapestry, chasing, decorative sculpture) can also be considered as independent works. Painting, which is intended to decorate or reveal the design and purpose of an object and does not have a clearly independent meaning, is called decorative.

Thus, painting is divided into easel, monumental and decorative.

A painting, a work of painting that has a complete character (as opposed to a sketch and sketch) and an independent artistic value. Unlike a fresco or book miniature, K. is not necessarily associated with a particular interior or ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Painting, as an exponent of the prevailing concepts of art, in all countries experienced different periods, changing its direction. But nowhere has the history of painting been characterized so definitely as in France in various epochs, in ... ...

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Allegory of Painting painting by Jan Vermeer of Delft. Allegory of painting painting by Andrey Matveev, the first Russian work of easel painting on an allegorical plot ... Wikipedia

medallion- A work of painting or a relief on an oval or rounded base, as well as a work framed by an oval (round) frame ... Icon Painter's Dictionary

A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and drawing, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used ... ... Art Encyclopedia

- (also musical and artistic) term of our laws, denoting copyright. Like the French propriété littéraire et artistique, it reflects one of the legal theories on the subject. More precise terms: English. copyright (right ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

A work of painting that has an independent artistic value and has the property of completeness (as opposed to a study and a sketch). The picture, as a rule, is not connected, like a fresco or a book miniature, with a certain interior ... ... Art Encyclopedia

Books

• Lessons of classical painting. Techniques and Techniques from the Art Workshop, Juliet Aristide. About the book This is an addition to `Classical Drawing Lessons` and a painting training program in the form of a book. It teaches fundamental painting skills and techniques in a format that is accessible and convenient…
• 5555 masterpieces of world painting (CD), . One of the largest collections that brought together reproductions of world art classics on CD-ROM. The collection includes paintings ranging from those created in the Middle Ages to the first half…

Glossary of terms

in fine arts

BUT bris - (from the German Adriss - sketch, drawing) in the visual arts: a linear (contour) drawing of an auxiliary nature, performed during tracing, for example, in the process of the artist's work on color lithography. In a broader and less precise sense, the term coincides in meaning with the concept of a contour.

Self-portrait - portrait of the artist, made by himself, mostly with the help of a mirror.

watercolor - (from Italian acquerello, from Latin aqua - water) paints (usually on vegetable glue), soluble in water, as well as painting with these paints.

Acrylic paints - synthetic paints, which are prepared on the basis of acrylic acid, are distinguished by high luminosity, water and heat resistance, and tight adhesion to the pictorial surface.

Alla prima - a technique of oil painting with quick bold strokes, which allows you to complete a picture (or a fragment of it) in one session, before the paints dry.

Animal painter - (from the Latin animal - animal) an artist or sculptor depicting animals.

Animal genre - (from the Latin animal - animal) is a type of fine art in which the main motive is the image of animals.

Architecture - (from the Greek architecktion - architect, builder) architecture, the art of designing and building objects that shape the spatial environment for human life and activity. Works of architecture - buildings, ensembles, as well as structures that organize open spaces (monuments, terraces, embankments, etc.).

Accent – reception of underlining with color, light, line, etc. any detail, subject to which you need to pay attention.

achromatic colors – white, gray, black, differ only in lightness and are devoid of color tone.

B relief - (from the French bas-relief - low relief) a type of relief sculpture in which the convex part of the image protrudes above the background plane by no more than half of its volume, a common type of decoration of architectural structures and works of decorative art, pedestals of monuments, steles, memorial plaques are also decorated , coins, medals, gems.

Battle genre - (from the French bataille - battle) a genre of fine art dedicated to the themes of war and military life. The main place is occupied by scenes (including naval ones) of battles and military campaigns of the present or the past.

Border - an ornamental decoration in the form of a set of equal figures repeated sequentially along a straight line. Used when framing texts and illustrations.

household genre - a genre of fine art dedicated to everyday private and public life. Everyday genre scenes have been known in art since ancient times; they stood out as a special genre in the feudal era and during the formation of bourgeois society. The heyday of the modern era genre is associated with the growth of democratic and realistic artistic tendencies, with the appeal of artists to the depiction of labor and folk life.

glare – luminosity element. The lightest place on the illuminated (shiny) surface of the object. With a change in point of view, the glare changes its location on the shape of the object.

AT atman - (English whatman) - thick white paper, the highest grade of paper with a rough surface, well glued and durable. Named after the owner of the English paper mill J. Whatman.

Vernissage - (from the French vernissage, literally - varnishing) the grand opening of an art exhibition in the presence of specially invited persons (artists, cultural and art workers, etc.)

stained glass - (from the Latin vitrum - glass) an ornament, a plot decorative composition or a picture on glass, made of colored glass or other material that transmits light. Painting on glass.

aerial perspective - a change in the color, shape and degree of illumination of objects that occurs as nature moves away from the eyes of the observer due to an increase in the light-air space between the observer and the object.

G amma colorful, gamut of colors - in the fine and decorative arts, a series of harmonically interrelated shades of color (with one dominant) used to create a work of art. There are warm, light, cold, etc.

Gamma color – the colors that prevail in this work and determine the nature of its pictorial solution.

Gzhel, Gzhel ceramics - ceramic products of enterprises located in the vicinity of the Gzhel station of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. It reached a high artistic level in the 2nd half of the 18th century, when simple and glazed pottery was replaced by majolica (fermenters, kumgans, plates, toys) with original multi-color painting on white glaze, sometimes with generalized stucco figures. In the 19th century, porcelain, faience, and semi-faience were produced (including those with a golden chandelier and blue painting).

Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft that developed from the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Gorodets (now in the Nizhny Novgorod region of Russia). Bright, laconic painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free stroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors.

Engraving - (from French gravure) 1. A printed impression on paper from a board (wood, linoleum, stone, metal) on which a drawing is applied (using knives, chisels, chisels or cutters - engravers). 2. A type of art of graphics, including various methods of manual processing of boards and printing prints from them.

Grattage - (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) a way of making a drawing by scratching paper or cardboard filled with ink with a pen or a sharp instrument.

Grisaille - (French gris - gray) is a type of decorative painting performed in different shades of a color (usually gray). It has been used since the 17th century, it is widely used in interior paintings in the style of classicism, mainly as an imitation of sculptural relief..

Graphic arts - (from the Greek grapho - I write, I draw, I draw) a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art (engraving, lithography, monotype, etc.), based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive possibilities. On the verge of painting and graphics are watercolor, gouache, pastel. It is divided into easel (a drawing that has no applied value, printmaking, popular print), book and newspaper and magazine (illustration, design and design of printed publications), applied (industrial graphics, postage stamps, bookplates) and poster. The art of graphics is based on the line, the contrast of white and black or the nuance ratio, the stroke and spot, the background of the sheet are used.

Gouache - (from the Italian guazzo - water paint) paints consisting of finely ground pigments with a water-adhesive binder (gum arabic, wheat starch, dextin, etc.) and an admixture of white, as well as works of art made with these paints. Usually used for painting on paper, cardboard, canvas, silk, bone.

D ecor - (from the Latin decoro - I decorate) a system for decorating structures (facades or buildings) or products.

decorative arts - the field of plastic arts, whose works, along with architecture, artistically form the material environment surrounding a person, introduce an aesthetic ideological and figurative principle into it. It is divided into monumental and decorative (creation of architectural decoration, murals, reliefs, statues, stained-glass windows, mosaics, park sculpture), decorative and applied arts (creation of art products intended mainly for everyday life) and design art (decoration of festivities, expositions of exhibitions and museums). , shop windows, etc.).

Arts and Crafts - section of decorative art, covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. Works can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.

Decoupage - (from French decouper - cut out) a technique of decorating, decorating, decorating with the help of cut paper (and also from wood, leather, fabrics, etc.) motifs on fabric, dishes, furniture, etc., which are then glued or attached in another way way on different surfaces. Decoupage is collage and appliqué; varnished, it looks like a painting.

Detailing – careful study of the details of the image. Depending on the task that the artist sets himself and his creative manner, the degree of detail may be different.

Detail – element, detail, specifying the characteristic, less significant part of the work, fragment.

Additional colors – two colors that give white when optically mixed (red with bluish-green, orange with cyan, yellow with blue, violet with greenish-yellow, green with magenta). When these pairs of complementary colors are mechanically mixed, shades with reduced saturation are obtained. Complementary colors are also called contrasting.

Dymkovo toy (Vyatka, Kirov) -Russian folk art craft (now in the territory of Kirov). It is molded from clay, fired and brightly painted with tempera (geometric pattern) on a white chalk ground, decorated with gold leaf. Depicts animals, riders, ladies in crinolines, fabulous and everyday scenes; characterized by generalized, somewhat grotesque forms.

AND anr - (from the French genre - genus, species) historically established internal divisions in most art forms. In the visual arts, the main genres are determined primarily by the subject of the image. In painting and graphics: landscape (urban, rural, industrial, marina), still life, portrait (ceremonial, intimate, group, caricature, caricature), historical (mythological), everyday (gallant), battle, animalistic, interior. In sculpture: portrait, composition, monument.

Painting - a type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to some solid surface (canvas, wood, paper, cardboard, stone, glass, metal, etc., usually covered with primer).

Decorative painting – designed to decorate architecture or products. Acting in unity with their three-dimensional composition, it becomes their element, accentuates the expressiveness of the composition or visually transforms it, introducing new scale relations, rhythm, color. Decorative painting is a planar painting, which should not disturb the plane of the surface with an illusory interpretation of space, it uses a conditional interpretation of color and, most often, an open local color.

Monumental painting – a special kind of paintings on a large scale, decorating the walls and ceilings of architectural structures: frescoes, mosaics, panels.

Wet painting – technique of oil and watercolor painting. In watercolor, before starting to work wet, the paper is evenly moistened with water. When the water is absorbed into the paper and dries a little, they begin to write. Strokes of paint, lying on a wet surface, blur, merge with each other, create smooth transitions. So you can achieve softness in the transfer of the outlines of objects, airiness and spatiality of the image.

easel painting – a work of art that has an independent character.

Zhostovo painting - Russian folk art craft, developed in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region of Russia. Originated at the beginning of the 19th century. Decorative painting on metal trays (then varnished), depicting bouquets, fruits; performed with vigorous strokes of bright oil paints on a black or colored background.

Z drawing - a drawing from life, usually made outside the workshop in order to collect material for a more significant work, as well as for the sake of exercise or for a special purpose (for example, on the instructions of a newspaper, magazine). Unlike a sketch that is close in terms of technical means, the details necessary for the artist can be carefully worked out in a sketch.

And fine arts - a section of plastic arts that combines painting, sculpture, graphics, and photography. It is based on a visual, recognizable image of reality itself.

Interior – internal view, the interior space of a building, any room, as well as its image in art. The interior is understood as the interior space with all its elements: decoration, draperies, paintings, frescoes, utensils, etc.

Art - artistic creativity in general - literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other varieties of human activity, combined as artistic and imaginative forms of reflection of reality, a form of social consciousness, a specific kind of spiritual -practical development of the world as an organic unity of creation, knowledge, evaluation and human communication. 2. In the narrow sense - the fine arts. 3. A high degree of skill in any field of activity.

historical genre - one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events and figures, socially significant phenomena in the history of society. The main types of works are historical paintings, murals, reliefs, monumental and easel sculpture, miniature, book and easel graphics. Often intertwined with other genres, it closely merges with the battle genre when it reveals the historical meaning of military events.

To artina - a work of painting that has an independent artistic value and possesses the property of completeness (as opposed to a study and a sketch). It consists of a base (canvas, wooden or metal board, cardboard, paper), a primer and a paint layer.

Ceramics - (from the Greek keramos - clay) products and materials made of clays or their mixtures with various inorganic compounds, fixed by special firing. The main technological types are terracotta, majolica, faience, stone mass and porcelain.

Collage - (from the French collage, literally - gluing) a technique in art, gluing materials that differ from it in color and texture onto any base; also a work done by this technique. It is mainly used in graphics for the sake of enhancing the emotional expressiveness of the texture of the work, the unexpected combination of dissimilar materials.

Composition - (from the Latin compositio - compilation, composition). A way of arranging objects on a sheet of paper.

coloring - (from the Latin color - color, paint) in art (mainly in painting) a system of correlations of color tones that forms a certain unity and is an aesthetic embodiment of the colorful diversity of reality.

Circuit - the outline of an object, an outline, a line outlining a shape.

Construction is an essence in fine arts, a characteristic feature of the structure of any form in nature and in the image, suggesting the relationship of parts as a whole and their relationship.

counterjour – the phenomenon of perception of an object or object standing against the light and perceived as a flat silhouette spot.

Contrast – a common artistic technique, which is a comparison of any opposing qualities that contribute to their strengthening. Color and tonal contrast are of the greatest importance. Color contrast usually consists of juxtaposition of complementary colors or colors that differ from each other in lightness. Tonal contrast is the juxtaposition of light and dark. In compositional construction, contrast serves as a technique, thanks to which the main thing stands out more strongly and greater expressiveness and sharpness of the characteristics of images are achieved.

Color Contrast – the tendency to perceive the subject color (its local color) regardless of changing lighting conditions, its strength, spectral composition (day, evening, artificial).

Eraser - gum for erasing graphite on paper.

Glaze - (from the German lasieren - glaze) thin transparent or translucent layers of paint that are applied to dried or semi-dry dense layers of paint in order to change, enhance or weaken color tones, enrich color, achieve its unity and harmony.

local color - in painting, the main and unchanging color of the depicted objects, conditional, devoid of shades that arise in nature under the influence of lighting, air, reflexes from surrounding objects, etc. Local color - the color characteristic of the coloring of a given object, constantly changes under the influence of lighting, the air environment, surrounding objects, etc., in painting - taken in the main large relationships to neighboring colors, without a detailed selection of color shades.

M Azok – the trace of a brush with paint left on a base (canvas, cardboard, paper, etc.). The technique of painting with strokes is very diverse and depends on the individual style of the artist and the tasks that he sets for himself, on the features and properties of the material in which he works.

Marina - (from the Latin marinus - sea) a picture depicting a sea view; landscape type.

Oil painting - a type of artistic oil painting, which is prepared by grinding inorganic pigments in bleached linseed oil. They write mainly on canvas, as well as on cardboard, wood, metal, coated with special primers or on lime plaster..

Miniature - (from the Latin minium - cinnabar, minium) a work of fine art, distinguished by its small size and subtlety of artistic techniques. A specific type is picturesque or graphic images (mainly portraits) that have an independent character.

Modeling – (from the French modeler - to sculpt) transfer, revealing the volume, plasticity, spatial properties of the depicted objects and figures through light and shade gradations (in painting, graphics) or with the help of appropriate processing of three-dimensional forms (in sculpture).

Model – object, subject of the image, mostly living nature, mainly a person.

Monochrome - single color.

motive – an object of nature chosen by the artist for the image, most often a landscape.

motive – the tie, which determines the moment of the color and pictorial-plastic solution of a picture or sketch, in decorative and applied art is the main element of an ornamental composition that can be repeated many times.

Mosaic - (from the Latin musivum, literally - dedicated to the muses) an image or pattern made of particles of the same or different material (stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, etc.), one of the main types of monumental art.

Easel - (from the German Malbrett) stand, usually wooden, on which the artist places a picture, drawing, etc. while working. There are tripod easels and consisting of vertical racks mounted on a horizontal base.

Monotype - (from the Greek monos - one and typos - imprint) a type of printed graphics. The technique consists in applying paints by hand on a perfectly smooth surface of a printing plate, followed by printing on a machine; the impression received on paper is always the only one, unique. The technique has been known since the 17th century, but became widespread only from the end of the 19th century.

Fake - (from the French mouler - to mold) a cast from the face of the deceased (mask), from the hand of a famous musician, or a serial repetition of a classical piece of sculpture made for educational purposes.

H throwing - a work of graphics, painting or sculpture of small size, fluently executed by the artist. The main purpose is to quickly fix individual observations or ideas in the process of the artist's current work. It can be performed from nature or from memory or imagination.

Nature - (from the Latin natura - nature) in the visual arts, objects of reality (a person, objects, landscape, etc.), which the artist directly observes when they are depicted.

Still life - (from the French nature morte, literally - dead nature) a genre of fine art (mainly easel painting), which is devoted to the image of things surrounding a person, usually placed in a real household environment and compositionally organized into a single group.

Nuance - (from French nuance) shade, subtle difference; in the visual arts - a barely noticeable transition of one color tone to another (in painting), one chiaroscuro gradation to another (in sculpture, graphics). The combination of shades (nuance) is used to achieve a finer modeling of the image object.

O originality - (from Latin originalis - initial, primary) originality, uniqueness of the aesthetic object and subject, manifested in the richness and originality of the content and form of a work of art, in the depth and originality of the aesthetic perception of the world, in the assessment and critical interpretation of art phenomena.

Ornament - (from the Latin ornamentum - decoration) a pattern consisting of rhythmically ordered elements designed to decorate objects (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures, works of plastic arts, body.

Hue - gradation of tone, nuance; in the visual arts, one of the means of creating a work of art. A variety of shades enriches color (in painting), light and shade modeling (in sculpture, graphics).

laundering – watercolor technique using very thin paint or ink, the process of lightening the paint or removing it from paper with a brush dipped in clean water, and collecting the soaked paint with blotting paper.

P alitra - (from French palette) 1. A thin wooden board or a metal, porcelain, earthenware plate, rectangular or oval, on which the artist mixes paints in the process of work. 2. In a figurative sense - the selection of colors, characteristic of the painting style of this artist.

panel - (from the Latin pannus - a piece of cloth) 1. Part of the wall, highlighted by a frame (stucco frame, ornament ribbon, etc.) and filled with a picturesque or sculptural image (or ornament). 2. Painting, executed in oil, tempera, etc., intended for a certain section of the wall, ceiling.

Landscape - (from French paysage, from pays - country, locality) a genre of fine art (or individual works of this genre), in which the main subject of the image is wild or, to one degree or another, nature transformed by man.

perspective - (from the Latin perspicio - I see clearly) a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space, including their distance from the observer. Perspective in the visual arts acts as an expression of the artist's desire to recreate the image of the real, visible world.

Pysanka - painted egg. It goes back to pagan times (finds in burial mounds), later it passed into the rite of celebrating Christian Easter. Painting Easter eggs (mainly geometric or floral ornament, strictly subordinate to the shape of an egg) is a common type of decorative art among many peoples (Slavic and others).

Plein air - (from the French plein air, literally - open air) a term that refers to the transfer in the picture of the entire richness of color changes due to exposure to sunlight and the surrounding atmosphere. Plein air painting has developed as a result of the work of artists in the open air (and not in the studio).

Underpainting - in painting (mainly in oil) the preparatory stage of work on a painting. At the underpainting stage, usually in one tone, the volume of the depicted objects and figures is worked out with chiaroscuro, shadows with dark tones, and illuminated parts of the picture with light tones.

Penumbra – one of the elements of chiaroscuro. Penumbra, both in nature and in works of art, is a gradation of chiaroscuro on the surface of an object, intermediate between light and deep shadow.

Semitone – tone, transitional between two adjacent low-contrast tones in the illuminated part of the subject; in works of art - a means of expressiveness of the artistic image. The use of a semitone contributes to greater subtlety in the modeling of forms, greater softness of tone-to-tone transitions.

Portrait – a genre of fine art, as well as a work dedicated to the image of a certain person or several people (pair, group portrait, etc.).

Artistic work - a product of artistic creativity, in which the spiritual and meaningful intention of its creator, the artist, is embodied in a sensual-material form and which meets certain criteria of aesthetic value; the main custodian and source of information in the field of artistic culture.

Proportions - (from the Latin proportio - ratio, proportionality) the ratio of the magnitudes of the elements of a work of art, as well as individual elements and the entire work as a whole. There are, in particular, architectural proportions and the proportions used to represent the human body and face.

Profile – view of any living creature or object in a lateral position.

R washout - a technique of working with a brush with abundant use of water, which makes it possible to achieve complex and rich pictorial effects in bistro, sepia, ink, and watercolor drawings.

Relief - (from the Latin relevo - I raise) a sculptural image on a plane.

Retouch - processing of originals (publishing fine, mainly photographic) by drawing, amplifying, deleting, weakening individual sections and details, eliminating technical defects in order to improve the gradation, sharpness, color characteristics of images, etc.

Reflex - (from the Latin reflexus - facing, turned back, reflected) in painting, less often in graphics, a reflection of color and light on an object that occurs when this object is illuminated by surrounding objects (neighboring objects, the sky, etc.). d.).

Picture - any image made by hand with the help of graphic means - a contour line, a stroke, a spot.

Rhythm - a certain repetition, alternation of compositional elements in architecture (openings, columns, arcades) or sculpture (lines, shapes, gestures), enhancing the expressiveness of the artistic image.

Decorative painting - ornamental and plot compositions created by means of painting on various parts of architectural structures, as well as on products of decorative and applied art. An important area of ​​decorative painting is architectural decorative painting, subordinated to the tasks of decorating the facades and interiors of buildings.

FROM angina - (from the Latin sanguineus - blood red) pencils (rimless) of various red-brown tones. Natural (natural) and artificial sanguine consist of kaolin and iron oxides. Sanguine drawings are very picturesque. During operation, it can be moistened and thereby diversify the thickness and density of the stroke, it is easy to remove unnecessary lines.

Chiaroscuro – gradations of light and dark, the distribution of colors of different brightness or shades of the same color, which makes it possible to perceive the depicted object as voluminous, surrounded by a light-air environment. Gradations of light and shade (from the highest brightness to deep shadow) depend on the nature of the lighting, the specifics of the volumetric shape of objects, its texture and the state of the atmosphere.

Silhouette - one-color contour image on a background of another color. Named after Etienne de Silhouette, a minister under the French king Louis XV (XVII century), on whom the artist drew a caricature, it was made unusually - like a shadow. In the silhouette, the figures of people and objects are drawn as a solid black spot. In such a drawing, it is impossible to show the features of a person or any details of objects, so the outlines of objects must be very expressive. Silhouettes can not only be drawn, but also cut out of paper with scissors. An expressive silhouette can also have an object or part of it (or their image, for example, in painting), which stands out against a contrasting background.

Stylization - (from the French style - style) intentional imitation of the formal features and figurative system of a particular style in a new, unusual artistic context for it. In other words, a simplified schematic representation of objects.

Light – in the visual arts, an element of chiaroscuro. Both in nature and in works of art, this term is used to designate the most illuminated parts of the surface.

Lightness – the comparative degree of difference between light and dark: the farther from the dark, the greater the lightness of the color.

Aperture – term referring to chiaroscuro; in painting - the degree of color saturation with light, the comparative degree of lightness of a color in relation to other neighboring color tones; in the graph - the degree of lightness of one tone in relation to another, located next to it.

Chiaroscuro – gradation of light and dark, the ratio of light on the form. Chiaroscuro is one of the means of compositional construction and expression of the idea of ​​the work. Thanks to chiaroscuro, the plastic features of nature are visually perceived and transmitted in the work. In nature, the nature of chiaroscuro depends on the features of the shape and material of the object. In works of art, chiaroscuro is subject to a general tonal solution. Gradation of chiaroscuro: light, shadow, penumbra, reflex, highlight.

Silhouette – shadow profile, outline, outline of an object, one-color planar image of an object or person (dark on a light background, light on a dark background), drawn or cut out of paper or other material. In works of art, a type of figures or objects in which their shape is perceived without details and a pronounced three-dimensionality or looks completely flat. Thus, the silhouette becomes a figure placed against the light. A silhouette is also called all dark profile images in graphics.

Symmetry – such a structure of an object or composition of a work, in which homogeneous parts are located at the same distance from the central axis of any object that occupies a central position in relation to them. Such a composition is most often found in arts and crafts. The violation of the symmetrical structure of objects that are characterized by the presence of symmetry is called asymmetry.

Plot – any object of living nature or the objective world, taken for the image, including a single object. In a plot picture - a specific event or phenomenon depicted in a work. In the visual arts, works of everyday life, battle and historical genres are primarily subject to the plot.

T grumbling - activity that generates something qualitatively new and is distinguished by originality, originality and socio-historical uniqueness. Creativity is specific to a person, since it always presupposes a creator - the subject of creative activity.

Tempera - (from the Italian temperare - to mix paints) painting with paints, the binder in which are emulsions of water and egg yolk, as well as vegetable or animal glue diluted in water, mixed with oil (or oil and varnish).

Tone - color, one of the main characteristics of a color (along with its light saturation), which determines its hue in relation to the main color of the spectrum, expressed in the words "blue, purple, brown, etc.; differences in the names of colors indicate primarily a color tone. In In painting, tone is also called the main shade, which generalizes and subjugates all the colors of the works and imparts integrity to the color.

Stencil - (from the Italian traforo - perforation, piercing) a device for forming a colorful image or ornament, designed for repeated repetition of a motif. It is used for screen printing in artistic embroidery and printing, in text and paper production, sometimes when decorating ceramic products. It is a plate (made of wood, cardboard, metal, etc.) with a hole for applying paints.

Shadow - an element of chiaroscuro, the most dimly lit areas in nature and in the image. There are own and falling shadows. Shadows that belong to the object itself are called proper shadows. The placement of these shadows on its surface is determined by the shape of the object and the direction of the light source. Falling - shadows cast by the body on surrounding objects.

Technique (in art) - a set of special skills and techniques through which a work of art is performed. The ability to use the artistic possibilities of the material and the tools that are used to convey the materiality of objects, three-dimensional form. The technical means of art do not remain neutral in relation to the content, but are subordinate to the ideological and artistic design of the work.

Tone - the degree of lightness inherent in the color of an object in kind and in a work of art. The tone depends on the intensity of the color and its lightness. The tone in the drawing is one of the leading artistic means, since the drawing is usually one-color (monochrome). With the help of relations of different tones, the volume of the form, the position in space and the lighting of objects are transmitted. The tone conveys the difference in lightness of objects, which is due in nature to the variety of their color and material. The concept of "tone" in painting means the aperture ratio of color, as well as color saturation. In painting, color and light and shade relationships are inextricably linked. At the same time, the concept of “tone” should not be confused with the concepts of “hue” and “color tone”, which determine other qualities of color.

Key - a certain ratio of colors or tones characteristic of a given work, one of its artistic features. In graphics, tonality is determined by the degree of contrast between dark and light tones. In painting, the concept of tones has the same meaning as the color scheme, since it determines the features of the color structure of the work along with color nuances.

tone image - an image with different tonal transitions from light to shadow, i.e. with areas of different tone strength. A typical example of a tone image is an oil or watercolor drawing in one color (grisaille), as well as a pencil drawing made using the shading technique.

Tretyakov Gallery - in Moscow, the largest museum of Russian and Soviet art. The gallery is named after P. M. Tretyakov, who collected (since 1856) the works of Russian artists of a democratic direction (mainly the Wanderers.

Triptych - (from the Greek triptychos - triple, folded in three) a work of fine art, consisting of 3 parts (paintings, reliefs, drawings, etc.), united by a common artistic idea, theme or plot and often forming an indissoluble ensemble.

ink - black paint that does not lose the intensity of its tone over time; when strongly diluted with water, it gives a gray tone. Ink serves for drawing, drawing (with a pen or brush, using hatching, filling, washing, etc., often in combination with a pencil, watercolor, charcoal).

F ace - (from the French word "face" - face) if the portrait is written in such a way that the person's face is completely visible, and his eyes seem to look into the viewer's eyes, the portrait is written in front. The image in front is not only in painting, but also in sculpture.

Floristics - the art of arranging bouquets, decorating with flowers and plants, one of the oldest arts.

Background - (from the French Fond - "bottom", "deep part") any part of a pictorial or ornamental composition in relation to the "protruding" (especially foreground) detail included in it. A non-pictorial background (usually in a portrait) is called neutral. The action in the picture takes place either indoors, or among nature, or on a city street. any environment behind a closer object, the background of the image. In works of fine art, the background may be neutral, devoid of images, or include an image (pictorial background). This is the background.

The form - appearance, outline, in fine arts - volumetric and plastic features of an object, in all types of art - artistic means that serve to create an image, to reveal the content of a work. In the creative process, they find the form that best suits the idea. In any form of art, the form largely determines the artistic merit of the work. In the visual arts, the art form is a compositional construction, the unity of means and techniques. realized in artistic material and embodying the ideological and artistic conception.

Format - the shape of the plane on which the image is made (rectangular, oval, round - rondo, etc.). It is due to its general outlines and the ratio of height to width. The choice of form depends on the content and mood expressed in the work. The format of the picture should always correspond to the composition of the image. It is essential for the figurative structure of the work.

Fragment - part of an existing work or the surviving remnant of a deceased

X Okhloma painting - on wood, Russian folk art craft. It arose in the 2nd half of the 17th century on the territory of the modern Koverninsky district of the Gorky region (Russia); The name of the industry was given by s. Khokhloma of the same region - the center of distribution of products of Khokhloma painting in the 18th - early 20th centuries. Khokhloma painting is characterized by the original technique of painting wood in a golden color without the use of gold.

Artist, artist -

a creative worker in art (in the narrow sense - in the fine arts).

Artistic media - all pictorial elements and artistic techniques that the artist uses to express the content of the work. These include: composition, perspective, proportions, chiaroscuro, color, stroke, texture, etc.

Chromatic colors - colors that have a special quality (color tone) that distinguishes one from the other. Chromatic colors are the colors of the solar spectrum, created by the refraction of the sun's ray. Conventionally, the colors of the spectrum are arranged along the “color circle.” This color scale contains a large number of transitions from cold to warm colors.

W three - a line, a line performed with one movement of the hand; one of the most important visual means in most types of graphics, in certain types of painting (mainly monumental and decorative), in the art of ornament, etc. With the help of a stroke, the shape and contour of figures and objects can be conveyed.

E exhibit - (from the Latin Exponatus - exhibited) in the field of fine arts: a work of art put on display at an exhibition or in a museum.

Hermitage - State in St. Petersburg, art and cultural-historical museum, one of the largest museums in the world.

Sketch - a preliminary sketch, fixing the idea of ​​a work of art or a separate part of it. The sketch outlines the compositional structure, spatial plans, the main color ratios of the future work. Sketches are graphic, pictorial, sculptural; usually distinguished by a free, fluent manner of execution, but can be worked out in detail.

Etude - (from the French etude, literally - study) a work made from nature for the purpose of studying it. An etude (painting, sculptural, graphic) often serves as preparatory material when working on a painting, sculpture, graphic work, etc.

sketchbook - a shallow wooden box with a lid for the artist's accessories (oil or watercolor painting). Sketchbooks can be without a tripod or with a tripod; palette-sketchbooks are available.

Application No. 1

List of concepts

studied under the educational program

"Young Artist"

What is painting?

Painting is a type of fine art, the works of which are created using paints applied to a surface.
"Painting is not just some fantasy. It is work, work that must be done conscientiously, as every conscientious worker does," Renoir argued.

Painting is an amazing miracle of turning all available art materials into a variety of visible images of reality. Mastering the art of painting means being able to depict real objects of any shape, color and material in any space.
Painting, like all other forms of art, has a special artistic language through which the artist reflects the world. But, expressing his understanding of the world, the artist simultaneously embodies his thoughts and feelings, aspirations, aesthetic ideals in his works, evaluates the phenomena of life, explaining their essence and meaning in his own way.
In works of art of different genres of fine arts created by painters, drawing, color, chiaroscuro, expressiveness of strokes, texture and composition are used. This allows you to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment.
The world of painting is rich and complex, its treasures have been accumulated by mankind over many millennia. The most ancient works of painting were discovered by scientists on the walls of caves in which primitive people lived. With amazing accuracy and sharpness, the first artists depicted hunting scenes and animal habits. This is how the art of depicting paints on the wall arose, which had features characteristic of monumental painting.
There are two main varieties of monumental painting - fresco and mosaic.
Fresco is a technique of painting with paints diluted with pure or lime water on fresh, damp plaster.
Mosaic - an image made of homogeneous or different material particles of stone, smalt, ceramic tiles, which are fixed in a layer of soil - lime or cement.
Fresco and mosaic are the main types of monumental art, which, due to their durability and color fastness, are used to decorate architectural volumes and planes (wall painting, plafonds, panels).
Easel painting (picture) has an independent character and meaning. The breadth and completeness of coverage of real life is reflected in the variety of types and genres inherent in easel painting: portrait, landscape, still life, household, historical, battle genres.
Unlike monumental easel painting, it is not connected with the plane of the wall and can be freely exhibited.
The ideological and artistic significance of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure.
In addition to the named types of painting, there is a decorative one - sketches of theatrical scenery, scenery and costumes for cinema, as well as miniatures and iconography.
To create a miniature or monumental work of art (for example, a painting on a wall), the artist must know not only the constructive essence of objects, their volume, materiality, but also the rules and laws of the pictorial representation of nature, the harmony of color, color.

In a pictorial representation from nature, it is necessary to take into account not only the diversity of colors, but also their unity, determined by the strength and color of the light source. No color spot should be introduced into the image without harmonizing it with the overall color condition. The color of each object, both in the light and in the shade, should be related to the color whole. If the colors of the image do not convey the influence of the color of the lighting, they will not be subject to a single color range. In such an image, each color will stand out as something extraneous and alien to a given state of illumination; it will appear random and destroy the color integrity of the image.
Thus, the natural color unity of colors by the general color of lighting is the basis for creating a harmonic color scheme of the picture.
Color is one of the most expressive means used in painting. The artist conveys on the plane the colorful richness of what he sees, with the help of a color form he cognizes and reflects the world around him. In the process of depicting nature, a sense of color and its many shades develops, which makes it possible to use paints as the main expressive means of painting.
The perception of color, and the artist's eye is able to distinguish more than 200 of its shades, may be one of the happiest qualities that nature has endowed a person with.
Knowing the laws of contrast, the artist is guided by those changes in the color of the depicted nature, which in some cases are hardly caught by the eye. The perception of color depends on the environment in which the object is located. Therefore, the artist, while conveying the color of nature, compares the colors with each other, achieves that they are perceived in interconnection or mutual relations.
“To take light and shade ratios” means to preserve the difference between colors in lightness, saturation and hue, in accordance with the way it takes place in nature.
Contrast (both in light and color) is especially noticeable on the edges of adjoining color spots. The blurring of the borders between contrasting colors enhances the effect of color contrast, and the clarity of the borders of spots reduces it. Knowledge of these laws expands the technical possibilities in painting, allows the artist to use contrast to increase the intensity of the color of paints, increase their saturation, increase or decrease their lightness, which enriches the painter's palette. So, without using mixtures, but only contrasting combinations of warm and cold colors, you can achieve a special coloristic sonority of a painting.