The following materials are used in folk arts and crafts: wood, clay, metal, bone, fluff, wool, fur, textiles, stone, glass, dough.
By technique arts and crafts is divided into the following types.
Thread. Decoration of the product by drawing a pattern using various cutters and knives. It is used when working with wood, stone, bone.
Painting. Decoration is applied with dyes on a prepared surface (most often wood or metal). Types of r about with p and with and: on wood, on metal, on fabric.
Embroidery is performed with needles and threads of various structure and nature, while the pattern is applied to the fabric. Types of embroidery: grid, cross-stitch, satin stitch, cut-out (the fabric is cut out in the form of a pattern, which is subsequently processed with various seams), typesetting (performed with red, black threads with the addition of golden and blue tones), top-stitch (allows you to create three-dimensional patterns on large planes) . Embroidery is done mainly by hand, but recently there are more and more products decorated with embroidery machines. For embroidery, not only threads are used, but also beads, glass beads, sequins.
Knitting involves the creation of things from yarn, thread, fluff with the help of knitting needles and a hook.
Weaving refers to a technique based on the interlacing of strips in the form of a grid having a different configuration and pattern. Types of weaving: lace and beading, weaving from birch bark, from a vine, from threads (macrame), from paper.
heel used to make carpets, it is made with special needles, with the help of which woolen threads are pulled through the warp, creating a pattern. Types of heels: high (when the canvas turns out to be voluminous, strongly protruding), medium (the height of the protruding threads is about 2 cm), low (the height of the canvas is insignificant - 1 cm and lower). Another feature is density. Based on this feature, the following types are distinguished: dense heel, rare, mixed.
Casting used for precious metals. Under the action of high temperatures, the metal is brought to a molten state, and then poured into prepared molds.
Chasing. The metal in the heated state is accelerated into a thin sheet, while its elasticity and elasticity are not lost. The shape of the object is created already in a cooled state by accelerating hammers, as a result of which products of a convex and concave shape are obtained.
Forging- one of the ways of processing iron. By hammer blows, the heated billet is given the desired shape.
Gilding- a gold-making operation in which less valuable metals take on the appearance of gold. Types of gilding: cold, on fire, liquid.
Scan(filigree) (from lat. wire) is an ornament made of thin gold or silver, smooth or embossed wires, which are folded into spirals, antennae, lattices and soldered to the object.
Enamel- This is a special type of glass, which is painted in various colors with metal oxides. It is used to decorate metal products, it is a picturesque accompaniment to a gold product. Enameling is the full or partial coating of a metal surface with a glass mass, followed by firing the product.
Black. A mixture of silver with copper, sulfur and lead, compiled according to certain recipes, is applied to engraved objects made of light metal, and then all this is fired over low heat. Niello is a black mass - a special alloy of silver, similar to coal.
blowing- A technique used to work with glass. Glass, brought to a liquid state, is blown in hot form using special tubes, thereby creating products of any shape.
modeling- one of the common techniques in arts and crafts, thanks to which many toys and ceramic products are created.
By appointment: Utensil. Furniture. Fabrics, tapestries, carpets. Tools. Weapon. Clothes and jewelry. Toys. Culinary products.
Functional role:
Practical art is associated with the use of products in the economic, household life of a person to obtain practical benefits.
Artistic and aesthetic, due to the realization of human aesthetic needs.
Leisure, aimed at meeting the needs of a person (child) in entertainment and games.
Manufacturing technology:
Automated. Products are made automatically, according to a given program, scheme, patterns (Tula gingerbread, printed shawls, etc.).
Mixed. Both automated and manual labor is used.
Manual. The works are made only by hand, and each product is individually.
Folk crafts. Artistic varnishes. It is customary to call small elegant papier-mâché items with miniature paintings (Fedoskino, Palekh, Mstyora, Kholuy) and lacquered iron trays (Zhostovo, Nizhny Tagil) (see color insert).
wood carving- artistic processing of wood, the most common type of folk decorative art. It has spread to many areas. There are several types of thread (Fig. 10).
wood painting- artistic processing of wood by drawing a picture with paints, followed by fixing the paint layer. Distributed in various regions, but each of them has its own specifics.
Artistic processing of bone. Main centers: Kholmogory, Tobolsk, Chukotka, Sergiev Posad, Abramtsevo, Khotkovo, Dagestan, Magadan, Kamchatka.
Toys. Folk toy, which for a long time served as a subject of children's play, is now a collector's item. Toys are divided into clay, wooden, rag and straw.
The main means of expression in arts and crafts are color, shape, proportion, rhythm, scale, silhouette, symmetry, texture
Rice. 10. Types of thread:
1. Mesh thread. 2. Geometric carving. 3. Three-sided sheared thread. 4. Carving sockets. 5. Contour carving. 6. Carving of leaves. 7. Openwork carving. 8. Volumetric thread
Folk arts and crafts is a complex phenomenon of historical, sociological, ethnographic and national artistic cultures, and at the same time the most democratic and accessible to a person from childhood. His mission in the education of an aesthetically developed personality and the development of the future culture of mankind is especially responsible.
Being an expression of folk art, a form of preservation and transmission to subsequent generations, arts and crafts preserves and transmits the traditions of folk pedagogy, which are aimed at the development of children's decorative art.
test questions
1. Give your definition of folk arts and crafts. Are there any differences in the concepts of "folk arts and crafts", "arts and crafts" and "applied art"? Justify your answer.
2. Describe the concepts of "decor" and "ornament". What is their significance for arts and crafts?
3. By what principle is it more appropriate to classify the types of arts and crafts?
4. What functions does arts and crafts perform?
What is arts and crafts
Decorative and applied art is a complex and multifaceted cultural phenomenon. It covers many types of folk crafts associated with the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in everyday life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.). Decorative and applied art lives with the people, rooted in hoary antiquity and developing today.
Works of arts and crafts are usually closely related to the architectural and spatial environment, the ensemble (on the street, in the park, in the interior) and with each other, forming an art complex. Originating in ancient times, arts and crafts has become one of the most important areas of folk art. Its history is connected with the art craft, the art industry, with the activities of professional artists and craftsmen, and since the beginning of the 20th century. - with artistic design and design.
Many excellent examples of decorative and applied art can be seen in art, historical, local history and ethnographic museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition of folk art is always a discovery of the world of beauty and wisdom. Products made by old and modern artists invariably arouse the admiration of visitors, and some have a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.
It is important for everyone who comes into contact with works of arts and crafts not to remain idle spectators, but to strive to be researchers, each time trying to understand with what artistic and technical methods the master was able to achieve perfection. Much of what each of you will try to lovingly do with your own hands will deliver to the people around you.
Consider the arts and crafts on the pages of the textbook. How and for what purpose did ancient people decorate household items and tools?
Analyze the symbolism of ornaments on various works of arts and crafts. What information do the shapes and decorations of these objects carry?
Listen to folk melodies and tunes. Which items shown on the spread match them in style?
Embroidery
Since ancient times, embroidery has been a decoration of the hearth, it gave a zest to clothes, it was used on tablecloths, napkins, curtains and towels, and it was the basis of arts and crafts in Ukraine and Russia.
Any hostess could, with the help of embroidery, give comfort to her home, decorate the clothes of her loved ones, embody her artistic ideas, since this type of arts and crafts was accessible to everyone.
Embroideries of different peoples are full of variety and originality of patterns and colors, as they were created for centuries and depended on the history and culture of peoples. Since in those days there were no fashion magazines where you can find a pattern for every taste, people put a certain meaning into embroidery.
Embroidery was not only a beautiful element in clothing, it also played an important role as a talisman. If you paid attention to embroideries, you probably noticed that geometric patterns are the most common among ornaments. So, for example, the ancient symbol of the sun, fertility and the feminine principle, which brings good luck and prosperity, was depicted in embroideries in the shape of a rhombus. The symbol of water personified vitality and was applied in the form of wavy lines. Horizontal ornaments carried the symbol of the Earth and denoted the prosperity of the family hearth.
If you have noticed, then in some embroideries, the ornament depicts a circle, inside of which a cross is embroidered, such an embroidery element symbolizes the Sun and serves as a talisman that removes evil from a person. But the embroidered cross in the pattern means spiritual purification, as it is a symbol of fire.
Ukrainians preferred towel ornaments, which were of a plant nature, and the image of birds and animals was also common. In the color scheme, they mainly preferred to use red, black and blue colors.
Floral motifs in embroidery were not just invented and also had their own specific meaning. The image in the ornament of oak leaves symbolized strength, and viburnum was considered a symbol of beauty. Poppies embroidered on clothes meant fertility and family memory, and bunches of grapes brought happiness and joy to family life. Embroidered periwinkle was a symbol of fidelity, but roses were a symbol of youth and love.
Also in Ukrainian ornaments you can often find images of doves, swallows, roosters, horses and other animals and birds. Such embroideries acted as amulets, protecting a person from various evil forces and spirits.
Ukrainian embroidery
An integral part of the male and female wardrobe in Ukrainians has always been an embroidered shirt. The ornament on the shirt characterized a certain area. By these patterns, it was easy to distinguish the inhabitants of Poltava from the population of the Podolsk region, and the Hutsul ornaments differed from the Polissya ones. A distinctive feature of these embroidered shirts was not only patterns, but also the technique of execution and colors.
In Ukraine, embroidery was predominantly done by women. They devoted every free minute to this craft. They embroidered during joint gatherings, while while away the long winter evenings, and even after field work, during a short rest, you can often see a Ukrainian woman doing embroidery.
Ukrainian girls put love and soul into creating ornaments on their clothes, and the embroidered shirt they wore was a characteristic of her skill and diligence.
With the acquisition of its independence in Ukraine, the love of the people for their traditions began to revive. Recently, Ukrainian vyshyvankas have begun to gain popularity again. It has become a fashion trend not only among compatriots, but also far beyond its borders. People in embroidered shirts can be found everywhere. It looks appropriate, both at ceremonial events, and at school graduations, at wedding celebrations or rallies.
Artistic embroidery embodies the best traditions of our people and has found a thousand admirers of this beautiful type of arts and crafts.
Artistic and creative tasks
Pick up information about the history of one of the famous folk crafts, prepare an album, stand, computer presentation, introduce classmates to it.
> Make a sketch of a mural based on some Russian folk craft: Zhostovo, Gorodets, Khokhloma, etc. (optional), on one of the themes: “Seasons”, “Morning”, “Forest Tale”,
"Golden Rye", etc.
> Prepare an exhibition of arts and crafts from different genres with your classmates. Think over the musical accompaniment, pick up samples of folk verbal creativity (excerpts from fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, etc.). Conduct a tour of this exposition for younger students, parents, school guests.
Folk arts and crafts is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But all of them are united by a combination of the practical expediency of products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature.
In Ancient Russia, the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. House, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and an innate sense of beauty. And then ordinary household items became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, scenes.
Since ancient times, folk craftsmen used in their work what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, linen, wool. Nature has always served as the main source of inspiration for craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable.
It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportion that have inspired and continue to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink all its depth and spiritual potential.
As the well-known researcher of folk art M.A. Nekrasova notes, in modern conditions “the need of the people for folk art, for its authenticity, spirituality is growing. But finding ways to preserve folk art, to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, its place in modern culture.
The leading creative idea of traditional folk art, based on the assertion of the unity of the natural and human world, tested by the experience of many generations, retains all its significance in the art of modern folk art crafts.
Let's get acquainted with the most famous of them.
Artistic processing of wood
The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty since ancient times, awakened creative energy in our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.
In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed.
Wood carving - these are Bogorodsk sculptural and Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk flat-relief carvings in the Moscow region; production of products with trihedral serrated threads in the Kirov, Vologda, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Arkhangelsk regions; birch bark carving in the Vologda and Kirov regions.
To traditional arts and crafts painting on wood include: Khokhloma, Gorodetsky and Polkhov-Maidansky crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod region; Sergiev Posad painting with burning, painting with burning in the Kirov, Gorky, Kalinin, Irkutsk and a number of other regions; production of products with free brush painting in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions.
Each of these crafts has its own history and unique features.
decoro- decorate) - a section of decorative art, covering the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian purpose.Works of arts and crafts meet several requirements: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. Since the second half of the 19th century, scientific literature has established a classification of branches of decorative and applied arts according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), execution technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to the functional features of the use of the object (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.
The appeal to folk art has won a firm place in the work of a modern teacher with children. In recent years, arts and crafts have become very popular. Products made by children's hands can serve as a decoration for school interiors, as they have aesthetic value.
Classes in arts and crafts will undoubtedly open up new ways for many children to learn folk art, enrich their inner world, and allow them to spend their free time usefully.
The main types of decorative and applied arts:
- (burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
- beading
Let's focus on the last of the above.
Beading is an ancient art. The history of beading has more than five thousand years. However, weaving techniques remained the same, and even children are able to create simple crafts from beads.
Beadwork for children: is it necessary? Perhaps, many believe that such familiarization of schoolchildren with decorative and applied art, in particular, beadwork, is expedient only in art centers where there are conditions for real professional training. Experience shows that this is not the case. The fact is that in addition to beauty, this is a rather useful art in all respects. In the process of beading, children develop taste, imagination and creativity. The child learns the basics of counting, which is relevant for preschoolers. Fine motor skills and accuracy of movements develop, which is useful in any case. It has been proven that the development of fine motor skills contributes to the development of memory, attention and thinking, which is also useful. Handmade jewelry is valued more than purchased. The presence of home-made original jewelry can raise the self-esteem of an insecure child and help him take his place in the team. Beadwork helps children express their emotions.
Beading classes are held in groups and provide an opportunity to communicate with peers, while enjoying the process of working with beads.
Introducing children to arts and crafts, to mastering its techniques, does not mean at all that all the children will continue to work in the artistic direction. Aesthetic significance is associated with the very process of making beautiful, necessary and useful things. The ability to create them at first is much more important for the general artistic development of the children, the education in them of a healthy moral principle, respect for work, knowledge even to some extent of oneself, and the development of artistic taste.
Arts and Crafts(from lat. deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating art products with utilitarian and artistic functions. The collective term conditionally unites two broad kinds of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic enjoyment and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.
Works of arts and crafts meet several characteristics: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. In academic literature from the second half of the 19th century, it was established classification of branches of arts and crafts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the execution technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different types of wood), etc.) and by functional signs of using the object(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.
TYPES OF DECORATIVE ARTS
Tapestry -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of arts and crafts, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a picture and a specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced with multi-colored wool and partly silk.”
BATIK - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).
Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.
PRINT -(stuffing) - a type of arts and crafts; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on the fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as a fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.
Heel molds are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.
Making a heel is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many peoples: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.
Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece goods (curtains, tablecloths). Characteristic patterns of folk stuffing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.
BEADING - type of arts and crafts, needlework; the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, weaving from wire with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and DPI (mosaic, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative possibilities, and beading will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that the technology of beading is original.
EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread needlework art to decorate all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest fabrics - cambric, muslin, gas, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.
KNITTING - the process of making a fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to the types of weaving.
Crochet
knitting
MACROME -(fr. Macrame, from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
LACE - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, woolen and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven on bobbin, crocheted, tambour and machine.
CARPET WEAVING – the manufacture of artistic textiles, usually with multi-coloured patterns, which serve primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. The artistic features of the carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio borders and the central field of the carpet, ornamental set and pattern composition, color scheme.
QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.
The finished spirals are given a different shape and thus quilling elements are obtained, also called modules. Already they are the "building" material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.
This technique does not require significant material costs to start its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since in order to achieve a decent result, it is necessary to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of twisting high-quality modules.
SCRAPBOOKING -(eng. scrapbooking, from eng. scrapbook: scrap - clipping, book - book, lit. "book of clippings") - a type of handicraft art, which consists in the manufacture and design of family or personal photo albums.
This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, notes and other memorabilia, using a peculiar way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photos and other memorabilia of any events for a long time for future generations.
CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products made from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, made under the influence of high temperature, followed by cooling.
In a narrow sense, the word ceramics refers to clay that has been fired.
The earliest pottery was used as pottery made of clay or its mixtures with other materials. At present, ceramics is used as a material in industry (engineering, instrumentation, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.
MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated tomuses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, typing and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
JEWELRY ART - is a term that refers to the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the totality of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended mainly for the personal adornment of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or an object to be unambiguously classified as a jeweler, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the jeweler who makes it.
In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions in the specialty "jewelry", the slang version of the word "jeweler" is often used.
Although it is believed that the concept of "jewellery" includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of "jewellery" includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we can see, at present the difference between jewelery and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred. , and the assessment of whether to classify a given product as a jeweler or as costume jewelry is each time taken by experts individually in each specific case.
LACQUE MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, caskets, powder boxes, etc. is a kind of arts and crafts and folk art. Such painting is called lacquer because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to paints and at the same time soften, unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.
The birthplace of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. lacquer tree sap was used to cover cups, caskets, vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.
This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, the countries of Central Asia, where in the XV-XVII centuries. lacquer miniature, executed with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects, was popular. European craftsmen significantly simplified the technology, began to use oil paints and varnishes.
Artistic varnishes have been known in Russia since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small papier-mâché lacquerware factory in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later it merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskin). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique methods of Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.
Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.
Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.
Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, capsules, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.
ARTISTIC PAINTING ON WOOD
Khokhloma - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black on a gold background. When painting a tree, not gold, but silvery tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils.
Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. An artel was founded in 1936 (since 1960, the Gorodetskaya Rospis factory), which produces souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin.
Mezen painting - palashchelskaya painting - a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which had developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel Mezen painting refers to 1815, although the pictorial motifs of such painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century, made in the Mezen region.
ARTISTIC PAINTING ON METAL
Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.
Enamel - (other Russian finipt, himipet, from Middle Greek χυμευτόν, the same from χυμεύω - “I mix”) - the production of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel, on a metal substrate, a type of applied art. The glass coating is long-lived and does not fade over time, while enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors.
Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give the glass a ruby color, cobalt - blue, and copper - green. When solving specific pictorial problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muffled.
Limoges enamel - (fr.émail de Limoges), formerly known as the Limoges work ( fr.Œuvre de Limoges, lat. Opus lemovicense) is a special enamel processing technique called champlevé enamel, which appeared in the middle of the 12th century in the French city of Limoges, historical province Limousin. Having received the deepest recognition in the states of Western Europe, the enamellers stopped using this technique in the middle of the 14th century.
Subsequently, from the end of the 15th century, in France a new technology for the manufacture of enamel objects appeared - artistic enamel, or also known as painted enamel. Very quickly, artistic enamel, like champlevé enamel, at one time began to be exclusively produced in Limousin workshops.
Currently, in the production of enamel products, some craftsmen use classical technology, while others use technology updated with modern achievements.
ARTISTIC PAINTING ON CERAMICS
Gzhel - one of the traditional Russian ceramics production centers. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush". Gzhel Bush is located about sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now the Gzhel Bush is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to the Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky counties.
Dymkovo toy - Vyatka toy, Kirov toy - one of the Russian folk clay art crafts. It originated in the suburban settlement Dymkovo near the city of Vyatka (now in the territory of the city of Kirov).
There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy. A bright, elegant Dymkovo toy has become a kind of symbol of the Vyatka land.
Filimonov toy - Old Russian applied art craft, formed in the village of Filimonovo, Odoevsky district, Tula region. According to archaeologists, the Filimonovo fishery is more than 700 years old. According to other sources, about 1 thousand years.
ARTISTIC CARVING
stone carving (Glyptic)(from Greek glypho - cut out, gouge) - the art of carving on colored and precious stones, gemmah. One of the most ancient arts.
wood carving - a kind of arts and crafts (also carving is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning), as well as art in general.
bone carving - type of decorative art. In Russia, it is distributed mainly in the Northern regions: the Arkhangelsk region (Kholmogory carved bone), the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamal carved bone), the city of Tobolsk (Tobolsk carved bone), Yakutia and Chukotka (Chukotka carved bone)
ARTISTIC LEATHER TREATMENT - 1) A type of arts and crafts, the manufacture of various items from leather, both for household and decorative and artistic purposes; 2) branch of the textile industry, decorating clothes, shoes, leather haberdashery. Receptions:
STAMPING- There are several types of embossing. In industrial production, various stamping methods are used, when the pattern on the skin is squeezed out using molds. In the manufacture of artistic products, stamping is also used, but typesetting stamps and stamps are used. Another method is embossing with filling - cutting out elements of the future relief from cardboard (lignin) or pieces of blinders and placing pre-moistened yuft under the layer, which is then pressed along the contour of the relief. Small details are squeezed out without lining due to the thickness of the skin itself. When it dries, it hardens and "remembers" the relief decor. Thermal embossing - extrusion of decor on the surface of the skin with the help of heated metal stamps.
PERFORATION- or carving - one of the oldest techniques. Actually, it boils down to the fact that with the help of punches of various shapes, holes are cut in the skin arranged in the form of an ornament. This technique is also used to create complex compositions like a stained-glass window or an arabesque (for example, in jewelry, wall panels, etc.).
WEAVING- one of the processing methods, which consists in connecting several strips of leather using a special technique. In jewelry, macrame elements are often used, made from a “cylindrical” cord. In combination with perforation, weaving is used for braiding the edges of products (used for finishing clothes, shoes, bags).
PYROGRAPHY- a new reception, but with an ancient pedigree. Apparently, initially, leather burning was a side effect of thermal embossing (first mentioned in Russia from the 12th century, and in Europe from the 13th century), but then it was widely used as an independent technique. In its classical form, pyrography is the application of various ornaments to the surface of dense leather (blinders, saddlecloth). This was done with the help of heated copper stamps and was used mainly for finishing horse harness. Modern pyrography owes its expressive possibilities to the invention of the burning device (pyrograph). With the help of pyrography, very thin and complex patterns can be applied to the skin. It is often used in combination with engraving, painting, embossing when creating panels, jewelry, making souvenirs.
ENGRAVING- used when working with heavy, dense skins (shora, saddlecloth, less often - yuft). This is done as follows - a pattern is applied to the front surface of the soaked skin with a cutter. Then with a road builder or a chisel (or any oblong-shaped metal object), the slots are expanded and filled with acrylic paint. When dried, the contour drawing retains its clarity, and the lines - thickness. Another way is to use a pyrograph instead of a road builder. In this case, the color and thickness of the lines, as well as the depth of engraving, are controlled by changing the degree of incandescence of the pyrograph needle.
APPLICATION- in the leather business - gluing or sewing pieces of leather onto a product. Depending on which product is decorated, the methods of application are somewhat different. So, when finishing garments, decor elements are made of thin leathers (flasks, chevro, velor) and sewn to the base. When creating a panel, making bottles or souvenirs, appliqué fragments can be made from any kind of leather and pasted onto the base. In contrast to intarsia, when applying, it is permissible to connect the elements "overlapped".
INTARCIA- in fact, the same as inlay or mosaic: image fragments are mounted "butt-to-butt". Intarsia is performed on a textile or wooden base. Depending on this, leather varieties are selected. When working with a textile base, thin plastic leathers are used (flask, chevro, velor and thin yuft), and when working on a board, heavy ones (shora, saddlecloth). To achieve the proper quality, according to a preliminary sketch, exact patterns of all fragments of the composition are made. Then, according to these patterns, elements are cut out from pre-dyed leathers and glued onto the base using bone glue or PVA emulsion. The intarsia technique is mainly used to create wall panels, but in combination with other techniques it can be used in the manufacture of bottles, souvenirs, and furniture decoration.
In addition, the skin can be painted, it can be molded, giving any shape and relief (by soaking, gluing, filling).
ARTISTIC PROCESSING OF METAL
metal plastics - technique for creating relief images on metal. One of the types of arts and crafts. It differs from embossing in that it is produced exclusively on thin sheets of metal up to 0.5 mm thick by extruding the contour of the pattern with special tools (and not with a blow, as in embossing), due to which smooth deformations of the metal are formed. A thicker sheet is not amenable to such processing, and a sheet thinner than 0.2 mm may tear. Metal-plastic has been used since ancient times to decorate furniture, make various decorative elements, or as an independent work of art.
Due to the simplicity and accessibility of techniques, it was included in the curriculum of the Soviet school in the 20s. However, then this technique was forgotten, and only recently interest in it has increased again.
Christian pewter miniature - a modern form of Christian arts and crafts to create a miniature sculpture of small forms. The craft appeared at the end of the 20th century in Russia against the backdrop of the revival of the life of the Russian Orthodox Church after communist persecution. It is a separate direction from the military-historical tin miniature, which uses a combination of Christian round sculpture, iconography and the ancient technology of tin casting metal-plastic.
Miniatures can depict figurines of holy saints or scenes from a biblical story. The figurines are not objects of cult religious worship. Miniatures are a living tradition in the Byzantine art of carving round ivory sculpture, lost in the 12th century. The difference is only in technical execution.
This type of Christian creativity is perceived in the church ambiguously, since the icon is traditional in Orthodoxy. The rejection of sculpture in Orthodoxy is due to the fact that there were bans on sculpture in the church. But the most authoritative theorist of church art, L. A. Uspensky, notes: “The Orthodox Church has not only never banned sculptural images, but ... such a ban cannot exist at all, since it could not be justified by anything.” From the first centuries, the Church did not reject sculpture. This is evidenced at least by the quite numerous statues of the “Good Shepherd” that have come down to our time.
Artistic forging - production by metal processing, which has the general name of forging, of any forged products, for any purpose, having the properties of a work of art without fail.
Artistic casting from precious metals, bronze and brass
Artistic cast iron casting
Chasing - the technological process of making a drawing, inscription, image, which consists in knocking out a certain relief on a plate. One of the types of arts and crafts.
It is one of the options for artistic metal processing.
The chasing technique is used to create dishes, decorative panels, various jewelry.
The relief on sheet metal is created with the help of specially made tools - chasing and punching hammers, which are made from both metal and wood.
For chased works, metals such as brass, copper, aluminum and steel with a thickness of 0.2 to 1 mm are used, in some cases gold and silver.
A relief or pattern can be minted by placing a sheet of metal on the end of a birch or linden ridge, on felt, thick rubber, a canvas bag with river sand, a layer of plasticine or resin. In some cases, a lead plate is more convenient.
