Prizes and scholarships "in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of Comrade Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin" were established by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 20, 1939. It indicated that 16 Stalin Prizes (in the amount of 100 thousand rubles each) were being established, which would be awarded annually to scientists and artists for outstanding work in the following fields of science: physical and mathematical, technical, chemical, biological, agricultural, medical, philosophical , economic, historical-philological, legal, as well as for achievements in music, painting, sculpture, architecture, theatrical art and cinematography.
The same Decree established the Stalin Prize, which was planned to be awarded annually for the best invention: ten first prizes of 100 thousand rubles each, twenty-second prizes of 50 thousand rubles each and thirty-third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each. The Stalin Prize was also established for outstanding achievements in the field of military knowledge: three first prizes of 100 thousand rubles each, five second prizes of 50 thousand rubles each and ten third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each.
In addition to this document, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, after a month and a half, decided to establish four more Stalin Prizes (100 thousand rubles each), which will be awarded for outstanding works in the field of literature - one prize each in poetry, prose, dramaturgy and literary criticism.
All works in the field of various sciences, military knowledge, etc., nominated for the Stalin Prize, as well as a description of inventions with all the necessary drawings and documents, were submitted to the Stalin Prize Committees, which were created under the Council of People's Commissars, no later than October 15 of the current of the year. After discussing and evaluating the submitted works, the Committees submitted their proposals for the award of the Stalin Prizes to the Council of People's Commissars before December 1 of the current year.
According to the regulations for the competition of the Stalin Prizes, only new works or inventions completed in the year of awarding the prizes were submitted. Works or inventions completed between October 15 and December 1 of the current year were eligible for the Stalin Prize next year. Scientific societies, research institutes, higher educational institutions and public organizations could present their works.
Works in the fields of science and military knowledge, as well as descriptions of inventions, were submitted in any language in triplicate, printed on typewriters or in a typographical way. Literary and musical works, as well as architectural projects were presented in one copy, other works of art - in the original. Evaluation and awarding of awards in the field of theatrical art and cinematography were carried out both on the basis of the submitted materials (plays, scripts, etc.), and on the basis of film screenings and theatrical performances that took place.
The Committee for the awarding of Stalin Prizes for works in the field of science, military knowledge and inventions was entrusted with a preliminary review of the works, the selection of the most outstanding of them and their presentation with their conclusion to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. For a more complete and comprehensive assessment of these works, the Committee could organize sections from among its members with the participation of scientists from relevant specialties, as well as create expert commissions from leading scientists and practitioners. On behalf of the Committee, scientific research institutes, scientific societies and institutions could take part in the consideration of individual works, which then presented their conclusions to the Committee. When necessary, representatives of research institutes, scientific institutions and organizations, as well as individuals were invited to meetings of the Committee to participate in discussions and give opinions on works put forward for the Stalin Prize. The decisions of the Committee were taken by a simple majority of votes in a closed ballot.
If the Stalin Prize was received by a group of authors consisting of two people, then it was divided between them in half; with a group of authors of three people, the head was given half the money, and the rest was divided equally between the other two members of the team; if the team of authors consisted of four or more people, then the leader received a third of the prize, and two-thirds were divided among the other members of the team.
In the first year, the procedure for awarding the Stalin Prizes was somewhat changed, and it was decided to present awards not only for works
1940, but also for the work of the last 6 years, starting from 1935. One of the first to receive the Stalin Prize of the first degree in the field of physical and mathematical sciences was P.L. Kapitsa, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, for the scientific work "Turboexpander for obtaining low temperatures and its application for air liquefaction." Major General of Artillery P.A. Gelvich was awarded the Stalin Prize for a number of works: "On dispersion, the probability of hitting and the mathematical expectation of the number of hits", "Theoretical foundations for the development of shooting rules" and "Shooting at fast moving targets".
The Stalin Prize of the first degree was also awarded to Academician N.N. Burdenko for scientific work on surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system. Academician V.V. Obruchev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the three-volume scientific work "Geology of Siberia".
High awards were also presented during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. The formidable military situation not only did not stop the work of the creative intelligentsia, but, on the contrary, led to an unprecedented patriotic impulse and the scope of the creative initiative of Soviet scientists, inventors and production innovators. Everyone understood perfectly well that their activity in the war years was needed even more than in peacetime. And 1941 showed major achievements of Soviet scientists in all fields of knowledge.
Rebuilding industry on a military footing, it was necessary to expand its raw material resources, increase production capacity, etc. In this respect, the work awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree, which was carried out by a group of academicians and scientists led by V.L. Komarov, President of the USSR Academy of Sciences. They researched and worked out the development of the national economy of the Urals, as well as economic measures in the field of ferrous metallurgy, building materials, energy, etc. As a result of these studies, concrete work was outlined to expand the production of the Ural industry.
Among the laureates of the Stalin Prize of the first degree is the name of the famous chemist N.D. Zelinsky, who received a high award for his work on the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons and defense chemistry.
For aircraft construction, the works of Professor M.V. Keldysh and candidate of technical sciences E.P. Grossman, awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. These scientists developed the theory of elastic oscillations of aircraft parts and presented a method for calculating aircraft for flutter.
The composer D. Shostakovich spent the first months of the war in besieged Leningrad, where he had the idea of the Seventh Symphony, dedicated to the heroic defenders of the city. Three parts of the symphony were written in Leningrad, the composer completed the final work on this work already in Kuibyshev. Soon this work went around the world, affirming the all-conquering humanism of the Soviet people. The writer A. Tolstoy wrote that
The Seventh Symphony arose from the conscience of the Russian people, who accepted without hesitation a mortal battle with the black forces. Written in Leningrad, it has grown to the size of a great world art, understandable at all latitudes and meridians, because it tells the truth about a person in an unprecedented time of his disasters and trials.
In 1942 D. Shostakovich was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the Seventh Symphony. In the same year he was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1946, the Stalin Prize was awarded to a new work by the composer - a trio for violin, cello and piano, and a year later the outstanding composer was awarded the title of "People's Artist of the RSFSR".
In 1947, D. Shostakovich performed with the seven-part oratorio "The Song of the Forests", written for soloists, choir and orchestra to the text of the poet E. Dolmatovsky. For this work, as well as for the music for the film "The Fall of Berlin" in 1950, the composer was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. A new significant achievement of D. Shostakovich was the suite for choir "a capella" (without accompaniment) created by him in 1951 - "Ten Poems" on the texts of revolutionary poets of the period from 1905 to the October Revolution. In 1952, this work was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree.
All awarded received the title of "Laureate of the Stalin Prize." The badge of honor "Laureate of the Stalin Prize" was worn on the right side of the chest next to orders and medals of the USSR. It was made of silver and was a convex oval, covered with white enamel and bordered at the bottom with golden laurel wreaths.
The golden ascending rays were depicted on white enamel. In the upper part of the sign, against the background of these rays, there was a five-pointed star, made in red enamel and bordered by a gold rim. In the middle of the oval, in gold capital letters, was the inscription: TO THE LAUREAT OF THE STALIN PRIZE. The upper part of the oval ended with a corrugated ribbon covered with blue enamel with gold trim, with the inscription on it: USSR. With the help of an eyelet and a ring, the honorary badge “Laureate of the Stalin Prize” was connected to a silver plate covered with gold, on which the year of awarding the Stalin Prize was written in blue enamel in Arabic numerals. The decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the award of the Stalin Prizes was published in the central press on December 21 - the birthday of I.V. Stalin.
” were established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 20, 1939. It indicated that 16 Stalin Prizes (in the amount of 100 thousand rubles each) were being established, which would be awarded annually to scientists and artists for outstanding work in the following fields of science: physical and mathematical, technical, chemical, biological, agricultural, medical, philosophical , economic, historical-philological, legal, as well as for achievements in music, painting, sculpture, architecture, theatrical art and cinematography.
The same decree established the Stalin Prize, which was planned to be awarded annually for the best invention: ten first prizes in the amount of 100 thousand rubles each, twenty-second prizes in the amount of 50 thousand rubles each and thirty-third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each. The Stalin Prize was also established for outstanding achievements in the field of military knowledge: three first prizes of 100 thousand rubles each, five second prizes of 50 thousand rubles each and ten third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each.
In addition to this document, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, after a month and a half, decided to establish four more Stalin Prizes (100 thousand rubles each), which will be awarded for outstanding works in the field of literature - one prize each in poetry, prose, dramaturgy and literary criticism.
All works in the field of various sciences, military knowledge, etc., nominated for the Stalin Prize, as well as a description of inventions with all the necessary drawings and documents, were submitted to the Stalin Prize Committees, which were created under the Council of People's Commissars, no later than October 15 of the current of the year. After discussing and evaluating the submitted works, the Committees submitted their proposals for the award of the Stalin Prizes to the Council of People's Commissars before December 1 of the current year.
According to the regulations for the competition of the Stalin Prizes, only new works or inventions completed in the year of awarding the prizes were submitted. Works or inventions completed between October 15 and December 1 of the current year were eligible for the Stalin Prize next year. Scientific societies, research institutes, higher educational institutions and public organizations could present their works.
Works in the fields of science and military knowledge, as well as descriptions of inventions, were submitted in any language in triplicate, printed on typewriters or in a typographical way. Literary and musical works, as well as architectural projects were presented in one copy, other works of art - in the original. Evaluation and awarding of awards in the field of theatrical art and cinematography were carried out both on the basis of the submitted materials (plays, scripts, etc.), and on the basis of film screenings and theatrical performances that took place.
The Committee for the awarding of Stalin Prizes for works in the field of science, military knowledge and inventions was entrusted with a preliminary review of the works, the selection of the most outstanding of them and their presentation with their conclusion to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. For a more complete and comprehensive assessment of these works, the Committee could organize sections from among its members with the participation of scientists from relevant specialties, as well as create expert commissions from leading scientists and practitioners. On behalf of the Committee, scientific research institutes, scientific societies and institutions could take part in the consideration of individual works, which then presented their conclusions to the Committee. When necessary, representatives of research institutes, scientific institutions and organizations, as well as individuals were invited to meetings of the Committee to participate in discussions and give opinions on works put forward for the Stalin Prize. The decisions of the Committee were taken by a simple majority of votes in a closed ballot.
If the Stalin Prize was received by a group of authors consisting of two people, then it was divided between them in half; with a team of authors of three people, the head was given half the money, and the rest was divided equally between the other two members of the team; if the team of authors consisted of four or more people, then the leader received a third of the prize, and two-thirds were divided among the other members of the team.
In the first year, the procedure for awarding the Stalin Prizes was somewhat changed, and it was decided to present awards not only for the work of 1940, but also for the work of the last 6 years, starting from 1935. One of the first to receive the Stalin Prize of the first degree in the field of physical and mathematical sciences was P.L. Kapitsa, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, for the scientific work "Turboexpander for obtaining low temperatures and its application for air liquefaction." Major General of Artillery P.A. Gelvich was awarded the Stalin Prize for a number of works: "On dispersion, the probability of hitting and the mathematical expectation of the number of hits", "Theoretical foundations for the development of shooting rules" and "Shooting at fast moving targets".
The Stalin Prize of the first degree was also awarded to Academician N.N. Burdenko for scientific work on surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system. Academician V.V. Obruchev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the three-volume scientific work "Geology of Siberia".
High awards were also presented during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. The formidable military situation not only did not stop the work of the creative intelligentsia, but, on the contrary, led to an unprecedented patriotic impulse and the scope of the creative initiative of Soviet scientists, inventors and production innovators. Everyone understood perfectly well that their activity in the war years was needed even more than in peacetime. And 1941 showed major achievements of Soviet scientists in all fields of knowledge.
Rebuilding industry on a military footing, it was necessary to expand its raw material resources, increase production capacity, etc. In this respect, the work awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree, which was carried out by a group of academicians and scientists led by V.L. Komarov - President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. They researched and worked out the development of the national economy of the Urals, as well as economic measures in the field of ferrous metallurgy, building materials, energy, etc. As a result of these studies, concrete work was outlined to expand the production of the Ural industry.
Among the laureates of the Stalin Prize of the first degree is the name of the famous chemist N.D. Zelinsky, who received a high award for his work on the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons and defense chemistry.
For aircraft construction, the works of Professor M.V. Keldysh and candidate of technical sciences E.P. Grossman, awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. These scientists developed the theory of elastic oscillations of aircraft parts and presented a method for calculating aircraft for flutter.
The composer D. Shostakovich spent the first months of the war in besieged Leningrad, where he had the idea of the Seventh Symphony, dedicated to the heroic defenders of the city. Three parts of the symphony were written in Leningrad, the composer completed the final work on this work already in Kuibyshev. Soon this work went around the world, affirming the all-conquering humanism of the Soviet people. The writer A. Tolstoy wrote that “The Seventh Symphony arose from the conscience of the Russian people, who accepted without hesitation a mortal battle with black forces. Written in Leningrad, it has grown to the size of a great world art, understandable at all latitudes and meridians, because it tells the truth about a person in an unprecedented time of his disasters and trials.
In 1942 D. Shostakovich was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the Seventh Symphony. In the same year he was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1946, the Stalin Prize was awarded to the composer's new work - a trio for violin, cello and piano, and a year later the outstanding composer was awarded the title of "People's Artist of the RSFSR".
In 1947, D. Shostakovich performed with the seven-part oratorio "The Song of the Forests", written for soloists, choir and orchestra to the text of the poet E. Dolmatovsky. For this work, as well as for the music for the film "The Fall of Berlin" in 1950, the composer was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. A new significant achievement of D. Shostakovich was the suite for the choir "a capella" (without accompaniment) created by him in 1951 - "Ten Poems" on the texts of revolutionary poets from the period from 1905 to the October Revolution. In 1952, this work was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree.
All awarded received the title of "Laureate of the Stalin Prize." The badge of honor "Laureate of the Stalin Prize" was worn on the right side of the chest next to orders and medals of the USSR. It was made of silver and was a convex oval, covered with white enamel and bordered at the bottom with golden laurel wreaths.
The golden ascending rays were depicted on white enamel. In the upper part of the sign, against the background of these rays, there was a five-pointed star, made in red enamel and bordered by a gold rim. In the middle of the oval, in gold capital letters, was the inscription: "TO THE LAUREAT OF THE STALIN PRIZE." The upper part of the oval ended with a corrugated ribbon covered with blue enamel with gold trim, with the inscription "USSR" on it. With the help of an eyelet and a ring, the honorary badge “Laureate of the Stalin Prize” was connected to a silver plate covered with gold, on which the year of awarding the Stalin Prize was written in blue enamel in Arabic numerals. The decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the award of the Stalin Prizes was published in the central press on December 21 - the birthday of I.V. Stalin.
Lenin Prize
Lenin Prize- in one of the highest forms of encouragement of citizens for the greatest achievements in the field of science, technology, literature, art and architecture.
Story
The Lenin Prizes were established on June 23, 1925 by decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars. Initially, they were awarded only for scientific works.
No awards were made between 1935 and 1957. On December 20, 1939, in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of I.V. Stalin, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars "On the establishment of a prize and scholarship named after Stalin" was adopted. It said: “In commemoration of the sixtieth birthday of Comrade Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin, the Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR decides: to establish 16 Stalin Prizes (in the amount of 100 thousand rubles each), awarded annually to scientists and artists for outstanding work in the field of: 1) physical and mathematical sciences, 2) technical sciences, 3) chemical sciences, 4) biological sciences, 5) agricultural sciences, 6) medical sciences, 7) philosophical sciences, 8) economic sciences, 9) historical and philological sciences, 10) legal sciences, 11 ) music, 12) painting, 13) sculpture, 14) architecture, 15) theatrical art, 16) cinematography.
The number of prizes awarded and their size subsequently changed several times.
Stalin Prize
On August 15, 1956, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution to restore the V.I. Lenin Prizes and award them annually on the birthday of V.I. Lenin - April 22. In 1957, the awarding of the Lenin Prizes for outstanding scientific works, architectural and technical structures, inventions introduced into the national economy, technological processes, etc. was restored; Lenin Prizes were also established for outstanding works of literature and art. In March 1960, the Lenin Prizes in the field of journalism and journalism were established.
Initially, 42 awards were presented. Since 1961, according to the regulation, up to 76 awards could be awarded annually. Of these, up to 60 were awarded by the Committee on Lenin Prizes in the field of science and technology and up to 16 by the Committee on Lenin Prizes in the field of science and art under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1967, this number of prizes was reduced to 30. The laureates were awarded a diploma, a gold breast medal and a cash prize. Since 1961, the amount of the cash prize was 7,500 rubles each.
In the period 1956-1967, the Lenin Prize was the only state prize of the highest level, so the number of its laureates was large. In 1967, the State Prize of the USSR was established, which began to be considered less prestigious, thereby the level of the Lenin Prize was raised.
According to the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 9, 1966, 30 Lenin Prizes were awarded once every 2 years (including 25 in science and technology, 5 in literature, art, architecture). Since 1966, the diplomas of the Stalin Prizes have been replaced by the corresponding diplomas of the State Prizes. In 1970, an additional prize was established for works of literature and art for children. Since 1961, the amount of the cash prize has been 10,000 rubles each.
Prizes and scholarships "in commemoration of the 60th anniversary of Comrade Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin" were established by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 20, 1939.
It indicated that 16 Stalin Prizes (in the amount of 100 thousand rubles each) were being established, which would be awarded annually to scientists and artists for outstanding work in the following fields of science: physical and mathematical, technical, chemical, biological, agricultural, medical, philosophical , economic, historical-philological, legal, as well as for achievements in music, painting, sculpture, architecture, theatrical art and cinematography.
Money for the awards was taken from the fees of I. V. Stalin for the publication of his works, including abroad.
The same Decree established the Stalin Prize, which was planned to be awarded annually for the best invention: ten first prizes of 100 thousand rubles each, twenty-second prizes of 50 thousand rubles each and thirty-third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each. The Stalin Prize was also established for outstanding achievements in the field of military knowledge: three first prizes of 100 thousand rubles each, five second prizes of 50 thousand rubles each and ten third prizes of 25 thousand rubles each.
For reference: Stalin in the post-war years received 10 thousand rubles a month, the salary of a worker was 1000 rubles.
In addition to this document, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, after a month and a half, decided to establish four more Stalin Prizes (100 thousand rubles each), which will be awarded for outstanding works in the field of literature - one prize each in poetry, prose, dramaturgy and literary criticism.
All works in the field of various sciences, military knowledge, etc., nominated for the Stalin Prize, as well as a description of inventions with all the necessary drawings and documents, were submitted to the Stalin Prize Committees, which were created under the Council of People's Commissars, no later than October 15 of the current of the year. After discussing and evaluating the submitted works, the Committees submitted their proposals for the award of the Stalin Prizes to the Council of People's Commissars before December 1 of the current year.
According to the regulations for the competition of the Stalin Prizes, only new works or inventions completed in the year of awarding the prizes were submitted. Works or inventions completed between October 15 and December 1 of the current year were eligible for the Stalin Prize next year. Scientific societies, research institutes, higher educational institutions and public organizations could present their works.
Works in the fields of science and military knowledge, as well as descriptions of inventions, were submitted in any language in triplicate, printed on typewriters or in a typographical way. Literary and musical works, as well as architectural projects were presented in one copy, other works of art - in the original. Evaluation and awarding of awards in the field of theatrical art and cinematography were carried out both on the basis of the submitted materials (plays, scripts, etc.), and on the basis of film screenings and theatrical performances that took place.
The Committee for the awarding of Stalin Prizes for works in the field of science, military knowledge and inventions was entrusted with a preliminary review of the works, the selection of the most outstanding of them and their presentation with their conclusion to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. For a more complete and comprehensive assessment of these works, the Committee could organize sections from among its members with the participation of scientists from relevant specialties, as well as create expert commissions from leading scientists and practitioners. On behalf of the Committee, scientific research institutes, scientific societies and institutions could take part in the consideration of individual works, which then presented their conclusions to the Committee. When necessary, representatives of research institutes, scientific institutions and organizations, as well as individuals were invited to meetings of the Committee to participate in discussions and give opinions on works put forward for the Stalin Prize. The decisions of the Committee were taken by a simple majority of votes in a closed ballot.
If the Stalin Prize was received by a group of authors consisting of two people, then it was divided between them in half; with a team of authors of three people, the head was given half the money, and the rest was divided equally between the other two members of the team; if the team of authors consisted of four or more people, then the leader received a third of the prize, and two-thirds were divided among the other members of the team.
In the first year, the procedure for awarding the Stalin Prizes was somewhat changed, and it was decided to present awards not only for works
1940, but also for the work of the last 6 years, starting from 1935. One of the first to receive the Stalin Prize of the first degree in the field of physical and mathematical sciences was P.L. Kapitsa, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, for the scientific work "Turboexpander for obtaining low temperatures and its application for air liquefaction." Major General of Artillery P.A. Gelvich was awarded the Stalin Prize for a number of works: "On dispersion, the probability of hitting and the mathematical expectation of the number of hits", "Theoretical foundations for the development of shooting rules" and "Shooting at fast moving targets".
The Stalin Prize of the first degree was also awarded to Academician N.N. Burdenko for scientific work on surgery of the central and peripheral nervous system. Academician V.V. Obruchev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the three-volume scientific work "Geology of Siberia".
High awards were also presented during the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. The formidable military situation not only did not stop the work of the creative intelligentsia, but, on the contrary, led to an unprecedented patriotic impulse and the scope of the creative initiative of Soviet scientists, inventors and production innovators. Everyone understood perfectly well that their activity in the war years was needed even more than in peacetime. And 1941 showed major achievements of Soviet scientists in all fields of knowledge.
Rebuilding industry on a military footing, it was necessary to expand its raw material resources, increase production capacity, etc. In this respect, the work awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree, which was carried out by a group of academicians and scientists led by V.L. Komarov - President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. They researched and worked out the development of the national economy of the Urals, as well as economic measures in the field of ferrous metallurgy, building materials, energy, etc. As a result of these studies, concrete work was outlined to expand the production of the Ural industry.
Among the laureates of the Stalin Prize of the first degree is the name of the famous chemist N.D. Zelinsky, who received a high award for his work on the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons and defense chemistry.
For aircraft construction, the works of Professor M.V. Keldysh and candidate of technical sciences E.P. Grossman, awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. These scientists developed the theory of elastic oscillations of aircraft parts and presented a method for calculating aircraft for flutter.
The composer D. Shostakovich spent the first months of the war in besieged Leningrad, where he had the idea of the Seventh Symphony, dedicated to the heroic defenders of the city. Three parts of the symphony were written in Leningrad, the composer completed the final work on this work already in Kuibyshev. Soon this work went around the world, affirming the all-conquering humanism of the Soviet people. The writer A. Tolstoy wrote that
The Seventh Symphony arose from the conscience of the Russian people, who accepted without hesitation a mortal battle with the black forces. Written in Leningrad, it has grown to the size of a great world art, understandable at all latitudes and meridians, because it tells the truth about a person in an unprecedented time of his disasters and trials.
In 1942 D. Shostakovich was awarded the Stalin Prize of the first degree for the Seventh Symphony. In the same year he was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR. In 1946, the Stalin Prize was awarded to the composer's new work - a trio for violin, cello and piano, and a year later the outstanding composer was awarded the title of "People's Artist of the RSFSR".
In 1947, D. Shostakovich performed with the seven-part oratorio "The Song of the Forests", written for soloists, choir and orchestra to the text of the poet E. Dolmatovsky. For this work, as well as for the music for the film "The Fall of Berlin" in 1950, the composer was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree. A new significant achievement of D. Shostakovich was the suite for the choir "a capella" (without accompaniment) created by him in 1951 - "Ten Poems" on the texts of revolutionary poets from the period from 1905 to the October Revolution. In 1952, this work was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree.
All awarded received the title of "Laureate of the Stalin Prize." The badge of honor "Laureate of the Stalin Prize" was worn on the right side of the chest next to orders and medals of the USSR. It was made of silver and was a convex oval, covered with white enamel and bordered at the bottom with golden laurel wreaths.
The golden ascending rays were depicted on white enamel. In the upper part of the sign, against the background of these rays, there was a five-pointed star, made in red enamel and bordered by a gold rim. In the middle of the oval, in gold capital letters, was the inscription: TO THE LAUREAT OF THE STALIN PRIZE. The upper part of the oval ended with a corrugated ribbon covered with blue enamel with gold trim, with the inscription on it: USSR. With the help of an eyelet and a ring, the honorary badge “Laureate of the Stalin Prize” was connected to a silver plate covered with gold, on which the year of awarding the Stalin Prize was written in blue enamel in Arabic numerals. The decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the award of the Stalin Prizes was published in the central press on December 21 - the birthday of I.V. Stalin."
The absolute record holder for the number of Stalin Prizes awarded was the aircraft designer S. V. Ilyushin, who received 7 prizes. Film directors I. A. Pyryev and Yu. Ya. Raizman, documentary filmmaker I. P. Kopalin, actor and director N. P. Okhlopkov, poet and writer K. M. Simonov, composer S. S. Prokofiev, artist N. I. Bogolyubov, aircraft designers A. S. Yakovlev, A. I. Mikoyan, M. I. Gurevich.
In 1942-1943. almost all (or all) of the laureates transferred the money received with the prize to the Defense Fund. Therefore, in 1944-1945. Stalin Prizes were not awarded, since they were intended specifically for material support.
In total, over the years of the existence of "Stalinka", about 5,000 people were awarded it. Lists of the awardees were published in national newspapers. You can meet many famous names there: poets Marshak, Tvardovsky, writers Kaverin, Tolstoy, Sholokhov, film director Romm ... In 1949, Senior Sergeant Mikhail Kalashnikov received the Stalin Prize, 1st degree - "for the development of a weapon model." Such vague formulations were used when it came to inventions for the army, intelligence, space. Among those awarded the highest Soviet prize was even ... an Orthodox saint! True, then, in 1946, the famous physician Valentin Voyno-Yasenetsky became a laureate as the author of new surgical methods of treatment. But he was also a priest, took the monastic vows under the name of Luke, and received the rank of archbishop. And in 1996 he was canonized as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church. Once, Voyno-Yasenetsky tried to order business cards for himself from a printing house with the inscription: “The Archbishop of Simferopol and Crimean Luka is a laureate of the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree,” but censor officials categorically forbade him to use such seditious wording.
Elimination of premium
As part of the campaign to eradicate the Stalin personality cult that began after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the Lenin Prize was established in 1956, effectively replacing the Stalin Prize. In 1966, the State Prize of the USSR was established, to which the Stalin Prize was equated. Diplomas and badges of the laureate of the Stalin Prizes of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees were replaced by diplomas and badges of honor of the laureate of the USSR State Prize of the corresponding degrees. In the educational and reference literature, the name of the Stalin Prize was methodically replaced by the State Prize, information about it and its laureates was dosed and mystified. An example is the Concise Literary Encyclopedia, where the article on literary prizes says that by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of December 20, 1939, “the State Prizes of the USSR were established. Until November 1961, they were called Stalin Prizes. Similar substitution of names is often found in modern editions.
It seems that not a single state has yet been able to do without bonuses. In Russia, faithful sons of the fatherland were rewarded not only with land or money, but also with snuff boxes and even caftans. And the Bolsheviks who came to power, who, as you know, treated money without much confidence, did not refuse to pay bonuses. And when the regulation on the Stalin Prizes was finalized 60 years ago, the petty-bourgeois idea that the successful construction of socialism often leads to personal enrichment won completely and completely.Three days to loot
If a soldier or an official shows unusual zeal, then the state tries not to remain in debt. True, a clear procedure for rewarding outstanding services did not exist for a very long time. Far from immediately, they began to distinguish between the salary that a civil servant receives only for the performance of his duties, and bonuses that rely on some special feats. This indistinction has been preserved in the language, and we still call wages "remuneration."
Probably, the military was the first to receive awards during hostilities. At the same time, military leaders who distinguished themselves received land or part of the booty. As for the soldiers, the custom to give the conquered city to the plunder existed from time immemorial. But, in addition to material rewards, there were also moral forms of encouragement - such as orders, thanks, stripes and other accessories. True, it is far from always possible to distinguish the material from the moral. For example, award weapons, now perceived as a kind of order or medal, initially had material value for the recipient. Since the nobles for a long time bought equipment for themselves and their servants at their own expense, rewarding with expensive and high-quality weapons not only flattered their vanity, but also allowed them to save money. And if you look at Russian soldier awards, then it will not always be possible to distinguish a medal from a cash prize. The fact is that in Russia, starting from the 15th century, soldiers were given gold coins, to which the awarded could attach ears themselves and wear them around their necks, or they could simply sell them. Such award money was minted from gold, while ordinary money was silver. Depending on the rank of the recipient, the coin was tiny, and could be very weighty.
During the time of Boris Godunov, the tradition of seeing a gold coin as an award sign rather than a means of payment even led to a diplomatic scandal. In 1600, the Queen of England sent a set of gold coins as a gift to the Tsar. In England, coins were not awarded, and Elizabeth did not suspect that such a custom existed in Russia. Godunov, having received the coins with which he was accustomed to rewarding his governors, was terribly indignant and wrote to the Queen of England that such small coins should not be sent to him. Needless to say, Elizabeth did not understand why Godunov was offended, and composed a long message in which she explained that it was not a gift that was dear, but attention, and that if Boris sent her a gift ten times cheaper, "Our Majesty would be accepted not because of the thing itself, but out of respect for the superiority of the one by whom it was presented.
Lands and snuffboxes
The rewarding of lands and, accordingly, the peasants living on them was actively practiced in the 18th century. Such an award was highly valued. The only problem was that there were not so many suitable lands. Do not reward with hectares of undeveloped Siberian taiga! It was the lack of land that could be rewarded for faithful service that caused the confiscation of land from monasteries in the 18th century. This defused the situation, and estates continued to be awarded until the 19th century.
However, in 1837, the granting of land for perpetual use was prohibited (although this prohibition could still be violated by a personal decree). Instead of perpetual use, land is now being leased for a period of 4 to 12 years. The terms of such a premium lease were more than favorable, and in some cases the recipient did not see the land he rented at all, but only received income from it. In the 19th century, it was precisely the net income received by the recipient from the land provided to him that was called rent.
Of course, the lands with the peasants inhabiting them were far from the only type of premium. A common type of awards were royal gifts, as a rule, snuff boxes with a portrait of the king. They were proud of the royal gifts and even included a mention of them in their own title. So, for example, Denis Davydov wrote in his memoirs about the major, who signed as follows: "My Most Gracious Sovereign, Major, St. Anna of the 1st degree and Anna's sword, a snuffbox with a monogram image of His Majesty, decorated with diamonds, and a thousand souls cavalier." The snuffbox the major mentions complained quite often. Several large workshops specialized in the manufacture of such premium snuff boxes with portraits of the Tsar and Grand Dukes.
For some awarded, the value of the snuffbox was in the portrait of the monarch, and for others - in the diamonds that adorned this portrait. Since it was somehow inconvenient to sell the highest gift, the recipient had the right to refuse the snuffbox and receive its value in money.
The gift was accompanied by a "highest rescript" - a personal message from the emperor. Here, for example, is the message of Nicholas I that was accompanied by a snuffbox handed over to the trustee of the Moscow educational district on the occasion of the centenary of Moscow University: "Vladimir Ivanovich! On the occasion of the centenary of Moscow University, which has now taken place, wishing to express my royal favor to you for your excellent, zealous and useful work by rank Trustee of the Moscow educational district, certified by the authorities, Most graciously pity you the snuff box with My portrait, adorned with diamonds, which is being escorted to you, being favorable to you.
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| A photo: RGAKFD/ROSINFORM |
Much more reliable, and therefore, a valuable source of income was career growth. For special merits, it was possible not only to earn an order, but also to receive the next rank ahead of schedule.
Kaftans and perks
Lands and valuable gifts could only be awarded to civil servants, and not everyone was honored to serve the state. Meanwhile, situations constantly arose when it was necessary to somehow encourage merchants or wealthy peasants, who played a huge role in the economic life of the country. But do not give the peasant a snuffbox! Therefore, for persons who, due to their humble origin, could not be awarded orders, weapons, lands, or an award of an official rank, they began to make special award caftans. If the recipient committed a crime, the caftan was taken away and sent to His Majesty's office. This was done even in those cases when the caftan was already completely torn, greasy and unsuitable for further use. Caftans were awarded until the Bolshevik Revolution.
In addition to caftans, representatives of the lower classes could be rewarded with promotion to honorary citizens. Honorary citizenship was first established in 1785 by decree of Catherine II. Honorary citizens were not only exempted from corporal punishment, but were given the right to ride in a carriage and plant gardens in the city. In addition, they had the right to establish factories and plants. True, this innovation did not take root then, and in 1807 the institution of honorary citizenship was abolished, but in 1832 it was restored.
But still, merchants, peasants and ordinary soldiers were awarded very rarely. Insignificant sums were given out to the lower army ranks on the day of the emperor's name day. Sometimes soldiers and officers received cash awards for participating in reviews and parades, which were attended by the emperor himself. Until 1864, baptized Jews were rewarded with money. For a reward of 60 rubles. one could count on catching a fugitive criminal or pulling a drowning man out of the water. And besides, a cash reward was relied on for helping to catch smugglers or for handing over to the state an accidentally found gold nugget.
In favor of science
The prizes were of the greatest importance for scientists and writers, for whom philanthropists and eminent scientists established many awards. As a rule, it looked like this: a certain amount of money was deposited in the bank, the interest on which was paid as a premium. So, for example, in March 1850, Nicholas I approved the provision on the Ivanov Prize: “At the request of the late chairman of the Yekaterinoslav Treasury Chamber, the actual State Councilor Ivanov ... the capital of 5 thousand rubles left by the testator should be transferred to the Board of Trustees for increment by interest, and , when it rises to 40 thousand rubles, to provide the Academy of Sciences, separating 10 thousand rubles, to use 7 thousand rubles of them as a reward for the best essay "On the Wisdom and Incomprehensibility of the Creator of the Universe", and the rest for printing it, then turn 30 thousand rubles into inviolable capital ... and use the interest received every 50 years ... as a reward for an essay in terms of moral and physical. In order to prevent the same work from winning multiple prizes, the conditions of many competitions specifically stipulated that only those studies for which no competing prize was awarded were considered here.
The founders, as a rule, fixed the amounts that were paid to the winners of the competition, but since the bonus fund depended on the value of bank rates, the amounts still had to be reviewed periodically. New regulations on scientific awards were regularly published. The preface to one of these brochures said: “As a result of the conversion of 5% of government securities into 4% capital, many premiums began to generate income insufficient to issue the awards established in the rules for those prizes. In view of this, the Imperial Academy of Sciences was forced to start revising the rules of all awards and to coordinate the issuance of awards with the means available to it.
Handout to bourgeois specialists
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| A photo: RGAKFD/ROSINFORM |
The era of semi-subsistence farming in the first post-revolutionary years was not the most suitable time for developing a system of state bonuses. Of course, material incentives in the form of a bag of potatoes, a bar of soap, or a loaf of bread were widely practiced, but there was no strict procedure for issuing valuable gifts. True, on June 23, 1925, the Council of People's Commissars established the Prize to them. V. I. Lenin for the most outstanding work in the field of science, technology, literature and art. Prizes were not awarded in all declared nominations, and in 1935 they ceased to be awarded at all.
Valuable gifts, such as an expensive gun, a personal car, or a separate apartment, were much more widely distributed. So, at the beginning of 1935, the Politburo decided to reward the polar pilot Mikhail Babushkin with a personal car. Bonuses then were almost the only way to get a car in ownership.
In the thirties they liked to reward production drummers. Such awards acquired a massive character after the Drummer's Day was pompously celebrated in September 1930. The general meetings, the local committees, and the administration had the right to reward leaders. This meant that the struggle to increase labor productivity would henceforth be waged not only with the help of a stick, but also with the help of a carrot.
Stakhanov style
Popular love for prizes began during the Stakhanov movement. The leaders who overfulfilled the norm were literally bombarded with prizes and gifts. At the same time, newspapers enthusiastically listed consumer goods that were received by the leaders of production. The Stakhanovites loved to tell reporters about the wonderful things they were rewarded with. “I received a bed, a gramophone and other necessary cultural items as a bonus,” a Stakhanovite collective farmer told a correspondent. “I received everything that I was wearing as a bonus for good work on the collective farm. I was rewarded with a silk dress worth 250 rubles for the harvest. Newspapers told how a Leningrad Stakhanovite seamstress received a watch, a vase, an alarm clock, a tablecloth, an electric samovar, an iron, a gramophone, gramophone records, the works of Lenin and Stalin, and 122 more books as a reward for valiant work.
Such awards were given not only to make the Stakhanovites richer, but also to make them more civilized. Gramophones, sewing machines, hunting rifles, bicycles and works by the classics of Marxism-Leninism were supposed to make the life of shock workers "cultural".
The huge bonuses that the Stakhanovites received caused not only a desire to imitate them, but also envy and hatred. So, at the Krasnaya Zarya clothing factory, during a conversation about Stakhanov, Pavlova, an employee of the winding department, applied for a transition from 12 bobbins to 16. for hard work." Unlike the authors of newspaper reports, colleagues saw in the Stakhanov movement not so much a desire for a brighter future as a desire to receive another handout from the hands of the state.
Thanks Comrade Stalin...
The main prize of the country was established in December 1939, during the celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of I. V. Stalin.
Outstanding figures of science, art, inventors and military experts had a chance to receive a large sum. True, in the first version of the decision of the Council of People's Commissars, there were no writers among the nominees for the Stalin Prize. Such discrimination was explained, in all likelihood, by the fact that a special literary prize named after Gorky had already been established a few months earlier. It is difficult to say what kind of struggle Soviet writers had to endure, but in the first days of February 1940 a new decree of the Council of People's Commissars appeared, establishing the Stalin Prize for the writing fraternity - prose writers, poets, playwrights and literary critics. Stalin Prizes were of three degrees. Ten first prizes (100,000 rubles each), twenty second (50,000 each) and thirty thirds (25,000 each) were given out. Over time, the amounts and the number of laureates changed, but the division into degrees remained unchanged: the main prize of the country was hierarchical, indicating the degree of "royal favor".
A special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars contained rules for the division of money. If there were two awardees, then the prize was divided equally, if there were three, then the leader received half, and the performers got 1/4 of the amount. If there were four or more awardees, then the leader received a third of the amount, and the rest was divided equally among the members of the team. Only those works that were completed in the year of the award were admitted to the competition. Only for the first time they decided to make an exception by awarding the authors of works completed over the past six years.
Among the first Stalinist laureates were physicist P. L. Kapitsa, mathematician A. N. Kolmogorov, fighter for Michurin biology T. D. Lysenko, physicians A. A. Bogomolets, N. N. Burdenko, V. P. Filatov, geologist V. A. Obruchev, the creator of small arms V. A. Degtyarev, aircraft designer S. A. Lavochkin. A. M. Gerasimov received the prize in the field of fine arts for the immortal painting "Stalin and Voroshilov in the Kremlin." In the field of sculpture, the prize of the first degree was received by S. D. Merkurov (for the figure of Stalin), and another - by V. I. Mukhin for "Worker and Collective Farm Woman". The award in the field of architecture went to D.N. Chechulin for the projects of the Kyiv and Komsomolskaya metro stations. Of the writers, A. N. Tolstoy (for the novel "Peter the Great"), M. A. Sholokhov for "Quiet Don" and N. F. Pogodin for the play "The Man with a Gun" received the prize.
The Stalin Prize was awarded regularly, and its amount grew: already in 1942, the laureates of the first degree received not 100, but 200 thousand rubles. True, after the death of Stalin, the main prize of the country was renamed the state. Characteristically, during his famous report at the 20th Congress, N. S. Khrushchev complained that "even tsars did not establish such prizes that they would call by their own name." However, the suppression of the Stalin Prizes began even a little earlier. The 40th volume of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (signed for publication on July 20, 1955) does not contain the article "Stalin Prizes", while in previous volumes there are references to this article.
As a result of the “return to Leninist norms” that was becoming fashionable, in 1957 the Lenin Prize was restored, which immediately became the main prize of the country. The Lenin Prize was unified and had no degrees. However, it was not possible to get rid of the gradation of the country's main prizes, and after a short time the country again had three main prizes: Lenin, State and the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Financial incentive
In the 1970s it became fashionable to talk about the importance of material incentives. As a result, bonuses gradually turned into an almost obligatory increase in salary, which, however, could be forfeited as a punishment for this or that violation. "Deprivation of the bonus" gradually turned into the Soviet equivalent of a production fine.
If you read Soviet books on material incentives under socialism, you can find out that "the current bonuses for workers, aimed at improving quantitative indicators, are made for the fulfillment and overfulfillment of production plans, normalized tasks, technically justified output standards, reducing labor intensity, etc. ". It's "etc." was almost endless.
Gradually, nominal awards were also revived. For example, the award A. N. Krylova was awarded for the best work in the field of technical sciences, to them. A. F. Ioffe - for work in the field of physics, O. Yu. Schmidt - in the field of geophysics. The size of these premiums was about 2000 rubles. Similar awards existed for many branches of knowledge. However, unlike pre-revolutionary awards, the same state funds were the source of funding. In the end, every self-respecting organization acquired its own award, which could be received, for example, for the best literary work about the police or the KGB.
Since it was customary to be proud of the awards, official documents and newspaper articles often indicated that Comrade Pupkin was the winner of the award of the N-th city committee of the Komsomol. It looked no less comical than calling himself a "cavalier of a snuffbox with the monogram image of His Imperial Majesty."
In the post-Soviet period, the former bonus system collapsed. The awards financed from the budget seemed ridiculously small and could not be compared with the grants and awards given out by various foreign foundations and public organizations. And then the state again took this matter into its own hands, which, in particular, is evidenced by numerous recent bonus initiatives. The presidential decree signed this summer "On improving the system of state awards in the field of science and technology, education and culture" suggests that the reformed state award should become not only an honorary award, but seriously and permanently solve the material problems of laureates.
ALEXANDER MALAKHOV
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