The word is the basic unit of speech and is studied in various departments of linguistics. So, the sound side of the word is studied in the Phonetics section. Here the presence of vowels, consonants in the word, the number of stressed and unstressed syllables, etc. are considered. Its belonging to one or another part of speech is studied in the Morphology section. The role of the word in the sentence is considered in the Syntax section of the language. The meaning of the word, its meaning, the scope of its use, stylistic coloring, its historical origin is studied by the Lexicology section.

• The similarity of objects and phenomena, their designation with a new word. For example: news, rumor, rumor, message, news.
• From the transition of words of another language into Russian: germ - embryo, conductor - guide.
• From poetic speech: a finger is a finger, a forehead is a forehead, an eye is an eye, a coast is a beach.
• From colloquial, colloquial-everyday, dialectal speech and from stable phrases: eyes - peepers, ferocious - fierce.
• From different root words: blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm.
• From terminological combinations of words: air fleet - aviation, dentist - dentist.

Several synonymous words that are close in meaning form a synonymic series.

Synonyms of the Russian language play a big role in speech. They help to convey a thought more clearly, avoid unnecessary repetitions, show different shades of words, phenomena, qualities. They are widely used in artistic, scientific and colloquial speech: "I turned such a hook, I went such a distance, I saw such flour, and I knew such sadness." (A. Tvardovsky).

Now you have an idea of ​​what an antonym and synonym are. Let's move on to paronyms.

Paronyms (Greek para - near, ohyma - name) - words of the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings. Just like synonyms, antonyms, paronyms enrich speech, help to express thoughts accurately and correctly. They create a lot of puns with them. For example: "Once a coppersmith, forging a basin, said to his wife, yearning: I will give the children a task, and I will disperse the longing!" A similar consonance, but a completely different meaning of the words, gives a vivid word play.

Paronyms may differ in suffixes: drinking - drinking, boiled - boiled. They have consonant prefixes: I went - I drove up.

Exercise!

There is a picture in front of you. Let's call it "Wonders of Nature". Indeed, an amazing combination of ice, snow with the flames of the setting sun. Try using antonyms and synonyms to compose a beautiful text. Make a look at what members of the sentence they can be.

Knowing what an antonym and a synonym, a paronym are, the ability to use them, decorate emotional artistic, scientific, colloquial speech with them gives you ample opportunities. They are a very interesting feature of any language.

Homonyms are words that have different meanings but are spelled the same. For example:

In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It had been raining all morning.

Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most accurate means of expression ( example):

The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass shone in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold. (M. Gorky.)

Synonymic rows consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - mug. Can include words of different styles.

Synonyms that link parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together in meaning non-synonymous words in the language (in terms of the text), are called contextual synonyms, example:

The blue summer passed
The blue summer is gone.

Absolute synonyms are words that have exactly the same meaning.

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings. Example:

They agreed. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
(A.S. Pushkin.)

Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast, as in extreme opposites.

Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. In the sentence, they perform the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.

The confusion of paronyms is a very gross violation of literary forms of word usage.

Related videos

Homonyms

Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. Lexical homonyms are combined into rows. They belong to the same part of speech. Relative homonyms (homoforms, homophones and homographs) differ from lexical homonyms. With homonymy, only sound identity is established between words, and there are no semantic associations. Therefore, the clashes of homonyms are always unexpected, which creates great stylistic opportunities for playing with them. In addition, the use of homonyms in one phrase, emphasizing the meanings of consonant words, gives expression to speech (the world needs peace). Jokes and puns are built on homonyms. A pun is a stylistic figure based on the humorous use of ambiguous words and homonyms. Puns combine the direct and figurative meaning of words, resulting in an unexpected semantic shift. A thought expressed in a punning form looks brighter, sharper. The writer pays attention to the played word.

Paronyms

Paronyms are words that are similar in sound but not the same in meaning. The paronymic series consists of single-root paronyms that arose as a result of word-formation processes. The skillful use of paronyms allows the author to accurately and correctly express the idea. The text contains hidden and open use of paronyms. With the hidden use of paronyms, we see only one of the paronyms. Such use is called use for comic effect. With the open use of paronyms, the author puts them side by side, draws attention to the meaning of the differences. At the same time, they perform different stylistic functions. A striking stylistic effect is given by the opposition of paronyms. The use of paronyms can be used to highlight the relevant concepts. The use of several paronyms in a text is called paronymy.

The skillful use of paronyms helps the writer to correctly and accurately express the idea, it is paronyms that reveal the great possibilities of the Russian language in conveying subtle semantic nuances.

The open use of paronyms is of a different nature, when the writer puts them side by side, showing their semantic differences with apparent similarity. In this case, paronyms perform various stylistic functions, acting as a means of enhancing the effectiveness of speech.

The clash of paronyms is used to highlight the relevant concepts, for example: Young Turgenevs personify honor and honesty.

The combination of paronyms in such cases creates a tautological and sound repetition, which contributes to their strengthening, for example: No, die. It would never be better to be born Than this plaintive, pitiful, penal howl About black-browed handsome men - Oh, and now the soldiers sing! Oh my god you are mine! The same stylistic effect is generated by a combination of unrelated, similarly sonorous words that are semantically close: They cleansed, communed, conquered and punished, Those that defended the walls, Walled them into the same walls (F. Iskander. The Conqueror).

The use of paronyms can be a means of clarifying thoughts: Are you all the same, other ice maidens, Having changed, did not replace you? Sometimes it is enough for the author to pay attention to the different lexical compatibility of paronyms in order to clarify their meaning: : the wasteland is being plowed up, and wastelands are being built up.

It is possible to compare paronyms if the author wants to show the subtle semantic differences between them: I do not like the plasticity of the dancers' hands. She is mannered ... she has more prettiness than beauty (St.). Not only paronyms are compared, but also words that are not related, but similar in sound: He sang and drank from the love of science; Perestroika threatens to escalate into a shootout; some are fighting, others are stealing (from gas). She is all in white, white, white, and I am in the past (from the song). The more unexpected the comparison, the brighter the sound coloring of the word, which gives the statement a special expression.

For example: Do not divide Europe into NATO and NON-NATO!

Poets love to bring together the most "inappropriate" words, surprising us with their imagination: Poor master! Throw down your pencil, crawl as soon as possible to the backwater, grow your gills and tail, for the path from Plato to plankton and from Phidias to mussels is simple.

The opposition of paronyms gives rise to a vivid stylistic effect: I am worried about meetings in vain, that neither heart nor mind, and that is not festivity, but idleness, in my house. Usually, in this case, paronyms are connected by an opposing union to unions and one of the consonant words is given with negation : I wanted to live faster than anyone. I wanted deeds, not deeds. But where is he, true success, and not prosperity?!

Unrelated consonant words are also opposed: Not a firm, but a form; Now he became interested not in sports, but in alcohol (“LG”). The seeming illogicality of the convergence of similar words gives a special effectiveness to the statement.

Paronyms and even more often consonant unrelated words are used in puns: Monument to the first printer. The search for the runaway groom was not successful ("LG"); The Widow Clicquot calls to the table. At the same time, one of the consonant words is often assigned an unusual meaning based on false etymologization. One of the words played may be absent in the text, but we will definitely remember it under the influence of sound associations: rip off compositions, pretend actors, conceit worm, flayer of old romances, bodies of bygone days , in a skewed sense, talent torments, a plenary meeting, a water lecture.

In poetic speech, paronomasia nourishes sound writing. The use of consonant words creates a vivid echo of sounds, making the words more “convex”, significant: Will the squares spare me ?; Through the white magic of magnesium, the skill of poets is reflected not in the game of consonance, but in the semantic convergence of heterogeneous words on the basis of their figurative rethinking.

Topic:Visual possibilities of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homonyms

Key concepts: synonyms, absolute synonyms, stylistic synonyms, semantic synonyms, cognate synonyms,
antonyms, homonyms, lexical homonyms, homoforms, homophones, paronyms, paronomasia

Lecture material

Synonyms- these are words that are different in sound and spelling, but similar in lexical meaning. (Crash, crash, crash.)
Several words of synonyms form a synonymous series in which words differ in shades of lexical meaning (look, look - neutral, look - bookish, stare - colloquial, vernacular).
Synonym types:
a) absolute - identical in lexical meaning and stylistic coloring (linguistics - linguistics);
b) stylistic (experience - neutral, experiment - bookish);
c) semantic: anger - rage (strong anger);
d) same-root (illiterate - illiterate) and heterogeneous (scarlet - red).
Functions of synonyms in speech:
a) substitution (to avoid repetition: a boy, Petya, he, a schoolboy ...);
b) clarification (Scarlet, then red streams of young light poured);
c) expressively stylistic (punishment - neutral, retribution - bookish).
The stylistic function of synonyms is expressed:
a) in terms of use in a particular style (squander - neutral, squander - colloquial);
b) in terms of attitude to the modern language (together - modern, together - obsolete);
c) from an expressive emotional point of view (punishment is neutral, retribution is bookish).
Antonyms- these are words that are opposite in lexical meaning (true - false).
Antonyms form the basis of antithesis (opposition).
Antonyms are most often called:
- qualitative signs (good - evil);
- actions, states, assessments (come - leave);
- quantitative signs (many - few);
- temporal or spatial signs (winter - summer, south - north).
Unlike synonyms, the antonymic series of antonyms consists of two words (bad - good).
According to the morphemic composition, antonyms are of different roots (evil - kind, good - bad) and the same root (literate - illiterate).
Antonyms use:
- as an expressive means of creating contrasting images in fiction and newspaper journalism (“You are rich, I am very poor.” A.S. Pushkin);
- as an oxymoron (combination of incongruous concepts): "mean knight";
- in proverbs and sayings (Softly spreads, but hard to sleep);
- in the titles of works ("Fathers and Sons", "War and Peace").
Homonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, which are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning (kok is a kind of hairstyle, cook is a cook on a ship).
Distinguish homonyms from polysemantic words: in polysemantic words, the meanings are interconnected, while homonyms are different words between which there is nothing in common.
There are different types of homonyms:
- lexical homonyms (to mow the grass with a scythe - a girl's scythe);
– omoforms (my hands are my jacket);
- homophones (forests - fox);
- homographs (flour - flour).
Homophones - the same in sound, but different in spelling words (mow a meadow - plant an onion).
Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but different in meaning and sound (they differ in emphasis: ancient castle - open the castle).
Homoforms - the same in sound and spelling forms of different words (I'm flying to Moscow - I'm flying my teeth).
Stylistic functions of homonyms:
a) are used in different styles of speech to increase its expressiveness: World - peace (call);

You can't hide the truth
Knows the whole world:
Knowledge is power!
Knowledge is light!
(S. Marshak)

b) often used to create puns (play on words): He liked students to fall asleep, apparently because they liked to fall asleep at his lectures. (S.Ya. Marshak);
c) are used in children's poems:

The hedgehog ran out of the hole
And he asked the gray mink:
"Where have you been?" - "At the fox!"
"What did you eat there?" - "Chanterelles!"

Paronyms- these are words with different spellings and similar sounds (dawn - flourishing, have fun - weighed little; hidden - secretive).
Paronomasia- this is a stylistic figure, which consists in posing a number of words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning (“He is not stupid, who is stingy with words”, “The battle will grind out, but the battle will learn”).
Paronyms are adjacent to homonyms. The reason for the emergence of paronyms is the need to replenish the lexical composition to clarify the semantic shades of single-root words.
Types of paronyms:
a) paronyms that are synonymously close in one of the meanings (to conduct experiments - to conduct experiments);
b) stylistic paronyms (stand up and become - “stop moving or acting”, in colloquialism - stand up, become - neutral).
Stylistic functions of paronyms:
a) clarification of the meaning of the word (His face is familiar to me. His personality is familiar to me.);
b) greater expressiveness, expressiveness of speech:

I'm worried about random encounters
What is not the heart, not the mind,
And that is not festivity, but idleness,
In my guest house.
(E. Evtushenko)

c) for the speech characterization of the character or for the creation of a comic effect (He was entrusted with the title role.)
The proximity of paronyms in their sound and spelling can cause their incorrect, inaccurate use and lead to lexical errors (Grushnitsky took an effective pose - instead of a spectacular one).

Polysemantic words are words that have not one, but several meanings (direct, figurative). This is the most powerful source of updating the meanings of words.

Homonyms (from Greek: omos - sameness, onima - name) are words that coincide in sound and spelling, but differ in meaning ( matrimonial marriage - industrial marriage).

Polysemantic words always have meanings related to each other, homonyms are completely different words.

Rules for the use of polysemantic words and homonyms:

in the context, it must be unambiguously specified in which of the meanings a polysemantic word or homonym is used. There should be no ambiguity in understanding: Children are the flowers of life, but don't let them bloom(“dissolve” is a polysemantic word);

one should not allow close proximity of words similar in sound, but different in meaning (unless this is a special stylistic device), as inappropriate comicality may arise. For example: The plumbing system often breaks down, and the repairmen have no system.

Synonyms

Synonyms (from Greek synonymos - eponymous) - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound, but the same or close in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meanings, or in use in speech (stylistic coloring: eyes - eyes).

Synonym selection rules:

synonyms are not identically equal, each word has its own shade of meaning, therefore, choosing certain synonyms from a synonymic series, it is necessary to take into account the shades of their meanings. Catherine was placed on the throne(Necessary: ​​enthroned);

as a result of an inaccurate choice of synonyms, lexical compatibility may be violated, for example:

The sailor went out in his smart tunic(necessary: ​​front tunic);

unjustified stringing of synonyms in a sentence is unacceptable, this indicates speech helplessness.

Antonyms

Antonyms (from the Greek anti - against, onima - name) are words that are opposite in meaning.

Rules for the use of antonyms:

the use of two antonyms at the same time in speech should always be justified, otherwise difficulties may arise in the perception of the phrase or inappropriate comedy (for example: I don't see anything wrong with this but good.);

when using two antonyms, it is necessary to avoid mutually exclusive features of the subject ( The road was straight, though winding.).

Paronyms

Paronyms (from Greek para - about, onima - name) are words that are similar in sound and spelling, but have different meanings: subscriber - subscription, kind - good, single - single.

Rules for the use of paronyms:

mixing of paronyms in speech should not be allowed, i.e. the use of one consonant word in the meaning of another.

This disease is transmitted through the air(it is necessary: ​​airborne);

mixing paronyms can lead to a violation of lexical compatibility: beautiful and practical shoes(Necessary: ​​practical shoes).

III. Violation of lexical compatibility

In addition to knowledge about the actual meanings of words, for the most accurate word usage in speech, it is necessary to take into account the features of the lexical compatibility of words (the ability of some words to combine in speech with other words). Some words have free compatibility (they combine with any words), while others have limited compatibility (that is, words in phrases can only be combined with each other, and replacing one of them with any third word is a gross speech mistake). This is the so-called stable expression (SE). For example, torrential can only be rain, hazel- only eyes, bosom– friend. Violation of lexical compatibility in speech can be caused by:

contamination;

speech insufficiency;

speech redundancy;

destruction of the form of phraseological units.