Music and various sounds accompany a person all his life. We are surrounded by the sounds of the forest, the singing of birds, the sound of the sea and, of course, music. She is always with us, in hours of fun, and in moments of sadness, in sorrow and in joy, night and day. To extract sounds, man invented various types of musical instruments. Currently, there are musical instruments that are divided into several groups:
- strings;
- wind;
- drums.
The emergence of musical instruments
It is difficult now to find out how and when the first musical instrument appeared. Legend has it that the Greek gods were the first to invent the shepherd's pipe. Music also accompanied primitive people: they danced, clapped and drummed. The conclusion suggests itself that the first musical instruments were percussion instruments.
Much later, people learned to make wind instruments from animal horns. Man learned to extract gentle sounds after the invention of bowed instruments.
Types of musical instruments are divided into different classes and families depending on:
- sound source;
- material of manufacture;
- timbre and type of sound;
- way to extract sounds.
Each musical instrument has its own device in order to be able to get the necessary sound. This is how the classification of musical instruments appeared. The list is constantly updated, electronic musical instruments have appeared. But live music is still out of competition.
In fact, every body, if set in motion or vibration, can make a sound. This kind of sound source is used for classification.
Groups of instruments, depending on the method of obtaining sound, are divided into subgroups.
Percussion instruments
Percussion musical instruments appeared at a time when people were engaged in hunting. Percussion musical instruments were invented, the names of which are known to everyone: drums and tambourines. They were made from dried skins and hollow objects: fruits, wooden blocks, clay pots. To obtain sound, they beat percussion instruments with fingers, palms or special sticks. That is, percussion musical instruments are instruments in which sounds are extracted with the help of blows, shaking, hammers, sticks or palms.
Today, percussion is the most numerous family of musical instruments. They are divided into two groups according to their pitch:
- indefinite pitch - drums, there - there, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, castanets;
- a certain pitch - bells, timpani, vibraphone, xylophone.
wind instruments
Wind musical instruments - a type of instrument in which sound arises from the vibration of air in a tube. Classified by manufacturer, material and methods of sound production. This category can be divided into:
- wooden - flute, fanot, oboe;
- brass - trombone, trumpet, tuba, horn.
Stringed instruments
Stringed musical instruments are a group of instruments in which the vibration of strings is the source of sound. String instruments are divided into:
- plucked - harp, guitar, dombra, balalaika, dombra, sitar, harp;
- bowed - violin, viola, cello, double bass;
- percussion - piano, cymbals,
At the beginning of the 20th century, electric musical instruments appeared. The first such tool is theremin, was invented in 1917. Today, numerous modern sound synthesizers have been created that can imitate not only the sound of many well-known musical instruments, but also reproduce all kinds of sounds - thunder, birdsong, the sound of an airplane or a passing train. As a rule, synthesizers are issued with a piano keyboard.
Video: Gordon Hunt, Saint-Saëns Oboe Sonata
Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 instrument of profit (1) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
musical instrument- muzikos instrumentas statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: engl. musical instruments vok. Musicinstrument, n rus. musical instrument, m pranc. instrument de musique, m … Fizikos terminų žodynas
musical instrument- ▲ instrument musical keyboard instrument. piccolo. A string is a tight thread that, when vibrated or rubbed, emits a sound of a certain frequency. neck. instruments: chordometer. monochord. fork. ↓ resonant lumber … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
musical instrument electronic- An electronic device such as an electronic organ, electronic piano or musical synthesizer that plays music under the control of a musician ... Source: GOST R IEC 60065 2002. Audio, video and similar electronic equipment. ... ... Official terminology
A musical instrument whose name in Russia refers to several varieties of recumbent harps. G. psalted have similarities with the Greek psalter and the Jewish kinnor; these include: G. Chuvash, G. Cheremis, G. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
A musical instrument of the Caucasian highlanders: a round, bucket-shaped wooden body, on which a bubble with two holes (voices) is stretched. A stick passes through the body, half wooden (vulture), half iron. There are 2 or 3 pegs on the neck ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Note. The suggested answer lists more tools for reference than the contributor can list. The response may include attempt
more detailed systematization(division brass strings keyboards
percussion on with fixed and non-fixed pitch).
The suggested answer to item 3 of task 4 is given to show how the answer can be evaluated. Participants have the right to give answers in their own logic with their own examples.
Music has special language: bypassing words, she is able to convey feelings, thus blurring the lines between people, overcoming time s and spatial barriers. But music affects a person at the time of its sound and therefore belongs to the time s m types of art. The painter, conveying the impact of music on a person, invests musical instruments into the hands of characters: angels and gods, depicts them against the backdrop of the sky. Ru position k conveys the tenderness of the touch to the instruments and creates a premonition of the finest harmonies. The artist conveys musical harmony color combination expressive, but not flashy. Thus, through gesture, color, composition, the artist strives to convey the impression of a musical work. Musical flight and elusiveness, the material incorporeality of music, the artist conveys translucency angelic wings light and powerful at the same time.
The contemporary artist conveys the power of musical impact and the universality of the language of music through a fantasy composition in which the mythological Orpheus makes the wild animals obey the musical order, obediently surrounding the musician and listening to the harmonious
Another way of pictorially embodying a musical impression is to convey the musical flow through glare, glow, play of tones and shades, which is demonstrated in the work of Alexander Maranov, who recreated the portrait of the brilliant virtuoso violinist Nicolo Paganini, existing on the canvas surrounded by musical flows.
Response analysis and evaluation
1. The participant correctly names 4 musical instruments depicted in these fragments. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points. If instead
tympanum is indicated by a tambourine, 1 point is set. If instead of a viola it is called
the violin is given 1 point.
2. Member
a. Names 4 groups of musical instruments. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points;
b. names 30 musical instruments, correctly attributing them to the group.
2 points for each correct name = 60 points.
Note. The intended answer lists more tools for reference. If the response contains an attempt at a more detailed systematization(division brass on copper, wooden, folk, symphony orchestra; strings on plucked, bowed, folk; keyboards for keyboard-strings, keyboard-pneumatic, percussion on with fixed and non-fixed pitch) for the answer, 2 additional points can be awarded for naming each group of more detailed systematization, but so that the total score for this part of the task does not exceed 60 points.
3. Member
a. coherently and logically explains his point of view on the question posed.
2 points, (if the answer contains logical miscalculations, speech and grammatical errors, no points are awarded);
b. names two qualities of music as a temporary art form: special
language, sound in time. 2 points for each correct name = 4 points,
c. names 3 possibilities of painting in conveying a musical impression
(composition, color, position of the figures). 2 points for each correct name = 6 points;
d. names 4 compositional techniques, analyzing these works. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points;
e. names 5 coloristic features of the analyzed works. 2 points for each correct name = 10 points;
Musical instruments instruments that have the ability to reproduce, with the assistance of a person, rhythmically organized and fixed in pitch sounds or a clearly regulated rhythm. Each M. and. has a special timbre (color) of sound, as well as its own musical and expressive dynamic capabilities, a certain range of sounds. Sound quality M. and. depends on the relationship of the materials used for the manufacture of the instrument and the shape given to them and can be changed with the help of additional devices (for example, mute (See Mute)), various sound extraction techniques (for example, Pizzicato, Flagiolet). M. i. It is customary to divide into folk and professional. Folk M. and. can be original, belong to only one people, and "interethnic", which are widespread among different peoples, interconnected by an ethnic community or long-term historical and cultural contacts. So, for example, the bandura exists only in Ukraine, panduri and chonguri only in Georgia, and the psaltery, snot, pity, bagpipes are simultaneously among Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians; saz, tar, kemancha, duduk, zurna in Azerbaijan and Armenia; almost all instruments are the same in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Ensembles of folk music and music have long existed in Russia. (gusliars, gudoshnikovs, domrists); in the 2nd half of the 18th century. on the basis of the hunting horn, horn orchestras were created; in the 70s. the horn-shepherd choirs gained great fame; the choir organized by N. V. Kondratiev was especially famous. At the end of the 19th century thanks to the activities of V. V. Andreev and his closest assistants S. I. Nalimov, F. S. Passerbsky, N. P. Fomin, some Russian M. and. (balalaika, harp, etc.) were improved or reconstructed (domra) and on their basis orchestras of folk instruments were created. The republics of the USSR have a centuries-old and diverse folk instrumental culture in their national forms. Orchestras and ensembles of folk instruments were created here in Soviet times, and a lot of work is being done to improve folk instruments. Professional M. and. the instruments that make up the symphony (opera), brass and pop orchestras are considered. Almost all professional M. and. its origins go to folk prototypes. Narodny M. and. in the distant past there was a violin, a modern one was created from the simplest folk flute, an oboe was created from a primitive shawl, etc. M.'s development and. is directly related to the development of human society, its culture, music, performing arts and production techniques. At the same time, some musical instruments, due to the peculiarities of their design, have been preserved for centuries and have come down to our time in their original form (for example, the Uzbek stone castanets - kayrak), many others have been improved, and still others, which turned out to be unable to meet the growing musical and performing requirements, died off and were replaced by new ones. Most distinctly M.'s connection and. with creativity and performance, their selection and improvement can be traced in the field of professional music, rather than in folk music (where these processes proceed much more slowly and where musical instruments have been preserved for centuries in an unchanged or little changed form). So, in the 15-16 centuries. coarse and inactive fidels (viels) were replaced by gentle, matte timbre "aristocratic" violas. In the 17-18 centuries. In connection with the coming to replace the polyphonic style of the homophonic-harmonic and the emergence of music requiring dynamic performance, the viols with their quiet sound and chord playing technique gradually replaced the violin and its family, which have a bright, expressive sound, rich stroke technique and opportunities for virtuoso playing. Simultaneously with the viols, the same gentle-sounding, but "lifeless" longitudinal flute went out of use, giving way to a more sonorous and technically mobile transverse flute. At the same time, in ensemble and orchestral practice, the European lute and its varieties, the theorbo and kitarron (arch-lute), were no longer used; in home household music-making, the lute was replaced by the vihuela, and then by the guitar. By the end of the 18th century the harpsichord and chamber clavichord were replaced by a new keyboard instrument - the pianoforte. In view of the complexity of their design, professional musical instruments, more than popular ones, also depend in their development on the state of the exact sciences and production technology - the presence of musical factories and plants with their experimental laboratories, design bureaus, and qualified instrument-making specialists. The exception is the instruments of the violin family, which require purely individual production. Improved on the basis of folk samples by the famous Breschan and Cremonese masters of the 16-18 centuries. Gasparo da Salo, J. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, J. Guarneri del Gesu and others - they remain unsurpassed in their merits. The most intensive development of professional M. and. took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The creation of a rational valve system by T. Böhm (the first model appeared in 1832), its use first on the flute, and then, in different versions, on the clarinet, oboe and bassoon, significantly expanded the performing possibilities and increased the intonation purity and stability of the structure of woodwind instruments, made it possible composers to use them more widely and more diversely in their work, contributed to the development of solo-concert performing art. A real revolution was made by the appearance at the beginning of the 19th century. valve mechanics (see Valve) for brass wind instruments, which turned them from the so-called. natural musical instruments, with a limited number of sounds and hence limited performance capabilities, into chromatic, capable, like woodwind instruments, of reproducing any music. A radical stylistic change in the music of all genres for stringed keyboard instruments occurred with the advent of the hammer-action piano. With the invention of radio, it became possible to design electrophonic M. and. For definition of types M. and. There are various classification systems. The 3-group system is well known, according to which M. and. are divided into wind, string and percussion; in turn, wind instruments are subdivided into wood (flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, sarisophone, bassoon and their varieties) and copper (trumpet, cornet, horn, trombone, tuba, brass band instruments), and string instruments into plucked (harp, lute, guitar) and bowed (families of violins and viols). To shock M. and. include timpani, drum, xylophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, etc. In the scientific study, especially of various folk musical instruments, more complete and accurate classification systems are used. Among them, the system developed at the beginning of the 20th century enjoys recognition. by the Austrian musicologist E. Hornbostel and the German musicologist K. Sachs (which was founded in the second half of the 19th century by the Belgian musicologists Fr. Gevaart and W. S. Mayyon). The Hornbostel-Sachs system is built on two features: the source of the sound of the instrument and the way it is extracted. On the first sign of M. and. are divided into self-sounding (idiophones or autophones), membrane (membranophones), stringed (chordophones) and wind (aerophones). The sound source of the former is the material itself from which the instrument or its sounding part is made; the second - a stretched elastic membrane; third - a stretched string; fourth - a column of air enclosed in the bore (tube). According to the method of extracting sound, self-sounding ones are divided into plucked (vargan), frictional (kraatspeel, nail and glass harmonicas), percussion (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); membrane - for friction (bulk), percussion (drum, timpani); strings - on plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar), bowed (kemancha, violin), percussion (cymbals); wind - flute (all types of flutes), reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon), mouthpiece (pipes and horns). Further division is made according to the design features of the tool. So, for example, flutes are divided into longitudinal (open and whistling), transverse and multi-barreled; strings to keyboard-plucked (spinet, harpsichord) and keyboard-percussion (piano, clavichord), etc. Among modern M. and. a special group is made up of electric ones, the sound source of which is generators of sound frequency oscillations. These instruments are divided mainly into two subgroups: electronic (actually electric instruments) and adapted, i.e. instruments of the usual type, equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar, electric balalaika, Turkmen electric dutar). Lit.: Zaks K., Modern orchestral musical instruments, trans. from German., M., 1932; Belyaev V. M., Musical instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; his own, Folk musical instruments of Azerbaijan, in the collection: Art of the Azerbaijani people, M. - L., 1938; Agazhanov A., Russian folk musical instruments, M. - L., 1949; Yampolsky I. M., Russian violin art. Essays and materials, [ch. 1], M. - L., 1951; V. S. Vinogradov, Kirghiz folk music, Frunze, 1958; Zhinovich I. I., State Belarusian Folk Orchestra. Minsk, 1958; Struve B. A., The process of formation of viols and violins, M., 1959; Chulaki M., Symphony Orchestra Instruments, 2nd ed., M., 1962; Vertkov K., Blagodatov G., Yazovitskaya E., Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR, L., 1964 (lit.); Berov L. S., Moldavian musical folk instruments, Kish., 1964; Gumenyuk A. I., Ukrainian folk musical instruments, Kiev, 1967 (lit.). K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
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Music is an amazing thing. Its sounds can touch the deepest nooks and crannies of human nature. A cheerful melody makes people dance, meekly obeying the irresistible influence of its intricate patterns. Some music, on the contrary, makes you feel sadness and sadness, carefully invested by the author in every note of the work. A good song is a journey into the musician, where he, like a guide, will lead the listener through the beautiful or terrifying depths of his soul. The sound of music pours out that which cannot be expressed in words.
Music in antiquity
Mankind has been familiar with the art of music for a long time. Archaeologists are constantly finding different types of musical instruments in the places where our ancestors lived. It is assumed that the first instruments were percussion instruments. They allowed you to set the rhythm necessary for the same type of work or achievement. Some finds indicate that wind instruments also have their roots in ancient times.
With the development of civilization, people's preferences also changed. Musical instruments constantly progressed, they became more complex and sophisticated, bringing diversity and novelty to the cultural life of man. Great musicians were revered and bestowed with generous gifts, which indicates their high status in society.
The place of music in the modern world
Over time, music became an integral part of the life of not only idle nobles, but also ordinary people who composed songs about their difficult fate. It can be assumed that the art of music has accompanied mankind since time immemorial and will accompany it until the last representative of our species leaves this mortal world.
Today, hundreds of different musical instruments are available to musicians. Anyone who decides to take up music will be able to choose an instrument to their liking. However, no matter how bizarre forms modern devices for creating music take, most of them can be attributed to percussion, strings or brass. Let's take a closer look at the main types of musical instruments.
Wind musical instruments
Wind instruments have firmly taken their place in the hearts of music lovers. Both in classical works and in modern musical compositions, their mesmerizing sound continues to delight listeners. There are different types of wind musical instruments. Basically they are divided into wooden and copper.
Wooden instruments produce different sounds by shortening the airflow through the instrument. A great example of such an instrument is the flute. In it, by opening or closing the holes on the body, you can make the sound higher or lower. Such instruments appeared quite a long time ago and were originally made of wood, which was the reason for their name. These include oboe, clarinet and saxophone.
The sound of brass instruments is affected by the strength of the airflow and the position of the musician's lips. The main material from which these tools are made is metal. Most brass instruments are made from brass or copper, but there are exotic options in silver. Initially, such instruments could only produce sounds, but over time they acquired mechanisms that allow them to extract chromatic tones. The most famous representatives of brass instruments are the tuba, trombone, horn, and various types of this type can diversify any composition with their bright and juicy sound.
Stringed musical instruments are very popular in modern society. In them, the sound is extracted due to the vibration of the string and amplified by the body. There are various types of musical instruments that use strings to create sound, but all of them can be classified as plucked, bowed or percussion.
In order to create music, a string pluck is used. Vivid representatives of plucked instruments are such popular instruments as guitar, double bass, banjo, harp. Bowed instruments differ from their plucked counterparts in that they use a bow to strike notes. It slides over the strings, making them vibrate. Violin, viola, cello are the most famous bowed instruments. The most popular percussion string instrument is the piano. In it, notes are extracted by hitting a stretched string with a small wooden mallet. For the convenience of playing, musicians are provided with a keyboard interface, where each key corresponds to its own note.
musical instruments
It is hard to imagine a modern musical ensemble without drums. They set the rhythm of the entire composition, create the pulse of the song. The rest of the musicians in the band follow the rhythm set by the drummer. Therefore, percussion types of musical instruments are considered to be one of the oldest and most important means of creating music.
Percussion instruments are divided into membranophones and idiophones. In membranophones, sound is extracted from a membrane stretched over the body of the instrument. These include such popular representatives of the musical world as the tambourine, drums, timpani, bongos, djembe and countless other instruments. In idiophones, the sound is produced by the entire instrument, or the instrument consists of many sounding elements of different heights. For example, xylophone, vibraphone, bells, gong, triangle are just a few examples of idiophones.
Finally
Whatever type of musical instrument you choose, the main thing to remember is that the music is created not by the instrument, but by the musician. A good musician will extract a beautiful melody from empty cans, but even the most expensive instrument will not help someone who does not like music sound good.
