Can one-part sentences be incomplete? How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part sentences.

One-part sentences are simple sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by only one main member, which expresses a sign of predicativity.

Definitely, indefinitely and generalized personal one-part sentences.

Sentences with a non-verbalized subject.

Definitely personal suggestions

The predicate - the personal form of the verb - indicates a specific person. This is the 1st or 2nd person in the present or future tense - and never 3 face or past tense! As well as verbs in the imperative mood: Let's think Read poetry

Indefinitely personal sentences

Here the subject is not defined - it is a certain group of persons that is known to the speaker or is not important for him. In such sentences, the speaker's attention is focused not on the subject of the action, but on the action itself. The predicate is expressed in the form of the 3rd person plural (They say, they said, they will say, they call you, knocking on the door, pushing in the subway)

Varieties of N.L.P:

Instructive: They don't smoke here, It's cooked like this,

The rest - They brought a bouquet of lilacs and put them on the table

NLP never describes the actions of objects!

Generalized personal sentences

The predicate denotes an action that can be attributed to all people in general, and to the speaker among them, that is, to a generalized subject, although the form of the verb itself can be 1st, 2nd or 3rd person (you come and see - ..., we willingly give what we ourselves do not need, etc.)

Types of O.L.P. :

Proverbial (chickens are counted in the fall, live a century - learn a century)

Narrative-usual (you enter and see, there are days when you give up)

Evaluative-characterizing (you are always waiting for you, but you won’t get through to her, you won’t meet a living soul here)

Impersonal offers.

The predicate names a spontaneous, involuntary process (state) that does not have a doer, that is, it is subjectless. The absence of an active figure is important (he cannot sleep, his grandmother is sad, he was killed by lightning).

infinitive sentences.

In infinitive sentences there are signs inherent in the impersonal. The predicate is expressed by a grammatically independent infinitive: You will not see such battles!

The semantics of infinitive sentences is the designation of a possible or impossible, necessary or inevitable action, but the action is always potential. Infinitive sentences are expressive. The main sphere of use, in addition to fiction, is colloquial speech.

Nominative (nominative) sentences.

Sentences in which there is only a subject expressed in the nominative case of the nominal part of speech. Nominative sentences reflect only the present.

There are the following types of nominal sentences:

Proper-existential, which name phenomena, that is, that which has a temporal duration ( Petersburg twilight);

Object-existential, which name objects located in space; laundresses, troughs

Demonstrative-existential - contain particles here for close objects , and out for distant ;

Evaluative-existential - contain evaluative particles (well, what kind, what: What an ear!).

incomplete sentence is a sentence with lexically unreplaced syntactic positions. The following positions may not be replaced:

1.main members:

Predicate (Dad took the newspaper. Mom - a book)

Subject (- Where is Petya? - Sitting in the library)

2.propagating members:

Additions (-Where is the book? - The neighbor took it)

There are no members of the sentence here, restored from the context. The main distinguishing feature of incomplete sentences is that they are incomprehensible in isolated use, i.e. outside the situation of communication or without context. In accordance with where the information about the word missing in the sentence comes from, they are divided into:

-Contextually incomplete: those that are understandable from the context. Example: Road spoon to dinnerand denunciation - to the elections.

-Situationally incomplete: those that are understandable in the situation of communication; understood only by the participants in the situation (those who speak and those who observe). May be perceived inaccurately; exist mostly orally. Example: (in a furniture store, a person points to a cabinet: - Eight thousand? = Does this closet cost eight thousand?)

A dash is usually put in place of a word omitted in an incomplete sentence (I write with a pen, and he writes with a pencil).

Incomplete sentences can be either one-part or two-part, depending on which structural scheme corresponds to them:

God, what did you break the window with? - With a mousetrap (= I broke the window with a mousetrap - two-part incomplete);

What are you missing? - Attention (= I lack attention - one-part impersonal incomplete)

Elliptical proposals

Elliptic sentences are a special kind of incomplete sentences. They always lack a verb-predicate. They differ in that they are understandable without context and without a situation. In elliptical sentences, it is not customary to put a dash at the gap.

Verbs can ellipse:

verbs of being, being in space. what? who? → where? example: The book is on the table. (lies)

movement verbs. who? → where? where? Examples: We are going to school. We are from school. Tatyana into the forest, the bear follows her. (Let's go)

verbs of speech, thought. who? → about what? about whom? examples: Who is talking about what, and lousy about the bath. (dreaming, thinking)

verbs of energetic, aggressive action. whom? → what? for what? examples: And you would have him by the hair! Board them, board! As the redhead passes, I immediately hit him in the eye! (grab, hit)

Parceling

Parceling is the division of a single sentence in a language with the help of a dot into a series of statements. Example: He promised to come. And arrived. (package that is not an independent offer)

Can be packaged:

Homogeneous members (including predicates)

Minor members

Parts of a complex sentence

Purposes of use: rhythmization of the text; highlighting important pieces of information;

A large number of errors in the analysis of simple sentences is associated with a misunderstanding of the specifics of one-part and incomplete sentences, with the inability to distinguish between these types of structures.

One-part sentences- these are sentences in which the grammatical basis consists of one main member. This main member in the sentence is grammatically independent and is expressed by the forms of the verb, noun, and adverb. The grammatical and lexical meaning of the main member is such that the presence of the second main member is excluded.
The type of a one-part sentence is determined by the value of the main member. All one-part sentences are divided into two types: verbal and nominal. The verbs include definite-personal, indefinitely-personal, generalized-personal, impersonal sentences. The nominal type is represented by denominative sentences.

AT definitely personal offers the main member indicates that the action belongs to a certain person - the speaker or the listener. Only verbs of 1 or 2 persons have such a meaning in Russian: Go hunting. Give, Jim, for good luck paw to me.

AT indefinite personal sentences the main member has the value of an indefinite person: Unpainted floors are washed with grit here. The value of an indefinite person allows you to correlate the action with a single person, and with a large group of people. The meaning of the verb form is, as it were, generally abstracted from the concretization of the carrier of the action. Such a meaning in Russian is capable of receiving verbs in the form of the 3rd person plural, verbs in the plural form of the past tense and the subjunctive mood.

Generalized personal sentences have a head member whose value represents the action as referring to all persons without exception. Such meanings are widely represented in sentences-proverbs, sentences-aphorisms: You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty.. Generalized personal meaning is expressed in Russian by verbs of the 2nd person singular of the present tense and the imperative mood, as well as by verbs of the 3rd person of the plural of the indicative mood: They don’t go to a foreign monastery with their charter.
The expression of this type of meaning with the help of the verb form of the 2nd person leads to the fact that the speaker, among all the persons to whom he refers the action, involuntarily singles out himself and his interlocutor. Therefore, conventionally, the value of a generalized personal type can be represented as "I + you + all others".
It is no coincidence that sentences of this type are not used in a scientific and official business style.

impersonal offer has a main member that expresses an action or state regardless of the person: The streets are clean; The bus tossed up more and more often; It's already getting dark.
Impersonal meaning in Russian can be expressed by impersonal verbs, personal verbs in impersonal meaning, adverbs. Some of these adverbs can only be used as the main member of an impersonal sentence: it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time and etc.

Nominative sentences speak of the existence, being of an object.
The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by a noun in the nominative case:

Night. the outside, flashlight, pharmacy, meaningless and dim light.

Nominative sentences may include indicative particles:

Here is the house Petrovs.

Of the minor members of the sentence in denominative sentences, one can most often find agreed and inconsistent definitions.

1. All ordinary offersaccording to the presence of members, the proposals are divided into two classes: complete and incomplete.

Signs of an incomplete offer:

2. Complete and incomplete sentences are often confused with two-part and one-part sentences.

However, the latter refer to a different systematization of ordinary sentences - according to the liking of the grammatical base.

3. How to distinguish complete and incomplete sentences from two-part and one-part sentences?

Reasoning Standard (on the example of a sentence in bold) :

- Do you feel pain now?

- Now very small...

1. Let's find out: the sentence " Now very small... » - complete orincomplete?

The reader realizes from the context that in the sentence "Now very small...»

Therefore, the sentence " Now very small... ", indeed, incomplete, because this is a sentence in which the necessary members of the sentence are missing, which are simply restored, thanks to the previous sentence (“Do you feel pain now?”).

2. Find out: this proposal " Now very small...» - two-part eitherone-part?

It is necessary to find a grammatical base (in that case, there is both a subject and a predicate, which means that the sentence is two-part; in that case, there is either only the subject, or only the predicate, which means the sentence is one-part).

Yes, we have an offer Now very small...", however, its full version should be considered "Now I feel very little pain...".

We conclude that the proposal Now very small..." single-component, because it has only the predicate.

3. General conclusion: sentence " Now very small...» incomplete, one-component.

Additional to the site:

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.