This note is addressed to those who still have not learned how to determine how many letters n write in one word or another. Or those who re-read the rules for the tenth time and cannot understand them. Make yourself tea, make sandwiches. The conversation will be serious.
How to reduce the probability of correct spelling
Easily. Write at random or because it looks so "beautiful". Or first and second at the same time.
How to increase the likelihood of correct spelling
Do not be lazy and do not skip any of the points of the algorithm. Only then will you bring the skill of determining the number of letters n in a word to automatism.
Aerobatics - determine the amount n on the run.
You can, but not right away.
Sequencing
To begin with, we always determine the part of speech. You need to do this on the question that we ask by the way.
- Noun - who? what?
- Adjective - which?
- Short adjective - what?
- adverb - as?
- Participle - which?
- Brief Communion - what?
- verbal adjective - which?
You already have a question: how to distinguish between those parts of speech that answer the same question?
Adjectives and participles
The adjective is derived from the noun, and the participle is derived from the verb.
Long is an adjective because it answers a question which? and is derived from a noun length.
strewn is a participle because it answers a question which? and is derived from the verb strew.
By the way, participles also have characteristic suffixes. In the forms of the present tense: -usch-, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch-, -em-, -om-, -im-. In past tense forms: -vsh-, -sh-, -in-, -t-, -enn-, -yonn-, -nn-. These suffixes are used as an additional check to see if you have identified the correct part of speech.
Participles and verbal adjectives
Now we have one more problem: both participles and verbal adjectives are formed from the verb. Both answer the question which?. How to distinguish them?
First, the verbal adjective is formed from the imperfective verb, and the participle is formed from the perfective verb.
How to determine the type of the verb? Easily. If he answers the question what to do?, then the view is imperfect (denoting an incomplete action). If he answers the question what to do?, then the view is perfect (denoting a completed action).
Secondly, verbal adjectives do not have dependent words.
A dependent word is a word to which you can ask a question from the main word.
Try to determine for yourself which of these words is a participle and which is a verbal adjective: a solved problem, a loaded car.
Answer. Solved- participle. Here are all the arguments: it answers the question which?; derived from the verb decide; this verb is perfective because it answers the question what to do?.
loaded- verbal adjective. And here's why: answers the question which?; derived from the verb ship; this verb is imperfective because it answers the question what to do?; dependent words are missing.
In order for a verbal adjective to become a participle, it is enough to do one of two things:
- Add dependent word.
A man-loaded car. loaded by whom?- human. Now this is communion. - Change the form of the verb.
loaded car. Formed from a verb download which answers the question what to do? and therefore belongs to the perfect species.
Short adjectives and short participles
The sequence of actions is as follows:
- Realized that the word answers the question what?.
- We think from what full form the word is formed.
- We determine the part of speech in the full form (we read the differences between adjectives and participles above).
Here is a table to illustrate.
Hooray. Now we know what part of speech our word belongs to.
Applying the rules
See how easy it is when we know the part of speech:
We also write two letters n in participles with suffixes -ova- and -Eve-.
In the word asphalted write nn because there is a suffix -ova-.
Make sure that -ova- or -Eve- were suffixes. In words forged and chewed there are no such suffixes. They have roots cove- and zhev-. These words contain one letter n, because they are verbal adjectives.
You also need to remember the words: unexpected, unexpected, seen, unseen, seen, read, heard, unheard, desired. Just remember them.
It remains to deal with adjectives, nouns and adverbs.
In adjectives and nouns we write one n only in one case: if there is a suffix -en-, -yan-, -in-: leather en th, silver yang oh, chickens in oh, sand en ik. Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
We write in adjectives nn in the following cases:
- In suffixes -he N-, -enn-: station he N th, time enn th.
- If the word is formed from a noun whose stem ends in -n: tuma nn th.
Pay special attention to the second point. Without it, you would write in a word fog one letter n because there is a suffix -en-. But this word has no suffix -en-! Why? Because -en- is part of the root. The word is formed from a noun fog, whose base ends with n. Adjectives are written by analogy pocket, long, citric and many others. Don't forget this rule.
The words windy, oily, oil are not adjectives, since they are formed from verbs: wind, oil. Here everything works according to the rules of verbal adjectives and participles. Or just remember that these three words are spelled with the same letter. n. In other cases, already with two (wind n oh no wind nn th).
OK. What about short adjectives?
Everything is simple here: the same number of letters are written in them n, how many and in total.
What about adverbs?
It's the same story here. We write the same n how much in the word from which the adverb is formed.
Slowly- adverb because it answers a question as?. Formed from an adjective slow. In this adjective we write nn in suffix -enn-, therefore, in the adverb we write the same way.
Attention! An adverb can be formed not only from an adjective, but also from other parts of speech. For example, confusingly explain. The logic here is tricky. Adverb confused derived from the word confused, which is a verbal adjective (answers the question which?; no dependent words; formed from an imperfective verb confuse). Because the confused- verbal adjective, then in it we write one n. And if so, then in the dialect, which is formed from it, we write the same amount.
A little exercise. Explain the setting n-nn in a sentence.
Pickled mushrooms, fried sausage, buttered rye cakes, condensed milk, beef liver, baked potatoes, slightly ash-cured, and a sip of a drink infused with some outlandish drug will seem delicious in the fresh air. to the most sophisticated gourmet.
1. With one letter n are written:
one). Adjectives with a non-derivative stem: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in these adjectives. The letter n is part of the root.
2). Derivative adjectives with the suffix -n: winter (from: winter), summer (from: summer).
3). Denominative adjectives with suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. with the meaning "name of material, substance"), and -in: mouse, sparrow (adj. with the meaning "belonging").
Exception:
wood, pewter, glass write with two letters nn.
four). Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: fried meat.
Exception:
Write with two letters nn words from the list:
given, swaggered, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, done, coy, captivated, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, minted, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unintentional, unguessed
Do not confuse!
The exclusion list does not include words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consistent with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest,sworn brother.
5). Short adjectives in the masculine singular form: advice is valuable - (m.p.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms, if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from the full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red.
7). Adverbs in -o and -e formed from single-letter adjectives n: windy, neat.
2. With two letters nn are written:
one). Definitive adjectives with the suffix -н, if the root of the noun ends in a letter n: autumn, spring, sleepy.
2). Derivative adjectives with suffixes -enn, -onn: literal, portioned.
Exception:
windy man, windmill, chicken pox, but windless day,lee side.
3). Verbal adjectives with the suffix -nn: uprooted area, defective thing.
Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + nn.
Write the suffix -nn in verbal adjectives formed from the generative stem with suffixes: -eva//-ova, -eva: uprooted←uproot, formed←form.
It's easier to remember like this: adjectives in yeva + nn + yy, ova + nn + yy, eva + nn + yy.
four). Exception adjectives:
Exception: wood, tin, glass write with two letters - nn .
Exception: the, swaggering, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, chased, cursed, unheard of, unprecedented, inadvertent, unexpected(see paragraph 5).
5). Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list of words for memorization in paragraph 5 along with other examples).
6). Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters nn(except for the m.s. singular form, in which there is always one letter n): the night is moonless, advice is valuable.
7). Adverbs in -o and -e formed from two-letter adjectives nn: sincerely, deliberately, calmly.
In adjectives, one letter H is written in suffixes -IN-, -AN-, -YANG-.
For example: swan(in suffix -IN - one letter H is written) leather(in suffix
-AN- one letter H is written) woolen(in suffix -YAN- one letter H is written.
Remembering three suffixes in which one letter H is written is very easy. Need to know p the first letter of the alphabet and the last - A and Z. We add one letter H to them and get suffixes - AN, YING, YANG .
You can learn a rhyme that will help you remember the suffixes of adjectives that are written with one letter N.
For adjectives long ago
Written in scholarly books
When AN, YING, YANG, then H is one
And no more excess.
Suffix -IN- called "animal". With the help suffix IN adjectives are formed from animate nouns denoting animals, insects, birds.
MOUSE IN YY = MOUSE + IN
MOSQUITO IN YY \u003d KOMAR + IN
Nightingale IN YY \u003d Nightingale + IN
In adjectives MOUSE IN YY,MOSQUITO IN OY, NIGHTINGALING IN YY the "animal" suffix is written - IN - with one letter N.
Suffixes - AN-, -YAN - are written in the names of adjectives denoting the material from which the object is made:
SKIN AN YY \u003d SKIN + AN
PESC AN YY \u003d SAND + AN
SILVER YAN YY = SILVER + YANG
WOOL YAN OH = WOOL + YAN
CLAY YAN YY \u003d CLAY + YAN
Adjectives SKIN AN YY, SAND AN YY, SILVER YAN YY , WOOL YAN OH CLAY YAN YH are written with one letter H, since the suffix in them begins with the letters AND I .
Three adjectives should be remembered, the suffix of which begins with the letter I, but the letters H in it are written not one, but two. These are the exception words: TREE YANN YY, TIN YANN GLASS YANN YY.
The following riddle about WINDOW:
glass surface, wooden frame, pewter handle.
2. Two letters НН in adjective suffixes
Two letters H are written in the names of adjectives whose suffixes begin with the letter O or E. For example, EDITORIALS HE N YY, TRADITIONS HE N YY, STRAW ENN YY, CRANBERRY ENN YY.
Remember suffix - HE N- helps with HH UN - United Nations.
It is known that suffix - HE N- - UN fanatic.
It strives to be as similar to the UN as possible in everything. True, the difference between them is immediately noticeable: the suffix has - HE N- two H's, and his UN idol has two O's.
With the suffix - HE N -, in which two letters H are written, adjectives are formed most often foreign origin. For example, COMMISSION HE N EDITORIAL HE N YY, TRADITIONS HE N YY, REVOLUTION HE N YY
Two letters H are written in the suffix -ENN-.
Adjectives with the suffix - ENN- most often formed from nouns whose stem ends in several consonants: ARTS ENN YY, CRANBERRY ENN YY, LIFE ENN YY, FIRE ENN OH, ILLNESS ENN YY.
In Russian, there is an exception word, the suffix of which begins with the letter E, but the letters N in it are written not two, but one. This word is WINDY.
WINDY DAY
WINDY YOUTH
In the word WINDY, one letter H is written!
However, if the prefix WITHOUT appears in the word WINDY, then two letters H are written according to the rule.
WINDLESS NIGHT (there is a prefix in the word)
Remember the spelling of words WINDY andWINDLESS the following verse helps.
Windy young man, windy day!
You can easily remember:
I always write only one N!
Windless morning, day or night!
Without applying the rules of knowledge,
Write two N's without hesitation!
3. Two letters H at the junction of morphemes
Two letters H are written in the names of adjectives formed with the help of the suffix H from nouns with the stem starting with the letter H.
PLAIN = ravni H A+ H
LONG= LENGTH H A+ H
TRUE= ISTI H A+ H
outlandish= DIKOVI H A+ H
pancake = BLI H +H
The following poetic rule helps to write a double letter H in the adjective.
The mist one has
But if the city has become foggy,
Based on H and suffix H,
And it turns out,
Remember this case is strange.
4. Things to remember
There are several words in Russian that do not have the suffix H and suffer greatly from this. These words are often confused and erroneously write double HH in them.
Remember: in words SINGLE, GREEN, SPICY, ROSE, YOUNG, PORK one letter H is written, which is part of the root.
5. Analyzing examples
Let's determine how many letters H are written in the following adjectives and why.
GOOSE(this word has an "animal" suffix -IN -, in which one letter H is written),
TELEPHONE(this adjective is formed from the noun TELEPHONE, the stem of which ends with the letter H. The suffix H is added. Therefore, we write the word TELEPHONE with two letters H),
STRAW(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter E, so we write HH),
LINEN(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter I and denotes the material from which the object is made, so we write one letter H),
WINDY(this is an exception word in which one letter H is written),
INFECTIOUS(the suffix of this adjective begins with the letter O, so we write HH),
GLASS(this is an exception word that is included in the riddle about the window; therefore we write HH).
6. Algorithm for writing Н, НН in adjective suffixes
Choosing H, HH to write in the suffix, you can use the algorithm.
Table 1. Algorithm for writing Н, НН in adjective suffixes ()
7. Н, НН in short adjectives
It should be remembered that in the short names of adjectives the same number of N is written as in the full ones: traditional - traditional, smart - smart.
Bibliography
- Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
- Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Reference table().
- Presentation ().
- Additional exercise ().
Homework
Task number 1
Insert, where necessary, the missing letters H or HH. Justify your answer.
Yu..y, y..at, silver..y, aviation..y, long..y, tin..y, straight..y, hurricane..y, debatable..y, swans..y, wind..th, windy..oh, windless..th, autumn..th, morning..th, morning..ik, glass..th, harder..ik, silver..th, silver..ka, shameless..ik, seme..oh, ice..oh, cranberry..oh, hemp..oh, hemp..ik, sparrows..oh, nightingales..oh, stirrup..oh, seme..oh, red banner .. th, triumph .. th, life .. th , old .. th, guests .. th, guests ple..th, whole..th, drunk..th, rya..th, blush..th, blush..a, fire..th, sandy..th, craft..th, secondary..th, pension .. th, clay .. th, beast .. th, offspring .. th, precious .. th, bouillo .. th, flat .. th, half-dead .. th, wild .. th, not quite .. th, sheep..th, infectious..th, sympathetic..th, seventh..th, countless..th, friendship..th, oats..th, one-time..th, ants..th, wave..th, mice..y, svi..oh, pigs..a, firewood..ik, oil..ik, mali..ik, axis..ik, ripples..ik, friends..ik, moshe..ik, wind..ik, side..ik, smart..yy, ko..itsa, leeward..yy, sandy..ik, travel. .ik, vlasya..itsa, vishe..ik, weathered..y, chicken..oh (ataman).
Task number 2
Make the “silent” table speak: write down the necessary words in place of the gaps. Write down adjectives with the studied spelling from the poems.
1. He slept, all radiant, in an oak manger,
Like a ray of moon in the hollow of a hollow.
He was replaced with a sheep ... skin
Donkey ... ox lips and nostrils.
B. Pasternak
2. And there is a birch in so ... oh silence,
And snowflakes burn in golden fire.
S. Yesenin
3. Do you love ice ... oh January,
Windless, brutal cold.
And I am a fierce February,
A blizzard, a daring snowstorm.
A13. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which one N is written?
Skillfully executed (1) cova (2) beams (3) lattices of St. Petersburg - one of the decorations of the city.
1) 1,2 2) 2 3) 2, 3 4) 1, 3
A bit of theory
Despite the fact that the codifier speaks of one and two letters H in the suffixes of various parts, in the control measuring materials we will also deal with words in which the spelling of two H is due to the fact that the first of the letters is part of the root (base), and the second is the suffix -Н- or part of the suffix starting with N.
Adjectives:
1) Adjectives with suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in- written with one -n-: clay, silver, chicken. Exceptions: glass, tin, wood.
2) Adjectives with suffixes -onn-, -enn- written with two -n-: aviation related. Exception: windy, oily.
3) In adjectives formed from the base on -n with a suffix -n-, written two -n-: pictorial (karti n-a + n th).
Participles and adjectives formed from verbs:
two letters -n- are written in suffixes of full participles and adjectives formed from verbs:
1) if they have a prefix: sun plow n th, from the brew n th(but: smart boy, named brother);
2) if they have dependent words: var nn aya on milk ;
3) if the word has suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: marinated, asphalted;
4) if the word is formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb (except wounded): deprived;
In short participles, one is written -n-, and in adjectives - two (except for the masculine singular form). It is necessary to distinguish between full and short forms of passive past participles with suffixes -enn- and -nn- and adjectives formed from verbs. Compare:
educated, participle from the verb "educate"; short form: brought up, brought up, brought up, brought up, brought up and educated, adjective; short form: educated, educated, educated, educated.
How to distinguish? It is possible in meaning, but it is easier to try to substitute the word ‘ more’: Masha was raised by her grandmother and Masha is educated, polite and smart. As you can see, in the first case, the substitution of the proposed word is inappropriate, and in the second, it is quite real. In addition, passive participles require the presence (at least on a subconscious level) of an indication of who performed the action indicated in the participle.
Writing one or two letters -n- in difficult adjectives obeys the general rule: plain dyed (paint, imperfect species); plain dyed (paint, perfect view).
adverbs, formed from adjectives with two -n-, also written with two -n-: went organized.
In nouns, formed from adjectives, participles and verbal adjectives, so many -n-, how many of them were in the production basis: pupil ( from ‘ educated’), martyr ( from ‘ tormented’) .
Two - n- are written in all words formed from the bases on -n, with a suffix starting with -n: foamy (pe n-a + n-th), hexagon (six + face n b + n ik).
ABC truths
Interactive dictation
Literacy Tutorial: Punctuation
Names and titles. Interactive simulator
useful links
Summer Reading
Memoirs
Language Quotes
Tongue Twisters
Proverbs and sayings
LITERATURE textbook: spelling
Choose the correct answers. To check the completed task, click the "Check" button.
H / HH in participles and verbal adjectives
Spelling Н or НН in passive participles is one of those rules that regularly make mistakes in dictations, essays and tests.
First of all, remember the rule: In the suffixes of full passive participles, two letters H are written, for example, CUT TREES. In the suffixes of short passive participles, one letter H is written, for example, TREES HAVE BEEN CUT.
But since full passive participles are sometimes very similar to adjectives, to avoid mistakes, it is useful to remember four conditions under which two letters H are written:
1) the sacrament has a prefix (except NOT-), for example, DRIED MUSHROOMS;
2) the participle was formed from the verb of the perfect form, for example, SOLVED PROBLEM - from the verb DECIDE (what to do? - perfect form);
3) the participle has dependent words, for example, DRIED (where?) MUSHROOMS IN THE OVEN;
4) The participle is formed from the verb using the suffixes -OVA- or -EVA-, for example, EXCITED PERSON.
If a word does not have any of these features, then it is spelled with one N.
In addition, there are several words with two letters H, the spelling of which must be learned in the same way as we memorize the words-exceptions: UNSEEN, UNHEARD, UNEXPECTED, UNGUESSED, UNINTENDED, WANTED, PRECIOUS, SACRED, SMOOTH.
(1) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase LAUNCHING GARDEN? First of all, you need to see if the sacrament has a prefix. In our case, there is a prefix, which means that this word must be written with two N: NEGLECTED GARDEN.
(2) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase BROKEN LOOK? First of all, we look to see if the sacrament has a prefix. In our example, the participle does not have a prefix, therefore, the next step is to determine the type of verb from which this participle was formed. BROCHE_NY was formed from the verb TO THROW (what to do?) This verb is perfective, which means that in the participle you need to write two letters H: LOOKING OUT.
(3) How many N should be written in the participle from the phrase OVEN Roast FISH? The participle in this phrase has dependent words: HEAT (where?) IN THE OVEN. Therefore, in the sacrament it is necessary to write two letters H: FISH ROASTED IN THE OVEN.
(4) How many H should be written in the participle from the phrase ASPHALTED HIGHWAY? Since this participle has the suffix -OVA-, two letters H must be written in it: ASPHALTED HIGHWAY.
(5) How many N should be written in the word WEAVING from the phrase WEAVING BASKET? Since it does not have a prefix, there are no dependent words, there are no suffixes -OVA- or -EVA-, and also because it was formed from the verb of the imperfect form WEAVING (what to do?), you need to write one letter H: WITTED BASKET.
“How can I not love him? - she said to herself, delving into his fright and at the same time delighted look.
Levin immediately thought of this, but, in spite of this, he decided that Sviazhsky's views of him were only his baseless assumption...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
Well, the guest is uninvited,
Perhaps the father will come in!
I ask you to serve the young lady in love _n oh!
Scarlet ribbons were woven into her
In two blond braids,
Flowers, outfits brought
Unseen _n oh beauty.
Who wants to welcome us, if you please;
The door is open for the stars and the unseen...
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
Parsley, you are always with a new thing,
With a torn elbow.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
... There were requests from a hostile ministry for information about the measures that have been applied in the last decade ...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
And that consumptive, relative to you, enemy of books,
In the academic committee that settled ...
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
And then she thinks -
God knows why
That the starry sky is sand
Sprinkle _n leaf,
Constantly day and night on the road
Surprisingly sweet cart...
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")
Levin always came to Moscow excited, hurried, a little embarrassed, and irritated by this embarrassment, and for the most part with a completely new, unexpected outlook on things.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
No, in this felled forest
I won't be lured
Where there were oaks to heaven
And now the stumps are sticking out!
(Nekrasov, "Russian Women")
He drove to the fortress ballet on many wagons
From mothers, fathers rejected _n th children?!
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
Stepan Arkadyevitch had already gone downstairs, undressed, washed himself again, put on a frilled nightgown and lay down ... (Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
You will come to Nerchinsk if you
The road won't kill you.
Hardly four miles an hour
Zakova is coming.
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")
With a face mutilated with passion, pale and with a trembling lower jaw, Vronsky hit her in the stomach with his heel and again began pulling on the reins...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
Darya Alexandrovna's eyes widened at this elegant, unseen carriage...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
Finally married his daughter
I took it - shish, in the service - nothing.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
She remembered how she had almost told the confession that her husband's young subordinate had made to her in Petersburg...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
Towards dinner they arrived: an old cousin of Alexei Alexandrovich ... ... and one young man, recommended to Alexei Alexandrovich for the service.
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
To the pen from the cards? and to the cards from the pen?
And the _nd hour of the ebb and flow?
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
I'm running, I won't look back, I'll go looking around the world,
Where insulted _n omu there is a corner for feeling.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
Stepan Arkadyevitch ... in this playful courtship ... and accidentally went so far that he no longer knew how to get back ...
(Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina)
What is the politest name for such people?
Tenderer? - he is a man of the world,
Notorious _n th swindler, rogue:
Anton Antonych Zagoretsky.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
For the fact that he softened the anger of _n th guest,
I wanted to compliment.
(A. S. Griboyedov, "Woe from Wit")
You sit for an hour
Do not oppress _n th, peppy mind
Works meanwhile.
(N. A. Nekrasov, "Russian Women")
Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives and participles
First you need to understand what form is an adjective:
Then you need to find out what part of speech the word is formed from noun or from verb.
lion - lion
salt - saline
leather - leather
! Glass
tin
wood
revolution - revolutionary
foliage - deciduous
BUT!
young, ruddy,
pork, spicy,
drunk, filthy,
green, blue.
The words also belong to the primitives: single, pheasant, raven, ram, carp, seals, peacock, crimson, zealous, bulany.
1. without prefix
frozen catfish (from freeze)
2. dependent word
frozen mom catfish
3. suf. ova, eva, irova
! forged, chewed, pecked
! desired, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected
Tasks and tests on the topic "Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives and participles"
In order to understand when one is written in a word, and when two letters “n” are written, you need to know what part of speech this word is formed from.
So, if the word is formed from a noun, then we pay attention to the suffixes and the stem.
If a word is formed from a verb, then we pay attention to the prefix, the dependent word, the type of verb from which the word is formed, and the suffixes -ova, -eva, -irova.
When it comes to spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives and participles, it is necessary to take into account the form of the word - full or short.
Spelling H and HH in suffixes
Compare two sentences:
Baked apples on a plate .
Oven-baked apples lay on a plate .
In one case the word baked written with one n, and in the other case, with two n. In order to understand why these words are written that way, you need to understand a few rules. True, there are quite a few rules and exceptions on this topic.
Н and НН in adjectives and participles
In order to determine how much n should be written in the adjective, first you need to understand what part of speech it is formed from. As a rule, adjectives are formed from nouns, from verbs or are primitive. Primitive adjectives are not derived from any other part of speech. Let's look at these three groups.
Adjectives formed from nouns
en -, — yang -, — in -.
Examples: leather, silver, horse
Exceptions: glass, tin, wooden
— enn -, — stvenn -, — he N -, — ation -, — irovann -.
Examples: cranberry, feminine, evolutionary, examination, erudite
Exceptions: windy, oily ( but windless)
In adjectives formed from nouns with a base on n with the suffix n -.
Examples: deep, true
Primitive adjectives
Primitive adjectives are not derived from any other part of speech. In them n included in the root. These adjectives have only one letter. n .
blue, young, green, ruddy
For example, in the word rosy root rouge, but not room(there is no such root in Russian at all).
society(s) opinion
What should be in place of the dash?
Verbal adjectives and participles in full form
There are three conditions when any of which in the full passive past participle or adjective is written nn.
1. Participle (or adjective) formed from a verb with a prefix(except for attachment not- which does not affect the quantity n in the word).
frightened, loaded, baked
But: unafraid, uninvited
Exceptions: named (brother; with emphasis on the second syllable), planted (father; replacing the parent of the groom or bride at the wedding), dowry (this is a noun formed by moving the adjective into the category of nouns), smart.
Important: the spelling of verbal adjectives in compound words does not change.
Compare:
fresh-frozen (without a prefix, so one is written n) - freshly frozen (with a prefix, therefore it is written nn)
plain-colored (without a prefix, so one is written n) - smooth-colored (with a prefix, therefore it is written nn)
2. Communion has dependent words(except for words indicating the degree of manifestation of the trait: very , very etc.).
a wagon loaded with sand, an apple baked in the oven
3. Participle (or adjective) formed from the perfective verb .
abandoned (throw), given (give), bought (buy), deprived (deprive), decided (decide)
These three conditions do not cover participles and adjectives without dependent words formed from imperfective verbs without prefixes. There are two rules here, of which there are many exceptions.
Rule 1 If the participle (or verbal adjective) ends in - ovated , — fucked up, spelled nn .
Examples: spoiled, lined, uprooted
But: this rule does not apply if - ov -, — ev- are part of the root (in words chewed, forged, pecked).
Rule 2 If the adjective is formed with suffixes - en -, — n- from an imperfective verb without a prefix, in the absence of dependent words it is written n .
Examples: laden, mowed, baked, baked, frozen, torn, confused, stolen
But: In some adjectives formed from non-prefixed imperfective verbs, it is written nn .
Examples: desired, active
Adjectives and participles in short form
In the short form of adjectives, the same number is written n how much and in full.
significant change ⇒ significant change
windy girl ⇒ windy girl
well-mannered girl ⇒ well-mannered girl
In short passive participles, one letter is always written n .
The deed is already done.
Mission successfully completed.
Short adjectives and short participles must be distinguished by meaning.
Compare:
His face is agitated (adjective) - The sea is agitated by the wind (participle)
This teacher is always reserved (adjective) - The oath was kept (participle)
Spelling Н and НН in different parts of speech
Spelling Н and НН in nouns
1. nn it is written:
1) if the root of the word ends in n, and the suffix starts with n: elder-nick (elderberry), squad-nick (druzhina), raspberry-nick (raspberry), swindler-nick (purse), aspen-nick (aspen), mountain ash-nick (mountain ash); dowry-nits-a (dowry), sleepless-nits-a (sleep), ringing-nits-a (ringing), log-nits-a (log);
2) if the noun is formed from an adjective with nn, or from a participle: soreness (painful), agitated-awn (agitated), hryvnia-ik (hryvnia), power of attorney (trusted), covetousness (coy), spoiled-awn (spoiled), chosen-ik (chosen), exiled-ik (expelled), konn-itsa (equestrian), root-ik (indigenous), larch-itsa (deciduous), inadvertent-ost (unintentional), educated-ost (educated), public-ik (public), organized-ost ( organized), captive-ik (captive), sent-ik (sent), privileged-ost (privileged), production-ik (production), millet-ik (millet), handicraft-ik (handicraft), related-ik (related ), priest-ik (sacred), seed-ik (seed), own-ik (own), modern-ik (modern), coherent-awn (harmonized), fog-awn (foggy).
2. H written in words: crimson-itsa (crimson), varen-ik (boiled), windy-awn, windy-ik, windy-itsa (windy), gostin-itsa (living room), drovyan-ik (wood-burning), hemp-ik (hemp) , smoked-ost (smoked), bone-ika (bone), maslen-itsa (oily), mudren-ost (tricky), oat-itsa (oatmeal), peat-ik (peat), smart-awn (intelligent) and etc., as well as in the words olsha-nik, omshan-ik.
Spelling Н and НН in suffixes of denominative adjectives (formed from a noun)
1) for adjectives formed from nouns with the help of suffixes -enn-, -onn-: artificial, cranberry, straw, operating, session, station and etc.; adjectives formed from nouns for me (time, flame, etc.) can also be included here: temporary, fiery, seed, nominal, tribal etc.
In adjective windy one is written n , since it is not formed from the noun wind, but from the verb wind with a suffix -n- , which does not contradict the spelling rule n in verbal adjectives: weathered, weathered, weathered- formed from verbs;
2) for adjectives formed from adjectives with a suffix -enn-, indicating a large measure of the sign: tall, hefty, broad and etc;
3) for adjectives formed from nouns based on n(second -n- adjective suffix): long(length), true(true), millionth(million), vintage(old), canvas(canvas) and etc.
Type adjectives lamb, carp, seal written from one n , since they are formed from nouns with a stem on n by adding a suffix - j - .
The words spicy, ruddy, youthful are written with one n (non-derivative adjectives); in words derived from them, one n is also written: spice, blush, blush, youth(but: junior, since this word is formed from the combination young naturalist).
2. H is written with adjectives formed from nouns using suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- : pigeon(pigeon), goose(goose), chicken, aquiline, swan, leather(leather), sandy(sand), cereous(wax), linen(canvas) silver, wood burning and etc.
Exceptions: glass, pewter, wood.
It is necessary to distinguish between adjectives, the spelling of which depends on their meaning:
a) windy- “accompanied by the wind, with the wind” (windy weather), “frivolous” - trans. (windy girl, youth); wind- “driven by the force of the wind” (wind turbine, pump, mill); in combination with chicken pox, the adjective has a suffix -yan- , compare: chickenpox- open;
b) oily oiled, lubricated, oiled butter pancakes, porridge, hands), trans. ( oily eyes, oily voice, also: oily week - carnival); oil- "for oil, from oil, on oil" ( oil cookie, oil paint, oil engine, pump etc.); compare: oily bottle("designed for oil") and oily bottle("soiled with oil");
in) silver- "subjected to silvering, covered with silver" (silver spoon); silver- “made of silver” (silver spoon);
G) salty- “containing salt” (salted fish); hydrochloric- "consisting of salt" ( salt mine, hydrochloric pillar). In combination hydrochloric acid in the adjective is written with a suffix -yan- .
Spelling Н and НН in verbal adjectives and participles
Full Forms
Spelled with nn suffixes of the full forms of passive past participles: -nn- and -yonn- (-enn- ). Adjectives correlative with them in form are written in some cases also with nn in a suffix, in others - with one n .
1. Spelled with nn participles and adjectives -wounded, -wounded, -wounded(formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate), for example: spoiled, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted, lined, reorganized.
2. They are also written with nn communion not on -ovanny (- evanny, - evanny) verbs perfect look and related adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.
a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, roasted, scribbled, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, untangled, made.
b) A list of forms of native non-prefixed verbs, as well as some verbs, the prefix in which can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captive, forgiven, let go, decided, seized, revealed; met, ventured, offended, found, obligated, visited, supplied.
Forms are written according to this rule. two-species(meaning both perfect and imperfect) verbs to marry, to bequeath, to promise, to execute, to give birth: married, bequeathed, promised, executed, born.
Exceptions. are written with one n correlative adjectives with participial forms in the following stable combinations: dead man, named brother, named sister, planted father, planted mother, Forgiveness Sunday .
3. Communions are not on -ovanny (- evanny, - evanny) verbs imperfect form(they are formed only from non-prefixed verbs) and adjectives correlative with them are written differently: participles with nn , adjectives - with one n , for example: wagons laden with firewood, fish fried in oil, oil painting, hair cut by a barber and short-cropped hair, green-dyed benches, floor not swept for a long time, walls not yet whitewashed, money already counted more than once, an offer made many times; but: loaded barge, fried fish, written beauty, cropped hair, painted benches, swept floors, whitewashed walls, a few minutes, feigned indifference; likewise knitted and knitted, ironed and ironed, braided and braided, brushed and peeled; are also written: chewed and chewed, pecked and chiselled, forged and forged.
According to this rule, the forms of two-part verbs are written concuss, baptize and hurt. Wed: soldier shell-shocked in the head, seriously wounded soldier, soldier wounded in the leg, just baptized baby, but: shell-shocked commander, wounded soldier, baptized child.
As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the sacrament. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed (obviously artificial where the word clearly used with an adjective); the walls, previously whitewashed, are now covered with green paint (walls used to be white).
In words with the prefix non-, in compound words and in some combinations? repetitions, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in a separate (without a prefix and not as part of a compound word or a repetition combination) use .
1. Words with a prefix not- :
Spelled with nn : uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven ;
Spelled with n : unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, undyed, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, unbidden, uncounted.
2. Compound words:
Spelled with nn : Highly Skilled, Solid Forged, Acquired, Freshly Painted, Purposeful, Born Blind, Insane;
Spelled with n : plain dyed, homespun, finely crushed, self-styled, seriously wounded, one-piece .
3. Combinations-repetitions with a prefix re- in the second part, having amplifying value. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with nn or n ), for example:
Spelled with nn : mortgaged-re-mortgaged, solved-resolved ;
Spelled with n : patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, mended-re-mended, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.
Exceptions. Spelled with nn instead of n :
a) adjectives desired, longed and (as part of stable combinations) seen case?; is it a heard thing? They are formed from imperfective verbs wish, wait and see, hear .
Special cases: adjectives put on spilled sea; they are formed from prefixed imperfective verbs put on, pour, i.e. from verbs with the suffix — wa- , which naturally do not form passive past participles;
b) adjectives with a prefix not-: unknown, unseen, unexpected, unwanted, unexpected, unseen, unexpected, unheard of, unexpected and (as part of a stable combination) watchful eye;
c) compound adjectives long-awaited, homegrown and (as part of own name) Andrew the First-Called.
The second parts of these prefixed and compound adjectives also correspond to imperfective verbs.
Short forms
Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n , for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read, read, read, read; labeled, labeled, labeled, labeled; marked, marked, marked, marked. The forms of the neuter gender are also written in impersonal usage, for example: smoky, littered, worn, worn, worn-run, worn-crossed .
Short forms (except for the masculine form) adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn , for example: educated, educated, educated(from adjective educated‘discovering the results of a good upbringing’); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled(from adjective spoiled‘accustomed to the fulfillment of his whims’); lofty, lofty, exalted(from adjective exalted‘full of high content’). These adjectives have comparative forms: more educated, more spoiled, more sublime.
Compare the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative . – She has good manners, she is well-mannered. She is spoiled for good conditions – She is naughty and spoiled.
Short forms of adjectives on -ny written with one n , if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone‘attached’ She is very attached to him; filled with something‘full, imbued’ – The soul is full of sorrow; heard of something‘well-informed’ We've heard about his tricks..
Some adjectives have differently spelled short forms in different meanings. For example, different spellings of short forms of the word devotee: She is kind and dedicated and She is dedicated. In the first example devoted- same adjective as educated, spoiled, exalted, it has a comparative degree more devoted; the second is the same as attached, performed, heard(requires dependent words: someone, something).
Short forms of adjectives, expressing various emotional states, can be written with n or with nn depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. For example: She's excited(she gets excited) Her speech is excited(her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case it is also possible to write excited(which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), and in the second case, the spelling excited impossible (because speech cannot ‘feel agitated’).
In difficult cases of distinguishing such short forms, one should refer to the academic Russian Spelling Dictionary.
Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles on -ny, are written with n or nn depending on the value. Adjectives expressing signs that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent, i.e., forming forms of a comparative degree, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with nn ; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n , for example:
well-bred, -nno, -nny; well-maintained, -nno, -nny; self-confident, -no, -no; purposeful, -no, -no; purposeful, -no, -no(there are comparative forms more well-bred, more comfortable, self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);
interconnected, -but, -ny; interdependent, -but, -ny; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -us(no forms of comparative degree).
Short forms of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, the full forms of which are transmitted in writing with one n , are written in the same way as full ones. For example: done, done, done(from done‘unnatural, forced’); confused, confused, confused(from confused‘illogical, confusing’); scholar, scholar, scholar(from scientist‘thoroughly knowing something’). Comparative forms are written in the same way ( smarter, more confused, more learned) and adverbs on -about (done, confused, learned).
Such adjectives are few; the vast majority of correlative adjectives with participles in -ny have no qualitative value; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled etc.
SPELLING H-NN IN ADVERSE SUFFIXES
Adverbs for -about , formed from adjectives and passive participles, are written with a double n or one n - depending on how the corresponding adjective or participle is written.
Spelled with nn : unintentionally, unheard of(from accidental, unheard), excitedly, excitement (excited), confidently;
Spelled with n : confused (talks confusedly), confusion, confusion(from confused), learned (very learned), windy (it's windy outside today).
Spelling H-HH in adjective suffixes. Rules and examples
So, first you need to determine from which part of speech the adjective is formed, since it can be a denominative adjective, that is, formed on behalf of a noun, and a verbal one - formed from a verb.
Rule I. H-HH in adjective suffixes formed from nouns
1. One letter n is written:
2. Two letters n are written:
In adjective seed n oh two suffixes - en and n so there are two letters in the word n. In the word lemon n th one letter n will refer to the root, and the second n- to the suffix, so two letters will also be written in it n.
Note: adjective nameless formed from a noun name, combined only with the word finger (bezim yann th finger); with other words, for example, station, height, hero, etc., the adjective nameless is used (bezim yonn th height);
Rule II. Н-НН in adjective suffixes formed from verbs
One letter n is written:
- in adjective suffixes formed from imperfective verbs: smoke - kopch en th sausage, sluggish - sluggish en th fish; exception: in words affairs nn oh, wish nn oh, gem nn oh, slow enn oh, invisible nn oh, ugly nn oh, awesome n oh, bad luck nn oh, unheard nn ouch, nechaya nn oh, holy enn th, chwa nn oh, check nn th spelled two n, despite the fact that these words are formed from imperfective verbs, as well as in words landing en th(father or mother) name n th(brother or sister), smart en th.
The verb asks a question: smoke(what to do?) - an imperfective verb, so the formed verbal adjective will be written with one n - kopch en ah sausage.
Two letters n is written:
From the verb, the question is asked: to say (what to do?) - a perfective verb, so the formed verbal adjective will be written with two n - skaz nn oh word;
pishipravilno
Tags: one H or two HH
One H or two HH? Denominative adjectives.
Today we will look at the following rule for writing one and two letters H in words. It concerns adjectives that are formed from nouns (not from verbs!): duck - duck, skin - leather, operation - operating, lunch - lunch.
The rule is as follows: in denominative adjectives (that is, formed from the NAME of the noun), one H is written in the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in-. In the suffixes -onn-, -enn- two letters HH are written. The rule is designed to memorize suffixes. Therefore, I suggest that you repeat the suffixes -an-, -yan-, -in 10 times - and remember them in such a small block (one H is written in them). And now repeat the suffixes -onn-, -enn- 10 times (two NNs are written in these suffixes).
So: Of course, there are exceptions. They are easy to remember (often the rule itself is forgotten, and the exceptions are remembered from the school bench, because the teacher probably suggested memorizing these three adjectives-exceptions by asking you to look at the window. There is a wooden frame, the window sheet is glass, and the handles for closing the window are tin. True , now, when there are euro packages everywhere, this link to visibility has lost a bit of its relevance :))
So: there are three exceptions, when in the suffix -yann- it is written, contrary to the rule (-an-, -yan-, -in-), two letters NN: glass YANN th, tin YANN th, wood YANN th.
Exercises for fixing the rule here: http://pishipravilno.blogspot.com/2009/04/blog-post_27.html
- April 23rd, 2009 07:55 am
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One H or two HH?
I offer you one of the rules for writing one and two letters H in words. It concerns verbal adjectives (adjectives that are formed from verbs). For example: asphalt - asphalted, polished - polished.
The rule is easy to remember: in adjectives in -ovanny, -ovanny (these are two suffixes -ova + nn- and -yova + nn-), two letters NN are written. The exceptions are the adjectives forged, chewed (although they are in -ovany, -evany, but these are not two suffixes), they write one n.
Comments of the teacher on the studied material
| Possible difficulties | good advice |
| It's hard to remember the exceptions to the rule. | Refer to Appendix 1.2 and fill in the gaps in the words where necessary. |
| Sometimes it is difficult to understand from which noun a given adjective was formed: moral ... ny; mysterious ... ny; scarlet; own ... ny; natural ... ny; spicy; indirect ... ny; original ... ny; humane ... ny; immu ... ny, etc. | Most likely, these are adjectives formed from obsolete nouns. You can apply the rule to them in full (even if their former suffixes are no longer distinguished from a modern point of view): moral; mysterious; scarlet; own; natural; indirect claim-ONN-th. Pay special attention to the words human-N-th and immuN-N-th, which are formed not from nouns, but from the international bases -human- and -immun- with the help of the suffix -n-. |
| What about words like old ... ny, were ... ny, purposeful ... ny, deep ... ny, true ... ny, remarkable ... ny, etc.? They have the suffix -in-. Should they be written with one H? | In such words, the suffix -in- is already included in the basis of the nouns from which these adjectives were formed. It becomes part of the stem of the noun, and it is to it that the adjective suffix –n- is added. Therefore, in such words it is written NN. Starin (a) - old-n-th. Bylin (a) - epic - n-th. Virgin (a) - virgin n-th. Depth(s) - depth-n-th. True (a) - true-n-th. Dozen (a) - not a dozen. |
| Sometimes it is not clear which suffix is used in this adjective: -an- (-yan-) or -enn-. Straw ... ny. Clay ... ny. Silver ... ny. Cutaneous. Wind ... ny. | In this case, the suffix should be remembered. Pay attention to the spelling of the following words. Straw. Clay. Silver. Windy day, man (remember also: windmill). oil paints). When addressing this issue, also use the following considerations. Words with the suffix -AN- (-YAN-) denote what ( silver) or for what ( wood burning) the item is made. cranberry, fiery, pumpkin, straw. |
| Are there cases when exceptions forged, chewed and wounded are written through HH? | Exceptions forged, chewed and wounded can be written with two H when they have dependent words or prefixes. A sword forged by a gunsmith (a gunsmith is a dependent word). A fighter wounded in the shoulder (in the shoulder is a dependent word). Shackled hands (prefix C-). Injured finger (prefix PO-). |
| In some cases it is difficult to understand what kind of verb a word is formed from. Decided ... ny (educated from decide? decide?). Thrown ... ny (educated from throw? throw?). This leads to spelling errors. | If you have a choice between perfective and imperfective verbs, choose the perfective verb. Resolved - formed from solve (sov.v), spelled NN. Abandoned - formed from quit (sov.v), spelled NN. |
| How many N is written in words with several roots: raw smoked ... ny; quick-frozen ... and so on.? | By itself, the presence of two roots is not a condition for double N. Fresh frozen. Raw-smoked. In order for two Hs to appear in the suffix of such words, one of the conditions noted in the rule must work. Freshly cut (prefix C- before the root -KOSH-). Quick-frozen (prefix FOR- before the root - ICE-). Distinguish between words like lightly wounded and lightly wounded. In the first case, we have a compound word (medical term) in which there are no conditions for HH, in the second case there is a dependent word that requires writing HH. |
| How many N are written in short participles? The meeting is over... but. Mina defuse ... on. | In short participles, one letter H is written, regardless of whether they contain prefixes, dependent words, etc. The meeting is over. The mine has been disabled. |
Н and НН in adjectives formed from nouns
The choice of Н or НН in adjectives formed from nouns is determined by which word and with the help of which suffix this adjective was formed.
Rat..th poison; living room; remarkable .. th nature.
Find out what noun the word is derived from.
| Write HH | |
| If one H is in the stem of a noun, and the second H is an adjective suffix: - | If you have a suffix -IN-: |
| If you have suffixes in front of you -ENN- / -ONN-: leaf(s) - - station(s) - - Exceptions: windy but without windy under windy | If you have suffixes in front of you -AN- / -YAN-: silver) - - leather) - - Remember: glass tin wood constant nameless |
The rule is also suitable for short adjectives ( road).
Rat poison - rat(s) + .
Living room - guest + .
Uncommon nature - 
.
Н and НН in full verbal adjectives and participles
Dried linen; frenzied ..th speed; sold..th product.
In full verbal adjectives and participles, NN is written in the presence of any of the conditions noted below.
Terms of writing HH:
3) there is -OVA- / -EVA- in the word:
Exceptions:
4) the word is formed from a perfective verb (question what to do?):
solved case ( decide- owls. in.).
Exception:
Н and НН in short verbal adjectives and short participles
She is modest and well-mannered..a; she was brought up .. at a boarding school; she is always collected..a and organized..a.
She is modest and well-mannered - this is a short verbal adjective.
She was raised in a boarding school - this is a short communion.
She is always collected and organized - these are short verbal adjectives.
