Russian folk musical instruments (lesson of the MHK grade 8 "Musical instruments of the peoples of the world" according to the textbook by Danilova G.I.) Author: Korshikov Alexander student of the 8th grade of the municipal educational institution Sidorovskaya school Samara region Leader: Korshikov V.A. teacher MHK MOU Sidorovskaya OOSh
The name "balalaika", sometimes found in the form "balabaika", is a folk name, probably given to the instrument in imitation of the strumming, "balakan" of the strings during the game. "Balagat", "joke" in the folk dialect means to chat, empty calls. Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular outline of the body or body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra.
At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, the balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, an harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.
Domra is an ancient Russian musical instrument. Scientists suggest that the ancient ancestor of our Russian domra was an Egyptian instrument, which received the name "pandura" from Greek historians, and was in use already several millennia before our time. This instrument, called "tanbur", probably came to us through Persia, which traded with the Transcaucasus.
Due to their performance capabilities, domras in the orchestra constitute the main melodic group. In addition, domra finds its application as a solo instrument. Concert pieces and works are written for her. Unfortunately, domra is not very popular as a folk instrument in Russia; it is almost never found in villages.
Gusli Gusli, Russian plucked instrument. Known in two varieties. The first has a pterygoid (triangular in later samples) shape, from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, the second has a helmet shape and 1030 strings of the same tuning.
The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen in Russia was known for a very long time in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the sheng traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.
Contrary to the opinion that the accordion is an invention of German masters, Academician A. M. Mirek managed to prove its Russian origin. The harmonica in its modern form - with sliding bellows (pneuma) and with a large number of notched metal tongues inside two side bars - appeared in St. Petersburg. Her father, the Czech engineer Frantisek Kirshnik, then lived in Russia, and demonstrated his new instrument, with a much greater sound power than the sheng, in 1783 to St. Petersburg. He also gave a Czech name to his brainchild: harmonica. But now this name, like "accordion", has become colloquial in Russian. The official name of this musical instrument is accordion.
Bayan is also a Russian invention. In 1907, it was made by Pyotr Sterligov. The master himself did not boast that he had invented a new instrument. And he gave the name of the famous narrator-musician of Ancient Russia Bayan to the new four-row chromatic accordion. This name was inherited by all instruments of this type. The keyboard, invented by the master and located on the right side of the instrument, was called the Sterligov system.
In our time, composers write original works for the button accordion, up to compositions of large forms of sonatas and concertos. There are bayan playing classes in musical educational institutions, which train qualified accordion players. Bayan remains a folk instrument that has been and continues to be played in folk music.
The first written evidence of the horn appears in the second half of the 18th century. In them, the horn appears as a widespread, primordially Russian instrument: "This tool was almost invented by the Russians themselves." The horn is a straight conical tube with five playing holes at the top and one at the bottom. There is a small bell at the lower end, and a glued mouthpiece at the upper end. The total length of the horn ranges from 320 to 830 mm
The word "zhaleyka" is not found in any ancient Russian written monument. The first mention of a zhaleyka is in the notes of A. Tuchkov dating back to the end of the 18th century. There is reason to believe that the zhaleyka was present before that in the zhaleyka, which is a small tube of willow or elderberry, 10 to 20 cm long, at the top end of which is inserted a beeper with a single reed or goose feather tongue, and at the bottom there is a bell made of cow horn or from birch. The tongue is sometimes incised on the tube itself. There are from 3 to 7 playing holes on the barrel, so you can change the pitch of the sound. form of another instrument.
Svirel is a Russian instrument of the longitudinal flute type. Flutes are mentioned in ancient Greek myths and legends. This type of instrument has existed among different peoples since ancient times. In Europe, in court music-making (XVIII century), its name “longitudinal flute” was strengthened. The flute is a simple wooden (sometimes metal) pipe. It has a beak-shaped whistle device at one end, and a different number of playing holes (usually six) are carved in the middle of the front side. The tool is made of buckthorn, hazel, maple, ash or bird cherry.
Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute. As a rule, it consists of three to five hollow tubes of the same diameter, but different lengths from 100 to 160 mm. The upper ends of the tubes are open and the lower ends are closed. Kuvikly are not distributed throughout Russia, but only in the Kursk, Bryansk and Kaluga regions. The sound is extracted by blowing on the edges of the cuts of the open ends located on the same line. Usually the flute tubes are firmly fastened together, but the cuvikles have a distinctive feature - they do not fasten the pipes, but hold them freely in the hand. Use from 2 to 5 tubes. A set of five pipes is called a "pair". A performer playing a “pair” must not only be able to blow into the pipes, but also reproduce the missing notes with his voice.
The time of occurrence in Russia of spoons as a musical instrument has not yet been established. The first rather detailed information about them appears at the end of the 18th century and testifies to their wide distribution among the peasants. Musical spoons in appearance are not much different from ordinary table wooden spoons, only they are made from harder woods.
A tambourine is a percussion musical instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a leather membrane stretched over a wooden rim. Some varieties of tambourines have metal bells suspended from them, which begin to ring when the performer strikes the membrane of the tambourine, rubs it, or shakes the entire instrument.
Ratchet is a folk musical instrument, an idiophone that replaces handclaps. Ratchets consist of a set of thin boards (usually oak) cm long. They are interconnected by a dense rope threaded through the holes in the upper part of the boards. To separate the boards between them, small wooden plates about 2 cm wide are inserted at the top. There is no written evidence of whether this instrument was used in Ancient Russia as a musical instrument. During archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1992, 2 tablets were found, which, according to V. I. Povetkin, were included in the set of ancient Novgorod rattles in the 12th century.
Russian Birches – Ensemble of Folk Instruments Accent Sentimentos - duet "Bayan-Mix" Einsamer-Hirte - Gheorghe-Zamfir log.nl/etherpiraat/piraten_muziek_2040/index.html V.Vlasov – If the harmonica could do Dmitry Kuznetsov - Svirel. Zhaleyka Rattles Audio Encyclopedia (Folk Instruments)
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MHK lesson for grade 8 at the rate of Danilova History teacher and MHK Geraskina E.V. GBOU "SCHOOL 1164" Moscow Musical instruments of different nations
What are musical instruments Musical instruments are instruments with which a person can make sounds. Thanks to the person, these sounds add up to music that is able to convey the feelings, emotions, moods of the performers. Sometimes playing the smallest and most nondescript instrument makes people's hearts beat in unison with the music, as if it had always lived there, just no one suspected it. There are several types of musical instruments: plucked strings, keyboards, bowed strings, reed wind instruments, brass wind instruments, woodwind drums. In scientific terms, the Hornbostel-Sachs system. Each country has its own folk musical instruments that have absorbed the history and traditions of each nation.
The Hornbostel–Sachs system is a classification system for musical instruments. First published in 1914 in the German journal Zeitschrift für Ethnologie and is still used in musicology. Instruments are divided according to two main features: the source of the sound and the way the sound is extracted. For example, according to the first feature, instruments are divided into self-sounding, membrane, string and wind instruments. A fragment of the classification: In self-sounding instruments (idiophones or autophones), the sound source is the material itself, from which the instrument or part of it is made. This group includes most percussion instruments (with the exception of drums) and some others. According to the method of extracting sound, self-sounding instruments are divided into three groups: plucked (vargan); frictional (kraatspeel, nail and glass harmonics): the instrument vibrates due to friction with another object, for example, a bow; percussion (xylophone, cymbals, castanets); wind self-sounding (eg, Aeolian harp): the instrument vibrates as a result of the passage of air through it;
In membrane instruments (membranophones), the sound source is a tightly stretched membrane. Further subdivision includes: frictional (boogay): sound is achieved due to friction on the membrane; percussion (drum, timpani); Drums can have one or two sides (diaphragms). One-sided options can be cup-shaped (like an Arabic darbuka); standing on the ground; bowl-shaped, with handles. Double-sided drums are cylindrical, like the big and snare drums, as well as conical, barrel-shaped or hourglass-shaped. Tambourines have one or two membranes stretched over a narrow frame, usually in the form of a rim, they are held in the hand or by a special handle (for example, a shaman's tambourine). Bells are often attached to the frame
In stringed instruments (chordophones), the sound source is one or more strings. This includes some keyboard instruments (for example, piano, harpsichord). Strings are further subdivided into groups: plucked (balalaika, harp, guitar, harpsichord); bowed (kemancha, violin); percussion (dulcimer, piano, clavichord); Most of them are played directly with the hands or with a certain object that is held in the hands, and some are controlled using the keyboard.
In wind instruments (aerophones) the sound source is a column of air. The following groups are distinguished: flute (flute): the sound is formed as a result of cutting the air flow on the edge of the instrument; Flute-shaped instruments, in which the air stream directed by the performer is cut against the sharp edge of the barrel wall; they may be globular, like an ocarina, but are usually tube-shaped. Tubular flutes are divided into whistle flutes, in which the air jet is directed to a sharp edge; longitudinal (including open, whistle and multi-barreled), which are held vertically, and transverse, which are held horizontally and blow air into the hole near one end of the tube. reed (zurna, oboe, clarinet, bassoon): the sound source is a vibrating tongue; Reed instruments, in which a stream of air causes vibrations of a small reed or metal plate, fall into three types: single beating reeds (reeds), as in a clarinet or saxophone, where the reed is located inside the mouthpiece; double beating reeds in the oboe and bassoon, where reeds mounted on a narrow metal tube, vibrating, hit each other; free slipping reeds, as in the Chinese sheng or harmonium, where a single reed moves back and forth within an exactly matching opening, like an opening door. Mouthpiece (trumpet): the sound is produced due to the vibration of the performer's lips.
Vibration of the lips + sound transformation in the tube - this effect is achieved ... Instruments, when playing on which the vibration of the performer's tense lips is amplified, and the resulting sound is transformed in a tube of different sizes and shapes, can be conditionally divided into two, not always clearly distinguishable groups: a) French horns and other instruments derived from the horn, in which the rounded tube is usually shorter and wider, with a conical bore; b) pipes, which are usually longer and straighter, with a narrower channel.
How many classifications of musical instruments are there in the world? Among modern musical instruments, electric ones are distinguished into a special group, the sound source of which is the generators of sound frequency oscillations. They are further divided into electronic (synthesizers) and adapted, conventional type instruments equipped with sound amplifiers (electric guitar). The complete classification system includes over 300 categories.
The oldest musical instrument Didgeridoo (eng. didjeridoo or eng. didgeridoo, the original name is “yidaki”) is a musical wind instrument of the aborigines of Australia. One of the oldest wind instruments in the world. It is made from a piece of eucalyptus trunk 1-3 meters long, the core of which has been eaten away by termites. The mouthpiece can be treated with black beeswax. The instrument itself is often painted or decorated with tribal totems. When playing, the technique of continuous breathing (circular breathing) is used. Playing the didgeridoo accompanies corroboree rituals and promotes trance. The didgeridoo is closely woven into the mythology of the Australian aborigines, symbolizing the image of the rainbow snake Yurlungur. The uniqueness of the didgeridoo as a musical instrument is that it usually sounds on one note (the so-called "drone", or drone). At the same time, the instrument has a very large range of timbre. Only a human voice, a jew's harp, and, in part, an organ can compare with it. Since the end of the 20th century, Western musicians have been experimenting with didgeridoo (for example, Sophie Lacaze, Jamiroquai). Didgeridoo has been widely used in electronic and ambient music. Steve Roach was one of the first to use the ambient didgeridoo and learned to play it during his many trips to Australia in the 80s.
The origin and spiritual significance of the didgeridoo In those times when there was nothing and not even time itself, the divine essences of the vanjin lived. They dreamed of this world (thus it was created) - the time of dreams. When the world was created, the Wanjina left Earth and moved into the spirit world. But as a gift to people, they left the didgeridoo. The hum of the didgeridoo creates a special space, a kind of window or corridor through which the Wanjina can visit the human world and vice versa. The time of dreams is both an aboriginal myth about the creation of the world and a special altered state of consciousness that occurs in the player who plays and listens to the game.
Balalaika For example, one of the primordially Russian folk instruments is the balalaika, so named due to the “strumming” and “balakan”. It is believed that the first mention of it dates back to the time of Peter the Great. When the tsar, in 1715, ordered a mock wedding, there were also balalaikas played by mummers. They differed significantly from modern balalaikas - they had a longer neck (4 times longer than modern ones), a narrower body and they had only two strings, extremely rarely three.
Bandura The Ukrainian folk instrument is considered to be the bandura, which appeared around the 12th century. It is believed that it originated from the ancient kobza. By the 15th year, it had become so popular that bandura players were invited to the court. Over time, it was modified, and today the academic bandura has 60 strings, when it originally had 7-9 strings.
Brazilian folk instrument - agogo It is of African origin. The agogo is an instrument consisting of two or three bells of different colors without reeds, connected by a curved metal handle, and sometimes from sawn nuts, planted on a wooden handle. Despite its small size, it is indispensable in Brazilian national music, such as the music of carnival samba and capoeira.
Indian sitar, Tajik setor ... In India, the folk instrument is the sitar. It appeared in the 13th century, when Muslim influence increased. He counted 7 main strings, and 9 - 13 resonant ones. Its progenitor is the Tajik setor. It is an important part of Indian culture.
Panflute - the oldest folk instrument The first discovered sample dates back to 1046 BC, presumably created by the Shang dynasty, is now in the museum. Represents 12 bamboo trunks, providing a wide range of sound. Participated in the orchestra of Ancient China. The instrument was revived in the 20th century. However, the panflute is known both in Peru and in North America.
Fluer is an ancient instrument of shepherds... Fluer is a Moldavian folk instrument. It is made from precious woods. An ancient tool of shepherds (shepherds), who used it to gather cattle into a herd. It is also found in the Balkan countries.
Kora, a stringed plucked instrument In Africa, the folk instrument is the kora, a stringed plucked instrument made from a calabash cut in half, a fretboard and 21 strings. The master who plays the kora is called jali, and when he attains mastery, he must make the instrument himself. Its sound is similar to that of a harp, but the traditional playing is reminiscent of flamenco and blues guitar techniques.
Didgeridoo http://youtu.be/9g592I-p-dc Bandura Trio: http://youtu.be/LZpzgg8hbOA Arkhipov Balalaika http://youtu.be/lQZYzYEIgr0 Agogo http://youtu.be/_kQIk1jJb9c Anushka Shankar on Sitar http://youtu.be/O4RZaszNhB0 Panflute: http://youtu.be/YiXGPx01d-0 Flute: http://youtu.be/NqiKC4FSNKM Bark http://youtu.be/aayQsdzEk2s
No wonder the largest American online store MusiciansFriend.com calls itself a friend of a musician. It offers an unrivaled selection of musical instruments and equipment, including guitars, amplifiers, keyboards and MIDI, drums and percussion, DJ gear, microphones, folk instruments, accessories, and more. Here you can really find everything a musician needs. And you can even get lost in all this diversity. Percussion, string and wind musical instruments of the peoples of the world in our today's review for everyone who is friends with music.
Table of contents:
Percussion musical instruments
Musical instruments differ in the way they produce sound. So, percussion musical instruments - it means that the sound from them is extracted by hitting (or tapping) hammers, mallets or sticks on any sounding object. It is difficult to even list them all, since this is the most numerous family. Among percussion musical instruments, one can single out well-known drums, tambourines and bells, as well as not very popular castanets, vibraphones, beats, tambourines or cowbells.
Interestingly, it is percussion musical instruments that accompany the ritual holidays of some tribal peoples of the world. Usually, music of this kind is needed to introduce listeners into a trance state before any ritual events.
Wind musical instruments
Wind musical instruments produce musical sounds due to the vibration of the air enclosed in them. They have been known to man since ancient times. This is confirmed by numerous excavations of archaeologists. At first, the musicians used a variety of flutes and pipes for their work, with the development of culture, the horn, cornet and viola, trombone and trumpet appeared in their hands. By the way, the pipe was used as a signal in ancient times. Notify about the appearance of uninvited guests.
It is also interesting that the modern symphony orchestra consists of wind percussion instruments by almost a third. They are absolutely irreplaceable. Many musical instruments of the peoples of the world are known far beyond the borders of their homeland. These are, for example, the Russian zhaleyka, the Ukrainian sopilka, the Chinese panflute Paixao or the Moldavian fluer.
String musical instruments
Stringed musical instruments appeared by chance. Someone drew attention to the sound that appears when pulling the bowstring of a hunting bow. As a result of experiments, the ancient Greek cithara first appeared. Then the bowstring was changed to a hollow box, and then the masters went wild. As a result, a whole family of stringed musical instruments appeared, the sound of which appears due to the vibration of stretched strings. This is the main similarity between such different musical instruments as the Russian balalaika, the African kora, the American banjo and the Indian sitar!
Ershov Sergey
Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary School No. 40"
Research project on the topic:
Musical instruments of the peoples of the world. Accordion"
Completed:
Ershov Sergey
8th grade student "a"
Teacher:
Moskvina Tatyana Alekseevna
Music teacher
MBOU G. Irkutsk Secondary School No. 23
- Introduction
- Chapter 1. The history of the button accordion
- Chapter 2. Chinese roots.
- Chapter 3 Why does sound occur?
- Chapter 4
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
Introduction.
Bayan is a Russian folk instrument. This is our history, our achievements and victories inscribed in the history of world culture. And we must know the history of our people and the history of our culture(Slide 2).
Relevance. I myself play the button accordion and I see that many people are interested in this instrument. Many people are playing it now. That is why I chose the subject of the button accordion.
Target - convey to the masses the history of the button accordion.
Tasks:
- Tell the story of the creation of the button accordion.
- Where did the button accordion come from, its roots.
- Consider what types of button accordion are.
Chapter 1. The history of the accordion.
Bayan is a kind of harmonica. It differs from the accordion in the device of the keyboard (instead of the keys - buttons) and some other design details(Slide 3.)
Bayan - a large harmonica with a complex system of frets(Slide 3).
In September 1907, the St. Petersburg craftsman Pyotr Egorovich Sterligov made a musical instrument, on which he had been working for more than two years, for the outstanding harmonist Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenko. Orlansky-Titarenko gave this instrument a name in honor of the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan, mentioned in the poem "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", and for the first time began to use it on his posters in early May 1908 in Moscow. The master himself also called this harmonica under the influence of the stories of the workers, who often visited him, about the Bayan cruiser being built by them at the Novo-Admiralteysky Shipbuilding Plant. He jokingly said to the workers: “You are building your own Bayan, but I will build another Bayan - a large improved harmonica!”
Bayan refers to reed keyboard-pneumatic instruments with a full chromatic scale on the right keyboard, basses and ready-made (chord) or ready-chosen accompaniment on the left keyboard.
Keyboard-pneumatic instruments containa special pneumatic device, in other words, a device acting by the force of compressed air. In the button accordion, air is pumped by bellows, it vibrates the elastic metal plates-tongues, which make the sound.
Bayan is a kind of harmonica, which is complemented by a chromatic scale on the keys on the right, basses and chords on the left keyboard.
In Russia, harmonicas began to appear by the 40s of the 19th century ( slide 5). Disputes about the reason for the appearance of harmonicas in Russia are still going on: one version says that rich people bought them abroad, and through servants, harmonicas appeared in the villages. The second version says that the harmonicas could have been made by foreign craftsmen who were assigned to the Tula arms factories.
In Russia, a certain impetus for the spread of the harmonica was the purchase by Ivan Sizov at the Nizhny Novgorod fair in 1830 of a hand harmonica, after which he decided to open a workshop for their manufacture.
Also, by the 40s, handicraft production of harmonicas became widespread.(Slide 6). Especially in Tula, Tver, Novgorod, Vyatka, Vologda provinces. Some harmonics
created in some provinces, were brought to other provinces and there they were modernized by local craftsmen, and then transported further across the country and became more widespread.
The representative of one of the first Russian harmonicas is the Tula eight-key harmonica(Slide 7). Its main feature was that when the same key was pressed, sounds of different tones arose (when compressing the fur, one, and when unclenching the other). This harmonica was called "the harmonica of the Russian system." Subsequently, this harmonica was brought to the Vyatka province, where it was improved.
By the 40s of the 19th century, the first factory of Timofey Vorontsov appeared in Tula, which produced 10,000 harmonicas a year. This contributed to the spread of the instrument, and by the middle of the XIX century. the harmonica becomes a symbol of a new folk musical instrument. She is an obligatory participant in all folk festivals and festivities, especially in rural areas.
The first hand harmonica with a full chromatic scale was designed by the Bavrian master Mierwald from the German city of Zieletui in 1891.(Slide 8). Such a harmonica had a full chromatic scale in the range of 4 octaves. The keys of the right keyboard were in three rows. Each key, when unclenching and compressing the fur, gave the same sound. The left keyboard consisted of major triads, but then it was improved: it became three-row (the 1st row had 12 bass notes. The second row had major chords. The third row had minor chords.)(Slide 9). Already in 1892, such a harmonica became known in Russia.
Two-row accordion
Chapter 2. "Chinese Roots".
The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen.(Slide 10).
Shen was known in ancient China. Some scholars believe that sheng is more than two thousand years old. Over time, it was improved, and it was already possible to play it in 12 keys, a special harmony textbook was even made for it.(Slide 11).
The sheng itself consisted of a wooden case and bamboo tubes inserted into it around the circumference, at the bottom of which metal plates with tongues cut into them were attached. The sheng was usually played with chords by pinching a few holes at the bottom of the pipes.
Shen was known in Russia in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen went from Asia to Russia (it is known for certain that in the middle of the 18th century in St. Petersburg the court musician and designer Johann Vilde was fond of playing the shen), and then to Europe, where it was improved and became widespread, truly popular throughout Europe with a musical instrument - harmonica.
Shen ↓
Chapter 3
If you take a thin school notebook, squeeze its pages with your lips and blow between them - the notebook will surely “sing”(Slide 12). We squeeze our lips harder and continue to blow - the notebook will “beep” in a thin voice, we loosen our lips - the sound will be lower. Such "music" will surely turn out if you take two ordinary sheets of paper. Why does sound occur?(Slide 13). Because paper pages vibrate, creating sound vibrations in the air. Approximately the same vibrate under the pressure of air and metal plates-tongues inaccordion, button accordion, accordionand harmonica(Slide 14).
All these instruments are similar in structure. Their sound source is oscillating metal tongues fixed on a metal frame. As we already know, these tongues vibrate under the stream of air that occurs when the bellows are compressed and stretched.
tongue ↓
Chapter 4. Varieties of button accordion (Slide 15).
In 1913, P.E. Sterligov made the first in Russia, and possibly in the world, a five-row button accordion with two auxiliary rows of buttons in the right keyboard, like a modern button accordion. Following Sterligov, five-row button accordions began to be made by other masters - the Generalov brothers, V. Samsonov and others(Slide 16).
The improvement of the button accordion led to the creation of three of its variants with different accompaniment:
- Ready - with fixed chords - major and minor triads, seventh chords.
- Elective - "mirrors" the right keyboard.
- Ready-elective -combines selective and fixed keyboards.
The ready-to-select type of button accordion is more convenient, but it is more difficult to play it.(Slide 17).
In 1951, Moscow craftsmen Seleznev and Figanov made a multi-timbre four-voice ready-to-select accordion, commissioned by bayanist Yuri Ivanovich Kazakov. Y. Kazakov was an artist who, with his concerts, began the triumphal spread of the button accordion throughout the planet.
Russian craftsmen created a number of varieties of accordion: Tula slide 18) , Saratov, Vologda(Slide 19), Vyatka (Slide 20) and others. There are so many of them that it is difficult to list them all. They are common even now. The accordion is an indispensable member of Russian folk music ensembles.
There were such brands of button accordion as "Rus", "Mir", "Spark", "Ruby", "Etude", "Jupiter", "Tula" and many others(Slide 21-24).
Conclusion.
So, we looked at the history of the button accordion, learned about its Chinese roots, about the varieties of button accordion and answered the question, why does sound occur?(Slide 25).
Bayan is introduced into the educational process at all levels of professional musical education. It is played solo, in ensemble and orchestral groups. A lot of educational and methodical literature and theory for bayan appeared. Many composers write original works for bayan. He is known all over the world.
Bayan is recognized at the level of a "classical" instrument! A. Mirek / From the history of the button accordion / 2002
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The abundance of wind, string and percussion instruments speaks of the cultural wealth of the ancient Russians. Absorbing the sounds of nature, the people created simple rattles and whistles from improvised materials. Every child in Russia had the skills to make and play simple musical instruments. It has been an integral part of folk culture and life since the times of Ancient Russia. Many of them are used to this day unchanged - others were improved and formed the basis of folk orchestras.
Russian folk music (instruments):
Balalaika
Balalaika has become a symbol of Russian culture. This is a three-stringed plucked instrument with a triangular soundboard. The first mention of the instrument dates back to the 17th century. but the instrument received mass distribution only after a hundred years. The classical balalaika originated from the East Slavic domra with two strings and a rounded soundboard.
The status of a folk instrument was assigned to it for a reason. The root of the word balalaika is the same as in the words balakat or balabol, which mean a meaningless, unobtrusive conversation. So the instrument most often acted as an accompaniment for the leisure of Russian peasants.
Gusli
Another stringed folk plucked instrument, but much older than the balalaika. The first historical evidence of the use of the harp dates back to the 5th century. The ancestor of the instrument has not been precisely established, but, according to the most common hypothesis, they originated from the ancient Greek cithara. There were several types of psaltery with a resonator of various shapes and the number of strings from 5 to 30.
Gusli of all types (wing-shaped, helmet-shaped, lyre-shaped) were used to accompany the soloist's voice, and the musicians were called gusliers.
Horn
A small mouthpiece wind instrument with a bell at the end of the barrel and six playing holes (simultaneously the name of a group of wind instruments). The traditional horn was carved from juniper, birch or maple. The ensemble and dance variety of the instrument originated from the signal horns of shepherds and warriors, who accompanied both leisure and work.
The first information about horns recorded on paper dates back to the 17th century, but in fact they began to be used much earlier. Since the 18th century, there have been references to horn ensembles.
Domra
The traditional Slavic plucked string instrument is the progenitor of the balalaika. The fundamental differences from the first from the last are in the configuration of the deck (oval and triangular, respectively). It became widespread in the 16th century, presumably having evolved from Mongolian two-stringed plucked instruments.
There are three- and four-string versions of the instrument. Domra was considered an instrument of traveling buffoons (a domra player is a domrachi).
Accordion
Bayan is a Russian folk musical instrument with Bavarian roots. The harmonica served as a constructive basis for it. The first instrument was created by the master Mirwald in 1891, and in the next year button accordions appeared in Russia. However, the name of the instrument was first mentioned in 1903 (before that it was called the chromatic accordion).
It is a solo concert or ensemble instrument. However, it often accompanies people's leisure activities at public festivities or family holidays.
Russian accordion
The hand accordion came to Russian musical culture along with the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. Its progenitor was the Chinese shen instrument. The Chinese progenitor has come a long way from Asia to Russia and Europe, but the harmonica received mass popular love after the 1830s, after the opening of the first production. But even in the presence of a set production, most of the instruments were made by folk craftsmen, which contributed to a wide constructive diversity.
Tambourine
It is almost impossible to establish the time and place of the appearance of the tambourine as a musical instrument - it was used in various rituals of many peoples. Ritual tambourines most often represent a leather membrane on a round wooden frame - a shell. Bells or round metal plates were often hung on the sides of Russian musical tambourines.
In Russia, any percussion musical instrument was called a tambourine. The military and ritual tambourine is clearly distinguished. It was they who served as the basis for musical tambourines used during performances of buffoons and other entertainment events.
Firewood
A percussion instrument with the telling name firewood "grew" from an ordinary bundle of firewood. By the principle of operation, it is similar to the xylophone. The sound is extracted with a special mallet made of wooden plates. In the lower part of each plate, a recess is selected, the depth of which determines the pitch of the sound. After adjustment, the plates are varnished and assembled into a bundle. For the manufacture of firewood, dried birch, spruce and maple are used. Maple firewood is considered the most euphonious.
whistle
A small ceramic wind instrument - a whistle - was often supplied with decorative elements. Especially popular were whistles in the form of birds with decorative painting. Preferred creatures and ornaments often indicate the region where the instrument was made.
Whistles emit high trills. Water is poured into some types of whistles and then trills are obtained with overflows. Whistles were created as children's toys.
Ratchet
A row of wooden plates fastened with a cord, this is the Slavic rattle. Shaking such a bunch creates a sharp popping sound. Ratchets are made of durable wood species - oak, for example. To increase the volume between the plates are inserted gaskets of the order of five millimeters thick. The instrument was used at fairs and festivities to draw attention to a particular performance.
wooden spoons
Another symbol of Russian culture is wooden spoons. It is the only percussion instrument that can be eaten. The ancient Russians used spoons to extract rhythmic sounds as much as they used to eat. Spoons made of different types of wood with characteristic painting are used in sets from two to five. The most common option is with three - two are clamped in the left hand of the spoon, and with the third he hits the undersides of the scoops.
