Many modern authors try to explain. How to identify the problem in the proposed text? Stone balls of Costa Rica

USE-2018 Trial test

Read the text and do tasks 1-3.

(1) For the Antarctic voyage under the command of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty equipped two ships: the Mirny and Vostok sloops, which turned out to be not the best choice and negatively affected the expedition plans. (2) If the Mirny, designed by Russian engineers Kolodkin and Kurepanov and fortified by Captain Lazarev before the start of the expedition, brilliantly proved itself in the ice campaign, then the Vostok, designed by British engineers, was qualitatively inferior to the Mirny and turned out to be so weak for navigation in the polar ice, that by the end of the expedition the condition of the sloop was unsatisfactory. (3) .... prompted Bellingshausen to think about early termination of the expedition, and then forced him to decide to return.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The Mirny sloop, designed by Russian engineers, turned out to be much stronger than the Vostok, which was designed by the British.

2) For the Antarctic expedition of Bellingshausen, the Admiralty chose ships built according to different projects and at different shipyards.

3) Not the most successful choice of ships for Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition was the reason for its early end: the Vostok sloop was too weak to sail in the ice.

4) The commander of the Russian Antarctic expedition, Captain Bellingshausen, had at his disposal two ships of different seaworthiness: the sloops Mirny and Vostok.

5) Bellingshausen was forced to terminate the Antarctic expedition ahead of schedule due to the fact that one of the selected ships was weak for sailing in the polar ice.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

however, that's because it's because though

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

PLAN, -a, husband.

1) A drawing depicting some kind of plane on a plane. area, building. P. city. P. building(its image is in a horizontal section).

2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of the work. Production item. Work according to the plan. Strategic p. Calendar p.

3) The mutual arrangement of parts, a brief program of some. presentation. P. report.

4) Place, location of some. subject in perspective. Front, rear p. Push something. on the first p.(also trans.: to give something important, essential value).

5) The scale of the image of someone-something. Give faces close up(in the frame of a movie or TV movie: in the foreground, bringing it closer to the viewer).

6) The area of ​​manifestation of something. or way of looking at something, point of view

(book). The action in the play develops in two plans. In theoretical terms.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

overtaken busy selfishness will facilitate poured in

5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Look what nails GROWN, little hand!

Many parents seek to SHIELD their children from material problems.

It is a pity for people: they found themselves in the most distressful situation.

On Sunday there will be a CHARITY concert. The funds from it will be used to support the activities of the Vera Foundation.

Hard work does not go well with a COMFORTABLE lifestyle, this is worth realizing.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

more than EIGHT HUNDRED rubles five KILOGRAM grandmother's boots

from NINETEEN HUNDRED THIRTY-SEVENTH YEAR eight KILOGRAMS

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

m...kat tv...rhenium fantastic...stic element...par...dox

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

ra ... walk, in ... cheer up pr ... breathing, pr ... serving

be ... causally, be ... grumblingly search ... search, oh ... swim pr ... acquired, pr ... cut

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

poor ... caricature ... new lily of the valley ... high fear ... in calcium ... high

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

hated ... breathed ... you glued ... rumbler ... you collect ...

12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

Batyushkov had a difficult fate, which (not) spared his youth and talent.

I would (not) want to see him in my house more.

The power of Athens (not) gave rest to their neighbors, other Greek policies.

In 1809, the Russian navigator V. M. Golovin reached Vanuata on a (not) large sailing ship.

F. M. Dostoevsky always repelled (not) from feelings or sensations, but from an idea.

13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

Nobody travels ON (THIS) path, BECAUSE (THAT) the road here is in disrepair.

(FOR) THE MEETING we were late, although (FROM) DUE TO the snowfall we left the house an hour earlier.

AND(SO), (C)CLOSING let me thank you for your cooperation.

(B) DUE TO the unstable political situation, the trip to Egypt, which we (IN) HURRY planned, had to be postponed.

(B) GAVE from civilization you AS (IF) are aware of all the imperfection of our modern world.

14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH is written.

The shop sold old (1) dishes and kitchen (2) utensils: silver (3) cutlery, glass (4) dishes, honey (5) jugs and washstands.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1. Our ability to think about the consequences of our actions and deeds is what distinguishes us from animals.

2. Man is able to think about the consequences of his actions and deeds, and this distinguishes us from animals.

3. A person is able to think over the consequences of his actions and decisions, and this distinguishes us from animals.

4. The ability to think about the consequences and distinguishes us from animals.

5. What distinguishes us from animals is the ability to think about the consequences of our actions, actions and decisions.

16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

Mother N. A. Nekrasov (1) quiet and meek (2) was a well-educated woman (3) who spoke French (4) and played music beautifully.

17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) in the sentence should (s) be a comma (s).

I couldn't tell anyone (1)

The sacred words "father" and "mother".

Of course (2) you wanted (3) old man (4)

So that I wean in the monastery (5)

From these sweet names -

In vain: their sound was born

With me. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

When he expressed a useless thought aloud (1), his comrade suddenly became nervous again and began to say irritably (2) that he did not understand the careless Russian people (3) who (4) not only does not put his life in anything, but also on others spit.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers where commas should be in the sentence.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write out this word.

Read the text and do tasks 21-26.

(1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, finally, the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of substituting true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty and in the real world, and in person. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything that nothing will surprise us with. (H) Sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.

(5) In the everyday life of everyday worries, in the rapid rhythm of life, in the noise, bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in our palm, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how exact science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have just touched. (9) But if someone omniscient appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the Universe, this is (1) The accelerated pace of the modern world, the material wealth accumulated in it, cars, crazy speeds, overpopulated cities with their new architecture, continuous movement, finally , the power of television and cinema - all this sometimes creates a feeling of substituting true beauty, replacing the essence of beauty both in the real world and in man. (2) Sometimes it seems to us that we have learned everything that nothing will surprise us with. (H) Sunset in the span of the street is unlikely to make us stop for a moment. (4) The starry sky no longer seems to us a secret of secrets.

(5) In the everyday life of everyday worries, in the rapid rhythm of life, in the noise, bustle, we slide past the beautiful. (6) We are sure: the truths are in our palm, they seem to be so clearly visible, so familiar that we are tired of them. (7) And in the end we deceive ourselves. (8) No matter how exact science dominates the earth, the world and man in it are still a mystery that we have just touched. (9) But if someone omniscient appeared on earth and suddenly revealed all the mysteries of the universe, it would give people little. (10) For everyone is destined to go a long way of knowledge, and the role of human memory on this path is enormous.

(11) After all, human memory, as you know, is associated with a complex of associations. (12) A small push from the outside - and whole historical pictures, characters, phenomena arise in our excited mind. (13) Memory can explain something, it can even be a research tool. (14) For some people, memory is given as a punishment, for others as a responsibility. (15) A person cannot force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

(16) The process of cognition begins from the past, it cannot be separated from the present and localized. (17) And I think that Mikhail Sholokhov, Leonid Leonov, and Alexei Tolstoy were endowed with such a memory-responsibility and memory of knowledge when they wrote their most famous novels in the thirties. (18) It was the deepest penetration into the past, and therefore, a discovery that never lost its novelty. (19) The twenties, as well as the thirties, were thus comprehensively studied by Soviet literature.

(20) I think that now in our art the time has come for a thorough study of the forties and fifties. (21) A rich life and spiritual experience associated with this era has been accumulated. (22) This is a study of the heroic and tragic, a study of the courage of the people and their character.

(23) Everything related to morality is a subject of art, and everything related to morality lies in the social sphere. (24) Literature cannot be non-social!

(According to Yu.V. Bondarev*)

* Yuri Vasilyevich Bondarev(born in 1924) - Russian writer, screenwriter, author of numerous works about the Great Patriotic War.

21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Due to the hustle and bustle of everyday life, we often do not notice the beauty in life.

2) The process of cognition begins with the past and proceeds autonomously, regardless of the present.

3) Despite the rapid development of the exact sciences, the world and man in it have not yet been studied.

4) Even if all the mysteries of the Universe are solved, each person will have to go his own way of knowledge.

5) A person, if necessary, can force himself not to think, not to remember, not to generalize.

22. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentence 8 presents the narrative.

2) Proposition 12 explains the judgment expressed in sentence 11.

3) Sentences 17-18 confirm the judgment made in sentence 16.

4) Sentences 20-24 contain reasoning.

5) The predominant type of text is narrative.

23. Write out antonyms from sentences 16-18.

24. Among sentences 13–19, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

25. Read the review fragment. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Calling the reasons that, in his opinion, distract people from true beauty, Yuri Bondarev uses the syntactic means of expression - (A) _____ (in sentence 1). Speaking about the main value in our world, the writer uses the trope - (B) _____ (“truth in our palm” in sentence 6). To characterize the role of the literature of the thirties, Y. Bondarev is helped by the trope - (B) _____ (“rich experience” in sentence 21), as well as the syntactic means of expression - (D) _____ (sentence 24) ".

List of terms:

1) rhetorical appeal

2) exclamatory sentence

3) rows of homogeneous members

contextual synonyms

5) contextual antonyms

6) metaphor

7) parceling

8) epithet

9) dialectism

26. Write an essay on the read text.

Answers

Facilitate

fence

eight hundred

Fantastic

PreviousTeaching

Cautiously

1. small

   In view of the success

   presumptive

   Past/Present

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It would seem that our world has been studied far and wide, and science will certainly have an answer to any question that interests us. However, no matter how. Until now, there are many mysterious things and phenomena that have no rational explanation.

website collected for you 10 questions that scientists are not able to answer.

cat purr

Everyone knows that cats always purr when they feel good. However, no one knows how they do it. There is no special organ in the throat of cats to make such sounds. It is interesting that during the purring it is impossible to listen to the heart or lungs of cats, and the purring itself is continuous, on inhalation and exhalation.

Scientists believe that cats use their vocal cords to make vibrating sounds that we hear as purrs. Also, in the course of research, it turned out that the frequency of purring is in the range necessary to accelerate regeneration and wound healing. Therefore, your cat is probably an excellent doctor.

Appearance of views out of nowhere

Scientists have been struggling with this riddle for many years. The fact is that many species of animals and plants on our planet simply appeared out of nowhere. They had no ancestors from which they could evolve, and this baffles science.

So it was, for example, with amphibians: the stage at which the fish gave birth to amphibians is not exactly known. And the very first land animals appeared already with developed limbs and a well-defined head. And there are dozens of different types. Then, after the alleged cataclysm (about 65 million years ago), which led to the extinction of dinosaurs, several different groups of mammals appear at once.

Magnetic compass in cows

You probably didn't even think about it. In general, no one thought before the advent of Google Earth. It was this service that allowed us to study thousands of pictures of grazing cows (don't ask why) and discover one strange pattern. About 70% of cows, when eating or drinking, turn their heads due north or south. Moreover, this is observed on all continents, regardless of the terrain, weather and other factors.

What is dark matter made of?

About 27% of the entire universe is dark matter. This is such a thing that does not emit electromagnetic radiation and does not directly interact with it. That is, dark matter does not emit light at all. This property makes it impossible to directly observe it.

The first theories about dark matter appeared about 60 years ago, but scientists still cannot provide direct evidence of its existence, although everything indicates that it is.

How many planets are in our solar system?

Since scientists officially excluded Pluto from the club of planets, it is believed that there are 8 of them left in our solar system. But no matter how. Most of our solar system is still unexplored. The region between Mercury and the Sun is too bright, and the region beyond Uranus is too dark.

By the way, right in the outskirts of our solar system, beyond Pluto, is the so-called Kuiper belt, which consists of icy objects. There, scientists discover hundreds of thousands of objects every day, the size of Pluto, and even more.

By the way, they noticed a big gap in the Kuiper Belt. This suggests that there is another planet the size of Earth or Mars, which has attracted all these stones around. So scientists will have to rewrite textbooks many times to explain how many planets there are in our solar system.

Why are people divided into left-handers and right-handers?

Scientists have studied well why most people use their right hand more than their left. However, they still cannot understand what mechanisms work in this case.

It is believed that the majority (from 70 to 95%) are right-handed, a minority (from 5 to 30%) are left-handed. And there is also a percentage of ambidexters in which both hands are equally developed. Although scientists disagree here.

It has been proven that left-handedness and right-handedness are influenced by genes, but the exact “left-handed gene” has not yet been identified. There is also evidence that environment can also influence dominant hand selection. So, for example, teachers retrained children to use their right hand more often than their left hand.

Extinction of the megafauna

The common name for giant animals that once walked the Earth is megafauna. Megafauna disappeared about 10 thousand years ago. And scientists haven't been able to figure out why.

Some believe that the megafauna became extinct due to climate change, but there is little hard evidence for this. Another theory is that they simply did not have enough food. However, everything is not so simple here either. Scientists in Alaska sometimes find perfectly preserved ones, in the stomachs and even in the mouths of which undigested greens were found. This suggests that the animals died literally at the dinner table, and all at once. Why this happened, scientists do not know.

Why do we dream

Some people believe that dreams are just random images and brain impulses, while others are sure that they carry deep meaning, these are subconscious desires, problems and experiences. But one way or another, no one will give you an exact answer.

In which contemporary writers from different countries talk about their favorite literary scenes and choose those who are inspired by Russian classics. Why they love Brodsky and Yevtushenko's poems, why they choose Dostoevsky's not the most obvious novel, and what they think about Anna Karenina - T&P translated several essays.

Mary Gaitskill - American writer; in her works, as a rule, the central place is occupied by heroines who are trying to overcome an internal conflict. Her books touch on many taboo topics, including prostitution, drug addiction, and sadomasochism. Based on Gaitskill's short story "Secretary", a film of the same name starring Maggie Gyllenhaal was made in 2001. Gaitskill believes that just one scene can completely change the reader's perception of the hero - one of the most striking examples can be found in Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina.

One scene in Anna Karenina was so beautiful and thoughtful that I even stood up while reading it. I had to put the book down because I was so surprised and it took the novel to a whole new level in my eyes.

Anna told her husband, Karenin, that she loved another man and was sleeping with him. You have become accustomed to perceive Karenin as too proud, but a rather pitiful hero: he is an arrogant, adamant person. He is older than Anna, he is balding, he speaks in an awkwardly shrill voice. He is against Anna. She is absolutely disgusting to him after she became pregnant by her lover, Vronsky. But at first you get the impression that what hurts the most in this situation is his pride, and that makes him an unsympathetic character.

Then he receives a telegram from Anna: “I’m dying, I beg you, I beg you to come. I will die more peacefully with forgiveness. At first he thinks it's a hoax. He doesn't want to go. But then he realizes that this is too cruel and that everyone will condemn him - he must. And he's on his way.

When he enters the house where the dying Anna lies in the delirium of a fever, he thinks: if her illness is a deceit, then he will remain silent and leave. If she is really sick, near death and wants to see him before death, then he will forgive her if he finds her alive, and will pay his last debt if he arrives too late.

Even at this moment, he seems extremely adamant. We think that nothing will dispel the equanimity of this man. But when he sees that Anna is alive, he feels how much he hoped that she would already die, although the realization of this shocks him.

Then he hears her babble. And her words are unexpected: she talks about how kind he is. That, of course, she knows that he will forgive her. When she finally sees him, she looks at him with a love that he never knew before and says:

“... there is another in me, I am afraid of her - she fell in love with that one, and I wanted to hate you and could not forget about the one that was before. But not me. Now I'm real, I'm all."

Anna talks about the decisions she made in the third person - as if someone else had betrayed Karenin. And it seems that here she has changed, as if she has become a different person. It surprised me so much. Tolstoy's idea is that we can have two people at the same time, and maybe more. And it's not just Anna. While she tells Karenin about how much she loves him, begging for forgiveness, he also changes. A person who, as we thought, would be inflexible and boring all the time, it turns out, has a completely different side.

The novel showed that he always hated the anxiety that other people's tears and sadness caused in him. But as he agonizes over this feeling at Anna's words, he finally realizes that the empathy he feels for other people is not weakness. For the first time he takes this reaction with joy; love and forgiveness completely overwhelm him. He kneels down and begins to cry in Anna's arms, she supports him and hugs his balding head. The quality he hated is his essence, and understanding this brings him peace. You believe this complete upheaval, you believe that these people are really like that. It seems strange to me that the characters seem most like themselves precisely in those moments when they behave in a way that they never did before. I don't quite understand how this can be, but it's amazing that it works.

But then that moment passes. Anna no longer talks about the "other" that is in her. At first I was disappointed, but then I thought: no, it's even more realistic. What Tolstoy does is even better because it is more truthful. We experience a greater sense of loss knowing that something will never happen again.

In this scene, I saw a lot of the essence of the book. Everyone says that Anna Karenina is about passion that goes against society, but I think that just the opposite is much stronger, namely, how the forces of society limit the self-expression of the individual.

Stephen Bartelm is an American author of short stories and essays who have appeared in publications such as The New Yorker, The New York Times, and The Atlantic. Several times he worked in collaboration with his brothers: Donald (died in 1989) and Frederick. For example, with Frederick, Stephen wrote Double the Stakes: Reflections on Gambling and Loss, a non-fictional story about how they lost their entire inheritance at cards. Bartelm now teaches at the University of Southern Mississippi.

Anton Chekhov's story "The Lady with the Dog" made a strong impression on him. This work made him think that the writer should accept the world in all its imperfections.

As many writers more eminent than I have pointed out, "The Lady with the Dog" is a stunning story, full of memorable details. I admire the same moments in it as Nabokov: for example, the scene when, after sex, Gurov cuts a watermelon to the theatrical sobs of the heroine about the loss of virtue, or an inkwell in the form of a rider with a broken head in a provincial hotel.

But most of all I remember the passage towards the end, when the former Don Juan reflects on the approaching old age and the women he knew:

Why does she love him so much? He always seemed to women not to be who he was, and they loved in him not himself, but the man who was created by their imagination and whom they were eagerly looking for in their lives; and then, when they noticed their mistake, they still loved "

This is an amazing moment, but still the best modern writers are also capable of this: a thoughtful and free-thinking author can notice such psychological irony and recognize its value for the reader.

But it is thanks to the finale - "... and then, when they noticed their mistake, they still loved" - this passage is close to perfection; such a turn is within the power of units (say, Alice Munro). Chekhov does not care that his hero's remark is illogical and unreasonable. He does not care if this thought is good or bad, he is only interested in the fact that people think this way - and this is delightful. This is what the poet Charles Simic called the proper subject of poetry: “Wonder at what is right in front of you. Amazement before the world. The moral convictions of most writers prevent them from seeing this, and even if they see it, most of them will not have the patience, not the love for the world, to admit that the existing order of things is in some way ideal. That's what, in my opinion, is so delightful in Chekhov.

Katherine Harrison is an American writer best known for her memoir The Kiss. In them, she talks about an intimate relationship with her own father, which lasted four years. The book received mixed reception, with some critics noting, for example, that it was "repulsive but beautifully written." Harrison also teaches at Hunter College of the City University of New York. According to Harrison, Joseph Brodsky's poem "Love" helps us understand the essence of writing: the creator needs to think less and listen more to the unconscious.

"Love" by Joseph Brodsky is a poem in which the hero dreams of a deceased beloved. In a dream, lost opportunities are resurrected - thoughts that they make love, have children and live together. At the end of the poem, the author emphasizes the idea of ​​fidelity, which goes beyond earthly life, into a sphere outside of consciousness, intangible, incomprehensible to the mind. It can be said that this is the realm of the mystical or the inexpressible. Whatever you call it, I believe in it.

Through the whole poem, Brodsky carries the opposition of light and darkness. In the dark, the memory of the dream woman absorbs the narrator so much that she seems real. When he turns on the light, it evaporates:

... And wandering to the window,
I knew that I left you alone
there, in the dark, in a dream, where patiently
you waited, and did not blame,
when I came back, break
intentional.

Many processes take place in the realm of darkness. In the subconscious, in a dream, even, at some level, when communicating with other people without words. By darkness, I don't mean darkness as the absence of light. I mean that part of life that cannot be understood by consciousness or analysis.

The essence of the poem lies in the line:

For in the dark
there lasts what broke in the light

I think Brodsky implies that light can fix something in the material world, but there are limits to it. For example, medicine can heal with light. But if the spirit is sick, then there is no life. And sometimes there is no other way to restore the lost, except with the help of dreams and imagination.

This line also defines the writer's creative process - at least as I see it. For me, writing is an activity that requires mental work, but it is also fueled by the unconscious. My creativity is guided by the needs of my unconscious. And through this dark, obscure process, I am able to recover what would otherwise be lost. For example, in a novel, I can restore lost voices - usually female - and give the floor to those who were silenced.

Now I teach creative writing. It's funny, but before I could not have imagined that I would repeat to my students more often: "Please stop thinking." People really write better when they do not think, that is, they do not listen to the voice of their consciousness.

Rupert Thomson - English writer, author of nine novels. He is often compared to such disparate writers as Franz Kafka, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Charles Dickens and James Ballard. Critic James Wood called him "one of the strangest and most refreshingly un-English voices in modern fiction". His novel The Insult was included in the list of David Bowie's 100 favorite books.

Rupert Thomson is often inspired in his work by Yevgeny Yevtushenko's poem "Station Winter". He explains this extraordinary interest, in particular, by his biography. Thomson grew up in a small town from which he was eager to leave. He dreamed of becoming a poet and often ran into a bookstore. Once there, he came across a collection of Yevtushenko, who, in turn, spent his childhood in a small Siberian town. The search for a road to the big world made the Russian poet understandable and close to the young Thomson.

Yevtushenko's poem "Station Winter" tells how the hero leaves his small homeland and then returns. He published it in 1956, then he was 23. By this time he had already spent many years away from Winter, his life had completely changed: he lived in Moscow, communicated with creative people, learned to write. In the poem, Yevtushenko imagines that he is returning home a completely different person, talking with relatives and friends, trying to reconcile youth and adulthood, the rural way of life and his new environment.

At the end of the poem, the Zima station - the local railway station - itself addresses the poet, the wisdom of the older generation is heard in her words. I like how the station asks the hero to leave the house and go to unknown, obscure horizons:

“... Do not grieve, son, that you did not answer
to the question that was asked of you.
Be patient, you look, listen,
seek, seek.
Pass the whole wide world.
Yes, it's really good
and happiness is better
but still there is no happiness without truth.
Walk the world with a proud head
so that everything goes forward -
and heart and eyes
and in the face
whipping of wet needles,
and on eyelashes
tears and thunder.
love the people
and understand people.
Do you remember:
I have you on my mind.
And it will be hard
you come back to me...
Go!"
And I went.
And I'm going.

There are so many great tips on happiness, love, travel, people - just about everything you need to think about, and in just a few short lines. I have always been struck by the generosity with which the revived Zima station asks the poet to leave it. When she talks about the need to leave her origins, her roots and move forward, her words are reminiscent of the words of an ideal parent - in the sense that a parent who truly loves his child will let him go, will do everything possible for him to leave, while an insecure person, for his own good, will force his child to stay. “But it will be difficult, you will return to me,” the station says, conjuring him to leave and see the world beyond the threshold of his father's house. - Go! There is maturity and selflessness in this position. Station Winter cares only about the fate of the poet and thinks about what is best for him.

The poem encourages us to move into the unknown - away from home, from ourselves to others. It's a call to step out of our comfort zones, geographically and psychologically, and explore new places that might scare, surprise, or test us. This idea applies to my thoughts about writing and art as well.

Alya Al-Aswani is one of the main modern Egyptian writers, his novel "The House of Yakobyan" is considered the loudest Arabic novel of the 21st century: it has been translated into 34 languages, including Russian. Despite the popularity of his works, Al-Aswani does not give up his permanent job: he is a practicing dentist. He is also actively involved in the political life of Egypt. Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from the House of the Dead" became a landmark work for him. According to Al-Aswani, this book teaches the reader to understand people, not to judge, and not to divide the world into black and white.

In Notes from the House of the Dead, Dostoevsky tells how he spent four years in hard labor in Siberia. It was a real torment, and since he came from a noble family, the other prisoners always felt uncomfortable in his company. At that time in Russia convicts were allowed to be flogged, and Dostoevsky describes this punishment with great feeling. Ultimately, it was thanks to this book that the emperor abolished flogging, so that the work played an important role in the development of Russian society.

There is a scene in the novel where a young prisoner dies. At this time, the convict standing nearby begins to cry. We must not forget that these are people who have committed terrible crimes. The author describes how the non-commissioned officer looks at him in bewilderment. And then he says:

“There was also a mother!”

"Too" plays an important role in this sentence. This man has committed crimes. He did not benefit society. His deeds were terrible. But he is also human. He also had a mother, like all of us. For me, the role of literature lies in this very “too”. This means that we will understand, we will forgive, we will not condemn. We must remember that people are not inherently bad, but they can do bad things under certain circumstances.

For example, we usually consider the infidelity of a spouse to be something bad. But there are two masterpiece novels that refuse to condemn such behavior: Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary. The authors of these works try to explain to us why the heroines cheated on their husbands. We do not judge them, we try to understand their weaknesses and mistakes. The book is not a means of condemnation, it is a means of understanding a person.

Accordingly, if you are a fanatic, you will never be able to appreciate literature at its true worth. And if you value literature, you will never become a fanatic. Fanaticism divides the world into black and white: people are either good or bad. They are either with us or against us. Literature is the exact opposite of this worldview. It presents us with a wide range of human possibilities. She teaches us to feel the pain of others. When you read a good novel, you forget about the hero's nationality. You forget about his religion. About his skin color. You just see the person. You understand that this person is the same as you. Therefore, through books, people can become better.

Let's start with the definition of this concept: in short, a problem is a question that the author asks.
The surest way to identify the problem in the text is to find the position of the author. If there is an author's position, there must certainly be a problem on which this position is expressed. It is best to take the main problem of the text, but indirect checkers, as a rule, are loyal.

In an effort to make the reader his ally, the author claims that ...

In an effort to make the reader think about the problem, the author ...

In an effort to show the topicality of the topic he is considering, the author ...

Trying to understand why....

It's interesting to write about old problems...

Inviting to talk about the difficult problems of our life, the author ...

Ironically (sarcastically, indignantly) narrating about the heroes and events, the author...

It's troubling to say that...

Trying to explain why...

Encourage, seek the truth...

Give new life to old problems...

positive

negative

sarcastic,

ironic

condemning.

ambiguous,

dual,

not indifferent,

skeptical

humorous.

For entry:

1. Everyone knows that ... Thousands of books have been written about this and hundreds of films have been shot, both inexperienced teenagers and experienced people talk about it ... Probably, this topic interests each of us, therefore the text ... is also dedicated to ...

2. About the need ... everyone knows. Teachers at school talk about it, writers in their books. Problems ... - these are the problems that confront a person constantly. It would seem that everything should have been decided long ago. But how often everything remains only at the level of formal knowledge.

3. (Rhetorical questions). These questions have always troubled mankind. Oh… reflects in his article….

4. (Rhetorical questions). These questions seem simple at first glance. For some people, they are, as it were, not questions, they do not stand before them. The answers to them seem to them for granted.

Some people think that…. Others emphasize ... . But the meaning of this article is somewhat broader than it seems at first glance. The problem that the author poses concerns not only the chosen people, it concerns any of us. …. Why does it happen? The answer to this question can be found in the article ...

5. Start with a quote that contains the main idea of ​​the text. (Reception "Thread") "(Statement)," - this is how the article begins .... Already in the first sentence, the main theme of the text is clearly expressed. Oh… a lot of talking and writing. The importance of this topic can hardly be overestimated: not all people understand ... (Define the problem in the form of a question).

6. One of the most exciting mysteries that have always troubled human thought was the question related to .... (Rhetorical questions).

7. (Rhetorical question). This question arises before each new generation, because a person does not want to be content with the old answers and seeks to find his own truth.

8. Reception "Keyword". a) Determine the topic of the text. b) Highlight the key concept. c) Explain the meaning of this concept.

9. Reception "Allegory". It is necessary to illustrate the importance of the problem posed by some specific example.

10. Reception "Quote". "...," - wrote the famous .... These words sound... Really, …

11. (Questions). These questions are in the article .... The author raises a problem, the relevance of which no one doubts.

12. People often think about what ... . (The fact that ..., people thought both in ancient times and in times of modern history).

13. What do we know about ...? (every one of us sometime...). Most often, our knowledge about ... is limited to the most general ideas: ...

14. (Questions). These questions are very important because they make us think about the essence of … . Some people think that…. Somebody … .

15. "...," - in these words, it seems to me, the main idea of ​​the text is expressed ....

Let's think about the meaning of this supposedly "textbook" and understandable phrase? (Questions. Then you need to reveal the complexity of the questions posed). If you ask any of us ..., then probably we will answer this question in the affirmative. We know that…

1. To formulate the topic (problem) of the source text:

1) In the text proposed for analysis (indicate the author) raises (affects) problem...

3) This text is dedicated to topic (problem) ...

4) The text presents a point of view (indicate the author) to the problem...

5) In the text proposed for analysis (indicate the author) concerns the following issues ... (stops on the following issues ...)

9) The problem that concerns us all ... raises (indicate the author).

10) Problem, lifted (set) (indicate the author), - this is...

11) The problem ... cannot but excite modern man. thought about it and (indicate the author).

12) What...? (What is...? What role does... play in a person's life?) This important issue is raised (indicate the author).

Who invents modern riddles?

Hypothesis

I think modern riddles are invented by writers.

Questions that concern me

1. What is a riddle and how is it built?
2. What are the riddles?
3. When and in connection with what did the riddles appear?
4. Who composed riddles in the old days, and who composes them now?

My actions

Everyone loves riddles: both adults and children. What is a riddle? This is a special and interesting world. It is the world, since riddles contain knowledge and information about the people, as well as about the world around them. The very word "mystery" derived from the word "guess", which meant "think", "to ponder".

Mystery- this is a brief description of the implied object or phenomenon according to the initial or hinting signs of another object or phenomenon. When constructing a riddle, various artistic means are often used: description, comparison, contrast, denial, hyperbole, epithets. Here, for example, is a riddle constructed with the help of epithets:

Guess easily and quickly:

Soft, lush and fragrant,
They are black, they white,
And sometimes burnt.

But more often than not, the "soul" of the riddle is a metaphor. She is always unique and fantastic. It turns the ordinary idea of ​​the world upside down.

Riddles are different: children's and adults, mathematical and logical, funny and tricky, riddles, rebuses and historical. They teach us to be attentive and active, develop our imagination and curiosity, train our memory and just have fun.

Riddles are one of the oldest genres of oral folk poetry. Many scientists believe that riddles arose as a phenomenon of allegorical secret speech. It was used by our distant ancestors in military, diplomatic affairs, as well as in everyday economic life. Ancient man endowed nature with the ability to feel and influence the fate of a person, and therefore believed that with the help of allegorical speech one can deceive animals or plants, avert misfortune from oneself. A folk riddle is connected with these "dummy" words, in which an unnamed object or phenomenon was described by pointing to some signs, for example: -tavta, snoring-ottoman would eat me "(" I went after a horse, took a dog with me and met a bear). Also, according to scientists, in ancient times, riddles were a means of teaching young people "secret" words. Many centuries ago, people used riddles and just to communicate, if they didn’t want others to know what they were talking about. In more recent times, riddles have been used to test wisdom and wit, ingenuity and resourcefulness. Riddles were often used in ancient Russian fairy tales and were considered a kind of test, the passage of which led to the fulfillment of desires.

Nowadays, riddles have not lost their popularity. They attract the attention of many children's poets who compose riddles following folk patterns. Author's riddles are easier to guess, and the best of them become real folk riddles, sometimes adapting for oral guessing. Here, for example, is a riddle about a saw:

"Ela, ate, oak, oak, broke a tooth, a tooth"

everyone knows and perceives it as folk. But it was composed by the famous children's writer S.Ya. Marshak. And although most of them arose long ago, many are perceived as modern. And many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk.

Conclusion

While working on this project, I learned that riddles originated in antiquity as a language of "secret" speech. Then riddles were used to test the ingenuity of young people, to communicate, or to have an interesting pastime. Thus, I came to the conclusion that all the riddles were composed by the people themselves and passed them on to each other from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In the twentieth century, riddles appeared that writers and poets wrote specifically for children, the so-called author's riddles. Currently, many modern author's riddles are perceived by us as folk, as many do not remember or simply do not know that these riddles have an author. And although most of the mysteries arose long ago, many of them are perceived as modern.

Each new era not only gives birth to new mysteries, but also loses them. Who invents riddles now? Studying children's magazines and pages on the Internet, I came to the conclusion that they are written by both writers and ordinary people, that is, the people. The popularity of riddles is due to the fact that they allow us to test ourselves, as well as simply entertain us. I also tried to come up with my own riddles:

In zoo,
Believe, don't believe
resides
Miracle beast.
He has a hand in his forehead
It looks like a pipe! (Elephant)

Redhead, with a fluffy tail,

Lives in the forest under a bush. (Fox)