What nationality was the playwright Bernard Shaw. Bernard Shaw - biography

SHOW, GEORGE BERNARD(Shaw, George Bernard) (1856-1950), Irish playwright, philosopher and prose writer, an outstanding critic of his time and the most famous - after Shakespeare - playwright who wrote in English. Born July 26, 1856 in Dublin. His father, having failed in business, became addicted to alcohol; mother, disappointed in marriage, became interested in singing. Shaw did not learn anything in the schools he attended, but he learned a lot from the books of Ch. Dickens, W. Shakespeare, D. Bunyan, the Bible, Arabic tales Thousand and One Nights, as well as listening to operas and oratorios in which the mother sang, and contemplating paintings in the Irish National Gallery.

At the age of fifteen, Shaw got a job as a clerk in a firm selling land. A year later, he became a cashier and held this position for four years. Unable to overcome his disgust for such work, at the age of twenty he left for London to live with his mother, who, after a divorce from her husband, earned her living by singing lessons.

Shaw, already in his youth, had decided to earn a living by writing, and although the articles sent out returned to him with depressing regularity, he continued to besiege the newsrooms. Only one of his articles was accepted for publication, paying the author fifteen shillings - and this was all that Shaw earned with a pen in nine years. Over the years, he wrote five novels that were rejected by all English publishers.

In 1884, Shaw joined the Fabian Society and soon became one of its most brilliant orators. At the same time, he improved his education in the reading room of the British Museum, where he met the writer W. Archer (1856–1924), who introduced him to journalism. After working for some time as a freelance correspondent, Shaw got a job as a music critic in one of the evening papers. After six years of music reviewing, Shaw worked for three and a half years as theater critic for the Saturday Riviée. During this time, he published books about H. Ibsen and R. Wagner. He also wrote plays (collection Plays good and bad – Plays: Pleasant and Unpleasant, 1898). One of them, Mrs. Warren's profession (Mrs. Warren's Profession, first staged in 1902), was banned by the censors; another, Wait and see (You Never Can Tell, 1895) was rejected after several rehearsals; third, Weapon and man (Arms and the Man, 1894), no one understood at all. In addition to those named, the collection includes plays Candida (Candida, 1895), Destiny's Chosen One (The Man of Destiny, 1897), Widower's house (Widower's Houses, 1892) and heartthrob (The Philanderer, 1893). Staged in America by R. Mansfield Devil's Disciple (The Devil's Disciple, 1897) is Shaw's first play to be a box office success.

Shaw wrote plays, wrote reviews, acted as a street speaker promoting socialist ideas, and, in addition, was a member of the St. Pancras Borough Council, where he lived. Such overloads led to a sharp deterioration in health, and if not for the care and care of Charlotte Payne-Townsend, whom he married in 1898, things could have ended badly. During a protracted illness, Shaw wrote plays Caesar and Cleopatra (Caesar and Cleopatra, 1899) and (Captain Brassbound's Conversion, 1900), which the writer himself called "a religious treatise". In 1901 Devil's Disciple, Caesar and Cleopatra and Message from Captain Brasbound were published in a collection Three Pieces for Puritans (Three Plays for Puritans). AT Caesar and Cleopatra- Shaw's first play where real historical figures act - the traditional idea of ​​a hero and a heroine is changed beyond recognition.

Having failed on the path of commercial theatre, Shaw decided to make drama the vehicle of his philosophy, publishing a play in 1903. Man and Superman (man and superman). However, the following year, his time came. The young actor H. Granville-Barker (1877–1946), together with the entrepreneur J. E. Vedrenn, took over the leadership of the London Court Theater and opened the season, the success of which was ensured by the old and new plays of Shaw - Candida, Wait and see, John Bull's other island (John Bull's Other Island, 1904), Man and Superman, Major Barbara (Major Barbara, 1905) and doctor in dilemma (The Doctor's Dilemma, 1906).

Shaw now decided to write plays entirely devoid of action. The first of these play-discussions, Marriage (Getting Married, 1908), had some success among intellectuals, the second, Misalliance (Misalliance, 1910), turned out to be difficult for them too. Giving up, Shaw wrote a frankly box office trinket - Fanny's first play (Fanny's First Play, 1911), which for almost two years was on the stage of a small theater. Then, as if retribution for this concession to the taste of the crowd, Shaw created a true masterpiece - Androcles and the lion (Androcles and the Lions, 1913), followed by the play Pygmalion (Pygmalion, 1914), staged by G. Beerbom-Three at His Majesty's Theatre, with Patrick Campbell as Eliza Doolittle.

During World War I, Shaw was an exceptionally unpopular figure. The press, the public, colleagues showered him with insults, and meanwhile he calmly finished the play. The house where hearts break (heartbreak house, 1921) and prepared his testament to the human race - Back to Methuselah (Back to Methuselah, 1923), where he put his evolutionary ideas into dramatic form. In 1924 fame returned to the writer, he gained worldwide recognition with drama Saint Joan (Saint Joan). In Shaw's eyes, Jeanne d'Arc is a herald of Protestantism and nationalism, and therefore the verdict handed down to her by the medieval church and the feudal system is quite natural. In 1925, Shaw was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, which he refused to receive.

The last play that brought Shaw success was Applecart (The Apple Cart, 1929), which opened the Malvern Festival in honor of the playwright.

In years when most people had no time to travel, Shaw visited the USA, the USSR, South Africa, India, New Zealand. In Moscow, where Shaw arrived with Lady Astor, he spoke with Stalin. When the Labor Party, for which the playwright had done so much, came to power, he was offered the nobility and a peerage, but he refused everything. At the age of ninety, the writer nevertheless agreed to become an honorary citizen of Dublin and the London district of St. Pancras, where he lived in his younger years.

Shaw's wife died in 1943. The writer spent the remaining years in seclusion in Ayoth St. Lawrence (Hertfordshire), where at the age of ninety-two he completed his last play. Byant Billions (Buoyant Billions, 1949). Until the end of his days, the writer retained clarity of mind. Shaw died at Ayot St. Lawrence on November 2, 1950.

George Bernard Shaw - English playwright of Irish origin, one of the founders of the "drama of ideas", writer, essayist, one of the reformers of theatrical art of the 20th century, after Shakespeare the second most popular playwright in the English theater, Nobel Prize in Literature, winner of the award "Oscar".

He was born in Irish Dublin on July 26, 1856. The childhood years of the future writer were overshadowed by his father's addiction to alcohol, strife between his parents. Like all children, Bernard went to school, but learned the main life lessons from the books he read and the music he listened to. In 1871, after graduating from school, he began working in a company selling land. A year later, he took the position of cashier, but four years later, hating work, he moved to London: his mother lived there, having divorced her father. From a young age, Shaw saw himself as a writer, but the articles he sent to various editorial offices were not published. For 9 years, only 15 shillings - a fee for a single article - was earned by him by writing, although during this period he wrote as many as 5 novels.

In 1884, B. Shaw joined the Fabian Society and after a short time gained fame as a talented orator. Visiting the reading room of the British Museum for the purpose of self-education, he met W. Archer and, thanks to him, became involved in journalism. After first working as a freelance correspondent, Shaw worked as a music critic for six years, and then worked for the Saturday Review as a theater critic for three and a half years. The reviews written by him made up the three-volume collection “Our Theater of the Nineties”, published in 1932. In 1891, Shaw’s original creative manifesto was published - a lengthy article “The Quintessence of Ibsenism”, the author of which showed a critical attitude towards contemporary aesthetics and sympathy for the drama that illuminated conflicts of a social nature.

His debut in the field of drama was the plays "Widower's House" and "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (1892 and 1893, respectively). They were intended to be staged in an independent theatre, which was a closed club, so Shaw could afford the courage to display aspects of life that his contemporary art usually bypassed. These and other works were included in the cycle "Unpleasant Plays". In the same year, “Pleasant Plays” were also released, and the “representatives” of this cycle began to penetrate the stage of large metropolitan theaters in the late 90s. The first huge success was brought by The Devil's Disciple written in 1897, which was part of the third cycle - Plays for the Puritans.

The playwright's finest hour came in 1904, when the leadership of the Kord Theater changed and included a number of his plays in the repertoire - in particular, Candida, Major Barbara, Man and Superman, and others. the reputation of the author, who boldly manages with public morality and traditional ideas about history, subverts what was considered an axiom, was established. The contribution to the golden treasury of drama was the resounding success of Pygmalion (1913).

During the First World War, Bernard Shaw had to listen to a lot of unflattering words and direct insults addressed to him by the audience, fellow writers, newspapers and magazines. Nevertheless, he continued to write, and in 1917 a new stage began in his creative biography. The tragedy "Saint Joan", staged in 1924, returned B. Shaw to its former glory, and in 1925 he became the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, and refuses its monetary component.

Over the age of 70 in the 30s. The show goes on a trip around the world, visits India, South Africa, New Zealand, the USA. He also visited the USSR in 1931, in July of that year he personally met with Stalin. Being a socialist, Shaw sincerely welcomed the changes taking place in the country of the Soviets and turned into a supporter of Stalinism. After the Labor Party came to power, B. Shaw was offered a peerage and nobility, but he refused. Later, he agreed to the status of an honorary citizen of Dublin and one of the London districts.

B. Shaw wrote to a ripe old age. The last plays, "Billions of Bayant" and "Fictitious Fables", he wrote in 1948 and 1950. Remaining completely sane, on November 2, 1950, the famous playwright died.

Years of life: from 07/26/1856 to 11/02/1950

Outstanding Irish and English writer, prose writer, playwright, music and theater critic, public figure. The second most popular (after Shakespeare) English-speaking playwright. He made an invaluable contribution to English and world dramaturgy. Nobel Prize Laureate. He is also known for his wit and adherence to socialist views.

George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin. Shaw's father, a civil servant, decided to go into the grain trade. but burned out and became addicted to alcohol. The writer's mother was a singer and amateur musician. The boy studied first at home, and then in Catholic and Protestant day schools, after which, at the age of sixteen, he got a job as a clerk in a real estate agency, where he worked for four years. In 1873 Shaw's parents divorced and his mother moved to London. Three years later, Bernard joined them, deciding to become a writer. However, all of his articles were returned by the editors, and none of Shaw's five novels was published. At this time, the writer was entirely dependent on the meager earnings of his mother, who gave music lessons. In 1882, Shaw turned to social problems and became a convinced socialist. In 1884, the playwright joined the Fabian Society, created to spread socialist ideas. Shaw became an extremely active member of the society, often lecturing three times a week. At the same time, Shaw met the theater critic W. Archer, on whose recommendation Shaw became first a freelance correspondent, and then the author of musical and theater reviews (since 1886) in such publications as the weekly "World" ("World"), "Pall Mall newspapers" ("Pall Mall Gazette"), the newspaper "Star" ("Star"). Shaw's critical writings brought him popularity and financial independence. In 1895, Mr.. Shaw became a theater critic in the London magazine "Saturday Review" ("Saturday Review"). Shaw is becoming more and more interested in the theater, writes several works about G. Ibsen and R. Wagner, and in 1892 the first play of Shaw "Widower's Houses" ("Widowers" Houses ") was staged. The play was not successful and was withdrawn after two performances Several subsequent plays by the playwright also turned out to be invaluable, the directors refused to stage them, and “Mrs Warren's Profession” was even banned by censors (the play is about prostitution). The show publishes its work at its own expense. In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne Townsend, an Irish philanthropist and socialist who gave him considerable support. Fame came to the playwright in 1904, when his plays became the basis of the repertoire of the London Royal Court Theater, where they were staged by D. Vedrenn and Harley Grenville-Barker who filmed this theatre. For three seasons (1904-07), almost all of the playwright's most significant plays were played at the Royal Court Theater. Simultaneously with Shaw’s confession, accusations of “insufficient seriousness” and buffoonery begin to sound, in particular, the playwright L.N. Tolstoy. Shaw himself writes plays more and more "serious", imbued with philosophical ideas and therefore less and less popular with the public. During the years of the First World War, Shaw's anti-war views (which he did not hesitate to express) caused the playwright's sharp rejection by most of the press and colleagues. After his essay "War from the point of view of common sense", in which the playwright criticizes both England and Germany, calls on both countries to negotiate, ridiculing blind patriotism, Shaw was expelled from the Dramatists' Club. In the 20s of the XX century, Shaw's works were again are becoming popular. During this time Shaw's most controversial and complex play, "Back to Methuselah" ("Back to Methuselah", 1922), was written, as well as the only tragedy in his repertoire: "Saint Joan" ("Saint Joan", 1924), about Jeanne D'Arc. In 1926, the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1925 was awarded to Shaw "for a work marked by idealism and humanism, for sparkling satire, which is often combined with exceptional poetic beauty." Being a principled opponent of all kinds of prizes, Shaw refused the monetary part of the Nobel Prize, ordering the establishment of an Anglo-Swedish literary fund for translators, especially Strindberg's translators, with this money. In 1928, Shaw released The Smart Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism ( "The Intelligent Woman" s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism") - a discourse on political and economic topics. And in 1931, the playwright visited the USSR and met with Stalin. Shaw remained a staunch socialist throughout his life and strongly supported the USSR, considering it a prototype Shaw's wife died in 1943. After that, the playwright moved from London to his home in Hertfordshire, where he spent the rest of his life in seclusion.Shaw died on November 2, 1950 at the age of 94

The correct pronunciation of the surname Shaw is “Sho”, however, the pronunciation “Show” has become entrenched in the Russian-speaking tradition.

Of the 988 performances played at the Royal Court Theater between 1904 and 1907, 701 were based on Shaw's works.

In response to the phrase “The show is a clown”, V.I. Lenin said: "In a bourgeois state, he may be a clown for the bourgeoisie, but in a revolution he would not be mistaken for a clown."

B. Shaw became the first writer to refuse the Nobel Prize.

B. Shaw is the only person to have received both the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Oscar at the same time.

Possessing an excellent sense of humor and a tenacious mind, Shaw became the author of many aphorisms.

Writer's Awards

(1925)
Academy Award for Best Screenplay (1938)

Bibliography

Cycle "Unpleasant Plays"
Widower's Houses (1885-1892)
Heartbreaker (1893)
Profession of Mrs. Warren (1893-1894)

Cycle "Pleasant Plays"
Arms and Man (1894)
Candida (1894-1895)
Destiny's Chosen One (1895)
Let's wait and see (1895-1896)

Cycle "Three Pieces for the Puritans"
The Devil's Disciple (1896-1897)
(1898)
Conversion of Captain Brasbound (1899)

Magnificent Bashvil, or Unrewarded Constancy" (1901)
Man and Superman (1901-1903)
John Bull's Other Island (1904)
How he lied to her husband (1904)
Major Barbara (1906)
The Physician in a Dilemma (1906)
Interlude in the Theater (1907)
Marriage (1908)
Exposing Blanco Posnet (1909)

Cycle "Tomfoolery and trinkets"
Passion, Poison, Petrification, or Fatal Gasogen (1905)
Newspaper clippings (1909)
Charming Foundling (1909)
A Bit of Reality (1909)

The number of productions of Shaw's plays is incalculable. The list of adaptations of the playwright's works on the Kinopoisk website includes 62 films and television films.
The most famous screen adaptations are:
Pygmalion (1938, UK) dir. E. Esquith, L. Howard. B. Shaw became the author of the script and received an Oscar for it.
My Fair Lady (1964, USA) dir. J. Cukor. Adaptation of the play Pygmalion. The film received 8 Oscars, including the main award "Best Film".

Domestic film adaptations:
How he lied to her husband (1956) dir. T. Berezantseva
Pygmalion (1957) dir. S. Alekseev
Galatea (1977) dir. A. Belinsky. Film-ballet based on the play "Pygmalion".
Mournful insensibility (1986) dir. A. Sokurov. Fantasy film based on the play Heartbreak House

THE GEORGE BERNARD SHOW(1856-1950)

George Bernard Shaw - English playwright of Irish origin, one of the founders of the "drama of ideas", writer, essayist, one of the reformers of theatrical art of the 20th century, after Shakespeare the second most popular playwright in the English theater, Nobel Prize in Literature, winner of the award "Oscar".
He was born in Irish Dublin on July 26, 1956. The future writer's childhood years were overshadowed by his father's addiction to alcohol, strife between his parents. Like all children, Bernard went to school, but learned the main life lessons from the books he read and the music he listened to. In 1871, after graduating from school, he began working in a company selling land. A year later, he took the position of cashier, but four years later, hating work, he moved to London: his mother lived there, having divorced her father. From a young age, Shaw saw himself as a writer, but the articles he sent to various editorial offices were not published. For 9 years, only 15 shillings - a fee for a single article - was earned by him by writing, although during this period he wrote as many as 5 novels.
In 1884, B. Shaw joined the Fabian Society and after a short time gained fame as a talented orator. Visiting the reading room of the British Museum for the purpose of self-education, he met W. Archer and, thanks to him, became involved in journalism. After first working as a freelance correspondent, Shaw worked as a music critic for six years, and then worked for the Saturday Review as a theater critic for three and a half years. The reviews written by him made up the three-volume collection “Our Theater of the Nineties”, published in 1932. In 1891, Shaw’s original creative manifesto was published - a lengthy article “The Quintessence of Ibsenism”, the author of which showed a critical attitude towards contemporary aesthetics and sympathy for the drama that illuminated conflicts of a social nature.
His debut in the field of drama was the plays "Widower's House" and "Mrs. Warren's Profession" (1892 and 1893, respectively). They were intended to be staged in an independent theatre, which was a closed club, so Shaw could afford the courage to display aspects of life that his contemporary art usually bypassed. These and other works were included in the cycle "Unpleasant Plays". In the same year, “Pleasant Plays” were also released, and the “representatives” of this cycle began to penetrate the stage of large metropolitan theaters in the late 90s. The first huge success was brought by The Devil's Disciple written in 1897, which was part of the third cycle - Plays for the Puritans.
The playwright's finest hour came in 1904, when the leadership of the Kord Theater changed and included a number of his plays in the repertoire - in particular, Candida, Major Barbara, Man and Superman, and others. the reputation of the author, who boldly manages with public morality and traditional ideas about history, subverts what was considered an axiom, was established. The contribution to the golden treasury of drama was the resounding success of Pygmalion (1913).
During the First World War, Bernard Shaw had to listen to a lot of unflattering words and direct insults addressed to him by the audience, fellow writers, newspapers and magazines. Nevertheless, he continued to write, and in 1917 a new stage began in his creative biography. The tragedy "Saint Joan", staged in 1924, returned B. Shaw to its former glory, and in 1925 he became the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, and refuses its monetary component.
Over the age of 70 in the 30s. The show goes on a trip around the world, visits India, South Africa, New Zealand, the USA. He also visited the USSR in 1931, in July of that year he personally met with Stalin. Being a socialist, Shaw sincerely welcomed the changes taking place in the country of the Soviets and turned into a supporter of Stalinism. After the Labor Party came to power, B. Shaw was offered a peerage and nobility, but he refused. Later, he agreed to the status of an honorary citizen of Dublin and one of the London districts.
B. Shaw wrote to a ripe old age. The last plays, "Billions of Bayant" and "Fictitious Fables", he wrote in 1948 and 1950. Remaining completely sane, on November 2, 1950, the famous playwright died.
source http://www.wisdoms.ru/avt/b284.html

"(, for the script of the film" Pygmalion "). Active promoter of vegetarianism.

Biography

George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin on 26 July 1856 to George Shaw, a grain merchant, and Lucinda Shaw, a professional singer. He had two sisters: Lucinda Frances, a theater singer, and Eleanor Agnes, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 21.

Shaw attended Wesley College Dublin and Grammar School. He received his secondary education in Dublin. At the age of eleven, he was sent to a Protestant school, where he was, in his own words, the penultimate or last student. He called school the most harmful stage of his education: "It never occurred to me to prepare lessons or tell the truth to this universal enemy and executioner - the teacher." The education system was repeatedly criticized by Shaw for focusing on mental rather than spiritual development. The author especially criticized the system of physical punishment at school. At fifteen, he became a clerk. The family did not have the means to send him to university, but his uncle's connections helped him get a job at Townsend's fairly well-known real estate agency. One of Shaw's duties was to collect rent from the inhabitants of the Dublin slums, and the sad impressions of these years were subsequently embodied in Widower's Houses. He was, in all likelihood, a fairly capable clerk, although the monotony of this work bored him. He learned to keep books of account neatly, as well as to write in a quite legible handwriting. Everything written in Shaw's handwriting (even in advanced years) was easy and pleasant to read. This served Shaw well later on when he became a professional writer: grief typesetters did not know with his manuscripts. When Shaw was 16, his mother ran away from home with her lover and daughters. Bernard decided to stay with his father in Dublin. He received an education and became an employee in a real estate office. He did this job for several years, although he did not like it.

In 1876 Shaw went to live with his mother in London. The family welcomed him very warmly. During this time, he visited public libraries and museums. He began to work hard in libraries and created his first works, and later led a newspaper column dedicated to music. However, his early novels were not successful until 1885, when he became known as a creative critic.

In the first half of the 1890s he worked as a critic for the London World, where he was succeeded by Robert Hichens.

At the same time, he became interested in social democratic ideas and joined the Fabian Society, whose goal is to establish socialism through peaceful means. In this society he met his future wife, Charlotte Paine-Townshend, whom he married in 1898. Bernard Shaw had connections on the side.

In recent years, the playwright lived in his own house and died at the age of 94 from kidney failure. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered along with those of his wife.

Creation

The first play of Bernard Shaw was presented in 1892. At the end of the decade, he became a well-known playwright. He wrote sixty-three plays, as well as novels, critical works, essays, and more than 250,000 letters.

Novels

Shaw wrote five unsuccessful novels early in his career between 1879 and 1883. Later they were all published.

Shaw's first published novel was Cashel Byron's Profession (1886), written in 1882. The protagonist of the novel is a wayward schoolboy who, together with his mother, emigrates to Australia, where he participates in battles for money. He returns to England for a boxing match. Here he falls in love with a smart and rich woman, Lydia Carew. This woman, attracted by animal magnetism, agrees to marry despite their different social status. Then it turns out that the main character is of noble birth and the heir to a large fortune. Thus, he becomes a deputy in Parliament and the married couple becomes an ordinary bourgeois family.

The novel "Not a Social Socialist" was published in 1887. It starts with a girls' school, but then focuses on a poor worker who actually hides his fortunes from his wife. He is also an active fighter for the promotion of socialism. From this point on, the entire novel focuses on socialist themes.

The novel Love Among the Artists was written in 1881, published in 1900 in the United States and in 1914 in England. In this novel, Shaw shows his views on art, romantic love and marriage using the example of Victorian society.

The Irrational Knot is a novel written in 1880 and published in 1905. In this novel, the author denounces hereditary status and insists on the nobility of workers. The institution of marriage is called into question by the example of a noble woman and a worker who made a fortune on the invention of the electric motor. Their marriage falls apart due to the inability of family members to find common interests.

Shaw's first novel Immaturity, written in 1879, was his last published novel. It describes the life and career of Robert Smith, an energetic young Londoner. The condemnation of alcoholism is the first message in the book, based on the author's family memories.

Plays

The show breaks completely with the prudish puritan morality still characteristic of a large part of the well-to-do circles of English society. He calls things by their real names, considers it possible to depict any everyday phenomenon, and to a certain extent is a follower of naturalism.

Shaw began working on the first play, The Widower's House, in 1885. After some time, the author refused to continue working on it and completed it only in 1892. The play was presented at the Royal Theater in London on December 9, 1892. In this play, Shaw gave a picture of the life of the London proletarians, remarkable in its realism. The play begins with a young man about to marry a girl whose father rents out the slums to the poor, who pay their last money for them. The young man wants to give up both marriage and dowry, which he received through the hellish labor of the poor, but then he learns that his income is also based on the labor of the poor. Very often, Shaw acts as a satirist, mercilessly ridiculing the ugly and vulgar aspects of English life, especially the life of bourgeois circles (“John Bull’s Other Island”, “Arms and the Man”, “How He Lied to Her Husband”, etc.).

In the play Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893), a young girl learns that her mother earns income from brothels, and therefore leaves the house to earn money herself by honest labor.

The plays of Bernard Shaw, like those of Oscar Wilde, include poignant humor that was exclusive to Victorian playwrights. The show began to reform the theatre, offering new themes and inviting the audience to ponder moral, political and economic issues. In this he is close to the dramaturgy of Ibsen with his realistic drama, which he used to solve social problems.

As Shaw's experience and popularity increased, his plays became less focused on the reforms he championed, but their entertainment role did not diminish. Works such as Caesar and Cleopatra (1898), Man and Superman (1903), Major Barbara (1905) and The Doctor in a Dilemma (1906) show the mature views of the author, who was already 50 years old.

Until the 1910s, Shaw was a fully formed playwright. Newer works such as Fanny's First Play (1911) and Pygmalion (1912) were well known to the London public.

In the most popular play "Pygmalion", based on the plot of ancient Greek myth, in which the sculptor asks the gods to bring the statue to life, Pygmalion appears as Higgins, professor of phonetics. His Galatea is street florist Eliza Doolittle. The professor tries to correct the language of a girl who speaks Cockney. Thus, the girl becomes like a noble woman. By this Shaw is trying to say that people differ only in appearance.

Shaw's views changed after World War I, which he disapproved of. His first work written after the war was Heartbreak House (1919). In this play, a new Shaw appeared - the humor remained the same, but his faith in humanism was shaken.

Shaw had previously supported a gradual transition to socialism, but now he saw a government led by a strong man. For him, dictatorship was obvious. At the end of his life, his hopes also died. So, in the play "Billions of Buyant" ( Buoyant Billions, 1946-48), his last play, he says that one should not rely on the masses, who act like a blind mob, and can choose people like Hitler for their rulers.

In 1921, Shaw completed Back to Methuselah, a five-piece pentalogy that begins in the Garden of Eden and ends a thousand years in the future. These plays affirm that life is perfected through trial and error. Shaw himself considered these plays a masterpiece, but critics were of a different opinion.

After "Methuselah" the play "Saint Joan" (1923) was written, which is considered one of his best works. The idea of ​​writing a work about Joan of Arc and her canonization appeared in 1920. The play gained worldwide fame and brought the author closer to the Nobel Prize (1925).

Shaw also has plays in the psychological genre, sometimes adjoining even the area of ​​melodrama (Candida, etc.).

The author created plays until the end of his life, but only some of them became as successful as his early works. The Apple Cart (1929) became the best known play during this period. Later works, such as Bitter but True, Broken (1933), Millionaire (1935) and Geneva (1935), did not receive wide public recognition.

Trip to the USSR

From July 21 to July 31, 1931, Bernard Shaw visited the USSR, where on July 29 he had a personal meeting with Joseph Stalin. In addition to the capital, Shaw visited the outback - the commune. Lenin () of the Tambov region, which was considered exemplary. Returning from the Soviet Union, Shaw said:

“I am leaving the state of hope and returning to our Western countries - countries of despair ... For me, an old man, it is a deep consolation, going to the grave, to know that world civilization will be saved ... Here, in Russia, I was convinced that the new communist system able to lead humanity out of the current crisis and save it from complete anarchy and destruction.

In an interview given in Berlin on his way home, Shaw praised Stalin as a politician:

"Stalin is a very pleasant person and really the leader of the working class... Stalin is a giant, and all Western figures are pygmies."

“There is no parliament in Russia or any other nonsense like that. The Russians are not as stupid as we are; it would even be difficult for them to imagine that there could be fools like us. Of course, the statesmen of Soviet Russia also have not only a huge moral superiority over ours, but also a significant mental superiority.

Being a socialist in his political views, Bernard Shaw also became a supporter of Stalinism and the "other USSR". So, in the preface to his play "Aground" (1933), he provides a theoretical basis for the repression of the OGPU against enemies of the people. In an open letter to the editor of the newspaper Manchester Guardian Bernard Shaw calls the information that appeared in the press about the famine in the USSR (1932-1933) a fake.

In a letter to the newspaper Labor Monthly Bernard Shaw also openly sided with Stalin and Lysenko in the campaign against genetic scientists.

Dramaturgy

1885-1896

• Plays Unpleasant (published 1898)
  • "Widower's Houses" (Widower's Houses, 1885-1892)
  • "Heartbreaker" (The Philanderer, 1893)
  • Mrs Warren's Profession, 1893-1894
• Plays Pleasant (published 1898)
  • "Weapon and Man" (English)Russian (« Arms and the Man», )
  • "Candida" (Candida, 1894-1895)
  • "The Man of Destiny" (The Man of Destiny, 1895)
  • "Wait and see" (You Never Can Tell, 1895-1896)

1896-1904

• "Three Plays for Puritans" (Three Plays for Puritans)
  • "The Devil's Disciple" (The Devil's Disciple, 1896-1897)
  • "Caesar and Cleopatra" (Caesar and Cleopatra, 1898)
  • Captain Brassbound's Conversion, 1899
• The Admirable Bashville; or, Constancy Unrewarded, 1901
• "A Sunday Afternoon Among the Surrey Hills" (1888)
• "Man and Superman" (English)Russian (« man and superman», -)
• John Bull's Other Island (1904)

1904-1910

• How He Lied to Her Husband (1904)
• "Major Barbara" (Major Barbara, 1906)
• The Doctor's Dilemma (1906)
• "Interlude at the Playhouse" (The Interlude at the Playhouse, 1907)
• Getting Married (1908)
• The Shewing-Up of Blanco Posnet, 1909
• "Tomfoolery and trinkets" (Trifles and tomfooleries)
  • "Passion, Poison, Petrification, or Fatal Gasogene" (Passion, Poison and Petrifaction; or, the Fatal Gasogene, 1905)
  • "Newspaper clippings" (Press Cuttings, 1909)
  • "Charming Foundling" (The Fascinating Foundling, 1909)
  • "A Little Bit of Reality" (The Glimps of Reality, 1909)
• "Unequal Marriage" (Misalliance, 1910)

1910-1919

• The Dark Lady of the Sonnets (1910)
• Fanny's First Play (1911)
• Androcles and the Lion (1912)
• "Overruled" (Overruled, 1912)
• "Pygmalion" (Pygmalion, 1912-1913)
• "Great Catherine" (Great Catherine, 1913)
• The Music-cure (1913)
• "O'Flaherty, MBE" (O'Flaherty, V.C.,)
• "The Inca of Perusalem" (The Inca of Perusalem, 1916)
• Augustus Does His Bit (1916)
• Annajanska, the Wild Grand Duchess, 1917
• Heartbreak House (1913-1919)

1918-1931

• "Back to Methuselah" (Back to Methuselah, 1918-1920)
  • Part I. "In the Beginning" (In the Beginning)
  • Part II. The Gospel of the Brothers Barnabas
  • Part III. "It's done!" (The Thing Happens)
  • Part IV. Tragedy of an Elderly Gentleman
  • Part V: As Far as Thought Can Reach
• "Saint Joan" (Saint Joan, 1923)
• "The Apple Cart" (The Apple Cart, 1929)
• "Bitter but True" (Too True To Be Good, 1931)

1933-1950

Bibliography

• Brown, G.E. George Bernard Shaw. Evans Brothers Ltd, 1970
• Chappelow, Alan. "Shaw the Villager and Human Being - a Biographical symposium", with a preface by Dame Sybil Thorndike (1962). "Shaw - 'the Chucker-Out'", 1969. ISBN 0-404-08359-5
• Elliot, Vivian. "Dear Mr Shaw Selections from Bernard Shaw's postbag" Bloomsbury, 1987 ISBN 0-7475-0256-0. With an introduction by Michael Holroyd

• Evans, T.F. "Shaw: The Critical Legacy". The Critical Heritage series. Routlege & Kegan Paul, 1976
• Gibbs, A. M (Ed.). Shaw: Interviews and Recollections.
• Gibbs, A.M. Bernard Shaw, A Life. University of Florida Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8130-2859-0
• Henderson, Archibald. "Bernard Shaw: Playboy and Prophet". D. Appleton & Co., 1932
• Holroyd, Michael (etd). "The Genius of Shaw: A symposium", Hodder & Stoughton, 1979
• Holroyd, Michael. "Bernard Shaw: The One-Volume Definitive Edition", Random House, 1998. ISBN 978-0-393-32718-2

see also

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Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Links

• in the library of Maxim Moshkov
• - A selection of articles by A. V. Lunacharsky

Artworks Bernard Shaw

Excerpt characterizing Shaw, George Bernard

"As you wish - right ... I think ... but as you wish," said Princess Mary, apparently shy and ashamed that her opinion had triumphed. She pointed out to her brother the girl who was calling him in a whisper.
It was the second night that both of them were awake, taking care of the boy who was burning in the heat. All these days, not trusting their family doctor and waiting for the one for whom they were sent to the city, they took this and that other means. Exhausted by insomnia and anxious, they dumped their grief on each other, reproached each other and quarreled.
“Petrusha with papers from papa,” the girl whispered. - Prince Andrew left.
- Well, what is there! - he said angrily, and after listening to verbal orders from his father and taking the submitted envelopes and a letter from his father, he returned to the nursery.
- Well? asked Prince Andrew.
- All the same, wait for God's sake. Karl Ivanovich always says that sleep is the most precious thing, whispered Princess Mary with a sigh. - Prince Andrei went up to the child and felt him. He was on fire.
- Get out you and your Karl Ivanovich! - He took a glass with drops dripped into it and again approached.
Andre, don't! - said Princess Mary.
But he frowned at her angrily and at the same time with pain and bent down to the child with a glass. “Well, I want it,” he said. - Well, I beg you, give it to him.
Princess Marya shrugged her shoulders, but dutifully took a glass and, calling the nanny, began to give medicine. The child screamed and wheezed. Prince Andrei, grimacing, holding his head, left the room and sat down in the next room, on the sofa.
The letters were all in his hand. He mechanically opened them and began to read. The old prince, on blue paper, in his large, oblong handwriting, using titles in some places, wrote the following:
“I received very joyful news at this moment through a courier, if not a lie. Benigsen near Eylau allegedly won a complete victory over Bonaparte. In St. Petersburg everyone rejoices, e awards are sent to the army to bear the end. Although the German - congratulations. The chief of Korchevsky, a certain Khandrikov, I can’t comprehend what he is doing: additional people and provisions have not yet been delivered. Now jump there and say that I will take off his head so that everything will be in a week. I also received a letter from Petinka about the Battle of Eylau, he participated, - everything is true. When they do not interfere with anyone who should not interfere, then the German beat Buonapartia. They say he runs very upset. Look, immediately jump to Korcheva and fulfill it!
Prince Andrei sighed and opened another envelope. It was a small letter written on two sheets of paper from Bilibin. He folded it without reading it and again read his father's letter, ending with the words: "jump to Korcheva and fulfill it!" “No, excuse me, now I won’t go until the child recovers,” he thought, and, going to the door, looked into the nursery. Princess Mary was still standing by the bed, quietly rocking the baby.
“Yes, what else is he writing unpleasant? Prince Andrei recalled the content of his father's letter. Yes. Ours won a victory over Bonaparte precisely when I was not serving ... Yes, yes, everything is making fun of me ... well, yes, good luck ... ”and he began to read Bilibin’s French letter. He read without understanding half of it, read only in order to stop thinking for a minute about what he had been thinking exclusively and painfully about for too long.

Bilibin was now in the capacity of a diplomatic official at the main headquarters of the army, and although in French, with French jokes and turns of speech, he described the entire campaign with exceptionally Russian fearlessness before self-condemnation and self-mockery. Bilibin wrote that his diplomatic discretion [modesty] tormented him, and that he was happy having a faithful correspondent in Prince Andrei, to whom he could pour out all the bile that had accumulated in him at the sight of what was happening in the army. This letter was old, even before the Battle of Eylau.
"Depuis nos grands succes d" Austerlitz vous savez, mon cher Prince, wrote Bilibin, que je ne quitte plus les quartiers generaux. Decidement j "ai pris le gout de la guerre, et bien m" en a pris. Ce que j " ai vu ces trois mois, est incroyable.
“Je commence ab ovo. L "ennemi du genre humain, comme vous savez, s" attaque aux Prussiens. Les Prussiens sont nos fideles allies, qui ne nous ont trompes que trois fois depuis trois ans. Nous prenons fait et cause pour eux. Mais il se trouve que l "ennemi du genre humain ne fait nulle attention a nos beaux discours, et avec sa maniere impolie et sauvage se jette sur les Prussiens sans leur donner le temps de finir la parade commencee, en deux tours de main les rosse a plate couture et va s "installer au palais de Potsdam.
"J" ai le plus vif desir, ecrit le Roi de Prusse a Bonaparte, que V. M. soit accueillie et traitee dans mon palais d "une maniere, qui lui soit agreable et c" est avec empres sement, que j "ai pris a cet effet toutes les mesures que les circonstances me permettaient. Puisse je avoir reussi! Les generaux Prussiens se piquent de politesse envers les Francais et mettent bas les armes aux premieres sommations.
“Le chef de la garienison de Glogau avec dix mille hommes, demande au Roi de Prusse, ce qu" il doit faire s "il est somme de se rendre?… Tout cela est positif.
“Bref, esperant en imposer seulement par notre attitude militaire, il se trouve que nous voila en guerre pour tout de bon, et ce qui plus est, en guerre sur nos frontieres avec et pour le Roi de Prusse. Tout est au grand complet, il ne nous manque qu "une petite chose, c" est le general en chef. Comme il s "est trouve que les succes d" Austerlitz aurant pu etre plus decisifs si le general en chef eut ete moins jeune, on fait la revue des octogenaires et entre Prosorofsky et Kamensky, on donne la preference au derienier. Le general nous arrive en kibik a la maniere Souvoroff, et est accueilli avec des acclamations de joie et de triomphe.
"Le 4 arrive le premier courrier de Petersbourg. On apporte les malles dans le cabinet du Marieechal, qui aime a faire tout par lui meme. On m "appelle pour aider a faire le triage des lettres et prendre celles qui nous sont destinees. Le Marieechal nous regarde faire et attend les paquets qui lui sont adresses. Nous cherchons - il n" y en a point. Le Marieechal devient impatient, se met lui meme a la besogne et trouve des lettres de l "Empereur pour le comte T., pour le prince V. et autres. Alors le voila qui se met dans une de ses coleres bleues. Il jette feu et flamme contre tout le monde, s "empare des lettres, les decachete et lit celles de l" Empereur adressees a d "autres. Oh, that's what they do to me! I have no confidence! Ah, I was ordered to follow, it's good; get out! Et il ecrit le fameux ordre du jour au general Benigsen
“I am wounded, I can’t ride a horse, and consequently I can’t command an army. You brought your broken arma to Pultusk: here it is open, and without firewood and without fodder, therefore it is necessary to help, and since yesterday I myself reacted to Count Buxgevden, I should think about retreat to our border, which I will do today .
“From all my trips, ecrit il a l” Empereur, I received an abrasion from the saddle, which, in addition to my previous transportations, completely prevents me from riding and commanding such a vast army, and therefore I put this command on the senior general for me, Count Buxgevden, sending him to he had all the duty and everything belonging to it, advising them, if there was no bread, to retire closer to the interior of Prussia, because there was only bread left for one day, and other regiments had nothing, as the divisional commanders Osterman and Sedmoretsky announced, and All the peasants have been eaten, and I myself, until I am cured, will remain in the hospital in Ostrolenka, about whose number I most humbly present a statement, reporting that if the army stays in the current bivouac for another fifteen days, then not a single healthy one will remain in the spring.
“Dismiss the old man to the village, who is already so dishonored that he could not fulfill the great and glorious lot to which he was chosen. I will await your most gracious permission to do so here at the hospital, so as not to play the role of a clerk, and not a commander in the army. Excommunicating me from the army will not produce the slightest disclosure that the blind man has left the army. There are thousands of people like me in Russia.”
"Le Marieechal se fache contre l" Empereur et nous punit tous; n "est ce pas que with" est logique!
Voila le premier acte. Aux suivants l "interet et le ridicule montent comme de raison. Apres le depart du Marieechal il se trouve que nous sommes en vue de l" ennemi, et qu "il faut livrer bataille. Boukshevden est general en chef par droit d" anciennete, mais le general Benigsen n "est pas de cet avis; d" autant plus qu "il est lui, avec son corps en vue de l" ennemi, et qu "il veut profiter de l" occasion d "une bataille "aus eigener Hand “Comme disent les Allemands. Il la donne. C "est la bataille de Poultousk qui est sensee etre une grande victoire, mais qui a mon avis ne l" est pas du tout. Nous autres pekins avons, comme vous savez, une tres vilaine habitude de decider du gain ou de la perte d "une bataille. Celui qui s "est retire apres la bataille, l" a perdu, voila ce que nous disons, et a ce titre nous avons perdu la bataille de Poultousk. Bref, nous nous retirons apres la bataille, mais nous envoyons un courrier a Petersbourg, qui porte les nouvelles d "une victoire, et le general ne cede pas le commandement en chef a Boukshevden, esperant recevoir de Petersbourg en reconnaissance de sa victoire le titre de general en chef. Pendant cet interregne, nous commencons un plan de man?uvres excessivement interessant et original. Notre but ne consiste pas, comme il devrait l "etre, a eviter ou a attaquer l" ennemi; mais uniquement a eviter le general Boukshevden, qui par droit d "ancnnete serait notre chef. Nous poursuivons ce but avec tant d "energie, que meme en passant une riviere qui n" est ras gueable, nous brulons les ponts pour nous separer de notre ennemi, qui pour le moment, n "est pas Bonaparte, mais Boukshevden. Le general Boukshevden a manque etre attaque et pris par des forces ennemies superieures a cause d "une de nos belles man?uvres qui nous sauvait de lui. Boukshevden nous poursuit - nous filons. A peine passe t il de notre cote de la riviere, que nous repassons de l "autre. A la fin notre ennemi Boukshevden nous attrappe et s" attaque a nous. Les deux generaux se fachent. Il y a meme une provocation en duel de la part de Boukshevden et une attaque d "epilepsie de la part de Benigsen. Mais au moment critique le courrier, qui porte la nouvelle de notre victoire de Poultousk, nous apporte de Petersbourg notre nomination de general en chef, et le premier ennemi Boukshevden est enfonce: nous pouvons penser au second, a Bonaparte. Mais ne voila t il pas qu "a ce moment se leve devant nous un troisieme ennemi, c" est le Orthodox qui demande a grands cris du pain , de la viande, des souchary, du foin, - que sais je! Les magasins sont vides, les chemins impraticables. Le Orthodox se met a la Marieaude, et d "une maniere dont la derieniere campagne ne peut vous donner la moindre idee. La moitie des regiments forme des troupes libres, qui parcourent la contree en mettant tout a feu et a sang. Les habitants sont ruines de fond en comble, les hopitaux regorgent de malades, et la disette est partout. Deux fois le quartier general a ete attaque par des troupes de Marieaudeurs et le general en chef a ete oblige lui meme de demander un bataillon pour les chasser. Dans une de ces attaques on m "a emporte ma malle vide et ma robe de chambre. L "Empereur veut donner le droit a tous les chefs de divisions de fusiller les Marieaudeurs, mais je crains fort que cela n" oblige une moitie de l "armee de fusiller l" autre.
[Since our brilliant successes at Austerlitz, you know, my dear prince, that I have not left the main quarters. I resolutely entered into the taste of war, and I am very pleased with it; what I have seen these three months is unbelievable.
“I start ab ovo. The enemy of the human race, known to you, is attacking the Prussians. The Prussians are our faithful allies, who have deceived us only three times in three years. We stand up for them. But it turns out that the enemy of the human race does not pay any attention to our charming speeches, and with his impolite and wild manner rushes at the Prussians, not giving them time to finish their parade, smashes them to smithereens and settles in the Potsdam Palace.
“I very much wish, writes the King of Prussia to Bonaparte, that your Majesty be received in my palace in the most pleasant way for you, and with special care I made all the necessary orders for this, as far as circumstances allowed. I really hope that I reach my goal." The Prussian generals flaunt courtesy to the French and surrender on demand. The head of the Glogau garrison, with ten thousand, asks the Prussian king what he should do if he has to surrender. All this is positively true. In a word, we thought to instill fear in them only by the position of our military forces, but it ends with us being drawn into the war, on our own borders and, most importantly, for the Prussian king and at the same time with him. We have everything in abundance, only a small thing is missing, namely, the commander in chief. Since it turned out that Austerlitz's successes could have been more positive if the commander-in-chief were not so young, a review of the eighty-year-old generals is made, and the latter is chosen between Prozorovsky and Kamensky. The general comes to us in a wagon along Suvorovskaya, and he is received with joyful and solemn exclamations.
On the 4th the first courier arrives from Petersburg. They bring suitcases to the office of the field marshal, who likes to do everything himself. I am called to help sort out the letters and take the ones assigned to us. The field marshal, giving us this occupation, is waiting for envelopes addressed to him. We are looking for - but they are not found. The field marshal begins to worry, he sets to work himself and finds letters from the sovereign to Count T., Prince V. and others. He becomes extremely angry, loses his temper, takes the letters, prints them out and reads the letters of the Emperor addressed to others ... Then he writes the famous daily order to General Benigsen.
The field marshal is angry with the sovereign, and punishes all of us: isn't it logical!
Here is the first action. With the following, interest and fun increase, needless to say. After the departure of the field marshal, it turns out that we have the enemy in mind, and it is necessary to give battle. Buxhoeveden, commander-in-chief in seniority, but General Bennigsen is not at all of the same opinion, especially since he is in sight of the enemy with his corps, and wants to take the opportunity to fight on his own. He gives it.
This is the battle of Pultus, which is considered a great victory, but which is not at all such, in my opinion. We civilians have, as you know, a very bad habit of deciding whether to win or lose a battle. The one who retreated after the battle, he lost it, that's what we say, and judging by this, we lost the battle of Pultus. In a word, we retreat after the battle, but we send a courier to Petersburg with the news of the victory, and General Bennigsen does not yield command of the army to General Buxgevden, hoping to receive from Petersburg the title of commander-in-chief in gratitude for his victory. During this interregnum, we begin a very original and interesting series of maneuvers. Our plan is no longer, as it should be, to avoid or attack the enemy, but only to avoid General Buxhoeveden, who, by right of seniority, should have been our leader. We pursue this goal with such vigor that even when we cross a river that has no fords, we burn the bridge in order to alienate our enemy, who at present is not Bonaparte, but Buxhoeveden. General Buxhoeveden was almost attacked and taken by a superior enemy force, as a result of one of these maneuvers that saved us from him. Buxhoeveden pursues us - we run. As soon as he crosses to our side of the river, we cross to the other. Finally, our enemy Buxhoeveden catches us and attacks. Both generals become angry and it comes to a challenge to a duel from Buxhowden and a fit of epilepsy from Bennigsen. But at the most critical moment, the courier who brought the news of the Pultus victory to St. Petersburg returns and brings us the appointment of the commander in chief, and the first enemy, Buxgevden, is defeated. We can now think of a second enemy, Bonaparte. But it turns out that at that very moment a third enemy appears before us - the Orthodox, who with loud cries demands bread, beef, crackers, hay, oats - and you never know what else! The shops are empty, the roads are impassable. The Orthodox begin to plunder, and the plunder reaches such a degree that the last campaign could not give you the slightest idea. Half of the regiments form free teams that go around the country and put everything to the sword and flame. The inhabitants are completely ruined, the hospitals are overwhelmed with sick people, and there is hunger everywhere. Twice marauders attacked even the main apartment, and the commander-in-chief was forced to take a battalion of soldiers to drive them away. During one of these attacks, my empty suitcase and bathrobe were taken from me. The sovereign wants to give the right to all division chiefs to shoot marauders, but I am very afraid that this will not force one half of the army to shoot the other.]
Prince Andrei at first read with his eyes alone, but then involuntarily what he read (despite the fact that he knew how much Bilibin should have believed) began to interest him more and more. Having read up to this point, he crumpled up the letter and threw it away. It was not what he read in the letter that angered him, but he was angry that this local life, alien to him, could excite him. He closed his eyes, rubbed his forehead with his hand, as if banishing all interest in what he was reading, and listened to what was going on in the nursery. Suddenly he heard a strange sound outside the door. Fear came over him; he was afraid that something had happened to the child while he was reading the letter. He tiptoed over to the nursery door and opened it.
At the moment he entered, he saw that the nurse, with a frightened look, hid something from him, and that Princess Mary was no longer at the bed.
“My friend,” he heard behind him, desperate, as it seemed to him, the whisper of Princess Marya. As often happens after a long sleeplessness and a long excitement, an unreasonable fear came over him: it occurred to him that the child was dead. Everything he saw and heard seemed to him a confirmation of his fear.
It's all over, he thought, and a cold sweat broke out on his forehead! He walked over to the crib in confusion, confident that he would find it empty, that the nurse was hiding the dead child. He opened the curtains, and for a long time his frightened, darting eyes could not find the child. At last he saw him: the ruddy-faced boy, spread out, was lying across the bed, his head lowered below the pillow, and in his sleep he smacked his lips, and breathed evenly.