The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia and its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.
The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.
Management of the national outskirts. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia and the Volga region. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
The main principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".
The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.
Concepts and terms: Modernization. Reforms. Mercantilism. Guard. Empire. Senate. Colleges. Synod. Province. Fortress manufacture. recruiting kits. Revision. Prosecutor. Fiscal. Profitable. Assembly. Table of ranks. City Hall. Palace coup. Supreme Privy Council. "Conditions". "Bironovshchina". "Enlightened Absolutism". Secularization. Fixed commission. Guild. Baroque. Rococo. Classicism. Sentimentalism. Magistrate. Spiritual administrations (Muslim).
Persons:
Government and military figures: Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna, F.M. Apraksin, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, E.I. Biron, Ya.V. Bryus, A.P. Volynsky, V.V. Golitsyn, F.A. Golovin , P. Gordon, Ekaterina I, Ekaterina II, Elizabeth Petrovna, Ivan V, John VI Antonovich, M. I. Kutuzov, F. Ya. Lefort, I. Mazepa, A. D. Menshikov, B. K. Minikh, A. G. Orlov, A.I. Osterman, Pavel I, Peter I, Peter II, Peter III, G.A. Potemkin, P.A. Rumyantsev, Princess Sophia, A.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov, P.P. Shafirov, B.P. Sheremetev.
Public and religious figures, workers of culture, science and education: Batyrsha (leader of the Bashkir uprising), G. Bayer, V.I. Bazhenov, V. Bering, V.L. Borovikovsky, D.S. Bortnyansky, F.G. Volkov, E.R. Dashkova, N.D. Demidov, G.R.Derzhavin, M.F.Kazakov, A.D.Kantemir, J.Quarenghi, I.P.Kulibin, D.G.Levitsky, M.V.Lomonosov, A.K.Nartov, I. N. Nikitin, N. I. Novikov, I. I. Polzunov, F. Prokopovich, E. I. Pugachev, A. N. Radishchev, V. V. Rastrelli, F. S. Rokotov, N. P. Rumyantsev, A.P. Sumarokov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, D. Trezzini, D.I. Fonvizin, S.I. Chelyuskin, F.I. Shubin, I.I. Shuvalov, M.M. Shcherbatov, S. Yulaev, S. Yavorsky.
Events/dates:
1682-1725 - reign of Peter I (until 1696 together with Ivan V)
1682-1689 - reign of Princess Sophia
1682, 1689, 1698 - uprisings of archers
1686 - Eternal peace with the Commonwealth
1686–1700 - war with the Ottoman Empire
1687 - foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow
1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns
1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China
1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns
1697-1698 - Grand embassy
1700-1721 - Northern War
1700 - defeat near Narva
1705-1706 - uprising in Astrakhan
1707-1708 - uprising of Kondraty Bulavin
1708-1710 - establishment of provinces
1711 - establishment of the Senate; Prut campaign
1714 - decree of single inheritance
1718-1721 - establishment of colleges
1718-1724 - conducting a poll census and the first revision
1720 - battle at about. Grengam
1721 - Peace of Nystadt
1721 - proclamation of Russia as an empire
1722 - introduction of the Table of Ranks
1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) campaign
1725 - establishment of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg
1725-1727 - reign of Catherine I
1727-1730 - reign of Peter II
1730-1740 - the reign of Anna Ioannovna
1733-1735 - War of the Polish Succession
1736-1739 - Russian-Turkish war
1741-1743 - Russo-Swedish War
1740-1741 - the reign of John Antonovich
1741-1761 - the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
1755 - foundation of Moscow University
1756-1763 - Seven Years' War
1761-1762 - the reign of Peter III
1762 - Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility
1762-1796 - reign of Catherine II
1769-1774 - Russian-Turkish war
1773-1775 - Emelyan Pugachev's uprising
1774 - Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace with the Ottoman Empire
1775 - the beginning of the provincial reform
1783 - annexation of Crimea to Russia
1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities
1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war
1788 - Decree establishing the "Spiritual Assembly of Mohammedan Law"
1788-1790 - Russo-Swedish War
1791 - Peace of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire
1772, 1793, 1795 - Sections of the Commonwealth
1796-1801 - reign of Paul I
1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian army
Sources: General regulation. Military regulations. Maritime charter. Spiritual regulation. Table of ranks. Decree on single inheritance of 1714. Peace of Nishtad. The act of presenting the title of emperor of all Russia and the name of the great and father of the fatherland to the sovereign Tsar Peter I. Decrees of Peter I. Camping magazines of Peter the Great. Revision tales. Relations and memories. "An honest mirror of youth." The word of Feofan Prokopovich at the burial of Peter the Great. Newspaper "Vedomosti". Correspondence of Peter I. "History of the Svean war." Notes and memoirs of foreigners. "Conditions" of Anna Ioannovna. Ody M.V. Lomonosov. Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Memoirs of Catherine II. Correspondence of Catherine II with Voltaire. Order of Catherine II of the Legislative Commission. Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty. Decrees of Yemelyan Pugachev. Office of the provinces. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Georgievsky treatise with Eastern Georgia. City position. Iasi peace treaty. Magazines "Painter" and "All sorts of things." "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev.
Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century.
The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. The spread in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.
The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.
Management of the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
The main principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".
The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century
Russian Empire in the XIX - early XX centuries.
Russia on the way to reforms (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and "young friends" of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. War between Russia and France 1805-1807 Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. The war with Turkey and the Bucharest Peace of 1812 The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Union. The growing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic politics. Polish constitution of 1815. Military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
Nikolaev autocracy: state conservatism
Reformist and conservative tendencies in the policy of Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: centralization of management, political police, codification of laws, censorship, guardianship of education. Peasant question. Reform of the state peasants P.D. Kiselyov 1837-1841. Official ideology: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive bureaucracy: at the origins of liberal reformism.
Empire Expansion: Russo-Iranian and Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia and Western Europe: Peculiarities of Mutual Perception. "Holy Union" Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. The collapse of the Vienna system in Europe. Crimean War. Heroic defense of Sevastopol. Peace of Paris 1856
serf society. Village and city
Class structure of Russian society. Fortress economy. Landowner and peasant, conflicts and cooperation. Industrial revolution and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and Petersburg: a dispute between two capitals. Cities as administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City government.
The cultural space of the empire in the first half of the 19th century.
National roots of domestic culture and Western influences. State policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Empire style as an empire. The cult of citizenship. The Golden Age of Russian Literature. Formation of the Russian musical school. Theater, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. geographical expeditions. Discovery of Antarctica. Activities of the Russian Geographical Society. Schools and Universities. Folk culture. The culture of everyday life: finding comfort. Life in the city and in the estate. Russian culture as part of European culture.
Empire space: the ethno-cultural image of the country
The peoples of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. Diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and major confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). The interaction of peoples. Features of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. Kingdom of Poland. Polish uprising of 1830–1831 Accession of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian war. Shamil movement.
Formation of civil legal consciousness. The main currents of social thought
Western Enlightenment and the Educated Minority: The Crisis of the Traditional Worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of service as the basis of noble identity. The evolution of noble opposition. Formation of a generation of enlightened people: from freedom for the few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Spread of liberal ideas. The Decembrists are noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.
Public life in the 1830s - 1850s The role of literature, press, universities in the formation of independent public opinion. Social thought: official ideology, Slavophiles and Westernizers, the birth of socialist thought. Formation of the theory of Russian socialism. A.I. Herzen. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism on Russian social thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.
Russia in the Era of Reforms
Transformations of Alexander II: social and legal modernization
Reforms of 1860-1870s - movement towards the rule of law and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemstvo and city reforms. The formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. military reforms. Approval of the beginnings of all estates in the legal system of the country. constitutional question.
Multi-vector foreign policy of the empire. End of the Caucasian War. Annexation of Central Asia. Russia and the Balkans. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. Foundation of Khabarovsk.
"People's autocracy" of Alexander III
The ideology of the original development of Russia. state nationalism. Reforms and counter-reforms. The policy of conservative stabilization. Restriction of public activity. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the judiciary and administration. The rights of universities and the power of trustees. Press and censorship. Economic modernization through state intervention in the economy. The accelerated development of industry. financial policy. Conservation of agrarian relations.
Empire space. The main spheres and directions of foreign policy interests. Consolidation of the status of a great power. Development of the state territory.
reform society. Agriculture and industry
On the Threshold of a New Century: Dynamics and Contradictions of Development Economic growth. Industrial development. The new geography of the economy. Urbanization and the appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is a world exporter of bread. agricultural question.
Demography, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: social characteristics and the struggle for rights. middle urban strata. Types of rural land tenure and economy. landowners and peasants. The position of women in society. The Church in the Crisis of Imperial Ideology. The spread of secular ethics and culture.
Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense of Port Arthur. Tsushima battle.
The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 The beginning of parliamentarism
Nicholas II and his entourage. Activities of V.K. Plehve as Minister of the Interior. opposition liberal movement. Liberation Union. Banquet Campaign.
Background of the First Russian Revolution. Forms of social protests. The struggle of professional revolutionaries with the state. political terrorism.
"Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905 Performances of workers, peasants, middle urban strata, soldiers and sailors. "Bulygin Constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto October 17, 1905
Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-populist parties and organizations (Socialist-Revolutionaries). Social Democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal parties (Kadets, Octobrists). national parties. Right-wing monarchist parties in the struggle against the revolution. Councils and trade unions. December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary speeches in 1906-1907.
Electoral law December 11, 1905 Election campaign for the First State Duma. Basic State Laws April 23, 1906 Activities of the I and II State Duma: results and lessons.
Society and power after the revolution
Lessons of the Revolution: Political Stabilization and Social Transformation. P.A. Stolypin: program of systemic reforms, scope and results. The incompleteness of transformations and the growth of social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Ideological and political spectrum. Public and social uplift. National parties and factions in the State Duma.
Aggravation of the international situation. Block system and Russia's participation in it. Russia on the eve of a global catastrophe.
"Silver Age" of Russian culture
New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values and lifestyle. Literature of the beginning of the XX century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama theater: traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian Seasons" in Paris. The origin of Russian cinema.
The development of public education: an attempt to overcome the gap between an educated society and the people.
Discoveries of Russian scientists. Achievements of the Humanities. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. Russia's contribution at the beginning of the 20th century. into world culture.
Regional component
Our region in the 19th century
General history
Ancient world history
What history studies. Historical chronology (counting the years "BC" and "AD"). Historical map. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.
Primitiveness.Resettlement of the most ancient man. A reasonable person. Living conditions and occupations of primitive people. Ideas about the surrounding world, beliefs of primitive people. The most ancient farmers and pastoralists: labor activity, inventions. From the tribal community to the neighboring one. The emergence of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.
Ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the Ancient World.
The Ancient East
Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupations of the population. City-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Neo-Babylonian kingdom: conquests, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.
Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupations of the population. State administration (pharaoh, officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten. Military campaigns. Slaves. knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.
Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phoenicia: natural conditions, occupations of the inhabitants. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: resettlement of the Jews, the Kingdom of Israel. Population occupations. religious beliefs. Old Testament stories.
Assyria: the Assyrian conquests, the cultural treasures of Nineveh, the fall of the empire. Persian state: military campaigns, management of the empire.
Ancient India. Natural conditions, occupations of the population. ancient city-states. Social structure, varnas. Religious beliefs, legends and tales. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural Heritage of Ancient India.
Ancient China. Living conditions and economic activity of the population. Creation of a unified state. Qin and Han empires. Life in the empire: rulers and subjects, the position of various groups of the population. Development of crafts and trade. Great Silk Road. Religious and philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.
Antique world: concept. Map of the ancient world.
Ancient Greece
The population of ancient Greece: living conditions and occupations. Ancient states in Crete. The states of Achaean Greece (Mycenae, Tiryns, etc.). Trojan War. Iliad and Odyssey. Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Tales of gods and heroes.
Greek city-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and handicrafts. Great Greek colonization. Athens: the establishment of democracy. Laws of Solon, reforms of Cleisthenes. Sparta: the main groups of the population, the political structure. Spartan education. Organization of the military.
Classical Greece. Greco-Persian wars: causes, participants, major battles, heroes. Causes of the Greek victory. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian War. Rise of Macedonia.
Culture of Ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theatre. sports; Olympic Games.
Hellenistic period. Macedonian conquests. Power of Alexander the Great and its collapse. Hellenistic states of the East. culture of the Hellenistic world.
Ancient Rome
Population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and occupations. Etruscans. Legends of the founding of Rome. Rome of the era of the kings. Roman Republic. Patricians and plebeians. Management and laws. Beliefs of the ancient Romans.
Roman conquest of Italy. Wars with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. Establishment of dominance of Rome in the Mediterranean. Reforms of the Gracchi. Slavery in Ancient Rome.
From republic to empire. Civil Wars in Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar. Establishment of imperial power; Octavian August. Roman Empire: territory, administration. The rise and spread of Christianity. Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. Rome and the barbarians. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Culture of Ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory; Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.
Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.
History of the Middle Ages
Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.
Early Middle Ages
Beginning of the Middle Ages. Great Migration of Nations. Formation of barbarian kingdoms.
The peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Franks: resettlement, occupations, social structure. Laws of the Franks; "Salic Truth". Power of the Carolingians: stages of formation, kings and subjects. Charlemagne. The collapse of the Carolingian Empire. Formation of states in France, Germany, Italy. Holy Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the Early Middle Ages. Normans: social system, conquests. Early Slavic states. The formation of feudal relations in the countries of Europe. Christianization of Europe. Secular rulers and popes. Culture of the Early Middle Ages.
Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI centuries: territory, economy, management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Law codification. The power of the emperor and the church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasions of Slavs and Arabs. Byzantine culture.
Arabs in the VI-XI centuries: resettlement, occupations. The rise and spread of Islam. Arab conquests. Arab caliphate, its rise and fall. Arabic culture.
Mature Middle Ages
medieval European society. Agricultural production. feudal landownership. feudal hierarchy. Nobility and chivalry: social status, lifestyle.
Peasantry: feudal dependence, duties, living conditions. Peasant community.
Cities are centers of crafts, trade and culture. Urban estates. Shops and guilds. City government. The struggle of cities and seniors. Medieval City-Republics. The appearance of medieval cities. The life of the townspeople.
Church and clergy. Division of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relations between secular authorities and the church. Crusades: goals, participants, results. Spiritual and knightly orders. Heresies: the causes of occurrence and spread. Persecution of heretics.
States of Europe in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening of royal power in the countries of Western Europe. Estate-representative monarchy. Formation of centralized states in England, France. Hundred Years War; J. d'Arc. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. Exacerbation of social contradictions in the XIV century. (Jacquerie, Wat Tyler's rebellion). Hussite movement in the Czech Republic.
Byzantine Empire and Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. The expansion of the Ottoman Turks and the fall of Byzantium.
Culture of medieval Europe. Representations of the medieval person about the world. The place of religion in the life of man and society. Education: schools and universities. The class character of culture. Medieval epic. Knightly Literature. Urban and peasant folklore. Romanesque and Gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early Renaissance: artists and their creations.
Oriental countries in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, the management of the empire, the position of the conquered peoples. Mongolian state: the social structure of the Mongolian tribes, the conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants, the management of subordinate territories. China: empires, rulers and subjects, the struggle against the conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: fragmentation of the Indian principalities, the invasion of Muslims, the Delhi Sultanate. Culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional arts and crafts.
States of pre-Columbian America .Social order. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.
Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages.
History of the New Age
New time: concept and chronological framework.
Europe at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 17th century.
Great geographical discoveries: background, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and New World. Economic and social development of European countries in the XVI - early XVII century. The emergence of manufactories. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and world market.
absolute monarchies. England, France, the Habsburg monarchy in the 16th - early 17th centuries: internal development and foreign policy. Formation of nation-states in Europe.
Beginning of the Reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany. Spread of Protestantism in Europe. The struggle of the Catholic Church against the reform movement. Religious Wars.
Dutch revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. The results and significance of the revolution.
International relations in early modern times. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty Years' War; Westphalian peace.
Cultural space of the Russian Empire in the XVIII century.
The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Public ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokova, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his Journey from Petersburg to Moscow.
Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. The spread in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkov.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.
The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.
Management of the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening of absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police nature of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".
The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century
Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Grade 9-68h.
Russia on the way to reforms (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and "young friends" of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. War between Russia and France 1805-1807 Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. The war with Turkey and the Bucharest Peace of 1812 The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Union. The growing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic politics. Polish constitution of 1815 military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
Nikolaev autocracy: state conservatism
Reformist and conservative tendencies in the policy of Nicholas I. Economic policy in conditions of political conservation. State regulation of public life: centralization of administration, political police, codification of laws, censorship, guardianship of education. Peasant question. Reform of the state peasants P.D. Kiseleva 1837-1841 Official ideology: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality." Formation of a professional bureaucracy. Progressive bureaucracy: at the origins of liberal reformism.
Empire Expansion: Russo-Iranian and Russo-Turkish Wars. Russia and Western Europe: Peculiarities of Mutual Perception. "Holy Union" Russia and revolutions in Europe. Eastern question. The collapse of the Vienna system in Europe. Crimean War. Heroic defense of Sevastopol. Peace of Paris 1856
serf society. Village and city
Class structure of Russian society. Fortress economy. Landowner and peasant, conflicts and cooperation. Industrial revolution and its features in Russia. Start of railway construction. Moscow and Petersburg: a dispute between two capitals. Cities as administrative, commercial and industrial centers. City government.
The cultural space of the empire in the first half of the 19th century.
National roots of domestic culture and Western influences. State policy in the field of culture. The main styles in artistic culture: romanticism, classicism, realism. Empire style as an empire. The cult of citizenship. The Golden Age of Russian Literature. Formation of the Russian musical school. Theater, painting, architecture. Development of science and technology. geographical expeditions. Discovery of Antarctica. Activities of the Russian Geographical Society. Schools and Universities. Folk culture. The culture of everyday life: finding comfort. Life in the city and in the estate. Russian culture as part of European culture.
Empire space: the ethno-cultural image of the country
The peoples of Russia in the first half of the XIX century. Diversity of cultures and religions of the Russian Empire. Orthodox Church and major confessions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism). The interaction of peoples. Features of administrative management on the outskirts of the empire. Kingdom of Poland. Polish uprising of 1830–1831 Accession of Georgia and Transcaucasia. Caucasian war. Shamil movement.
Formation of civil legal consciousness. The main currents of social thought
Western Enlightenment and the Educated Minority: The Crisis of the Traditional Worldview. "Golden Age" of noble culture. The idea of service as the basis of noble identity. The evolution of noble opposition. Formation of a generation of enlightened people: from freedom for the few to freedom for all. The emergence of scientific and literary societies, secret political organizations. Spread of liberal ideas. The Decembrists are noble revolutionaries. Culture and ethics of the Decembrists.
Public life in the 1830s - 1850s The role of literature, press, universities in the formation of independent public opinion. Social thought: official ideology, Slavophiles and Westernizers, the birth of socialist thought. Formation of the theory of Russian socialism. A.I. Herzen. The influence of German philosophy and French socialism on Russian social thought. Russia and Europe as a central point of public debate.
Russia in the Era of Reforms
Transformations of Alexander II: social and legal modernization
Reforms of 1860-1870s - movement towards the rule of law and civil society. Peasant reform of 1861 and its consequences. Peasant community. Zemstvo and city reforms. The formation of public self-government. Judicial reform and development of legal consciousness. military reforms. Approval of the beginnings of all estates in the legal system of the country. constitutional question.
Multi-vector foreign policy of the empire. End of the Caucasian War. Annexation of Central Asia. Russia and the Balkans. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 Russia in the Far East. Foundation of Khabarovsk.
"People's autocracy" of Alexander III
The ideology of the original development of Russia. state nationalism. Reforms and counter-reforms. The policy of conservative stabilization. Restriction of public activity. Local self-government and autocracy. Independence of the judiciary and administration. The rights of universities and the power of trustees. Press and censorship. Economic modernization through state intervention in the economy. The accelerated development of industry. financial policy. Conservation of agrarian relations.
Empire space. The main spheres and directions of foreign policy interests. Consolidation of the status of a great power. Development of the state territory.
reform society. Agriculture and industry
Traditions and innovations in the life of the post-reform village. Communal land ownership and peasant economy. The interdependence of landlord and peasant farms. Landlord "impoverishment". Social types of peasants and landowners. Noble entrepreneurs.
Industrialization and urbanization. Railways and their role in economic and social modernization. Migration of the rural population to the cities. The labor question and its features in Russia. State, public and private entrepreneurial ways to solve it.
The cultural space of the empire in the second half of the 19th century.
Culture and life of the peoples of Russia in the second half of the XIX century. Development of urban culture. Technological progress and changes in everyday life. Development of transport, communications. Increasing education and spreading literacy. The emergence of mass media. The role of the printed word in shaping public opinion. Folk, elite and mass culture. Russian culture of the XIX century. as part of world culture. Formation of the national scientific school and its contribution to the world scientific knowledge. Achievements of Russian science. Creation of the Russian Historical Society. The social significance of artistic culture. Literature, painting, music, theater. Architecture and urban planning.
The ethno-cultural image of the empire
The main regions of the Russian Empire and their role in the life of the country. Poles. Jews. Armenians. Tatars and other peoples of the Volga-Urals. Caucasian peoples. Peoples of Central Asia. Peoples of Siberia and the Far East. The peoples of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century. Legal status of various ethnic groups and confessions. Processes of national and religious revival among the peoples of the Russian Empire. National policy of autocracy: between taking into account originality and striving for unification. Strengthening the autonomy of Finland. Polish uprising of 1863 Jewish question. National movements of the peoples of Russia. Interaction of national cultures and peoples.
The formation of civil society and the main directions of social movements
Public life in the 1860s - 1890s The growth of public initiative. Expansion of the public sphere (public self-government, press, education, court). The phenomenon of intelligence. Public organizations. Charity. student movement. Labor movement. Women's movement.
Ideological currents and social movement. The influence of positivism, Darwinism, Marxism and other areas of European social thought. conservative thought. Nationalism. Liberalism and its features in Russia. Russian socialism. Russian anarchism. Forms of political opposition: zemstvo movement, revolutionary underground and emigration. Populism and its evolution. Populist circles: ideology and practice. Big Propaganda Society. "Journey to the People". "Land and Freedom" and its split. "Black Repartition" and "Narodnaya Volya". political terrorism. The spread of Marxism and the formation of social democracy. Emancipation of Labor Group. "Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class". I Congress of the RSDLP.
The crisis of the empire at the beginning of the twentieth century
On the Threshold of a New Century: Dynamics and Contradictions of Development Economic growth. Industrial development. The new geography of the economy. Urbanization and the appearance of cities. Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) is an example of a new transport and industrial center. Domestic and foreign capital, its role in the industrialization of the country. Russia is a world exporter of bread. agricultural question.
Demography, social stratification. Decomposition of class structures. Formation of new social strata. Bourgeoisie. Workers: social characteristics and the struggle for rights. middle urban strata. Types of rural land tenure and economy. landowners and peasants. The position of women in society. The Church in the Crisis of Imperial Ideology. The spread of secular ethics and culture.
Imperial center and regions. National politics, ethnic elites and national-cultural movements. Russia in the system of international relations. Politics in the Far East. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Defense of Port Arthur. Tsushima battle.
The first Russian revolution 1905-1907 The beginning of parliamentarism
Nicholas II and his entourage. Activities of V.K. Plehve as Minister of the Interior. opposition liberal movement. Liberation Union. Banquet Campaign.
Background of the First Russian Revolution. Forms of social protests. The struggle of professional revolutionaries with the state. political terrorism.
"Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905 Performances of workers, peasants, middle urban strata, soldiers and sailors. "Bulygin Constitution". All-Russian October political strike. Manifesto October 17, 1905
Formation of a multi-party system. Political parties, mass movements and their leaders. Neo-populist parties and organizations (Socialist-Revolutionaries). Social Democracy: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Liberal parties (Kadets, Octobrists). National parties. Right-wing monarchist parties in the struggle against the revolution. Councils and trade unions. December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. Features of revolutionary speeches in 1906-1907.
Electoral law December 11, 1905 Election campaign for the First State Duma. Basic State Laws April 23, 1906 Activities of the I and II State Duma: results and lessons.
Society and power after the revolution
Lessons of the Revolution: Political Stabilization and Social Transformation. P.A. Stolypin: a program of systemic reforms, scope and results. The incompleteness of transformations and the growth of social contradictions. III and IV State Duma. Ideological and political spectrum. Public and social uplift. National parties and factions in the State Duma.
Aggravation of the international situation. Block system and Russia's participation in it. Russia on the eve of a global catastrophe.
"Silver Age" of Russian culture
New phenomena in fiction and art. Worldview values and lifestyle. Literature of the beginning of the XX century. Painting. "World of Art". Architecture. Sculpture. Drama theater: traditions and innovation. Music. "Russian Seasons" in Paris. The origin of Russian cinema.
The development of public education: an attempt to overcome the gap between an educated society and the people.
Discoveries of Russian scientists. Achievements of the Humanities. Formation of the Russian philosophical school. Russia's contribution at the beginning of the 20th century. into world culture.
Regional component
Our region in the 19th century
General history
History of the Ancient World Grade 5-68 hours
What history studies. Historical chronology (counting the years "BC" and "AD"). Historical map. Sources of historical knowledge. Auxiliary historical sciences.
Primitiveness. Settlement of ancient man. A reasonable person. Living conditions and occupations of primitive people. Ideas about the surrounding world, beliefs of primitive people. The most ancient farmers and pastoralists: labor activity, inventions. From the tribal community to the neighboring one. The emergence of crafts and trade. The emergence of ancient civilizations.
Ancient world: concept and chronology. Map of the Ancient World.
The Ancient East
Ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. Living conditions and occupations of the population. City-states. Myths and legends. Writing. Ancient Babylon. Laws of Hammurabi. Neo-Babylonian kingdom: conquests, legendary monuments of the city of Babylon.
Ancient Egypt. Living conditions and occupations of the population. State administration (pharaoh, officials). Religious beliefs of the Egyptians. Priests. Pharaoh-reformer Akhenaten. Military campaigns. Slaves. knowledge of the ancient Egyptians. Writing. Temples and pyramids.
Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. Phoenicia: natural conditions, occupations of inhabitants. Development of crafts and trade. Phoenician alphabet. Palestine: the resettlement of the Jews, the kingdom of Israel. Population occupations. religious beliefs. Old Testament stories.
Assyria: the conquest of the Assyrians, the cultural treasures of Nineveh, the death of the empire. Persian power: military campaigns, empire management.
ancient india. Natural conditions, occupations of the population. ancient city-states. Social structure, varnas. Religious beliefs, legends and tales. The emergence of Buddhism. Cultural Heritage of Ancient India.
Ancient China. Living conditions and economic activity of the population. Creation of a unified state. Qin and Han empires. Life in the empire: rulers and subjects, the position of various groups of the population. Development of crafts and trade. Great Silk Road. Religious and philosophical teachings (Confucianism). Scientific knowledge and inventions. Temples. The great Wall of China.
Antique world: concept. Map of the ancient world.
Ancient Greece
The population of ancient Greece: living conditions and occupations. Ancient states in Crete. The states of Achaean Greece (Mycenae, Tiryns, etc.). Trojan War. Iliad and Odyssey. Beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Tales of gods and heroes.
Greek city-states: political system, aristocracy and demos. Development of agriculture and handicrafts. Great Greek colonization. Athens: the establishment of democracy. Laws of Solon Cleisthenes' reforms. Sparta: the main groups of the population, the political structure. Spartan education. Organization of the military.
Classical Greece. Greco-Persian wars: causes, participants, major battles, heroes. Causes of the Greek victory. Athenian democracy under Pericles. Economic life in ancient Greek society. Slavery. Peloponnesian War. Rise of Macedonia.
Culture of Ancient Greece. Development of sciences. Greek philosophy. School and education. Literature. Architecture and sculpture. Life and leisure of the ancient Greeks. Theatre. sports; Olympic Games.
Hellenistic period. Macedonian conquests. Power of Alexander the Great and its collapse. Hellenistic states of the East. culture of the Hellenistic world.
Ancient Rome
Population of Ancient Italy: living conditions and occupations. Etruscans. Legends of the founding of Rome. Rome of the era of the kings. Roman Republic. Patricians and plebeians. Management and laws. Beliefs of the ancient Romans.
Roman conquest of Italy. Wars with Carthage; Hannibal. Roman army. Establishment of dominance of Rome in the Mediterranean. Reforms of the Gracchi. Slavery in Ancient Rome.
From republic to empire. Civil Wars in Rome. Gaius Julius Caesar. Establishment of imperial power: Octavian August. Roman Empire: territory, administration. The rise and spread of Christianity. Division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern parts. Rome and the barbarians. Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Culture of Ancient Rome. Roman literature, the golden age of poetry. Oratory: Cicero. Development of sciences. Architecture and sculpture. Pantheon. Life and leisure of the Romans.
Historical and cultural heritage of ancient civilizations.
History of the Middle Ages Grade 6-28 hours
Middle Ages: concept and chronological framework.
Early Middle Ages
Beginning of the Middle Ages. Great Migration of Nations. Formation of barbarian kingdoms.
The peoples of Europe in the early Middle Ages. Franks: resettlement, occupations, social structure. Laws of the Franks; "Salic Truth". Power of the Carolingians: stages of formation, kings and subjects. Charlemagne. The collapse of the Carolingian Empire. Formation of states in France, Germany, Italy. Holy Roman Empire. Britain and Ireland in the Early Middle Ages. Normans: social system, conquests. Early Slavic states. The formation of feudal relations in the countries of Europe. Christianization of Europe. Secular rulers and popes. Culture of the Early Middle Ages.
Byzantine Empire in the IV-XI centuries: territory, economy, management. Byzantine emperors; Justinian. Law codification. The power of the emperor and the church. Foreign policy of Byzantium: relations with neighbors, invasions of Slavs and Arabs. Byzantine culture.
Arabs in the VI-XI centuries: resettlement, occupations. The rise and spread of Islam. Arab conquests. Arab caliphate, its rise and fall. Arabic culture.
Mature Middle Ages
medieval European society. Agricultural production. feudal landownership. feudal hierarchy. Nobility and chivalry: social status, lifestyle.
Peasantry: feudal dependence, duties, living conditions. Peasant community.
Cities are centers of crafts, trade and culture. Urban estates. Shops and guilds. City government. The struggle of cities and seniors. Medieval City-Republics. The appearance of medieval cities. The life of the townspeople.
Church and clergy. Division of Christianity into Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Relations between secular authorities and the church. Crusades: goals, participants, results. Spiritual and knightly orders. Heresies: the causes of occurrence and spread. Persecution of heretics.
States of Europe in the XII-XV centuries. Strengthening of royal power in the countries of Western Europe. Estate-representative monarchy. Formation of centralized states in England, France. Hundred Years War; J. d'Arc. German states in the XII-XV centuries. Reconquista and the formation of centralized states in the Iberian Peninsula. Italian republics in the XII-XV centuries. Economic and social development of European countries. Exacerbation of social contradictions in the XIV century. (Jacquerie, Wat Tyler's rebellion). Hussite movement in the Czech Republic.
Byzantine Empire and Slavic states in the XII-XV centuries. The expansion of the Ottoman Turks and the fall of Byzantium.
Culture of medieval Europe. Representations of the medieval person about the world. The place of religion in human life and society. Education: schools and universities. The class character of culture. Medieval epic. Knightly Literature. Urban and peasant folklore. Romanesque and Gothic styles in artistic culture. Development of knowledge about nature and man. Humanism. Early Renaissance: artists and their creations.
Oriental countries in the Middle Ages. Ottoman Empire: the conquests of the Ottoman Turks, the management of the empire, condition of the conquered peoples. Mongolian state: the social structure of the Mongolian tribes, the conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants, the management of subordinate territories. China: empires, rulers and subjects, the struggle against the conquerors. Japan in the Middle Ages. India: fragmentation of the Indian principalities, the invasion of Muslims, Delhi Sultanate. Culture of the peoples of the East. Literature. Architecture. Traditional arts and crafts.
states of pre-Columbian America. Social system. Religious beliefs of the population. Culture.
Historical and cultural heritage of the Middle Ages
History of the New Age 7-8 classes-50 hours (26+24)
New time: concept and chronological framework.
Europe at the end of the fifteenth- early 17th century
Great geographical discoveries: background, participants, results. Political, economic and cultural consequences of geographical discoveries. Old and New World. Economic and social development of European countries in the XVI - early XVII century. The emergence of manufactories. Development of commodity production. Expansion of the domestic and world market.
absolute monarchies. England, France, the Habsburg monarchy in the 16th - early 17th centuries: internal development and foreign policy. Formation of nation-states in Europe.
Beginning of the Reformation; M. Luther. Development of the Reformation and the Peasant War in Germany. Spread of Protestantism in Europe. The struggle of the Catholic Church against the reform movement. Religious Wars.
Dutch revolution: goals, participants, forms of struggle. The results and significance of the revolution.
International relations in early modern times. Military conflicts between European powers. Ottoman expansion. Thirty Years' War; Westphalian peace.
Countries of Europe and North America in the middle of the 17th-18th centuries.
English revolution of the 17th century: causes, participants, stages. O. Cromwell. The results and significance of the revolution.
Economic and social development of Europe in the 17th-18th centuries: the beginning of the industrial revolution, the development of manufactory production, the status of estates.
Absolutism: the "old order" and new trends. Age of Enlightenment: the development of natural sciences, the French enlighteners of the 18th century. War of the North American Colonies for Independence. Education of the United States of America; "founding fathers".
French Revolution of the 18th century: causes, participants. The beginning and main stages of the revolution. Political currents and leaders of the revolution. Program and state documents. Revolutionary wars. The results and significance of the revolution.
European culture of the XVI-XVIII centuries. The development of science: a revolution in natural science, the emergence of a new picture of the world; outstanding scientists and inventors. High Renaissance: artists and their works. The World of Man in the Literature of the Early Modern Times. Styles of artistic culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries. (baroque, classicism). The formation of the theatre.
International relations of the middle of the XVII-XVIII centuries. European conflicts and diplomacy. Seven Years' War. Sections of the Commonwealth. Colonial conquests by European powers.
Eastern countries in the XVI-XVIII centuries.
Ottoman Empire: from power to decline. India: the power of the Great Moguls, the beginning of the penetration of the British, the British conquests. Qing Empire in China. The formation of a centralized state and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan.
Countries of Europe and North America in the first half of the nineteenth century. Grade 9-34h.
Napoleon's Empire in France: domestic and foreign policy. Napoleonic Wars. Fall of the empire. Congress of Vienna; Sh. M. Talleyrand. Holy Union.
The development of an industrial society. The industrial revolution, its features in Europe and the USA. Changes in the social structure of society. Spread of socialist ideas; utopian socialists. Speeches of workers. Political development of European countries in 1815-1849: social and national movements, reforms and revolutions. Formation of conservative, liberal, radical political movements and parties; the rise of Marxism.
Countries of Europe and North America in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Great Britain in the Victorian era: "the workshop of the world", the labor movement, domestic and foreign policy, the expansion of the colonial empire. France - from the Second Empire to the Third Republic: domestic and foreign policy, Franco-German war, colonial wars. Formation of a single state in Italy; C. Cavour, G. Garibaldi. The unification of the German states, the proclamation of the German Empire; O. Bismarck. Habsburg Monarchy: Austro-Hungarian Dualism.
United States of America in the second half of the 19th century: economy, social relations, political life. North and South. Civil War (1861-1865). A. Lincoln.
Economic and socio-political development of European countries and the USA at the end of the 19th century.
Completion of the industrial revolution. Industrialization. monopoly capitalism. Technical progress in industry and agriculture. Development of transport and means of communication. Migration from the Old to the New World. Position of the main social groups. Expanding the spectrum of social movements. Labor movement and trade unions. Formation of socialist parties; ideologists and leaders of the socialist movement.
Asian countries in the nineteenth century.
Ottoman Empire: traditional foundations and reform attempts. India: the collapse of the Mughal state, the establishment of British colonial rule, liberation uprisings. China: the Qing Empire, the “closure” of the country, the “opium wars”, the Taiping movement. Japan: domestic and foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, transformations of the Meiji era.
War of Independence in Latin America
colonial society. Liberation struggle: tasks, participants, forms of performances. P. D. Toussaint-Louverture, S. Bolivar. Proclamation of independent states.
The peoples of Africa in modern times
colonial empires. Colonial orders and traditional social relations. Actions against the colonialists.
The development of culture in the XIX century.
Scientific discoveries and technical inventions. The spread of education. Secularization and democratization of culture. Changes in people's living conditions. Styles of artistic culture: classicism, romanticism, realism, impressionism. Theatre. The birth of cinema. Figures of culture: life and creativity.
International relations in the XIX century.
Foreign policy interests of the great powers and the policy of alliances in Europe. Eastern question. Colonial conquests and colonial empires. Old and new leaders of the industrial world. Intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world. Formation of military-political blocs of the great powers.
Historical and cultural heritage of modern times.
Recent history.
The world at the beginning of the 20th century Recent history: concept, periodization.
World in 1900-1914
European countries and the USA in 1900-1914: technical progress, economic development. Urbanization, migration. The situation of the main groups of the population. social movements. Social and political reforms; D. Lloyd George.
Asian and Latin American countries in 1900-1917: traditional social relations and problems of modernization. Rise of liberation movements in colonial and dependent countries. Revolutions in the first decades of the twentieth century. in Asian countries (Turkey, Iran, China). Mexican Revolution 1910-1917 Leaders of the liberation struggle (Sun Yat-sen, E. Zapata, F. Villa)
The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. Distribution in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The transition to classicism, the creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia and its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.
The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.
Management of the national outskirts. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia and the Volga region. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
The main principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police character of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".
The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.
Concepts and terms: Modernization.Reforms.Mercantilism.Guard.Empire. Senate. Colleges. Synod. Province. Fortress manufacture. recruiting kits. Revision. Prosecutor. Fiscal. Profitable. Assembly. Table of ranks. City Hall. Palace coup. Supreme Privy Council. "Conditions". "Bironovshchina". "Enlightened Absolutism". Secularization. Fixed commission. Guild. Baroque. Rococo. Classicism. Sentimentalism. Magistrate. Spiritual administrations (Muslim).
Persons:.
State and military figures: Anna Ioannovna, Anna Leopoldovna,
F.M. Apraksin, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, E.I. Biron, Ya.V. Bruce, A.P. Volynsky, V.V. Golitsyn, F.A. Golovin, P. Gordon, Catherine I, Catherine II, Elizaveta Petrovna, Ivan V, John VI Antonovich, M.I. Kutuzov, F.Ya. Lefort, I. Mazepa, A.D. Menshikov, B.K. Minikh, A.G. Orlov, A.I. Osterman, Pavel I, Peter I, Peter II, Peter III, G.A. Potemkin, P.A. Rumyantsev, Princess Sophia, A.V. Suvorov, F.F. Ushakov, P.P. Shafirov, B.P. Sheremetev,
Public and religious figures, workers of culture, science and education: Batyrsha (leader of the Bashkir uprising), G. Bayer, V.I. Bazhenov, V. Bering, V.L. Borovikovsky, D.S. Bortnyansky, F.G. Volkov, E.R. Dashkova, N.D. Demidov, G.R. Derzhavin, M.F. Kazakov, A.D. Cantemir, G. Quarenghi, I.P. Kulibin, D.G. Levitsky, M.V. Lomonosov, A.K. Nartov, I.N. Nikitin, N.I. Novikov, I.I. Polzunov, F. Prokopovich, E.I. Pugachev, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Rastrelli, F.S. Rokotov, N.P. Rumyantsev, A.P. Sumarokov, V.N. Tatishchev, V.K. Trediakovsky, D. Trezzini, D.I. Fonvizin, F.I. Shubin, I.I. Shuvalov, P.I. Shuvalov, M.M. Shcherbatov, S. Yulaev, S. Yavorsky.
Events/dates:
1682-1725 - reign of Peter I (until 1696 together with Ivan V) 1682-1689 - reign of Princess Sophia 1682, 1689, 1698 - uprisings of archers 1686 - Eternal peace with the Commonwealth 1686-1700 - war with the Ottoman Empire
1687 - foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow 1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns
1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China 1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns 1697-1698 - Great Embassy 1700-1721 - Northern War 1700 - defeat near Narva
1703, May 16 - the foundation of St. Petersburg 1705-1706 - the uprising in Astrakhan 1707-1708 - the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin 1708-1710 - the establishment of provinces 1708, September - the battle of the village of Lesnaya 1709, June 27 - the Battle of Poltava
1711 - establishment of the Senate; Prut campaign
1718-1721 - establishment of collegiums 1718-1724 - conducting a poll census and the first revision Grengam 1721 - Treaty of Nystadt
1721 - proclamation of Russia as an empire
1722 - introduction of the Table of Ranks
1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) campaign
1725 - establishment of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg
1725-1727 - reign of Catherine I
1727-1730 - reign of Peter II
1730-1740 - the reign of Anna Ioannovna
1733-1735 - War of the Polish Succession
1736-1739 - Russian-Turkish war
1741-1743 - Russo-Swedish War
1740-1741 - the reign of John Antonovich
1741-1761 - the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
1755 - foundation of Moscow University
1756-1763 - Seven Years' War
1761-1762 - the reign of Peter III
1762 - Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility
1762-1796 - reign of Catherine II
1769-1774 - Russian-Turkish war of 1770, June 26 - Battle of Chesma 1770, July 21 - battle of Cahul
1773-1775 - Emelyan Pugachev's uprising
1774 - Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace with the Ottoman Empire
1775 - the beginning of the provincial reform
1783 - annexation of Crimea to Russia
1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities
1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war 1788 - Decree on the establishment of the "Spiritual Assembly of the Mohammedan law" 1788-1790 - Russian-Swedish war 1790, December 11 - the capture of Ishmael
1791 - Treaty of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire 1772, 1793, 1795 - Partitions of the Commonwealth
1796-1801 - reign of Paul I
1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian army
Sources: General Regulations. Military Regulations. Maritime Regulations. Spiritual Regulations. Table of ranks. Decree on single inheritance of 1714. Peace of Nishtad . The act of presenting the title of emperor of all Russia and the name of the great and father of the fatherland to the sovereign Tsar Peter I. Decrees of Peter I. Camping magazines of Peter the Great. Revision tales. Relations and memories. « Youth is an honest mirror. The word of Feofan Prokopovich at the burial of Peter the Great. Newspaper "Vedomosti". Correspondence of Peter I. "History of the Svean war." Notes and memoirs of foreigners. "Conditions" of Anna Ioannovna. Ody M.V. Lomonosov. Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Memoirs of Catherine II. Correspondence of Catherine II with Voltaire. Order of Catherine II of the Legislative Commission. Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace treaty. Decrees of Yemelyan Pugachev. Office of the provinces. Letters granted to the nobility and cities. Georgievsky treatise with Eastern Georgia. City position . Iasi peace treaty. Magazines "Painter » and "Stuff" . "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" A.N. Radishchev.
SECTION IV. RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES
The nineteenth century was a time of social, legal, intellectual, institutional, economic restructuring throughout the European continent. This is the time of the formation and establishment of an industrial society, the formation of a rule of law state and civil society, the formation of nations and national states, the rise and fall of European empires. In the 19th century, the main institutions of modern society were formed: democracy, civil society, social security and social equality, mass culture.
Russia was no exception in this movement. However, the specificity of its evolution was that these processes were superimposed by the conservation of the political regime of the autocracy and individual social institutions. At the same time, the Russian Empire acted as a full-fledged participant in international politics, and after the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaigns, Russia became one of the leading players in the international arena.
The most important milestone in the history of Russia in the 19th century was the Great Reforms, primarily the Peasant Reform of 1861. In the first half of the century, both for the authorities and for society, the archaism of the institution of serfdom was already obvious. And although the state tried to find ways to solve the peasant problem through palliative measures, it continued to carry out social and economic modernization within the framework of the feudal system. During the reign of Alexander I, attempts were made to reform the political system, a lot was done to humanize legislation, the mechanisms for managing the empire were reformed, and the Russian system of university education arose. However, liberal undertakings were combined with a social experiment in the creation of military settlements and an ambiguous policy in university education at the end of the reign.
During the reign of Nicholas I, the state tried to carry out economic modernization by authoritarian methods, which led to increased centralization of the administrative system, increased bureaucracy, and tightened state control over society. As a result, the mobilization of state resources allowed the autocracy to achieve obvious success in certain areas: the codification of laws, the professionalization of the bureaucracy and the officer corps, the development of university and vocational education, the reform of the state village, the construction of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway. However, repeated attempts by Nicholas I to begin the abolition of serfdom were not successful. At the same time, the system of state guardianship held back public and private initiative, and the preservation of the archaic class system hampered the socio-economic and military-technical development of the country, led to its lagging behind direct competitors and, in particular, became the reason for the defeat in the Crimean War.
Painful failure in foreign policy led to the authorities realizing the need for large-scale reforms (the abolition of serfdom, zemstvo, urban, judicial, military reform, education reform).
Great Reforms 1860–1870 affected almost all spheres of Russian society. They contributed to the formation of new social strata, new sectors of the economy, and serious changes in the field of culture. The foreign policy course of Russia has also changed: its Central Asian and Far Eastern vector has become more clearly visible.
The great reforms led to radical changes in the economic structure of the country. Active railway construction, freedom of entrepreneurial initiative, wider opportunities for population migration contributed to the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization. Increasing state intervention in the economy towards the end of the century made these processes even more intense. The result of economic development in the second half of the 19th century was the rapid restoration of Russia's great power status after the unsuccessful Crimean War. However, the conservation of class orders in the agrarian sector, state support for inefficient landlord farms, the preservation of communal foundations among the peasantry, excessive burdening of peasant farms with mandatory payments in the face of land shortages led to a growing imbalance between the slow development of agriculture and the accelerated growth of industry and the financial sector.
The great reforms had a serious impact on the social practices of Russian society. The development of zemstvo and city self-government, the introduction of the institution of jurors and adversarial litigation, the weakening of censorship and, as a result, the growth in the amount of available information, the radical increase in opportunities for public and private initiatives in the economy, education, culture, and charity - all this led to a rapid expansion of the public sphere and, ultimately, to the formation of a civil society in Russia.
The overcoming of estates in many social and cultural areas, the consistent implementation of judicial reform, the further growth of education and professionalism of the bureaucracy, especially characteristic of legal and financial administration, contributed to the emergence of the beginnings of a modern legal state. However, the political system as a whole remained unshakable, and its authoritarian nature inevitably came into conflict with the rapidly changing social, economic and legal landscape of the country. Because of this, the government reforms of the era of Alexander II did not have the character of systemic reforms. This largely became the cause of the imbalance in the development of the country. The half-heartedness and inconsistency of the reforms, their belated nature by European standards, provoked radical circles of the public to develop alternative ways of Russia's development, which involved the "dismantling" of the historically established system of relations in a revolutionary way.
The tragic death of Alexander II led to an adjustment of the political course towards the restriction of liberal and all-estate principles. With these measures, the authorities tried to restrain excessive socio-political dynamism. Against the background of the all-European growth of nationalism, the Russian state turned to the search for original ways of modernization. This was also driven by the need
cultural unification of the empire in the context of the development of literacy, all-class military service, means of communication and communication. However, the conservation of the socio-political and legal system, with the growing dynamism of socio-economic development, ultimately led to even greater contradictions in the development of the country.
The problem of the relationship between society and power is a key issue in the history of Russia in the 19th century. It was a time of searching for forms of social self-organization. Then, in a relatively short period, the path was passed from secular salons and university circles to political unions and parties, which, claiming to actively participate in the activities of government institutions, came into inevitable conflict with the government. In essence, they raised the question of introducing a constitution and, accordingly, legally limiting the power of the monarch. Under the conditions of this confrontation, a unique phenomenon of the Russian intelligentsia developed, which largely determined the socio-cultural environment of the era and, by its very nature, opposed the authorities.
Acting as the initiator of reforms, the government was not a monopoly in the socio-political sphere, and the very fate of the reforms largely depended on its daily interaction with social forces. An example of such cooperation was the Stolypin reforms, which were carried out in the conditions of the constitutional experiment of 1906-1917. The very activity of the State Duma and the reformed State Council is a unique (though by no means successful) historical experience for Russia of everyday cooperation between people's representatives and government administration.
The main processes in the history of Russia during this period unfolded against the background of the socio-political struggle, the activity of mass and national movements, which aggravated during the period of national (and sometimes international) crises, which partly caused the revolutionary upheavals of 1917.
The 19th century was the time of the highest, world-renowned achievements of Russian culture and science. However, “culture” in this case should be understood not only as “high” culture (science, literature and art), but also the sphere of everyday life, as well as “mass culture”, the appearance of which in Russia (as in other countries) was one one of the most important aspects of the modernization process. A feature of the history of Russia in the XIX - early XX centuries. there was attention to the person, his daily practices, the culture of work and consumption, legal and political culture. It is necessary to highlight new trends in the culture of various social strata, residents of the city and the countryside, the center and various regions of the country.
In the national and confessional policy of the state, both confrontation and cooperation of national elites took place. The regions of the Russian Empire developed asynchronously, existed in various economic and legal dimensions, which posed an extremely difficult task for the imperial administration. The national policy of the autocracy changed throughout the 19th century under the influence of social, economic and cultural factors. If in the first half of the century the state traditionally pursued a policy of taking into account the uniqueness of individual regions and ethnic groups, a policy of cooperation with
national elites and their incorporation into the all-Russian elite, then in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries tendencies towards the linguistic and cultural unification of the empire prevailed.
Complex social, political and national problems of Russian life were solved in the context of an aggravated foreign policy situation. Russia, being a great European power, was involved in international conflicts and was forced to look for its place within the framework of the emerging bloc system, because of which a world war became inevitable.
The decisive influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Russian social thought, journalism and literature. Literature of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. First magazines. Social ideas in the works of A.P. Sumarokov, G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin. N.I. Novikov, materials on the situation of serfs in his journals. A.N. Radishchev and his "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
Russian culture and culture of the peoples of Russia in the XVIII century. The development of a new secular culture after the transformations of Peter I. Strengthening the relationship with the culture of the countries of foreign Europe. Freemasonry in Russia. The spread in Russia of the main styles and genres of European artistic culture (baroque, classicism, rococo, etc.). Contribution to the development of Russian culture of scientists, artists, craftsmen who arrived from abroad. Strengthening attention to the life and culture of the Russian people and the historical past of Russia by the end of the century.
Culture and life of Russian estates. Nobility: life and life of a noble estate. Clergy. Merchants. Peasantry.
Russian science in the 18th century. Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The study of the country is the main task of Russian science. geographical expeditions. Second Kamchatka expedition. Exploration of Alaska and the West Coast of North America. Russian-American company. Research in the field of national history. The study of Russian literature and the development of the literary language. Russian Academy. E.R. Dashkova.
M.V. Lomonosov and his outstanding role in the development of Russian science and education.
Education in Russia in the XVIII century. Basic pedagogical ideas. Raising a "new breed" of people. Foundation of educational houses in St. Petersburg and Moscow, the Institute of "noble maidens" in the Smolny Monastery. Class educational institutions for youth from the nobility. Moscow University is the first Russian university.
Russian architecture of the XVIII century. Construction of St. Petersburg, the formation of its urban plan. The regular nature of the development of St. Petersburg and other cities. Baroque in the architecture of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Transition to classicism creation of architectural assemblies in the style of classicism in both capitals. IN AND. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov.
Fine art in Russia, its outstanding masters and works. Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. The flourishing of the ceremonial portrait genre in the middle of the 18th century. New trends in the fine arts at the end of the century.
The peoples of Russia in the XVIII century.
Management of the outskirts of the empire. Bashkir uprisings. Politics towards Islam. Development of New Russia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. German settlers. Formation of the Pale of Settlement.
Russia under Paul I
Basic principles of the domestic policy of Paul I. Strengthening of absolutism through the rejection of the principles of "enlightened absolutism" and strengthening the bureaucratic and police nature of the state and the personal power of the emperor. The personality of Paul I and its influence on the country's politics. Decrees on the succession to the throne, and on the "three-day corvee".
The policy of Paul I in relation to the nobility, the relationship with the nobility of the capital, measures in the field of foreign policy and the reasons for the palace coup on March 11, 1801.
Domestic policy. Restriction of noble privileges.
Regional component
Our region in the 18th century
Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Russia on the way to reforms (1801–1861)
Alexander's era: state liberalism
Projects of liberal reforms of Alexander I. External and internal factors. The secret committee and "young friends" of the emperor. Public administration reforms. MM. Speransky.
Patriotic War of 1812
The era of 1812. War between Russia and France 1805-1807 Tilsit world. War with Sweden in 1809 and the annexation of Finland. The war with Turkey and the Bucharest Peace of 1812 The Patriotic War of 1812 is the most important event in Russian and world history of the 19th century. Congress of Vienna and its decisions. Holy Union. The growing role of Russia after the victory over Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna.
Liberal and protective tendencies in domestic politics. Polish constitution of 1815 military settlements. Noble opposition to autocracy. Secret organizations: Union of Salvation, Union of Welfare, Northern and Southern Societies. Decembrist uprising December 14, 1825
