The writer Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky belonged to people who knew how to subtly feel the spirit of their time. This is not just the author of diverse works - from novels to short stories, but also a noble person, devoted to his cause to the end and in every way self-made.
Biographical facts and milestones of the life path
The future classic of Russian literature was born on May 19, 1892 in Moscow. He grew up in a large family: in addition to little Konstantin, two more brothers and a sister were growing up. Since his father served as a railway worker, the family was forced to change their place of residence frequently. They settled in the Ukrainian capital in 1898.
Paustovsky at first graduated from high school and wrote his first story, which was subsequently printed. Later he became a university student. Since then, the writer's life has become like a famously intertwined network of different roads. There was also studies in his native Moscow, which was suddenly interrupted due to the First World War, and various professions, ranging from a tram conductor to a metallurgical worker, and, of course, literary work.
Since then, the life of the writer has become like a famously intertwined network of different roads: there was a study in his native Moscow, which was suddenly interrupted due to the First World War, and various professions, ranging from a tram conductor to a metallurgical worker and, of course, literary work.
Biography of the post-revolutionary period is continuous travel across the country, and during the civil war - a difficult service in the Red Army. The post-war years were the most successful in terms of creativity - there was a successful publication of essays, and, finally, the decision was ripe to completely leave the work in the name of creativity. In the same years, Paustovsky did not stop traveling throughout the Soviet Union. In the Great Patriotic War, he turned from an editor into a war correspondent. Until 1963, he worked on a huge autobiographical story, consisting of 6 books.
Already in the mid-1950s, the writer was publicly recognized by the world community. Then he was able to visit many European countries, according to biographers, for quite a long time. lived on the island of Capri, was nominated for the Nobel Prize. He ended his life on July 14, 1968, was buried in Tarusa in accordance with his own desire.
Creative talent: for children and not only
A special place in the author's bibliography belongs to works for children: these are fairy tales and a whole cycle of stories: "Hare's Paws", "Disheveled Sparrow" and others. Each of them teaches love of nature and observation, kindness and fantasy, honesty and conscience- everything that is so necessary in adulthood. The most famous creation is the story "Basket with fir cones", introducing the reader into the unique world of the famous Norwegian composer Grieg. In his "Telegram" he reveals the theme of indifference, the personal responsibility of a person for everything that is done on the path of life.
For the older generation, the collection “Oncoming Ships”, the novel “Shining Clouds”, “Northern Tale” and “Black Sea”, “Golden Rose”, as well as a book about the realization of a dream - “Kara-Bugaz” were created.
- Both Paustovsky's brothers died on the same day during the First World War. Tragically died at the age of 25 and the writer's son from his third marriage, Alexei.
- The prose writer owes the romantic basis of most of his works to Alexander Grin, whom he loved to read in childhood.
- The film of the same name based on the work "Kara-Bugaz" was not shown for political reasons.
- The Nobel Prize in Literature, which could have gone to Paustovsky, was received by another Russian author, Mikhail Sholokhov.
This unique person left behind a rich literary heritage, writing not only for people, but also about them - writers and poets, artists and painters. He wrote the way he saw it: with uncontrollable ease, sincere kindness and unique humanity.
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An amazing combination of subtlety, breed, nobility and mischief. This is how Konstantin Paustovsky, a student, was seen. Many people know him as an outstanding writer who wrote a large number of works not only for adults, but also for children. What year was Konstantin Paustovsky born? How did he become a writer? What topics did Konstantin Paustovsky choose for his books? The biography of the famous Russian writer is set out in the article. Let's start from birth.
Konstantin Paustovsky: biography
The foundations of personality are laid in childhood. From what and how the child is taught, his subsequent life depends. She at Paustovsky was very fascinating. It turned out to be a lot of wanderings, wars, disappointments and love. And how could it be otherwise if Konstantin Paustovsky was born at the end of the 19th century, in 1892. So the tests for this person were enough in full.
The birthplace of Konstantin Paustovsky is Moscow. There were four children in total in the family. Father worked on the railroad. His ancestors were Zaporozhye Cossacks. The father was a dreamer, and the mother was domineering and harsh. Despite the fact that the parents were simple workers, the family was very fond of art. They sang songs, played the piano, loved theatrical performances.
As a child, like many peers, the boy dreamed of distant lands and blue seas. He loved to travel, the family often had to move from place to place. Paustovsky studied at the gymnasium in the city of Kyiv. When the father left the family, the carefree childhood ended. Kostya, like his two older brothers, was forced to earn a living by tutoring. It occupied all his free time, despite this, he begins to write.
He received further education at Kiev University, at the Faculty of History and Philology. Then he studied in Moscow, at the law school. With the outbreak of the First World War, he had to quit his studies and go to work as a conductor on a tram, then as a nurse. Here he met his first wife Ekaterina Stepanovna Zagorskaya.
Favorite women
Konstantin Paustovsky was married three times. He lived with his first wife for about twenty years, his son Vadim was born. They went through severe trials together, but at some point in time they simply got tired of each other and decided to leave, while maintaining friendly relations.
The second wife, Valeria, was the sister of a famous Polish artist. They lived together for more than one year, but also broke up.
The third wife was the famous actress Tatyana Evteeva. Konstantin Paustovsky fell in love with a beauty, she bore him a son, Alexei.
Labor activity
During his life, Konstantin Paustovsky changed many professions. Whom he just was not and what he did not do. In his youth, tutoring, later: a tram conductor, orderly, worker, metallurgist, fisherman, journalist. Whatever he did, he always tried to benefit people and society. One of his first stories "Romance" was written for about twenty years. This is a kind of lyrical diary in which Paustovsky describes the main stages of his work. During the Second World War, the writer worked as a war correspondent.
Favorite hobbies
From an early age, Konstantin Paustovsky loved to dream and fantasize. He wanted to become a sea captain. Learning about new countries was the boy's most exciting pastime, and it was no coincidence that his favorite subject at the gymnasium was geography.
Konstantin Paustovsky: creativity
His first work - a short story - was published in a literary magazine. After that, he was not published anywhere for a long time. It seems that he accumulated life experience, gained impressions and knowledge in order to create a serious work. He wrote on a variety of topics: love, war, travel, biographies of famous people, about nature, about the secrets of writing.
But my favorite topic was the description of a person's life. He has many essays and stories dedicated to great personalities: Pushkin, Levitan, Blok, Maupassant and many others. But most often Paustovsky wrote about ordinary people, those who lived next to him. Many admirers of the writer's work very often have the question: did Konstantin Paustovsky write poetry? The answer can be found in his book The Golden Rose. In it, he says that he wrote a large number of poems at school age. They are gentle and romantic.
The most famous stories
Paustovsky is known and loved by many readers, primarily for his works for children. He wrote fairy tales and stories for them. What are the most famous? Konstantin Paustovsky, stories and fairy tales (list):
- "Steel Ring" Surprisingly tender and touching, this tale describes the experiences of a little girl. The heroes of this short work are poor village people who can see the beauty of the surrounding nature and human relationships. Reading this tale, my heart becomes warm and joyful.
- "Warm Bread" The story takes place during the war. The main theme is the relationship between man and horse. The writer in an easy and accessible language, without excessive moralizing, explains that it depends only on us what kind of world we live and will live in. By doing good deeds, we make our life brighter and happier.
- "Disheveled Sparrow". This story is taught in the school curriculum. Why? He is surprisingly kind and bright, like many works written by Konstantin Paustovsky.
- "Telegram". What is this story about? A lonely woman is living out the last days of her life, and her daughter lives in another city and is in no hurry to visit her old mother. Then one of the neighbors sends a telegram to his daughter with the news that her mother is dying. Unfortunately, the long-awaited meeting did not take place. The daughter arrived too late. This short story makes us think about the frailty of life, as well as about the need to protect and appreciate our loved ones before it's too late.
Simple, ordinary things and events, like some kind of miracle, are described for the reader by Konstantin Paustovsky. The stories immerse us in the magical world of nature and human relationships.
The stories of Konstantin Paustovsky
In his life, the writer traveled a lot and talked with different people. His impressions of trips and meetings will become the basis of many of his books. In 1931 he wrote the story "Kara-Bugaz". It became one of the author's favorite books. What is it about? What is the reason for her success?
The fact that it is impossible to tear yourself away from it until you turn the last page. Kara-Bugaz is a bay in the Caspian Sea. Russian scientists are exploring this place. It contains interesting scientific facts and information. And most importantly, this is a book about the strength of the human spirit and patience.
"Golden Rose" - this work is worth reading for everyone who loves the work of Paustovsky. Here he generously shares the secrets of writing.
"Tale of Life"
Paustovsky lived a long and difficult life, many of the facts of which he reflected in the autobiographical novel "The Tale of Life". Together with the country, he endured all the difficult trials that fell to her lot. He risked his life more than once, losing loved ones. But the most important thing for him was writing. For the sake of being able to write, he sacrificed a lot. His character was ambiguous, Konstantin Paustovsky could be both tough and intolerant. And he could be gentle, kind and romantic.
The book "The Tale of Life" consists of six stories. Each of them describes a certain period in the life of the writer. How long did he work on this piece? Konstantin Paustovsky "The Tale of Life" wrote for twenty years. Before his death, he began to work on the seventh book, but, unfortunately, he did not have time to finish it. For many admirers of the writer's work, this is an irreparable loss.
Basic principles
He believed that the happiest person is the one who has not seen the war.
He treated the Russian language with the highest respect. Considered him the richest in the whole world.
He always served his country and his people.
He loved nature and tried to convey this love to his readers.
He was able to see beauty and romance even in everyday life.
Curious facts
Konstantin Paustovsky could have been a Nobel Prize winner. He was nominated together with Mikhail Sholokhov, who received it.
The film based on Paustovsky's book "Kara-Bugaz" was banned for political reasons.
Paustovsky's favorite writer in childhood was Alexander Grin. Thanks to him, the writer's work is fanned by the spirit of romance.
As a sign of gratitude and respect, the great actress Marlene Dietrich knelt before Konstantin Paustovsky.
In the city of Odessa, a monument was erected to Paustovsky, in which he is depicted in the form of a sphinx.
The writer had a large number of orders and medals.
Konstantin Paustovsky worked in factories, was a tram driver, a nurse, a journalist and even a fisherman ... Whatever the writer did, wherever he went, whoever he met, sooner or later all the events of his life became the topics of his literary works.
"Youthful poems" and the first prose
Konstantin Paustovsky was born in 1892 in Moscow. There were four children in the family: Paustovsky had two brothers and a sister. Father was often transferred to work, the family moved a lot, in the end they settled in Kyiv.
In 1904, Konstantin entered the First Kyiv Classical Gymnasium here. When he entered the sixth grade, his father left the family. To pay for his studies, the future writer had to earn extra money as a tutor.
In his youth, Konstantin Paustovsky was fond of the work of Alexander Green. In his memoirs, he wrote: “My state could be defined in two words: admiration for the imaginary world and longing because of the inability to see it. These two feelings prevailed in my youthful poems and in my first immature prose. In 1912, Paustovsky's first story "On the Water" was published in the Kiev almanac "Lights".
In 1912, the future writer entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Kyiv University. After the outbreak of the First World War, he moved to Moscow: his mother, sister and one of the brothers lived here. However, during the war, Paustovsky almost did not study: at first he worked as a tram leader, then he got a job on an ambulance train.
“In the autumn of 1915, I transferred from the train to a field medical detachment and went with him a long retreat from Lublin in Poland to the town of Nesvizh in Belarus. In the detachment, from a greasy piece of newspaper that came across to me, I learned that on the same day two of my brothers were killed on different fronts. I was left completely alone with my mother, except for my half-blind and sick sister.
Konstantin Paustovsky
After the death of the brothers, Konstantin returned to Moscow, but not for long. He traveled from city to city, working in factories. In Taganrog, Paustovsky became a fisherman in one of the artels. Subsequently, he said that the sea made him a writer. Here Paustovsky began to write his first novel, Romantics.
During his travels, the writer met Ekaterina Zagorskaya. When she lived in the Crimea, the inhabitants of the Tatar village called her Hatice, and Paustovsky also called her: “I love her more than my mother, more than myself ... Hatice is an impulse, an edge of the divine, joy, longing, illness, unprecedented achievements and torment ...” In 1916, the couple got married. Paustovsky's first son, Vadim, was born 9 years later, in 1925.
Konstantin Paustovsky
Konstantin Paustovsky
Konstantin Paustovsky
"Profession: to know everything"
During the October Revolution, Konstantin Paustovsky was in Moscow. For some time he worked here as a journalist, but soon he again went to fetch his mother - this time to Kyiv. Having survived several upheavals of the Civil War here, Paustovsky moved to Odessa.
“In Odessa, I first got into the environment of young writers. Among the employees of the "Sailor" were Kataev, Ilf, Bagritsky, Shengeli, Lev Slavin, Babel, Andrey Sobol, Semyon Kirsanov, and even the elderly writer Yushkevich. In Odessa, I lived near the sea and wrote a lot, but I have not yet published, believing that I have not yet achieved the ability to master any material and genre. Soon the “muse of distant wanderings” took possession of me again. I left Odessa, lived in Sukhum, Batumi, Tbilisi, was in Erivan, Baku and Julfa, until finally I returned to Moscow.”
Konstantin Paustovsky
In 1923, the writer returned to Moscow and became an editor at the Russian Telegraph Agency. During these years, Paustovsky wrote a lot, his stories and essays were actively published. The author's first collection of short stories "Oncoming Ships" was published in 1928, at the same time the novel "Shining Clouds" was written. Konstantin Paustovsky during these years collaborates with many periodicals: he works in the Pravda newspaper and several magazines. The writer spoke of his journalistic experience as follows: "Profession: to know everything."
“The consciousness of responsibility for millions of words, the rapid pace of work, the need to accurately and accurately regulate the flow of telegrams, to select one of a dozen facts and switch it to all cities - all this creates that nervous and restless mental organization, which is called the “temperament of a journalist”.
Konstantin Paustovsky
"Tale of Life"
In 1931, Paustovsky finished the story "Kara-Bugaz". After its publication, the writer left the service and devoted all his time to literature. In the following years, he traveled around the country, wrote many works of art and essays. In 1936, Paustovsky divorced. The second wife of the writer was Valeria Valishevskaya-Navashina, whom he met shortly after the divorce.
During the war, Paustovsky was at the front - a war correspondent, then he was transferred to TASS. Simultaneously with his work at the Information Agency, Paustovsky wrote the novel "Smoke of the Fatherland", stories, plays. The Moscow Chamber Theater, evacuated to Barnaul, staged a play based on his work Until the Heart Stops.
Paustovsky with his son and wife Tatyana Arbuzova
The third wife of Konstantin Paustovsky was the actress of the Meyerhold Theater Tatyana Evteeva-Arbuzova. They met when they were both married and both left their spouses to start a new family. Paustovsky wrote to his Tatyana that "such love has not yet been in the world." They married in 1950, and their son Alexei was born the same year.
A few years later, the writer went on a trip to Europe. While traveling, he wrote travel essays and stories: "Italian Encounters", "Fleeting Paris", "Channel Lights". The book "Golden Rose", dedicated to literary creativity, was published in 1955. In it, the author tries to comprehend "the amazing and beautiful area of \u200b\u200bhuman activity." In the mid-1960s, Paustovsky completed his autobiographical Tale of Life, in which he talks, among other things, about his creative path.
“... Writing has become for me not only an occupation, not only a job, but a state of my own life, my inner state. I often found myself living as if inside a novel or a story.
Konstantin Paustovsky
In 1965, Konstantin Paustovsky was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but Mikhail Sholokhov received it that year.
In the last years of his life, Konstantin Paustovsky suffered from asthma, he had several heart attacks. In 1968, the writer died. According to the will, he was buried in the cemetery in Tarusa.
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky. Born on May 19 (31), 1892 in Moscow - died on July 14, 1968 in Moscow. Russian Soviet writer, classic of Russian literature. Member of the Writers' Union of the USSR. The books of K. Paustovsky were repeatedly translated into many languages of the world. In the second half of the 20th century, his novels and stories were included in Russian schools in the Russian literature program for the middle classes as one of the plot and stylistic examples of landscape and lyrical prose.
Konstantin Paustovsky was born into the family of railway statistician Georgy Maksimovich Paustovsky, who had Ukrainian-Polish-Turkish roots and lived in Granatny Lane in Moscow. He was baptized in the Church of St. George on Vspolya.
The genealogy of the writer on his father's side is connected with the name of Hetman P. K. Sahaydachny. The writer's grandfather was a Cossack, had the experience of a chumak, who transported goods from the Crimea to the depths of Ukrainian territory with his comrades, and introduced young Kostya to Ukrainian folklore, Chumat, Cossack songs and stories, of which the most memorable was the romantic and tragic story of a former rural blacksmith that touched him, and then the blind lyre player Ostap, who lost his sight from the blow of a cruel nobleman, a rival who stood in the way of his love for a beautiful noble lady, who then died, unable to bear the separation from Ostap and his torment.
Before becoming a chumak, the writer's paternal grandfather served in the army under Nicholas I, was captured during one of the Russian-Turkish wars and brought from there a stern Turkish wife Fatma, who was baptized in Russia with the name Honorata, so the writer's father has Ukrainian-Cossack blood mixed with Turkish. The father is portrayed in the story "Distant Years" as a not very practical person of a freedom-loving revolutionary-romantic warehouse and an atheist, which irritated his mother-in-law, another grandmother of the future writer.
The writer's maternal grandmother, Vikentia Ivanovna, who lived in Cherkassy, was a Polish, zealous Catholic who, with his father's disapproval, took her preschool grandson to worship Catholic shrines in the then Russian part of Poland, and the impressions of their visit and the people they met there also deeply sunk into the soul writer.
Grandmother always wore mourning after the defeat of the Polish uprising of 1863, as she sympathized with the idea of freedom for Poland. After the defeat of the Poles from the government forces of the Russian Empire, active supporters of the Polish liberation felt hostility towards the oppressors, and on the Catholic pilgrimage the boy, warned by his grandmother about this, was afraid to speak Russian, while he spoke Polish only to a minimal extent. The boy was also frightened by the religious frenzy of other Catholic pilgrims, and he alone did not perform the required rites, which his grandmother explained by the bad influence of his father, an atheist.
The Polish grandmother is portrayed as strict, but kind and considerate. Her husband, the second grandfather of the writer, was a taciturn man who lived alone in his room on the mezzanine, and communication with him was not noted by the grandchildren as a factor that significantly influenced him, unlike communication with two other members of that family - young, beautiful , cheerful, impulsive and musically gifted aunt Nadia, who died early, and her older brother, the adventurer uncle Yuzey - Joseph Grigorievich. This uncle received a military education and, having the character of a tireless traveler, an unsuccessful businessman, a fidget and an adventurer, disappeared for a long time from his parental home and unexpectedly returned to it from the farthest corners of the Russian Empire and the rest of the world, for example, from the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway or by participating in South Africa in the Anglo-Boer War on the side of the small Boers, who staunchly resisted the British conquerors, as the liberal-minded Russian public believed at that time, sympathizing with these descendants of Dutch settlers.
On his last visit to Kyiv, which came at the time of the armed uprising that took place there during the First Russian Revolution of 1905-07, he unexpectedly got involved in events, setting up unsuccessful shooting of the rebel artillerymen on government buildings, and after the defeat of the uprising, he was forced to emigrate for the rest of his life to the countries of the Far East. All these people and events influenced the personality and work of the writer.
The writer's parental family had four children. Konstantin Paustovsky had two older brothers (Boris and Vadim) and a sister, Galina. In 1898 the family returned from Moscow to Ukraine, to Kyiv, where in 1904 Konstantin Paustovsky entered the First Kyiv Classical Gymnasium.
After the breakup of the family (autumn 1908), he lived for several months with his uncle, Nikolai Grigoryevich Vysochansky, in Bryansk and studied at the Bryansk gymnasium.
In the autumn of 1909 he returned to Kyiv and, having recovered at the Alexander Gymnasium (with the assistance of its teachers), began an independent life, earning money by tutoring. After some time, the future writer settled with his grandmother, Vikentia Ivanovna Vysochanskaya, who moved to Kyiv from Cherkasy.
Here, in a small wing on Lukyanovka, the schoolboy Paustovsky wrote his first stories, which were published in Kyiv magazines.
After graduating from high school in 1912, he entered the Kyiv University at the Faculty of History and Philology, where he studied for two years.
In total, for more than twenty years, Konstantin Paustovsky, “a Muscovite by birth and a Kyivian by heart,” has lived in Ukraine. It was here that he took place as a journalist and writer, which he repeatedly admitted in his autobiographical prose.
With the outbreak of the First World War, K. Paustovsky moved to Moscow to his mother, sister and brother and transferred to Moscow University, but was soon forced to interrupt his studies and get a job. He worked as a conductor and leader on a Moscow tram, then served as an orderly on the rear and field hospital trains.
In the autumn of 1915, with a field medical detachment, he retreated with the Russian army from Lublin in Poland to Nesvizh in Belarus.
After the death of both of his brothers on the same day on different fronts, Paustovsky returned to Moscow to his mother and sister, but after a while he left there. During this period, he worked at the Bryansk Metallurgical Plant in Yekaterinoslav, at the Novorossiysk Metallurgical Plant in Yuzovka, at the boiler plant in Taganrog, from the autumn of 1916 in a fishing artel on the Sea of Azov.
After the beginning of the February Revolution, he left for Moscow, where he worked as a reporter for newspapers. In Moscow, he witnessed the events of 1917-1919 associated with the October Revolution.
During the civil war, K. Paustovsky returns to Ukraine, where his mother and sister again moved. In Kyiv, in December 1918, he was drafted into the hetman's army, and soon after another change of power, he was drafted into the Red Army - into a guard regiment recruited from former Makhnovists.
A few days later, one of the guard soldiers shot the regimental commander and the regiment was disbanded.
Subsequently, Konstantin Georgievich traveled a lot in the south of Russia, lived for two years in Odessa, working in the newspaper "Sailor". During this period, Paustovsky made friends with I. Ilf, I. Babel (whom he later left detailed memories of), Bagritsky, L. Slavin.
Paustovsky left Odessa for the Caucasus. He lived in Sukhumi, Batumi, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Baku, visited northern Persia.
In 1923 Paustovsky returned to Moscow. For several years he worked as an editor for ROSTA and began to publish.
In the 1930s, Paustovsky actively worked as a journalist for the newspaper Pravda, the magazines 30 Days, Our Achievements and others, and traveled a lot around the country. The impressions from these trips were embodied in works of art and essays.
In 1930, essays were first published in the 30 Days magazine.: "Fish Talk" (No. 6), "Plant Chasing" (No. 7), "Blue Fire Zone" (No. 12)
From 1930 until the early 1950s, Paustovsky spent a lot of time in the village of Solotcha near Ryazan in the Meshchera forests.
At the beginning of 1931, on the instructions of ROSTA, he went to Berezniki to build the Berezniki chemical plant, where he continued work on the story Kara-Bugaz, which had begun in Moscow. Essays on the Berezniki construction were published as a small book, Giant on the Kama. The story "Kara-Bugaz" was completed in Livny in the summer of 1931, and became a key story for K. Paustovsky - after the release of the story, he left the service and switched to creative work, becoming a professional writer.
In 1932, Konstantin Paustovsky visited Petrozavodsk, working on the history of the Petrozavodsk plant (the topic was prompted). The trip resulted in the story "The Fate of Charles Lonsevil" and "Lake Front" and a large essay "Onega Plant". Impressions from a trip to the north of the country also formed the basis of the essays "Country beyond Onega" and "Murmansk".
Based on the materials of the trip along the Volga and the Caspian Sea, the essay "Underwater Winds" was written, which was first published in the magazine "Krasnaya Nov" No. 4 for 1932. In 1937, the Pravda newspaper published an essay "New Tropics", written on the basis of the impressions of several trips to Mingrelia.
Having made a trip to the north-west of the country, visiting Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Pskov, Mikhailovskoye, Paustovsky wrote the essay "Mikhailovskie Groves", published in the journal Krasnaya Nov (No. 7, 1938).
By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the Rewarding of Soviet Writers” dated January 31, 1939, K. G. Paustovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (“For outstanding successes and achievements in the development of Soviet fiction”).
With the outbreak of World War II, Paustovsky, who became a war correspondent, served on the Southern Front. In a letter to Ruvim Fraerman dated October 9, 1941, he wrote: "I spent a month and a half on the Southern Front, almost all the time, except for four days, on the line of fire ...".
In mid-August, Konstantin Paustovsky returned to Moscow and was left to work in the TASS apparatus. Soon, at the request of the Committee for Arts, he was released from service to work on a new play for the Moscow Art Theater and evacuated with his family to Alma-Ata, where he worked on the play Until the Heart Stops, the novel The Smoke of the Fatherland, and wrote a number of stories.
The production of the play was prepared by the Moscow Chamber Theater under the direction of A. Ya. Tairov, evacuated to Barnaul. In the process of working with the theater team, Paustovsky spent some time (winter 1942 and early spring 1943) in Barnaul and Belokurikha. He called this period of his life "Barnaul months".
The premiere of the performance based on the play "Until the Heart Stops", dedicated to the fight against fascism, took place in Barnaul on April 4, 1943.
In the 1950s, Paustovsky lived in Moscow and in Tarusa on the Oka. He became one of the compilers of the most important collective collections of democratic trends during the thaw, Literary Moscow (1956) and Tarusa Pages (1961).
For more than ten years he led a prose seminar at the Literary Institute. Gorky, was the head of the department of literary skill. Among the students at Paustovsky's seminar were: Inna Goff, Vladimir Tendryakov, Grigory Baklanov, Yuri Bondarev, Yuri Trifonov, Boris Balter, Ivan Panteleev.
In the mid-1950s, world recognition came to Paustovsky. Having got the opportunity to travel around Europe, he visited Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Turkey, Greece, Sweden, Italy and other countries. Having gone on a cruise around Europe in 1956, he visited Istanbul, Athens, Naples, Rome, Paris, Rotterdam, Stockholm. At the invitation of Bulgarian writers, K. Paustovsky visited Bulgaria in 1959.
In 1965 he lived for some time on about. Capri. In the same 1965 was one of the likely candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was eventually awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov.
KG Paustovsky was among the favorite writers.
In 1966, Konstantin Paustovsky signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, L. I. Brezhnev, against the rehabilitation of I. Stalin. His literary secretary during this period (1965-1968) was the journalist Valery Druzhbinsky.
For a long time, Konstantin Paustovsky suffered from asthma, suffered several heart attacks. He died on July 14, 1968 in Moscow. According to his will, he was buried at the local cemetery of Tarusa, the title of "Honorary Citizen" of which he was awarded on May 30, 1967.
Personal life and family of Paustovsky:
Father, Georgy Maksimovich Paustovsky, was a railway statistician, came from Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. He died and was buried in 1912 in Settlement near the White Church.
Mother, Maria Grigoryevna, nee Vysochanskaya (1858 - June 20, 1934) - was buried at the Baikove cemetery in Kyiv.
Sister, Paustovskaya Galina Georgievna (1886 - January 8, 1936) - was buried at the Baikove cemetery in Kyiv (next to her mother).
The brothers of K. G. Paustovsky were killed on the same day in 1915 on the fronts of the First World War: Boris Georgievich Paustovsky (1888-1915) - lieutenant of a sapper battalion, killed on the Galician front; Vadim Georgievich Paustovsky (1890-1915) - ensign of the Navaginsky Infantry Regiment, killed in battle in the Riga direction.
Grandfather (on the father's side), Maxim Grigoryevich Paustovsky - a former soldier, participant in the Russian-Turkish war, one-palace; grandmother, Honorata Vikentievna - a Turkish woman (Fatma), baptized into Orthodoxy. Paustovsky's grandfather brought her from Kazanlak, where he was in captivity.
Grandfather (on the mother's side), Grigory Moiseevich Vysochansky (d. 1901), notary in Cherkassy; grandmother Vincentia (Wincentia) Ivanovna (d. 1914) - Polish gentry.
First wife - Ekaterina Stepanovna Zagorskaya (October 2, 1889-1969). On the maternal side, Ekaterina Zagorskaya is a relative of the famous archaeologist Vasily Alekseevich Gorodtsov, the discoverer of the unique antiquities of Old Ryazan.
Paustovsky met his future wife when he went as an orderly to the front (World War I), where Ekaterina Zagorskaya was a nurse.
Paustovsky and Zagorskaya got married in the summer of 1916, in Ekaterina's native Podlesnaya Sloboda in the Ryazan province (now the Lukhovitsky district of the Moscow region). It was in this church that her father served as a priest. In August 1925, in Ryazan, the Paustovskys had a son, Vadim (08/02/1925 - 04/10/2000). Until the end of his life, Vadim Paustovsky collected letters from his parents, documents, and gave a lot to the Paustovsky Museum Center in Moscow.
In 1936, Ekaterina Zagorskaya and Konstantin Paustovsky broke up. Catherine confessed to her relatives that she gave her husband a divorce herself. She could not bear that he "got in touch with a Polish woman" (meaning Paustovsky's second wife). Konstantin Georgievich, however, continued to take care of his son Vadim even after the divorce.
The second wife is Valeria Vladimirovna Valishevskaya-Navashina.
Valeria Waliszewska is the sister of Zygmunt Waliszewski, a well-known Polish artist in the 1920s. Valeria becomes the inspiration for many works - for example, "Meshcherskaya Side", "Throw to the South" (here Valishevskaya was the prototype of Mary).
The third wife is Tatyana Alekseevna Evteeva-Arbuzova (1903-1978).
Tatyana was an actress of the theater. Meyerhold. They met when Tatyana Evteeva was the wife of the fashionable playwright Alexei Arbuzov (the Arbuzov play "Tanya" is dedicated to her). She married K. G. Paustovsky in 1950.
Alexei Konstantinovich (1950-1976), son from his third wife Tatyana, was born in the village of Solotcha, Ryazan Region. Died at the age of 26 from a drug overdose. The drama of the situation is that he did not commit suicide or poison himself alone - there was a girl with him. But her doctors resuscitated, but they did not save him.
Tver Pedagogical College
In the academic discipline "Children's Literature"
Theme “Life and creative path of K.G. Paustovsky"
Completed by: external student
majoring in preschool education
Remizova Natalia Alexandrovna
Teacher S.P. Dydyuk
Introduction
Chapter I. Life and creative path of K.G. Paustovsky
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky is a writer in whose work high poetry inextricably and organically merges with the educational trend. He was convinced that "in any field of human knowledge lies the abyss of poetry." Paustovsky is a generally recognized master of the word, who considered writing a vocation, to which one should devote oneself entirely.
To have the right to write, you need to know life well, - the future writer decided as a young man and went on a trip around the country, eagerly absorbing impressions. The researcher of Paustovsky's work L. Krementsov noted that the writer was allowed to grow into a great master, first of all, by the psychological type of his personality - unusually emotional and at the same time strong-willed, and in addition, an excellent memory, a keen interest in people, in art, in nature; over the years - and broad erudition, culture, the richest life experience.
Chapter 1. Life and creative path of K.G. Paustovsky
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky was born in Moscow on May 31 in Granatny Lane. In addition to him, the family had three more children - two brothers and a sister. The family sang a lot, played the piano, reverently loved the theater. Paustovsky's mother was a domineering and unkind woman. All her life she held "firm views", which boiled down mainly to the tasks of raising children. His father served in the management of the railway, was an incorrigible dreamer and a Protestant. Because of these qualities, he did not stay long in one place and the family often moved: after Moscow, they lived in Pskov, Vilna, Kyiv. Parents divorced when Konstantin was in the sixth grade, and the boy was sent to Ukraine to the family of his grandfather, a former soldier, and a Turkish grandmother. From then on, he himself had to earn his living and teaching. When the time came, the boy entered the First Kyiv Classical Gymnasium. Russian literature was a favorite subject, and, according to the writer himself, it took more time to read books than to prepare lessons.
In 1911, in the last class of the gymnasium, K.G. Paustovsky wrote his first story, and it was published in the Kiev literary magazine Ogni. Since then, the decision to become a writer took possession of him firmly, and he began to subordinate his life to this one goal.
After graduating from the gymnasium, he spent two years at Kiev University, and then in 1914 he transferred to Moscow University and moved to Moscow. But the outbreak of the World War did not allow him to complete his education, he went to the front as an orderly on the rear and field hospital trains, and many later recalled with a kind word the skillful hands of this man. Paustovsky changed many professions: he was a leader and conductor of the Moscow tram, a teacher of the Russian language and a journalist, a worker at metallurgical plants, and a fisherman.
From 1923, he worked for several years as an editor at ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency). Paustovsky retained his editorial acumen for the rest of his life: he was an attentive and sensitive reader of young authors. But the writer was very critical of his own works; many recall how, after reading his new work, even if the audience received it enthusiastically, he could destroy what was written at night.
In the twenties, his work was expressed in the collections of short stories and essays Sea Sketches (1925), Minetosa (1927), Oncoming Ships (1928) and in the novel Shining Clouds (1929). Their heroes are people of a romantic warehouse, who cannot stand the daily routine and strive for adventure.
The writer recalled childhood and youth in the books "Distant Years", "Restless Youth", "Romantics". His first works were full of bright exotic colors. This is explained by the fact that in childhood around him "the wind of the extraordinary" constantly roared around him and he was pursued by "the desire for the extraordinary." In the 1930s, Paustovsky turned to the historical theme and genre of the story (“The Fate of Charles Lonsevil”, “The Northern Tale”). By the same time, there are works that are considered examples of artistic and educational prose: "Colchis" (1934), "Black Sea" (1936), "Meshcherskaya Side" (1930). In the work of Paustovsky, for the first time, the story, essay, local history and scientific description organically merge into one whole.
After Paustovsky settled in Moscow, almost no major events happened in his life. Only in the thirties, following the example of other writers, he decided to renew his life impressions and went to the great construction sites of the time. The novels "Kara-Bugaz" (1932) and "Colchis" (1934) that appeared after that brought him fame. They finally determined the main idea of the writer's work - a person should carefully and reverently treat the land on which he lives. In order to write the story "Kara-Bugaz", Paustovsky traveled almost the entire coast of the Caspian Sea. Many of the heroes of the story are real faces, and the facts are genuine.
Since 1934, Paustovsky's works have been mainly devoted to describing nature and depicting people of creative work. He discovers a special country, Meshchera - an area located south of Moscow - the region between Vladimir and Ryazan - where he first arrived in 1930. Paustovsky called the Meshchersky region his second home. There he lived (intermittently) for more than twenty years and there, according to him, he touched the life of the people, the purest sources of the Russian language. “I found the greatest, simplest and most unsophisticated happiness in the forested Meshchersky region,” wrote Konstantin Georgievich. “The happiness of being close to your land, concentration and inner freedom, favorite thoughts and hard work.” Therefore, the influence of the forest region on the writer's consciousness of Paustovsky, the mood of his images, and the poetics of his works was so strong.
What the reader did not learn from the descriptions of the then little-studied region! About its old map, which has to be corrected, the course of its rivers and canals has changed so much; about lakes with mysterious water of different colors; about forests "majestic as cathedrals". There are birds, and fish, and a she-wolf with cubs, and the skull of a fossil deer with a span of two and a half meters of horns ... But the main thing that remains in the soul of the reader is the feeling of touching the mystery. To the secret of the charm of Russian nature, when “in an extraordinary, never heard of silence, dawn is born ... Everything is still sleeping ... And only owls fly around the fire slowly and silently, like clods of white fluff.” Or when “the sunset burns heavily on the crowns of the trees, gilding them with ancient gilding. And below, at the foot of the pines, it is already dark and deaf. Bats fly silently and seem to look into the face of bats. Some incomprehensible ringing is heard in the forests - the sound of the evening, the burnt out day.
"Meshcherskaya side" begins with the assurance that in this region "there are no special beauties and riches, except for forests, meadows and clear air." But the more you get to know this “quiet and unwise land under a dim sky”, the more and more, “almost to the point of pain in your heart”, you begin to love it. The writer comes to this idea at the end of the story. He believed that touching the native nature, its knowledge is the key to true happiness and the lot of the "initiated", and not the ignorant. “A person who knows, for example, plant life and the laws of the plant world, is much happier than someone who cannot even distinguish alder from aspen, or clover from plantain.”
A close look at all manifestations of human life and nature did not muffle the romantic sound of Paustovsky's prose. He said that romance does not contradict a keen interest in and love for the "rough life"; in almost all areas of human activity, the golden seeds of romance are laid.
Everything that attracted the writer from childhood was there - “deep forests, lakes, winding forest rivers, swamps, abandoned roads and even inns. K.G. Paustovsky wrote that he “owes many of his stories to Meshchera, “Summer Days”, “Meshcherskaya side” and “The Tale of the Forests”.
During the years of his writing life, he was on the Kola Peninsula, traveled the Caucasus and Ukraine, the Volga, Kama, Don, Dnieper, Oka and Desna, Ladonezh and Onega lakes, was in Central Asia, in Altai, in Siberia, in our wonderful northwest - in Pskov, Novgorod, Vitebsk, in Pushkin's Mikhailovsky, in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus. The impressions from these numerous trips, from meetings with the most diverse and - in each individual case - interesting people in their own way, formed the basis of many of his stories and travel essays.
Each of his books is a collection of many people of different ages, nationalities, occupations, characters and deeds. In addition to separate books about Levitan, Taras Shevchenko, he has chapters of novels and short stories, stories and essays dedicated to Gorky, Tchaikovsky, Chekhov, Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov and others. But still, he wrote more often about simple and obscure - about artisans, shepherds, ferrymen, forest rangers, watchmen and village children.
An important part of Paustovsky's work was the artistic biographies Orest Kiprensky (1937), Isaac Levitan (1937) and Taras Shevchenko (1939), as well as the collection of essays Golden Rose, the main theme of which was creativity.
Paustovsky, unlike many other writers, never wrote on the topic of the day. Even in the thirties, when many responded, for example, to events related to the conquest of the North, Paustovsky wrote primarily about the fate of people associated with this region - "The Northern Tale" (1938).
Paustovsky was a great storyteller, he knew how to see and discover the world in a new way, he always talked about the good, the bright and the beautiful. Therefore, it is no coincidence that he began to write for children.
A feature of Paustovsky was a romantic perception of the world. True, he managed to remain realistically concrete. A close look at all manifestations of human life and nature did not muffle the romantic sound of Paustovsky's prose. He said that romance does not contradict a keen interest in and love for the "rough life"; in almost all areas of human activity, the golden seeds of romance are laid.
The grains of romance are scattered with great generosity in Paustovsky's short stories about children. In Badger's Nose (1935), the boy is endowed with special hearing and vision: he hears fish whispering; he sees the ants ferry across a stream of pine bark and cobwebs. It is not surprising that it was given to him to see how a badger treats a burnt nose, thrusting it into the wet and cold dust of an old pine stump. In the story "Lenka from the Small Lake" (1937), the boy really wants to know what the stars are made of, and fearlessly sets off through the swamps to look for the "meteor". The story is full of admiration for the boy’s irrepressibility, his sharp powers of observation: “Lenka was the first, out of many hundreds of people I met in my life, to tell me where and how the fish sleeps, how dry swamps smolder under the ground for years, how the old pine blossoms and how together small spiders make autumn flights with birds. The hero of both stories had a real prototype - the writer's little friend Vasya Zotov. Paustovsky returned to his image more than once, giving him different names. In the story “Hare Paws” (1937), for example, he is Vanya Malyavin, tenderly caring for a hare with paws singed during a forest fire.
An atmosphere of kindness and humor fills Paustovsky's stories and fairy tales about animals. A red-haired thieving cat (“Cat-thief”, 1936), who has plagued people for a long time with his incredible tricks and, finally. Caught red-handed, instead of being punished, he receives a “wonderful dinner” and turns out to be capable of even “noble deeds”. The puppy gnawed the cork of the rubber boat, and "a thick jet of air burst out of the valve with a roar, like water from a fire hose, hit in the face, raised Murzik's fur and threw him into the air." For the "hooligan trick" the puppy was punished - they did not take it to the lake. But he performs a "puppy feat": one runs at night through the forest to the lake. And now "Murzikin's furry muzzle, wet with tears" is pressed against the narrator's face ("Rubber Boat", 1937).
Communication between people and animals should be built on the basis of love and respect, the writer is convinced. If this principle is violated - as in the fairy tale "Warm Bread" (1945), then the most terrible events can happen. The boy Filka offended the wounded horse, and then a severe frost fell on the village. Only Filka's sincere repentance, his ardent desire to atone for his guilt, finally led to the "warm wind" blowing out. The romantic sharpness of the narration, characteristic of Paustovsky's writing style, manifests itself already at the very beginning of the tale: “A tear rolled down from the horse's eyes. The horse neighed plaintively, drawlingly, waved its tail, and immediately howled in the bare trees, in the hedges and chimneys, a piercing wind whistled, snow blew, powdered Filka's throat.
A characteristic feature of Paustovsky's fairy tales is a skillful mixture of the real and the miraculous. Petya grazes collective farm calves, watches beavers and birds, looks at flowers and herbs. But here the story of an attack by an old bear on a herd is woven into the narrative. All the animals and birds are on the side of Petya and fiercely fight with the bear, in human language threatening him with reprisal ("Dense Bear", 1948). The ordinary life of the girl Masha in "The Disheveled Sparrow" (1948) runs in parallel with the fabulous life of birds - the old crow and the lively sparrow Pashka. A crow stole a bunch of glass flowers from Masha, and a sparrow took it away and brought it to the stage of the theater, where Masha's mother is dancing.
Fairy-tale characters of Paustovsky - "artel peasants", a tree frog or a "caring flower" - help people, as in folk tales, in response to a kind attitude towards them. This is how the traditional didactic direction of his works intended for children is manifested. The harmony of human feelings and beauty in nature - this is the ideal of K. G. Paustovsky.
Words by Konstantin Paustovsky “People usually go into nature, as if on vacation. I thought that life in nature should be a permanent state” can be a kind of leitmotif of the writer’s work. In Russian prose, he remained primarily a singer of the nature of the Central Russian strip.
For example, his fairy tales "Steel Ring" (1946), "Dense Bear" (1948), "Disheveled Sparrow" (1948) or "Warm Bread" (1954).
In his manner, Paustovsky turned out to be close to Andersen: he also knew how to see the unusual in the ordinary, his works are always eventful, and any incident seems unusual, coming out of the usual series of things. Animals and birds are able to conduct a very interesting dialogue with a person, while the main author's idea is always expressed unobtrusively and subtly. Paustovsky’s tales are distinguished by some special grace, they are written in a simple and capacious language: “The music sang loudly and cheerfully about happiness”, “At night, chilled wolves howled in the forest”, “Just like snow, happy dreams and fairy tales fall on people ".
The circle of children's reading included many of Paustovsky's works written about nature. The last years of the master’s work were devoted to the creation of a six-volume epic about the years experienced, it was called “The Tale of Life”, it included several works by Paustovsky starting from 1945, when “Distant Years” were written. The next work from this cycle - "Restless Youth" - was published in 1955, two years later - "The Beginning of an Unknown Age", two more years later in 1959 - "A Time of Great Expectations". In 1960, "Throw to the South" appeared, and in 1963 - "The Book of Wanderings".
In life, Paustovsky was an unusually courageous person. His eyesight was constantly deteriorating, the writer was tormented by asthma. But he tried not to show how hard it was for him, although his character was quite complicated. Friends tried their best to help him.
Conclusion
Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky entered the history of Russian literature as an inimitable master of the word, a great connoisseur of Russian speech, who tried to preserve its freshness and purity.
The works of Paustovsky after their appearance became very popular among young readers. A well-known critic of children's literature A. Roskin noted that if Chekhov's heroes from the story "Boys" read Paustovsky, they would not have fled to America, but to Kara-Bugaz, to the Caspian Sea - so strong was the influence of his works on young souls .
His books teach you to love your native nature, to be observant, to see the unusual in the ordinary and to be able to fantasize, to be kind, honest, able to admit and correct your own guilt, other important human qualities that are so necessary in life.
In Russian prose, he remained primarily a singer of the nature of the Central Russian strip.
Bibliography
1. Arzamastseva I.N. Children's literature: a textbook for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2007.
2. Paustovsky K.G. Poetic radiance. Tales. Stories. Letters. M .: "Young Guard", 1976.
3. Paustovsky K.G. Tales. Stories. Fairy tales. Publishing House "Children's Literature" Moscow, 1966.
4. Paustovsky K.G. Hare paws: Stories and tales M .: Det. lit., 1987.
